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1991, 57(6):1847.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

N Misawa, S Yamano and H Ikenaga

Erwinia uredovora.introduction of the biosynthesis genes frommobilis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens byProduction of beta-carotene in Zymomonas

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A P P L I E D AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, J u n e 1 9 9 1 , p . 1 8 4 7 - 1 8 4 90 0 9 9 - 2 2 4 0 / 9 1 / 0 6 1 8 4 7 - 0 3 0 2 . 0 0 / 0C o p y r i g h t 1 9 9 1 , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r M i c r o b i o l o g y

P r o d u c t i o n o f 1 - C a r o t e n e i n Zymomonas m o b i l i s and Agrobacteriumt u m e f a c i e n s b y I n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e B i o s y n t h e s i s Genes f r o mE r w i n i a u r e d o v o r aNORIHIKO MISAWA,* SHI GE YUKI YAMANO, ND HIROSHI IKENAGA

C e n t r a l L a b o r a t o r i e s f o r Ke y T e c h n o l o g y , K i r i n Brewery C o . , L t d. , G u nma 3 7 0 - 1 2 , JapanR e c e i v e d 2 4 O c t o b e r 1 9 9 0 / Ac ce p t ed 2 0 F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 1

Th e E r w i n i a u r ed o v o r a c r t B , c r t E , c r t l , and c r t Y g e n e s r e q u i r e d f o r , 8 - c a r o t e n e b i o s y n t h e s i s were i n t r o d u c e db y c o n j u g a l t r a n s f e r i n t o an e t h a n o l - p r o d u c i n g b a c t e r i u m , Zymomonas m o b i l i s , and a p h y t o p a t h o g e n i cb a c t e r i u m , A g r o b a c t e r i u m t u m e f a c i e n s , i n w h i c h no c a r o t e n o i d i s s y n t h e s i z e d . Th e t r a n s c o n j u g a n t s o f Z .m o b i l i s a n d A . t u m e f a c i e n s c a r r y i n g t h e s e g e n e s a p p e a r e d as y e l l o w c o l o ni e s and produced 2 2 0 and 3 5 0 , u g o f, 8 - c a r o t e n e p e r g o f d r y w e i g h t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , i n t h e s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e i n l i q u i d c u l t u r e .1 - C a r o t e n e f un ct i on s as a p r e c u r s o r o f v i t a m i n A i nmammals ( 1 6 ) a n d as a p i g m e n t w h i c h p r o t e c t s h i g h e r p l a n t sa g a i n s t p h o t o o x i d a t i v e d a m a g e ( 3 , 7 ) . I n r e c e n t years, t h i s

p i g m e n t h a s a l s o a t t r a c t e d a t t e n t i o n as one o f t h e n u t r i t i o n a lf a c t o r s f o r c a n c e r p r e v e n t i o n ( 8 ) . I n s p i t e o f s u c h i m p o r t a ntf u n c t i o n s , t h e g e n e s w h i c h m e d i a t e t h e b i o s y n t h e s i s o f1 - c a r o t e n e ar e u n k n o w n . T h i s i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h ec a r o t e n o g e n i c enzymes ar e i m m e d i a t e l y i n a c t i v a t e d b y sep-a r a t i o n f r o m a membrane e n v i r o n m e n t , t h u s p r e v e n t i n g t h e i rp u r i f i c a t i o n ( 1 , 3 ) a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t c l o n i n g o f t h e g e n e s

p r e s s e d ( 1 0 ) . G e r a n y l g e r a n y l P P 1 s h o u l d e x i s t i n t h e c e l l s o fmany o r g a n i s m s , s i n c e i t i s s y n t h e s i z e d b y d i m e t h y l a l l y l -t r a n s f e r a s e , a common enzyme i n t h e e a r l y s t e p s o f t h eb i o s y n t h e s i s o f s t e r o l s a n d t e r p e n e s as w e l l as c a r o t e n o i d s( 1 5 ) . I t i s t h e r e f o r e f e a s i b l e t h a t ou r c a r o t e n o i d b i o s y n t h e s i sg en es ar e c a p a b l e o f p r o d u c i n g c a r o t e n o i d s i n many c e l l sw h i c h ar e n o t a b l e t o s y n t h e s i z e c a r o t e n o i d s . W i t h t h i s i nm i n d , we i n t r o d u c e d t h e c r t B , c r t E , c r t I , a n d c r t Y g e n e sr e q u i r e d f o r 1 3 - c a r o t e n e s y n t h e s i s i n t o an e t h a n o l - p r o d u c i n gb a c t e r i u m , Zymomonas m o b i l i s , a n d i n t o a p h y t o p a t h o g e n i c

Hi nd I I

I I

\ Sa I lAvaI HindIII E c oR IF I G . 1 . C o n s t r uc t i o n o f h y b r i d p l a sm i d s pZACAR16 a n d p B I C A R 1 6 . C mr a n d K m r , c h l o r a m p h e n i c o l and k a n a m y c i n r e s i s t a n c e g e n e s ; P ,E . u r e d o v o r a p r o m o t e r f r o m w h i c h t r a n s c r i p t i o n a l r e a d - t h r o u g h i s c o n s i d e r e d t o o c c u r i n t o c r t E , c r t Y , c r t l , and c r t B genes; o r i ( E ) and o r i ( Z ) ,r e g i o n s r e q u i r e d f o r r e p l i c a t i o n i n E . c o l i a n d Z . m o b i l i s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; P C a M v a n d T n , CaMV 3 5 S p r o m o t e r and t h e nos t e r m i n a t o r , which ar e

necessary f o r t r a n s c r i p t i o n i n h i g h e r p l a n t s . I n p B I C A R 1 6 , t h e c a r o t e n o i d g en es h a v e t h e o p p o s i t e o r i e n t a t i o n from t h e CaMV 3 5 S p r o m o t e ra n d t h e nos t e r m i n a t o r .

e n c o d i n g t h e m . We h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n c l o n i n g t h e genes f o rt h e b i o s y n t h e s i s o f c y c l i c c a r o t e n o i d s c o n t a i n i n g 1 - c a r o t e n ef r o m a p h y t o p a t h o g e n i c b a c t e r i u m , E r w i n i a u r e d o v o r a 20D3ATCC 1 9 3 2 1 ) , as a c l u s t e r c o m p o s e d o f s i x s t r u c t u r a l genes( 1 0 ) . The b i o s y n t h e t i c p a t h w a y f r o m g e r a n y l g e r a n y l P P 1 t oz e a x a n t h i n - 1 3 - d i g l u c o s i d e i n t h i s b a c t e r i u m was e l u c i d a t e db y a n a l y z i n g c a r o t e n o i d s a c c u m u l a t e d i n E s c h e r i c h i a c o l it r a n s f o r m a n t s i n which some o f t h e s e s i x genes were e x- C o r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r .

b a c t e r i u m , A g r o b a c t e r i u m t u m e f a c i e n s , i n whi c h no c a r o t -e n o i d i s s y n t h e s i z e d , and f o u n d t h a t t h e s e b a c t e r i a l s t r a i n sc a r r y i n g t h e b i o s y n t h e s i s genes p r o d u c e d 1 - c a r o t e n e suc-c e s s f u l l y .

The p l a s m i d pCAR16delB, c a r r y i n g c r t E, c r t Y , c r t I , andc r t B r e q u i r e d f o r 1 3 - c a r o t e n e b i o s y n t h e s i s ( 1 0 ) , was d i g e s t e dw i t h A s p - 7 1 8 K p n I ) - E c o R I ; a 6 . 0 - k b A s p - 7 1 8 - E c o R I f r a g -ment c o n t a i n i n g t h e s e f o u r genes was i s o l a t e d and t r e a t e dw i t h Klenow enzyme. T h i s f r a g m e n t was i n s e r t e d i n t o t h eEcoRV s i t e o f t h e c l o n i n g v e c t o r pZA22 f o r Z . m o b i l i s ( 1 1 ,

1847

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A P P L . E N V I R O N . M I C R O B I O L .

A B C D E FF I G . 2 . P i g m e n t a t i o n o f E . c o l i , Z . m o b i l i s , a n d A . t u m e f a c i e n s s t r a i n s c a r r y i n g t h e p - c a r o t e n e b i o s y n t h e s i s g e n e s o f E . u r e d o v o r a . ( A )E . c o l i J M 1 0 9 p U C 1 9 ) ( 2 1 ) ; B ) E . c o l i J M 1 0 9 p C A R 1 6 d e l B ) o n a n L B a g a r p l a t e c o n t a i n i n g a m p i c i l l i n ; ( C ) Z . m o b i l i s NRRL B - 1 4 0 2 3 p Z A 2 2 ) ; D ) Z . m o b i l i s NRRL B - 1 4 0 2 3 p Z A C A R 1 6 ) o n a n RM a g a r p l a t e c o n t a i n i n g c h l o r a m p h e n i c o l ; ( E ) A . t u m e f a c i e n s C 5 8 C l R i f ( p B I 1 2 1 ) ; ( F ) A .t u m e f a c i e n s C 5 8 C l R i f p B I C A R 1 6 ) o n a n L B a g a r p l a t e c o n t a i n i n g k a n a m y c i n .

1 3 ) , c r e a t i n g t h e h y b r i d p l a s m i d pZACAR16 ( F i g . 1 ) . Th e6 . 0 - k b f r a g m e n t was a l s o l i g a t e d t o a l a r g e f i l l e d - i n S m a I - S s t If r a g m e n t , t h e r e b y r e m o v i n g t h e , - g l u c u r o n i d a s e g e n e f r o mt h e b i n a r y v e c t o r p B I 1 2 1 C l o n t e c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , I n c . ) ,w h i c h i s c a p a b l e o f r e p l i c a t i n g i n A . t u m e f a c i e n s , c r e a t i n gt h e h y b r i d p l a s m i d pBICAR16 ( F i g . 1 ) .H y b r i d p l a s m i d s pZACAR16 a n d pBICAR16 w e r e i n t r o -d u c e d i n t o Z . m o b i l i s NRRL B - 1 4 0 2 3 a n d A . t u m e f a c i e n sC 5 8 C l R i f 5 ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y , b y c o n j u g a l t r a n s f e r w i t h t h eh e l p e r p l a s m i d pRK2013 ( 1 9 , 2 0 ) . T h e Zymomonas a n dA g r o b a c t e r i u m t r a n s c o n j u g a n t s a p p e a r e d a s y e l l o w c o l o n i e so n RM a g a r p l a t e s ( Z . m o b i l i s ) c o m p o s e d o f 1 y e a s t e x t r a c t O x o i d L t d . ) , 2 g l u c o s e , 0 . 2 K H 2 P O 4 , a n d 1 . 5 a g a r ( 1 8 )c o n t a i n i n g c h l o r a m p h e n i c o l ( 1 0 0 , u g / m l ) a n d n a l i d i x i c a c i d( 1 0 0 , u g / m l ) a n d o n L u r i a b r o t h L B ) a g a r p l a t e s ( A . t u m e -f a c i e n s ) c o m p o s e d o f 1 t r y p t o n e ( D i f c o L a b o r a t o r i e s ) ,0 . 5 y e a s t e x t r a c t ( D i f c o ) , 1 N a C l , a n d 1 . 5 a g a r ( 9 )c o n t a i n i n g k a n a m y c i n ( 5 0 , u g / m l ) a n d r i f a m p i n ( 1 0 0 , u g / m l ) .T h e s e y e l l o w t r a n s c o n j u g a n t s a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 2 . P l a s m i dDNAs w e r e p r e p a r e d f r o m t h e s e Zymomonas a n d A g r o b a c -t e r i u m t r a n s c o n j u g a n t s b y t h e a l k a l i m e t h o d ( 2 ) , s u b j e c t e d t or e s t r i c t i o n e n z y m e a n a l y s i s ( 9 ) , a n d f o un d t o b e m a i n t a i n e ds t a b l y i n t h e s e s t r a i n s .Z . m o b i l i s p Z A C A R 1 6 ) was g r o w n a t 3 0 C i n T mediumc o m p o s e d o f 1 y e a s t e x t r a c t , 1 0 g l u c o s e , 1 K H 2 P O 4 ,1 N H 4 ) 2 S O 4 , a n d 0 . 0 5 MgSO4 7 H 2 0 c o n t a i n i n g c h l o r -a m p h e n i c o l . A . t u m e f a c i e n s p B I C A R 1 6 ) w a s g r o w n a t 2 8 Ci n L B medium c o n t a i n i n g k a n a m y c i n . A y e l l o w p i g m e n t w a se x t r a c t e d f r o m c e l l s o f t h e s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e i n t h e d a r k w i t hc o l d a c e t o n e . H e x a n e w a s a d d e d t o t h e a c e t o n e e x t r a c t , a n dw a t e r w a s a d d e d u n t i l t w o p h a s e s s e p a r a t e d . T h e l o w e ra q u e o u s p h a s e w a s r e m o v e d , a n d t h e u p p e r y e l l o w s o l v e n tl a y e r w a s w a s h e d t h r e e m o r e t i m e s w i t h w a t e r . T h e h e x a n el a y e r w a s e v a p o r a t e d t o d r y n e s s . T h e y e l l o w p i g m e n t o b -t a i n e d was d i s s o l v e d i n 2 - p r o p a n o l a n d s u b j e c t e d t o h i g h -p r e s s u r e l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y ; t h e c o l u m n ( 3 . 9 b y 3 0 0 mm;N o v a - p a k HR 6 , u C 1 8 [ W a t e r s ] ) w a s d e v e l o p e d w i t h a c e t o -n i t r i l e - m e t h a n o l - 2 - p r o p a n o l ( 9 0 : 6 : 4 ) ( 1 7 ) . U V - v i s i b l e s p e c -t r a o f e l u t i o n p e a k s w e r e m e a s u r e d w i t h a W a t e r s M - 4 9 0m u l t i w a v e l e n g t h d e t e c t o r . As a r e s u l t , t h e y e l l o w p i g m e n t sa c c u m u l a t e d b y Z . m o b i l i s p Z A C A R 1 6 ) a n d b y A . t u m e -

f a c i e n s p B I C A R 1 6 ) p r o v e d t o b e i d e n t i c a l t o n - c a r o t e n e a l lt r a n s - P , B - c a r o t e n e ) , w i t h a f l o w r a t e o f 1 m l / m i n a n d ar e t e n t i o n t i m e o f 6 2 m i n , b y u s i n g t h e c o m m e r c i a l a u t h e n t i cs a m p l e S i g m a C h e m i c a l C o . ) . F i g u r e 3 s h o w s t h e p r o d u c -t i o n r a t e o f p - c a r o t e n e i n t h e s e Zymomonas a n d A g r o b a c t e -r i u m t r a n s c o n j u g a n t s a n d t h e g r o w t h c u r v e s . The s y n t h e s i so f n - c a r o t e n e b y t h e s e s t r a i n s a l m o s t a p p e a r s t o b e c o r r e -l a t e d w i t h t h e n u m b e r o f c e l l s . I n t h e 2 8 h o f c u l t i v a t i o nc o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e , Z . m o b i l i spZACAR16) a n d A . t u m e f a c i e n s p B I C A R 1 6 ) p r o d u c e d 2 8 0, u g o f n - c a r o t e n e p e r l i t e r o f c u l t u r e ( 2 2 0 j i g / g o f d r y w e i g h t )

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HoursF I G . 3 . G r o w t h c ur v e s o f Z . m o b i l i s a n d A . t u m e f a c i e n s t r a n s -c o n j u g a n t s a n d P - c a r o t e n e p r o d u c t i o n b y t h e s e s t r a i n s . S y m b o l s : O ,Z . m o b i l i s NRRL B - 1 4 0 2 3 p Z A C AR 1 6 ) ; 0 , A . t u m e f a c i e n sC 5 8 C l R i f P p B I C A R 1 6 ) .

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N O T E S 1 8 4 9a n d 4 9 0 j i g o f , - ca r o t e ne p e r l i t e r 3 5 0 , u g / g o f d r y w e i g h t ) ,r e s p e c t i v e l y .I n pBICAR16, t h e 1 - c a r o t e n e b i o s y n t h e s i s g e n e s a r ei n s e r t e d w i t h t h e o p p o s i t e o r i e n t a t i o n t o t h a t i n t h e c a u l i -f l o w e r m o s a i c v i r u s CaMV) 3 5 S p r o m o t e r ( 1 4 ) . We a l s oc o n s t r u c t e d a h y b r i d p l a s m i d c a r r y i n g t h e s e g e ne s i n t h es a m e o r i e n t a t i o n a s i n t h e a V 3 5 S p r o m o t e r , b u t t h i sh y b r i d p l a s m i d was n o t i n t r o d u c e d i n t o A . t u m e f a c i e n s . I t i sg e n e r a l l y t r u e t h a t a f o r e i g n g e n e i n s e r t e d w i t h t h e sameo r i e n t a t i o n a s i n t h e CaMV 3 5 S p r o m o t e r i n p B I 1 2 1 i s a l s ow e l l e x p r e s s e d i n A . t u m e f a c i e n s . I t i s t h e r e f o r e l i k e l y t h a t, B - c a r o t e n e p r o d u c t i o n a t a h i g h e r l e v e l i n t h i s b a c t e r i u m mayl e a d t o t h e d e a t h o f c e l l s , p r e s u m a b l y b y d i s t u r b i n g amembrane e n v i r o n m e n t .No a t t e m p t t o e x t e n d t h e r a n g e o f u t i l i z a b l e s u g a r s b yg e n e t i c m a n i p u l a t i o n o f Z . m o bi l i s h a s r e s u l t e d i n s u c c e s s ,a l t h o u g h some f o r e i g n g e n e s w h i c h e n c o d e s u g a r - d e g r a d i n ge n z y m e s h a v e b e e n e x p r e s s e d i n t h i s m i c r o o r g a n i s m ( 4 , 6 ,1 2 ) . T h e Z . m o b i l i s c e l l s a c c u m u l a t i n g 1 - c a r o t e n e may b ea b l e t o b e u t i l i z e d a s n u t r i e n t s f o r f a r m a n i m a l s a f t e r c a r r y i n go u t e th a n ol p r od uc t i o n . T h i s means t h a t t h e r e i s a n o t h e rmeans o f e x t e n d i n g t h e s u g a r - u t i l i z i n g a b i l i t y , i n o r d e r t oe x p l o i t t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h i s b a c t e r i u m f o r i t s c o m m e r c i a l u s ei n a l c o h o l i c f e r m e n t a t i o n .

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7 . K r i n s k y , N . I . 1 9 7 1 . F u n c t i o n , p . 6 69 - 7 1 6 . I n 0 . I s l e r , H .G u t m a n n , a n d U . S o l m s ( e d . ) , C a r o t e n o i d s - 1 9 7 1 . B i r k h a u s e rV e r l a g , B a s e l .8 . L a m b e r t , L . A . , W. H . K o c h , W. G . Wamer, a n d A . K o r n h a u s e r .1 9 9 0 . A n t i t u m o r a c t i v i t y i n s k i n o f S k h a n d S e n c a r m i c e b y t w od i e t a r y 1 3 - c a r o t e n e f o r m u l a t i o n s . N u t r . C a n c e r 1 3 : 2 1 3 - 2 2 1 .9 . M a n i a t i s , T . , E . F . F r i t s c h , a n d J . S a m b r o o k . 1 9 8 2 . M o l e c u l a rc l o n i n g : a l a b o r a t o r y m a n u a l . C o l d S p r i n g H a r b o r L a b o r a t o r y ,C o l d S p r i n g H a r b o r , N . Y .1 0 . M i s a w a , N . , M. N a k a g a w a , K . K o b a y a s h i , S . Y a m a n o , Y . I z a w a ,K . N a k a m u r a , a n d K . H a r a s h i m a . 1 9 9 0 E l u c i d a t i o n o f t h eE r w i n i a u r e d o v o r a c a r o t e n o i d b i o s y n t h e t i c p a t h w a y b y f u n ct i o n a l a n a l y s i s o f g e ne p r o d u c t s e x p r e s s e d i n E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i . J .B a c t e r i o l . 1 7 2 : 6 7 0 4 - 6 7 1 2 .1 1 . M i s a w a , N . , a n d K . N a k a m u r a . 1 9 8 9 . N u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e o ft h e 2 . 7 k b p l a s m i d o f Zymomonas m o b i l i s A T C C 1 0 9 8 8 . J .B i o t e c h n o l . 1 2 : 6 3 - 7 0 .1 2 . M i s a w a , N . , a n d K . N a k a m u r a . 1 9 8 9 E x p r e s s i o n a n d s t a b i l i t y o fa 1 - g l u c o s i d a s e g e n e o f R u m i n o c o c c u s a l b u s i n Zymomonasm o b i l i s . A g r i c . B i o l . C h e m . 5 3 : 7 2 3 - 7 2 7 .1 3 . M i s a w a , N . , T . O k a m o t o , K . N a k a m u r a , K . K i t a m u r a , H .Y a n a s e , a n d K . T o n o m u r a . 1 9 8 6 C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a ne w s h u t t l ev e c t o r f o r Zymomonas m o b i l i s . A g r i c B i o l . C h e m . 5 0 : 3 2 0 1 -3 2 0 3 .1 4 . O d e l l , J . T . , F . N a g y , a n d N . - H . C h u a . 1 9 8 5 . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o fDNA s e q u e n c e s r e q u i r e d f o r a c t i v i t y o f t h e c a u l i f l o w e r m o s a i cv i r u s 3 5 S p r o m o t e r . N a t u r e L o n d o n ) 3 1 3 : 8 1 0 - 8 1 2 .1 5 . O g u r a , K . , T . S h i n k a , a n d S . S e t o . 1 9 7 2 . T h e p u r i f i c a t i o n a n dp r o p e r t i e s o f g e r a n y l g e r a n y l p y r o p h o s p h a t e s y n t h e t a s e f r o mp u m p k i n f r u i t . J . B i o c h e m . 7 2 : 1 1 0 1 - 1 1 0 8 .1 6 . P i t t , G . A . J . 1 9 7 1 . V i t a m i n A , p . 7 1 7 - 7 4 2 . I n 0 . I s l e r , H .G u t m a n n , a n d U . S o l m s ( e d . ) , C a r o t e no i d s - 1 9 7 1 . B i r kh a us e rV e r l a g , B a s e l .1 7 . S a n d m a n n , G . , W. S . W o o d s , a n d R . W. T u v e s o n . 1 9 9 0 . I d e n t i -f i c a t i o n o f c a r o t e n o i d s i n E r w i n i a h e r b i c o l a a n d i n a t r a n s f o r m e dE s c h e r i c h i a c o l i s t r a i n . FEMS M i c r o b i o l . L e t t . 7 1 : 7 7 - 8 2 .1 8 . S k o t n i c k i , M. L . , D . E . T r i b e , a n d P . L . R o g e r s . 1 9 8 0 R - p l a s m i dt r a n s f e r i n Zymomonas m o b i l i s . A p p l . E n v i r o n . M i c r o b i o l .4 0 : 7 - 1 2 .1 9 . S t u y , J . H . 1 9 7 9 . P l a s m i d t r a n s f e r i n H a e m o p h i l u s i n f l u e n z a e . J .B a c t e r i o l . 1 3 9 : 5 2 0 - 5 2 9 .2 0 . T o n o m u r a , K . , T . O k a m o t o , T . Y a s u i , a n d H . Y a n a s e . 1 9 8 6 .S h u t t l e v e c t o r s f o r Zymomonas m o b i l i s . A g r i c . B i o l . C h e m .5 0 : 8 0 5 - 8 0 8 .2 1 . Y a n i s c h - P e r r o n , C . , J . V i e i r a , a n d J . M e s s i n g . 1 9 8 5 . I m p r o v e dM13 p h a g e c l o n i n g v e c t o r s a n d h o s t s t r a i n s : n u c l e o t i d e s e -q u e n c e s o f t h e M 1 3 m p l 8 a n d pUC19 v e c t o r s . G e n e 3 3 : 1 0 3 - 1 1 9 .

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