Appendixt

Bibliography

1. The Holy Bible: Genesis (Origin), Collins, 1980, P.2 (Otap. 2 vs. 7-Z3). 2. Roy, S.C.: The Oraons of Chota Nagpur, Ranchi, Crown Publi.ation, 2004 · • (ZOO edition). · · ., ·. ·: .. , ·. ·"··' 3. Dalton, E.T.: The Kols of Chota Nagpur and also his Ethnology 4. Tirkey, Boniface: Oraon Symbols, Vidya Jyoti, Delhi, 1983. 5. Kujur, Michael: Oraon Sanskriti, Ranchi, 1993. 6. Shiva Rao, B.: The Framing of India's Constitution, A Study, The Indian

Institute of Public Administration, New De1hi, 1968. 7. Panch Parmeshwar is the title of the story of the famous novelist

P:remchand 8. K.P. Jaiswal: The Hindu Polity, Oxford, 1938. 9. Baden Powell: The Indian villages, Oxford, 1902 10.S. C. Dubey: The Indian village, Sagar, 1948. 11. Tulsidas: The Ramayana, Gorkhpur, Gita Press, 1976. 12. William Ebbenstein: Great Political Thinkec;, New Delhi; Oxford and · I.B.H. Publishing, 1966 (about this the Greek Political Thinkec; and J.J

Rousseau have extracted from the Original). 13. H.J. Laski: Grammar of Politics, The Chapter on Liberty, London, 1944. 14. Harold J. Laski: Parliamentary Government in England, London, 1944. 15.A.K. Singh: Tribals under the Jawahar Rojgar Yojana, New Delhi, Classical

Publishing Company, 1999. 16.Hindustan Ttmes, New Delhi, 25.08.2005. 17. Pye, Lucien: Bureaucracy and Political Development, Princeton, Princeton

Univen;ity Press, 1969. 18. Ward Robert E. and Denkwert Rustao: Political Modernization in Japan and

Turkey, 1964. 19.Coleman,James, S.: Bureaucracy and Political Development, 1965. 20. Pye, Lucien W. and S. Verba: Political Culture and Political

Devdopment, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1969. 21.Anth:ropological Survey, Tribal Map of India, New Delhi, 1967. 22.Bosu Mullik: Indigenous Peoples and Electoral Politics in India,

Copenhagen, IWGIA, 2003. 23.Bu:rke, Edmund: Works of Edmund Burke, London, Boehm, 1861. 24. Beckrack, Peter: The Theory of Democratic Elites, Boston, Little Brown,

1967. 25.Bottomore, T.B.: Classes in Society, London, Watts and Company, 1964. 26.Burnharn, G.: The Machiavellians, New York, John Dey, 1943.

168

27. Ball, Allen: Modem Politics and Govemment, Delhi, the Macmillan Company, 1973.

28.Cambridge, Stuart: The Ideology ofTnbal &onomy, and Society: Politics in the Jharkhand, 1950, 1980, published in Modem Asim Studies, 22 I (1988).

29. Collin George: A Study of the Principles of Politial. Science, London, Allen and Unwin, 1930. .

30.Census ·0f India Series iz,··chhattisguh. SpeCial'Tmles for Sche<hiledo·.-· Castes and Tribes, Controller of Publications, New Delhi, 2001.

31.Dhebar, U.N.: Rehort of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission, New Delhi, Government of India, Press, 1962

32. Elvin, V.: The Adivasis, New Delhi, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1955.

33. Ekka, Philip: Tribal movement, A Study in Social Change. Jashpur Chhattisgarh. Tribal Research and Documentation Centre, 2003.

34. Ekka, Marcel: Raigarh Dharmaprant, Kunk.uri, Jashpur Dist, Chhattisgarlt. 2002.

35.Elwin, Verrier: The Baiga. London, John Mum~.y, 1930. 36. Edward J .: A Tribal Village of Middle India, Anthropological Survey of

India, Calcutta, 1970. 37. Gandhi, Mohan Das: Sarvodaya, Ahmedabad, Navjivan Ptakashan, 1935. 38. Government of India, Report on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled

Tribes, for various years from 1951-52 onwards. 39.Griffith, W.G.: The Kol Tribes of Central India, Calcutta Royal Asiatic

Society of Bengal, 1946. 40. Gigson, W.G.: The Mariya Gonds of Bastar, London, Oxford University

Press, 1939. 41.Haimendorf, F.C. Von: Fortunes of Primitive Tribes, Indian Journal of

Social Work, Vol. 3. 42.Johari,J.C.: Comparative Politics, New Delhi, Steding, 1972 43.Key, V.O.: Political Parties and Pressure Groups, New York, 1964. 44. Kujur, Alomani Anupama: The Oraon Habitat, A Study in Cultural

Geography, Ranchi, Daughter of St. Anne, 1989. 45.Lalit Surjan: Sandarbha, Chhattisgarh. Raipur, Deshbandhu Prakashan,

1997. 46.Lass Well, Harold D., Daniel Lerner, C. Roth WelJ, D. Easton: The

Comparative Study of Elites, an Introduction and Bibliogaphy, Princeton, University of Princeton, 1952.

47.Munda, R.D. and S. Bosu Mullick: The Jharkhand Movement, Cohen Hagen, IWGIA, 2003.

48. Magumdar, D. N.: Races and Cultures of India, Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1961.

169

49. Mishra, Baldeo Prasad: Chhattisga.rh Parichaya, Nagpur, Nagpur University, 1944.

50. Mishra, P .A.: The Political History of Chhatrisgadt, Nagpur, V IShwa Prakashan, 1979.

51. Nigam, Laxmi Shankar: Chhattisga.rh Ka Itih2s, Lalit SUtjan (Ed): Sandatbh Chhattisgarh, Raipur, 1995.

52. Prasad Maheshwar:· Internal Structure of ~ Tiibal Vtllage of Chota Nagpur, India, Geography (Canada), VoL III, No. I, April1977.

53. Prasad, S.: Modem Education Among the Trirnlis of Bihar in the second half of the 19th century, Man in India, VoL II, No.4, 1971.

54. Shukla, Hitalal: Chhattisgarh Gyan Kosh, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Hindi Granth Academy, 2003.

55.Shatma, B.D.: Tribal Development Conceptual Framework, Adim Jati Research and Development, Institute, Bhopal, M.P., Hindi Grantha Academy, 1976.

56. Thapar, Romila and Majid Hayat Siddiqi: Chota Nagpur, The Precolonial and Colonial Situation (First Published in "Iteds in Ethnic Group Relations in Asia and Oceania" Race and Society Unecsco, 1979.

57. Vidhan Sabha. Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha Ki Karyavahiya Vidhan Sabha Secretariat, 2000-2006. ·

58. V einer, Myron: The Politics of Scarcity, Public Pressure and Political Response in India, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1962

59. Weiner, M: Sons of the Soil, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1978. 60. Kerlinget, F.N .: Foundations of Behavioural Research, New York, Holt and

Rinehart, 1967.

On Panchayati Raj Act 61.Jindal, M.L: M.P. Panchayat Raj Avam Gr.un Swarj Adhiniyarn 1993. (This

act has been adopted in 2002 with few changes by the Chhattisgath government, the Changes have been mentioned in the thesis in several places), Indore, Rajkarnal Publications, 2001.

62. Pal, Sudhit and Ranendta: Panchayati Raj, Hashinge Se Hukumat Tak, Hariyana, Adhar Prakashan.

63.Chhattisgarh Samvad: Tristhariye Panchayati Raj Prashikshan Padyakram Samagri, Chhattisgarh Shashan Panchayat Evom Gamin Biraya Biwg, Raipur, 2005. (This is a authentic publication on Panchayati Raj in Chhattisgarh).

64. Panchman. Panchayat ki masik Patrika., Raipur, Year 2004 and 2003. (It is a monthly JoU,fllal on Panchayats in Chhattisgarh, Published by the Government of Chhattisgach from Raipur).

170

Appendix-II

Interviews Almond and Kerlinger have emphasized on the value of in1etviews in behavioml . subjects like polii:icaJ science. The area should be sampleil aria then intetview . should proceed on the basis of questionnaite.

Sarpanch Smt. Sarojini Tigga (1999-2004) Upto the election in 2004, the Sarpanch was a Mahi1a belonging to the Congress party. Though the Grnm Panchayat elections were not contested on party lines, the two leading parties the BJP and the Congress supported the candidates on Wan! wise. Though there was no party symbol and flag, the propaganda was on party lines. The majority membets who won in the election were suppotted by the Congress. She described the various achievements of the Panchayat like construction of mads, lanes, water resetvoits, tree plantation repaits of the school and so on. Did she o~e the women folk in the village? She said she <fid orgmize them and the majority of women cooperated with her. She agreed with us that it is difficult to make the tribals stop drinlcing alcohol. Every Oraon family drinks, it is a part of theit food and is not sold in shops because the people prepare theit drinks at home with Mahua or rice fermented The tribal women do not have pardah. They openly work with males at the work place and go to market for shopping. Hence there is complete equality among men and women. In Bagicha there is no untouchability. Though there are few scheduled caste people, but they are not regarded as untouchables. They are respected as equals. The Mahila Sarpanch was asked to comment on the order of the State Government that every Panch and Sarpanch must construct a septic latrine in his/her house. The Government plan is very good but the people are used to answer the nature call freely in the fields. The people are to be taught to use the latrines, this will take time. "Education and health are the two basic pillats of progress," she was asked She agreed with such statements. She said that we in Bagicha are fortunate to have two very good schools, the schools run by the Christian Mission and the Ramakrishna Mission. The atmosphere surrounding the school, the building and the sitting arrangements are so attractive that the most of the tribals want theit sons and daughtets to be admitted in these two schools. Similarly, the hospital run by the Block is in Bagicha and hence the people do not required to go to towns. Moreover there are very qualified doctor in Bagicha.

171

What schemes of the Government have you implemented? She wu asked She enumerated the various schemes that she wu able to implement in her Pmchayat such as Jawahar Rojgar Yojana, Ind.ra Awu Yojana, Midday Mea), Bal Vsbs Y ojana, Bidwa pension, Pig schemes, Goat Schemes and so on. Do you think that the Panchayati Raj institutions have created a great political

awakening among the tribals. of J:his village? She agreeq that the two election.s. to the Giam Panchayat have definitely created a great iwakcring among the Pc:oPk. Now people are greatly interested in the af&its of the village. The recuaiog Vidhan Sabha and Lok Sabha elections have simiJarly awakened the people and they have started taking great interest in politics.

Shri Prabhat Kumar Sidam BJP Satpanch (2004-) He is a graduate in Arts and also has passed LLB .. I interviewed him at his house. His house is a R.C.C. Pacca house situated by the side of the road. He has very high idea of making Bagicha Gram a garden city with very good roads, clean lanes with proper drains and building a park. The roads will be p1anted with trees on both sides. He will make the Rajpuri waterfall site a tourist spot. Cottage industries are to be developed. I asked him is it all right to give to the tribals cows? He said that of course it is approved by BJP, which is our party, but I am personally not in favour of it as it will create problems for the Oraons. They have never reared cattle and they do not like dairy industry. The Government should rather give the tnbals three things (i) Pigs (n) Poultry and (rii) Forest lands. The tribals live in the forest, and they have been living there for ages in forest products. What about the rule that every Panch should have a septic latrine in his/her house. He said that personally he does not favour. The tribals go in the open and in the forests. Construction of septic latrines will create great problems; a lot of water will be required to clean the toilets. If it is not cleaned regularly foul smell will fill the house. What do you say about the minimum qualification of the Panchs? Must they be educated upto the primary stage? He fully agreed with me that the Panchs must have at least primary education. He also said that every child of Bagicha must go to the school. Do you favour midday meals? He said that it is a good scheme and dropouts in schools have been checked. Questions were asked to him about (i) Gram Suraj and (n) Smt. Sonia Gandhi's Rojgar Guarantee Scheme. Shri Ptabhat said that they have been recently introduced especially the Rojgar Guarantee Scheme. Hence I will be in a position to comment after these schemes are implemented fully. But Bagicha has no dearth of employment even after the K1wif 5e2SOil and pactically there is no exodus of Oraon labour to other cities and St2tes fur employment. The

people are engaged in growing Kharif and Rabi crops upto the month of M2tch­April. For the Month of May, they go to work sites like road construction. building construction and so on.

Interviews with past Panchs and present Panchs I interviewed them in groups as there number was big nearly 40. I asked them what are the schenies ofdevelopment launchM>by the Gram Panchayat from two Panchayats 1999-2004 and2004- 05 ... They said that they have done various developmental works in their Wards like construction of CC Road, dug bore well and so on. The Panchs who are in the present Panchayat said that they are working hard to bring development in their Wards. The Janpad Panchayat Bagicha gave a tabulated scheme of development to me. The Panchs said that the schemes for the old and infirm have helped the people of Bagicha a lot. Both man and woman have benefited from the schemes. The Panchs have helped in developing water conservation schemes and utilizing the river water for Rabi and Kharif crops. They said that the Rojgar Guarantee Schemes of Sonia Gandhi is very good but in Bagicha there is little problem of unemployment. Suraj Andolan started by the State government is a very good thing. It is check. on the Gram Panchayat, the Block Panchayat, the District Panchayat and the District Administration. Under the Collector the district bureaucracy is full of red tape and corruption. They are more interested in taking bribes than in developing their time to the development of the villages. They also go rarely to the villages.

173

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The Bureaucracy is put to a Great Trouble The Collector, the Deputy Collector, the Tahsilda:rs, the Naib Tahsilda:rs and the Patwaris are now put to a great trouble and have to be prepared for e.'<plaining their position to the State Government and even to the Centre. A lot of data is being generated at the village level.

182

Shri Chandra the Patwari is least affected by these checks I got most of the maps of Bagicha by the Patwari. Actually, he belongs to the plain land where most of his Kurmi people live and are mostly fanners by profession. I le is a very clever man. He said that you could get any work done &om him if you talk mildly with him. But if you try to threaten him or talk roughly with him, ~en he will n~t do your work. Many· people living in Bagicha especially in the matket place have no good opinion of him. In every sale and purchase of land or measuring land he takes a lion's share as his fee. Hence the people abuse him on his back. The villagers are tired of him and have no good opinion of him. The Gram Suraj Andolan or any Andolan cannot check him from doing all sort of nasty things. He has now a good photocopy shop in the name of his SOil in the heart of the market place.

Prakash Jain and others belonging to the Congress Party Prakash Jain did not favour the midday meals in the schools. He said that this is wastage of time. The students are more interested in meals rather than studying. As soon as they get the meals they run away from schools. These Congress members said that the Gram Sabha is only in name. There are very few members who attend the Gram Sabha meetingS. Every time the meeting has to be adjoumed for an hour and then a few members start the meeting. He said that the forests around Bagicha have been cut. Hence there are few animals and birds inside the forest. All of them criticized the BJP for its communal attitude. The party is unnecessarily harassing the Christians and Christian Missionaries. The Christian Missionaries have done a lot of work in the field of education and health. The Schools should have 5 teachers for the five classes but the government keeps only one or two teachers. He said that the Congress Govemment has established the Korwa Vikas Pradhikaran. The crores of rupees come for the development of these Paltadi Korwas and Birhors who live on the outset or inside the mountains and forests. He said that the Gram Panchayat sources of revenues are increasing. Besides the State and Central grants, taxes in the market, taxes on commercial houses and shops are increasing as the village is developing fast. He criticized the Collector M. R. Sarthi who was appointed by Congress government. He was accused of misconduct towards the minority group, especially against Christians. Similarly Jain criticized Judhbir Singh, the son ofBJP leader and Ex-Central Minister Shri Dilip Singh Judeo for troubling Christians. He is a terror in the area. Pahadi Korwas and Birhors speak sadri language. They also speak Hindi. He said that the Ramakrishna Mission has done a commendable work in educating the

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Pahadi Korwas and Birhors. "[bey have started a very good school at Kurumkcla on the outskirts of Bagicha. He said that there is no dearth of irrigation water. 1be two rivers, the Dudki and the Rajpuri flow on two sides of Ba~:,>icha. The Oraons are the main residents of Bagicha. Besides there are other castes and tribes like Nagesias, Gonds, Lohars, Chics, Ahirs, Kewats, Korwas, Gujars, Raut, Rajputs, Sahus, Muslims: · ·

Shri Chandra the Patwari was interviewed again The different castes and tribes inhabiting Bagicha is as follows: Christian families 30 M~fun 10 BrahrnUls 4 Sikh 1 Sarna 40 There are two banks in Bagicha. The State Bank of India and the Gnmin Bank. There are two hospitals: Homeopathy and Ayurvedic. There are 6 Primary Schools opened by the Government and 5 private Primary Schools. There is one Girl's High School and 2 Girls Primary Schools. There are 2 Middle Schools. One is only for Girls and other one is meant for both boys and girls. There is one private High School i.e. Sarswati Vidhya Mandir. When Shri A.P. Jogi was Chief !vfinister he started the movement 'Gaon Dahar Chalav'. The present BJP Chief Minister Shri Raman Singh has started the Gram Suraj Andolan'. He gave the details of the Gram Suraj Andolan. The BPL for Rajaswagram Kurumkela 195, the BPL for Rajaswagram Bagicha 94, Antyodaya 73, Amapurna 1, Samajik Suraksha Pension 07,Jawahar Rojgar Yojana Rs.285807 .00, Gram Samriddhi Y ojana 235 quintals of rice, Sunishchit Swikriti Rs. 22000.00.

The Patwari gave the data of the village

Bagicha Kurumkela 1102

The area • Bagicha:

Total

Kurumkela:

Male Female 993 917

906

Malik Makbya GairM.M.

205.474 hectare 115.027 360.501 hectare

M.M. 186.734 hectare Gair M.M. 83.939

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Total 270.673 hectare

Crops sown: One crop- 174.478 hectare Two crops- irrigated- 32.584 hectare Unirrigated 18.372 hectare Canals are dug from both Rajplll'i and Dudki rivei:s. · ·

Radha Babu inTahsil Office He said that it is a rich village with full irrigation facilities. People sow two crops; paddy as a kharif crop and wheat as a rabi crop. Some rich farmers use tractors in their farms. There are 18 tractors in the village. There is no need of tube wells as the farmers get enough water from the rivers and canals.

The Crafts Men at the Cottage Industry Centre Visited There is a small bread factory run by a Muslim. Other cottage industries are Dona, leaf plate and cane chair making. The Government has started this. A Bengali refugee has started a poultry farm. He imports chickens and rears them to make grown up broiler hens.

Ganesh Ram Bhagat and Vishnu Sai Representative of the Area Ganesh Ram Bhagat is the MLA and Vishnu Sai is the M.P. of Jashpur district. Both belong to the BJP. They are against conversion. They are very proud of Bagicha as the most beautiful village in the area. They are supporters of BJP progrmmes of free distribution of cows and bullocks. Though they know that the tribals are against cows and want Vanbhumi rights of the forests, which they have been enjoying from ancient times. They are also in favour of plantation of trees and to preserve the forests, the birds and animals in the forest. They agree that the Rajpuri waterfalls should be developed into a tourist resort. For this reason the road to the waterfall should be widened and rest houses and hotels should be built near the waterfall site.

Korwa Village at Rapat Kona Visited and Surveyed This is the habitat of the Pahadi Korwas and Birhors. Both live in the forest area, but the Birhors live deep in the forest and very high on the hills. They come down to Rapat Kona village and Bagicha on market days and on the days of Sarhul Karma festivals. I interviewed some of the Pahadi Korwas. They were given houses free by the government The contractors built the houses. The mud brick houses were in a very bad condition and they fall at any time. The bricks used were of rejected quality. The mason work was very bad beyond imagination. It was quite

185

clear that there was corruption all wund There are houses incomplete after 3 yeus past. The Korwas say that they were granted loans to sow potatoes. But the potato crop failed or was destroyed by wild boars. Wdd boars come at night and are very dangerous and attack the Korwas if they chase them out. Failure of potato cwp has made the Korwas indebted to the. bank and their lands

· .. · · · are mortgaged·. These Pahadi Korwa5 ate-' very critical of 'government and its bureaucrats, who are very corrupt and dishonest.

Birhors reside in the High up Mountains that are Inaccessible The Birhors are comparatively happier and lead a peaceful life as no official reaches their ways. Their village is very high on the mounmins. They don't want any government loan or development project and want to lead a peaceful life. They come down from the mounmin top only when there are Karma and Sarhul They also come down from mounmin top on market days.

Theodore Lakra He was a candidate for Sarpanch. He belongs to the Congress Party. He got 1300 votes. He was asked what was your election propaganda and what would you have done it you were winning in the election? He said that he would have dime the following if he were elected:

(i) He would construct .roads and improve the lanes. (n) He would improve the drains. (tii) He would build more canals and water reservoir. (tv) He would dig borings for drinking water in many places so that people

may not have to go to distant places for fetching water. (v) He would repair the ponds of the village.

He propagated in different Wards with the help of his supporters from Congress party. There were 30 people working for him. There were nine candidates in the Panchayat elections. The BJP candidates won by a comfortable majority? I asked him what was the .reason that the BJP won the election? He said that the BJP was propagating against the Christians and Christian missionaries. Hence most of the Hindus voted for him. But La.k.ra said he did not propagate on religious lines but he propagated for the development of the village.

Ajit Lakta, Augustus Toppo, WjDiam Xalxo, Rajknmar Kujur, Ajit Kujur, Sunil Toppo and Stephen Tirkey All these were interviewed together. They also said that the BJP candidate for the post of Sarpanch won because he divided the voters on Hindu and Christian lines. They said that they also celebrated the Karma and Sarhul feasts but separately. The Karma and Sarhul feasts are connected with the crops. The Kha.rif and the lUbi

186

crops have been cut and people enjoy foe a few days becau..c;e they have wodled hard for a number of months and now they must enjoy and celebrate.

Carlos Toppo He is a retired headmaster of the Mission school He was asked to comment on the midday meals now started in all the govemment. schools. The poor students attracted by' the meals come to the· l'IChooL But as soorr"aiPthey have taken :thdt~ meals, they go home because they have little interest in study.

Stephen Tirkey He is working in the BSNL, the Door Sanchat Nigam Limited He was asked how the information and communication technology affecting the people of Bagicha? He said that the information and the communication technology is fast spreading in Indian villages. Even the remote villages are getting information about State, National and International events and they can now communicate with people any where :in the country. The people :in Bagicha are now well informed about various events in the country. Hence they have become very conscious about politically and socially. They make their own opinion about the political and social events and cannot be misled by propaganda.

Sankar Prasad Gupta· He is the BJP president of Bagicha. He was asked about the BJP's achievement in Panchayat elections. He said that this time the BJP won all the Panchayat elections; the Gram, the Block, and the District Panchayat. Out of the 85 Gam Panchayats in Bagicha Block the BJP won in 65 Gram Panchayats. He was asked how is the election expenses funded? He said that the candidates beat their own election expenses. There are 20 Wards in Bagich~ Out of this the BJP won in 12 and the Congress won in 8 Wards. There are 7 women members in the Gram Panchayat. Out of this 5 belong to the BJP and 2 belong to the Congress. Various development projects of the Centre and the State are being launched in the State. The Prime Minister Road Project is building roads in the area and R~·mtriya Sam Vikas Yojana is constructing stop dams, water reservoirs, canals and repairing tanks. There are projects to utilize the Rajpuri and the Dudki river water. The waterfall of Rajpuri river is utilized for irrigation. The cottage industries of the vilbge make baskets, earthen pots, dona and pattals. He has a big shop in the market place.

187

AwaduGupta He is BJP member. I asked him about the development projects of the village and its surrowl<ling.;. He said that the Centre and the State Governments are having their development projects in the village and it's surrounding like (i) Indira AwaJ3 Yojana, (ri) Atal Awas Yojana, (tii) Gramin Awas Yojana, and (iv) Jawahar Rojgar Yojrula. · ··:,., ·. ·;,., : ·; .. ,

He said that Janpad Panchayat does not get the funds directly. It comes from the District Panchayat. · Is the area affected by Naxalite activities? He said that S:u:guja and Jashpur district are affected by Naxalites. It is not heard in proper Bagicha but the area is affected by elephant menace.

Monica Toppo, the NGO A lady NGO lives near Bagicha. She is working on developing the water resources in Bagicha Block. She is study1ng in detail the Rajpuri and Dudki rivers and the waterfall. The undergronnd water resources are also being studied She will send her report to the Central and State Government with her recommendation.

FrurPriceShopat~cha

I talked to the person in charge of the fail: price shop. The goods sold are priced much below the market price. BPL rice at Rs. 6.15 per kg APL rice at Rs. 13.80 per kg Antyoday at Rs. 3.00 per kg Wheat per kg- Rs. 4.65 Salt per kg- Rs. 0. 25 per kg Kerosene per liter- Rs. 9.80

Middle School at Bagicha I met Mr. D. N. Pandey in his school. The total numbers of students are 150. The class rooms are leaking. He said that it is difficult to manage midday meals.

Cottage lndustty Centre at Bagicha The people learning here get stipend of Rs.SOO.OO per month from the government. There are 20 people employed They get bamboos at subsidized rate from the forest department. The Centre has received a loan of Rs. 25000.00 from the bank. Flower vases, letter boxes, table, chair, lamp stand etc. are made. The students are trained here for 6 months, thereafter they have to establish their own.

188

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189

Ward NGO No. 11 Kurumkela- Potong Para (Puma Patel Para) 1bis is woman reserve seat. Fulso Ekka a Ward member from Puma Patel Para was interviewed. She was asked whom did she vote for? She said that she voted for Raju Bhagat who had stood for Sarpanch but he lost miserably. Both the parties deputed their agents for propagating in the Ward. The candidates are not given any finanoal.help from the party."-They-had to make theii oWrnln'angement fur funds-.• She said that she voted for Congress. She is a great supporter of the Congress Party. Mohar Sai had won from his Ward but there w.is a lot of mal p:ractice during election in his Ward The votes were counted again and P:rabhat Kumar was declared winner for the post of the Sarpanch. Did the former Sarpanch worked for the development of Bagicha? Yes she did a lot of development work for Bagicha. She said that Sarhul is a festival of crops of fruits. This is celebrated together in a grand manner. She said that we grow both the crops; paddy and wheat. The farmers in Bagicha receive a good crop of wheat from 10 to 12 quintals per acre. This is due to very good facilities of irrigation from the two rivers and the canals. Oraons have many folklores connected with different seasons, different crops, different animals and birds. Of the two· tribes the Pahadi Korwas and Birhors, the· Korwas are more prosperous as they remain below the hilL The Bichors are expert in rope making, but are less developed as they live in the high up mountains. I asked what about family planning? She said that we do believe in family planning and are against big families.

Ward No. 18 Lobar Toli-2 Bhakto Nagesia is a ward Panch. He is a Congress party member. He said that BJP did not win of its own but due to gundagiri and creating fear among the voters. The cows and bulls should be kept under control otherwise they eat up a considerable portion of the crops sown.

Ward No. 12 Charmara Toli-Tarsius Minj, Molina Minj and Kusum Minj The Minj family was interviewed. They were all supporters of the Congress. They said that BJP is unnecessarily troubling the Christians and blaming of conversion. Christians are a peace loving people and do not create disturbances. BJP mostly wins by creating a fear psychologically. All of them said that the previous Panchayat dominated by the Congress was very good. It carried on many development works. The present BJP dominated Panchayat is more interested in spreading Hindu culture and not in development works.

190

Toppo's the NGO were interviewed again I went again to the NGOs Vincent Toppo (husband) and Monica Toppo (wife) to interview. Vincent Toppo has damaged his leg in a motorcycle accident. He was hit by a truck while traveling by motorcycle. Hence his wife Monica is doing most of the work on the site. He gives advice to her at home. . They 'are in charge of agricUltw'il}>development in the 7Bagicha area espedanf the river basin. They are being funded by the international agency of IF AD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). They are working on 2 Micro Water Shed Projects: (i) Sivri Narain for Birhors and (it) Pandri Pani for Oraon Villages. The Chief Minister has given them the peonission to work. These NGOs are to develop five basic elements of nature in the area: Jal, Jtmgle, J amin, Air and Animals. Their aim is to carry on developmental work in such a way that the labourers are engaged throughout the year in some work or the other. Under the BIFE scheme they provide plants to the organizations for planting trees etc. IF AD also trains health workers to distribute medicines among the tribals. If the health workers find that the patient is not suffering from any serious disease, they give the medicine and it is not necessary to send the patient to the hospital. He is sent to the hospital only when he suffers frOm. a serious disease. There is a (MOU) Memorandum of Understanding between the Chhattisgarh Tribal Development Society (CTDS) and the Jashpur Sewa Samity (JSS). They have done these two things for the area: (i) Adivasi Girls Hostel (Adivasi Chhatra Bas) and (n) Model English Medium School for the T ribals.

Survey and Interview in Ward No.7 Subasu Para Samuel Sheikh former Ward member was interviewed The present ward member is Avadhut Gupta. The total number of voters in this ward is 277. Many house have been built under Indira A was Y ojana. The BJP member Avadhut Gupta won the Ward election by a comfortable majority. He was offered a bribe to sit in favour of the Congress member but he refused to take the bribe, and contested the election and won by a comfortable majority. Shri Sheikh said that the Ward is in need of the roads, bore well and electricity. Shri Shekh is a businessman running poultry farm. He earns enough money in this bru,-iness. Shri Avadhut Gupta had to face the competition from five other candidates for the post of Ward member. There is an Anganbadi in this ward, (school for children). There are 25 children admitted to this school There is also an English Medium School. It is a private School. Girls are aJso going to the School, but their percentage of literacy is VCJY low.

191

Indira A was Houses are given to BPL cardhol.dets. Sheik feels that to educate the elders there is need of starting adult education Centres. Of course the village has 5 private schools where the teachers are paid about Rs 700/- per month.

Ward No. 6 Bazardard Bagicha (Puma Bagicba) Ward Panch is Smt. Saroj Kerketta. It is a reserved seat for women. Saroj got 25 votes. Her ·rival received only ·5 votes. She said that·· they-,have to go to bl.odi:·~ headquarter for funds, where they have to show the work plan. She is very interested in developing her Ward. ·

Dr. Baxla He was in government service. His wife is also a doctor. He was posted to Bagicha, but was regarded as a man of Congress Chief Minister Ajit Jogi. Gastero entities started in Pahadi Korwa area. The BJP government charged Dt:. Baxla of not doing his duties properly and was transferred. Thus his wife was posted in one place and the doctor was posted in another place. Generally the government keeps husband and wife in one place only if both are government servants. But the BJP was against Baxlas' Congress background and tiansfeo:ed him to different place but he filed a petition in the High court for the reinstallation. This was a sort of tdcingrevenge. · He has built a very good house in the market area of Bagicha. He said that many of the Pahadi Korwas died of Gestero entities because of eating rotten potatoes sown by them with the help of a loan from the bank. The crop failed due to rotting disease. The Korwas ate these rotten potatoes and many of them died. Dr. Baxla said that he is a social worker. He goes amongst the tnbals from one village to another and gives them free medicine and treatment. The BJP government took it as an ill. The BJP thought that he was carrying on propaganda against the government and misguiding the tribals. illtimately, in spite of doing good work, he was suspended from service. Now he is practicing in his dispensary in Bagicha and has a very good practice. He always moves from one village to another doing social work, distnouting medicine to the people who are suffering from illness. He has gained a good popularity among the tribals.

Ward No. 10 Parhar Toli (Girija Para) This is a reserved seat for women. Regina Lakra is a Ward member. Two other candidates contested from the Ward They are Silvina Kerketta and Sarojini Sidhor. There were 140 voters in this Ward Regina's husband also helped her in her campaign. She did not spend money for the election but simply carried on the campaign from door to door. Thus she had personal contact with the voters. She said that the Ward must have two borings for drinking water.

192

She owns very little land of 65 decimal She said that the present Satpanch is a hard worker and is going from Ward to Ward. noting the requirements of the Wards for roads, borings, drains, schools, electricity etc. There is a government primary school where only two teachers are teaching to 5 classes. This is affecting teaching. She is interested in developing her Ward. There is an Ayurvedic and Homeopathic hospitals. But very few ~le go to these hospitals. The family plarullng is becomitlg p<>pular and the pe0ple"are in fuvour of small families. In a tribal society like Bagicha men and women both drink openly. Generally, they prepare the spirits (alcohoQ in their homes and hence their money is not wasted in purchasing liquor. They get the liquor at home. Liquor is a part of their food and a social custom to drink. She said that Bagicha has two crops of paddy and wheat There is an Anganbadi, home for children from 3 to 5 years. Mrs. Bhagat is in charge of the school The other persons interviewed in this Ward were Benjamin Toppo, Paulose Lakra, Kamal Minj, Abraham Xalxo, Mariam Xalxo and Indumati Xalxo. These are the information I received when asked them. The tribals ·do not bother about the forest rules. They go to the jungle and cut trees for firewood. There are 25 Christian families. The area is surrounded by Naxalites who come from ]backhand and there is also the menace of elephants. From this Ward two candidates contested for the post of Sarpanch. They are Sadhan Gond and Shantilal Ekka. Shantilal Ekka was a Congress candidate.

Ward No.4 Harijan Basti Ghapidarha) Shyam La! is the Ward Panch. In the election for the post of Sarpanch, there was a complaint of irregularity and recounting was done. After recounting Sarpanch Prabhat Kumar was declared elected but previously Mohar Sai had won.

Two Modd Schools of Bagicha (1) The Catholic Mission School - The teachers and students of the Mission School of the Catholic Church and the Ramakrishna Mission of Bagicha were interviewed. The Catholic Mission School is situated in the Church compound. The surroundings and atmosphere is very good with big trees all rom1d. There are two senior and experienced teachers namely Fr. Alois Kujur and Fr. Oscar Toppo. Some of the names of the students are Pramod Ekka, Alok Toppo, Ponshia Kujur, Anurag Bakhla, Yeshwant Ekka, Sandip Tigga, Amardip Tlp,gll, Abir Khakha, Rakesh Kerketta, Amit Tirkey, Anirudh Ekka, Santosh Kerketta, Amit Kerketta, Ashish Bakhla, Manoj Tirkey, Nilesh Nirala, Prabil I.akra, Manjit Kujur, Dipchandra Toppo, Pravin Tigga, Vikrant Ttrk.ey, and Vtmal Ekka. There are more than hundred students in the hostel.

193

These boys stay in the hostel and go for classes in the Mission School, which is run by Catholic Missionary Fathers. The girls hostd is looked after by Sisters who study in the same school. Some students said they want to become track or bus drivers, others S2id that they want to become farmers and even some others said that they W31lt to become cleaners or chaprasis. But none of them said that they want to become doctors,_ pleaders, techflolOgist, engineers etc.: 7 ,., : ·'·' ,., ·

(2) The Ramakrishna Mission School Though the Ramakrishna Mission School was recently established some two years back, the numbers of students have increased to 126. Though they may admit students from Bagicha, but this mission school specially started to educate the Pahadi Korwa children. The building is very fine and attractive and is situated in a high place. There is big campus for future development. The village is a bit away from the Mission area. Hence it is clean beyond imagination. Every classroom is very clean furnished with good fumitures. The closed circuit camera is fixed in every class rooms, staff and office. The teachers are all devoted and work hard. Girls number is equal to boy students. The names are: Kumari Albina Sai, Basanti Sai, Kunjani, Maheswari, Rajbasnti, Ranjana, Raimuni, Sumani, Subotri, Sbashi, Subhadra, Ajit Kumar, Aghan Sai, Budharam, Dileshwar, Jamuna Prasad, Kunjan, Kunwar, Laxman, Mukund, Nehru, Pawan, Ravindra, Son Sai, Sukesh, Sandip, Vishnu Ram, Sarita, Sunita, Lal Mani, Sangita, Jagani, Sushila, Halkamya, Balmati, Birkho, Dhaneshwari, Fulkumari, Mohani, Snehita, Swati, Shanti, Mahesh Ram, Santosh Kumar, Raju, Kudus, Dileshwar Mohna Ram, Nawa Sai, Manoj Kumar, Sita Ram, Bhuneshwar, Sandip Kumar, Pahlu Ram, Manoj, Dipak, Raj Kumar, Dhan Sai, Gulab Ram, Sushil, Kunjal Sai, Rajesh, Pashni, Sukhmania, Lalita, Sunita, Dilip Kumar, Shyam Lal, Vinay Kumar, Ramphal, Meghnath, Lakhan Ram, Lukendra Ram, Rajeshwar, Anil Kumar, Naresh Kumar, Pramod Kumar, Shravan Kumar, Gyanchand, Jal Kumari, Mulki, Daso, Laxmi, Nira, Aghni, Fulmati, Balkumari, Sunita, Budhram, Sanjay, Ramjit Ram, Sunder Ram, Fulsai Ram, Nanku, Bira, Jai, Daya, Parmanand, Usha, Sukhpati, Fuleshwari, Sandhya, Vijaya, Jitnee, Phulmania, Prabha, Shaviti, Sambwati, Jitney, Premjeet, Sita, Ram, Dilip Kumar, Virendra Kumar, Laknu Ram, Thanu Ram, Bhuneshwar Ram, Subhash Ram, Jitendra Kumar, Bhikan Ram, Shankar and Patan. Some of the girl students were interviewed What do you want to become after completing your studies? Some said that they want to become writers, others said that they want to become dancers or teachers.

194

Ward No. 1 (Korwa Para) Mohar Sai From this Ward Mohar Sai competed for the post of Sarpanch. His rival was the elected Sarpanch Prabhat Kumar. There was a close contest between these two candidates for the post of Sarpanch. Mohar Sai was a Congress candidate. Initially in the ·.first.oounting of votes :Mohar Sai was declared winner. The votes obtained were Mohar Sai-513 and Prabhat Kumar-502. But Prabhat Kumar appealed for recounting of votes. In the recounting of votes Prabhat Kumar was declared winner. Prabhat Kumar received 520 votes. The ballot box was submitted very late. The first counting was not proper. The town inspector and others engaged in counting did not play their role properly. On these grounds Prabhat Kumar petitioned for recounting and approached the Minister Ganesh Ram Bhagat. The Minister also demanded for recounting. The people of Bagicha were divided on this ground Some said that Mohar Sai had won. These were all Congress supporters. Others said that Prabhat Kumar was right in complaining and demanding for recounting. These were BJP supporters. Thus the Panchayat election had divided the voters on party lines, the BJP and the Congress. The Panchayat elections should be &ee from party politics, party play and party slogans. But in actual practice these rules are not observed and have been broken in several Panchayat elections. The parties have penetrated to the village level and divided the villages on party lines. 1bis has disturbed the peace of villages as it is being seen in Bagicha and other villages. But it has also its advantages. It is politicizing the villages. People are now politically awakened. They are taking great interest in party politics and elections. The villages were sleepy in the past and had little interest in politics. "Mounrup ho hamesa bani" said Tulsidas in his Ramayana. But now the days of Tulsidas are gone. The people are taking keen interest in elections of Centre, State and Local. The percentage of voting in the villages is very high. It reaches upto 90 percent Periclese, the Athenian democrat said, ''Eternal Vigilance is the price of Liberty.

195

Appendix- III

The Basic Data Pertaining to the Village.

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2-•"' !!JO$ '~ /j l 'ttl tJ2--

Table I provides the population of the village. (l)Total population (2) Scheduled castes (3) Scheduled Tribes (4)0thers (5) Children (6) Separated (J) Invalid (handicapped)

ff ,,..,....,., #:/~· yu_., P-!r

'Q!J'"' ~ ,, 71 .t/ ....

/Z.. 'f ' 1?- _!.>

]vs o!J ,..

Any scheme of development of the village should take into consideration the composition of the population who ace to be helped and in what ways.

196

TABLE -2

Table II deals with number of BPL fllmilies, farmers, agricultural labourers, unemployed, persons engaged in cottage industries and handicrafts. In this table farmers have been divided into; farmers, small farmers, marginal farmers, land less labourers, women as head of the fllmilies, women engaged in cottage industries and handicrafts.

TABLE-3

_, "l"'>V~ fri?~ W7 ;.w rw v-f < !'' s-'.t_ l/il-'3,. I --1!'C . -

I..!' '"'7 ~ " ;_(,~ L?•-173 lt./.7.Jll M'·7H u-~.v S·U' /It·~~

··~ ''"''lr _la-U3'

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. . .

- • . • . • . . - .

Table III shows the distribution of land; total land, land fit for agriculture, total agricultural land, government land, ownership of the land, etc.

197

TABLE -IV CONSTIWC'nC>N WORK

. t•) '1/Tl· t-..J · p-9 .. "fl~>IT fij•l•l r ( 4i21t YJ:V) . -- ?q,p,.A>- ~_J/(Jl' O:nl.

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198

... .., -"

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Table IV shows different types of construction work; culverts, bridges, school building, community halls, Primary girls school building, food distribution, Kharnja construction, Anganbadi construction, construction of roads, lanes etc.

199

--

,1'• qf- 7lr

}. 2 {)(!) 717 ;,r;:r

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.9· -·- '7()';;T 3;77

TABLE-5 OTHER INFORMATION

-0 • - "fft;rJ-

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---- ...

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----

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---

200

,_Jii_•r !il!l-f-::---r!, -~--.----.;,~'-·- ~~-------r-------.------~:r ..

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i

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·t~-=--' ' -i ----

I I , 1 .

th-Table V- gives other information Funds received from various sources for various works.

201

Appendix - IV

A Brief History of Oraons Bagicha is a small village. of J ashpur district in. Chhattisgarlt. It is inhabited by Oraori~ Of Chota Nagpur. ·I have selected this topic because I am myself an"&aon and I am well conversant with this beautiful village. Bagicha is real a garden surrounded by hills and mountains, with small streams and rivers flowing all­round. The whole area of Koriya, Sarguja and Jashpur are connected with Jhark.hand, a huge forest tract and tribal area mostly inhabited by Oraons and Mundas. Pahadi Korwas also reside in Jashpur but are few in number. No good history books have been written on this Oraon legend. The Christian missionaries of course settled in this Oraon belt and have written some good books like Dr. Philip Ekka, SJ (fribal Movements: A Study in Social Change, Tribal Research and Documentation Centre, Asha Deep, Pathalgaon, Chhattisgarh, 2003) and Ram Dayal Munda and S. Bosu Mullick (fhe Jharkhand Movement Indigenous Peoples' Struggle_ for Autonomy in India, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2003).

History not documented-Hindu period For the early history of the Oraons no book bas been written as Dr. Philip Ekka says "for the reconstruction of the early history of the O:raons we have only their oral tradition to go by''. These maintain that after long years of wandering in the north and west of India, the ancestors of the Mundas and O:raons came to settle in Koriya, Sarguja, Jashpur and parts of Bihar and Orissa probably during the 1st millennium B.C. The area was thickly covered with jtmgles, hills, mountains, rivers, and streams. Of course Mundas first settled in this part, then came the Oraons. Both these tribes lived amicably for centuries side by side, but later the Mundas moved further east and south while the O:raons predominated in the west and north west of the platealL In the Vedas and the Ramayana we get a description of the forest living people. The Aryan expansion led to the flight of these peoples to Chota Nagpur area. As the uniform tradition of the Mundas and O:raons indicate and the "kursians''(chair or throne) that is, tradition of the Maharaja's family suggests around the first century A.D. that Phani Mukut Rai, an Wicommonly gifted and ambitious Parha leader secured precedence over the other Parha heads, acquired authority of a chief and the title of Raja or King. His successors, coming in contact with the neighbouring Hindu rulers married into the Rajput families of Pachete and other Hindu families, and became and were accepted as Hindu Rajputs.

202

After their contact with the Moghul court at Delhi in the Seventeenth centmy, they employed a pompous retinue of Hindu Brahmins and Rajput courtiers and mercenaries. These they remunerated by giving grants of villages whose customs and tributes they were allowed to enjoy on very easy terms. These grantees were the Jagirdars of the later periods. As they came &om other Hindu provinces of Bihar, Orissa and the Central Provinces where the rent systems were prevalent, they may have suggested> to the Raja the ideabf>transfonning the··customary village gifts into regular annual tributes, first in kind and then in cash. Thus the foreign idea of cash rent made a surreptious entry into 'the land of the Oraons and Mundas.

Legendary Genealogical tree of the Maharaja The Brahmin courtiers drew up the legendary serpent king who escaped from Benaras and married the daughter of a Brahmin, this serpent, Pumiarika, is supposed to have taken his pregnant wife on a pilgrimage to Orissa, on his way back he halted at Sutiamba and revealed his real nature to his Brahmin wife by turning into a real serpent, and then disappeared into a tank. His wife bore him the son Phani Mukut Rai and then died. Madra Munda, Headman of Sutiamba, is said to have adopted the child whom he discovered on the bank of the village tank protected by" the hood of the cobra, Pundarika, his father (Hahn, FR., "some notes on the religion and the superstitions of the Oraons" JASB, Vol. LXXI, Part III, 1903, P.12). Dr. Philip Ekka says (p.73) that this is an instance of a process of caste incorporation. A Wealthy tribal family can marry into Hindu families of the second caste and then proceed to justify its transition caste system by inventing a mythological genealogy. It is said that many of the so called Rajput Rajas of the Mundas and Oraons are in fact tribal chief who have married into Hindu fiunilies.

Muslim Period In 1585, the 30th year of Akbar's reign, an expedition sent by Akbar's general Shahabaz Khan, reduced Madhu Singh the forty fourth Raja of Khukra (Chota Nagpur) to the position of a tributary of the emperor of Delhi This subjection was however, only nominal· and the Mohammedans contended themselves with occasional raids into the country for plunder and tnbute in the shape of diamonds found in the area. In 1616, emperor Jahangir sent his lieutenant Ibrahim Khan, the Governor of Bihar, with a large force to overrun the country and to take possession of the diamond washings. During this period there was a considerable immigration of Muslims and Hindus. The Rajas also succeeded in consolidating their power over the Mundas and

203

Ot:aons by the introduction of Hindu settlers who were given grants of villages on easy terms. These settlers were required to give miliwy service to the Raja. The administration of the villages was not interfered with and Otaons were still effective guardians of their customary laws and privileges.

British Period . The British period of adffiinistmtion was uw:ked by:the following featuies~ "

(1) The Revenue system was completely changed It was based on cash payment. The relation between the f.umei:s and landlords was changed. The permanent settlement brought uniformity in the revenue system and provided the condition of agricultut:al development, but it replaced the organic ties between the two classes of rural society by an impersonal cash nexus. The tow classes of landlords and peasants were hence forth unrelated but social justice was not done.

(2) Reorganization of district and Judicial administration. (3) Complete centralization was introduced and age-old village autonomy

was broken.

East India Company In the year 1765, Chota Nagpur was pa!ised to the East India Company as part of the Dewan of Bihar. It is known as Mokhareji Period (1765-1770), Mokhareji means dismembered 'metal' in the revenue returns prepared by Mohamed Reja Khan on behalf of the company. This resulted in great hardship to the peasants. In 1771-79 an agreement was made with Raja Drip Nath Sahi by which he agreed to pay annual revenue of Rs 12000 including customs and transit duties.

Ramgarh regulation district period (1779-1833) This is one of the most unsettled periods of British rule in Chota Nagpur. One expediency after another was tried out to govern this large territory with a few British officers. The Ot:aons and Mundas were exploited to the utmost by foreign revenue collectors. This drove the whole aboriginal population to rise in most widespread rebellion against foreign J agirdars and Thikadars. In 1780 this area was brought under a judge, a lllllgistt:ate or a collector. This centralization was gready disliked by the local population. The powers of Rajas were gready reduced. His power to collect excise duties was also reduced. The introduction of police system further weakened the position of the Raja. The whole Ot:aon, Munda and Kol areas were administered from a distance. Bengal governed the whole area. The distant rule resulted in great injustice and hardship.

204

The insurrection in the Kol, Monda and Oraon Tract There was lawlessness prevailing in the area. The British had to use force to suppress rebellion. But the uprising did chaw the attention of the British authorities. In 1853-54 when Sir Henry Ricketts, a member of the Boa.l:d of Revenue came on a tour of inspection to• Chota Nagpur, lie fuund that the Bhuinhar:Hands of the Mundas and Oraons were exposed to the rapacity of the alien middlemen, who spared no force or fraud to obtain these lands of the Mundas and Oraons. Ricketts wanted to check this lawlessness and the misrule of the alien Thikadars. Mr. Ricketts accordingly recommended, "1be Governor Generals agent be directed to select at random, a small parganah of Chota Nagpllt' and to direct his assistant to ascertain by careful enquiry what has become of the original village holder of every village in the parganah ...... Whether they were still in possession, if not when they were dispossessed, and what has become of them ... Ultimate measures must depend on the tesult of investigation". The investigation thus tecommended, was indefinitely postponed, but soon after the submission of the teports of Mt. Ricketts, a further change in administration was introduced in the year 1854 by the Act XX of 1854, the South West Frontier Agency was abolished and Chota Nagpw: passed under the· Lieutenant Governor of Bengal as a ''Non-Regulation Pwvince" and since then, Chota Nagput has been administered as a Division of Bengal under a Commissioner till the separation of the Province of Bihar and Orissa in the year 1912 when it was again added to Bihar.

Oppression Continued Although on the establishment of British courts of justice at Ranchi (Kishenpw:) and a military cantonment at Dotanda in the heart of Chota Nagpur, the jagirdats and thikadars became less oppressive and generally referred their du;putes to the British tribunals, they continued their campaign of dispossessing their Munda and Omon tenants steadily though secretly. Colonel Dalton a very able officer. and quite sympathetic to the tribal people, wrote in 1871 about the post insurrection period as 'the insurrection of 1871 was put down by a strong hand'. The Kols were thoroughly subjugated. Though in some cases measures were adopted to protect them from further oppression, and especially from wrongful eviction, the farmers, thikadars and the sub-proprietors and jagirdar:s in other cases retaliated severely on the Kols, and I believe it was then that the greatest disturbance of the peasant proprietary tenure oceutred. Many Kols left the county that afterwards returned and claimed their lands. But as they were absentees for years the &rmers, the thikadars and jagirdars objected to their reentry.

205

Christian Missionary Influence The oppression continued almost unabated till the aaival of the Gem1211 Lutheran Mission in 1845. With the introduction of Ouistianity and the spread of education, the converts soon imbibed a spirit of independence and boldly stood up for their rights. . Major Hannynston wrote m 1854 "The Bhuinha.rS are-exposed to the .rai>acity•of middlemen, aliens who are hated by the people, and who to obtain these lands, spare no force or fraud; again these our courts afford no faciJe remedy, and the day may not be distant when the people goaded beyond their endurance, may take the law into their own hands." The period from 1854-1912 is known as the agency of commissioners. Side by side the Missionaries spread their activities by converting the Otaons, Mundas and Kols. They started opening schools, hospitals and colleges. Several refonns were introduced in civil, criminal justice and revenue system. The converts gave petitions to the government against the misuse of the power by the Rajas and the J aminidars. With the advent of the Catholic Mission in the area, conversions followed in rapid numbers. The converts opposed al1 illegal acts and they in many cases appealed to Calcutta and London. · In 1948-49 the Oraon area of Koriya, Sarguja and Jashpur were merged with the new state of C.P. and Berar and then afterwards in the newly funned Madhya Pradesh. Then in 1999 these areas formed part of Chhattisgarh as three districts Koriya, Sarguja, and Jashpur.

The Military and Religious Movements among the Oraons The looting of the tenants saw the armed revolt of Birsa Munda. Birsa Munda was hom in 1875. He was a convert to Christianity. He asked the peasants to revolt against the injustices of the Jamindars and rich landlords. The Birsa revolt once more demonstrated to the government the urgency of coming to grips with the problem of agrarian discontent among the Mundas and Oraons. A definite survey of the land and settlement of rent seemed to be the only effective answer to the recurring agrarian revolts.

The T ana Bhagat Movement among the Oraons The individual who started the Tana Bhagat movement was Jatra Oraon, a twenty five year old youth of village Chingri of Gumla subdivision in Ranchi District. He proclaimed in April 1914 that in a vision he has been ordered by Dhaones (God) to tell the Oraons to abandon the worship ofBhuts (evil spirits), to do away with animal sacrifice, animal food, alcoholic drinks, folk dances and amusements, to stop ploughing the fields and paying rents to the Jamindars, and to refuse to

206

engage themselves as servants or labourers to non-Omons. He furthet told the people that Dharmes (God) had also charged him with the wk of making as many disciples as he could and to teach them divinely inspired songs and mantras for exorcising spirits and healing the sick. In no time he attracted about two thousand followers and the new faith started to spread in all directions. Jatra was looked upon as a sort of.Oraon Moses who w~uld lead his people to. a better temporal and moral world · -: ··• · -~ .---. - ·~ ·••

207

. ; '

Appendix-V

Block Development Pancha,at, Baglcha

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211

Appendix- VI

Maps shown are: The map of Chhatt.isgarh where Jashpur District u mark~ the map of Jashpuc District, the map of Bagicha Janpad Panchayat showing the area of invest:ment and 1hgicha being in the ~ the maps of two vi1bges Bagicha and Kurumkcla consisting Bap:ha Gtam ~ and the map of different Wards of Bagicha Gt3111 Paochayat.

Jashpur District in Chhattisgarh

212

Baglcha Gn~m Panchapt In Jashpur District

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Map Of Bagicha Gram Panchayat Bagicha Gram Panchayat consists of two villages namely Bagicha and

Kurumkela. There are 20 Wards that arc marked in the map and tbc

important places shown in the map with symbols. The names of tbc

Wards are mentioned below. ·. .. . . -- ... 111 '\

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217

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