Appendix 1

'BOLD JACK DONAHOE'

A good example of an Australian convict ballad deriving from the Irish popular tradition is 'Bold Jack Donahoe', which was composed shortly after Donahoe's death in a shoot-out with the Mounted Police at Bringelly, west of Sydney, on I September 1830. So quickly did it achieve popularity in the colony of New South Wales that Governor Darling issued an order forbidding it to be sung in any public house, on pain of the loss of the licence. A number of oral versions must have circulated and it is interesting that some were taken back to Ireland and England and printed there as broadside ballads. And so it was that while 'Bold Jack' did not manage to return to his native home (which was Dublin and not Castlemaine, Co. Cork, incidentally), the song about him did. A number of versions have been collected in Australia since the 1950s, notably by John Meredith, but the one reproduced below, the earliest recorded version, was published by the poet A. B. Paterson in The Old Bush Songs Composed and Sung in the Bushranging, Digging, and Overlanding Days (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1905). Ron Edwards located no less than six broadside versions of the ballad in British and Irish libraries, which he reproduced in The Convict Maid: Early Broadsides Relating to Australia (Part One) (Kuranda (Queens­land): Ram's Skull Press, 1987) pp. 81-7. The version collected by Paterson contains a number of references which suggest the continuity between the Irish rapparee tradition and bushranging in eastern Australia. In the last verse, Donahoe is compared favourably with two famous nineteenth century rapparee figures, James Freney and Brennan of the Moor, together with the Fenian hero, O'Hare, and of course, Robin Hood.

'Twas of a valiant highwayman and outlaw of disdain, Who'd scorn to live in slavery and wear a convict's chain; His name it was Jack Donahoe of courage and renown -He'd scorn to live in slavery or humble to the Crown. This bold undaunted highwayman, as you may understand, Was banished for his natural life from Erin's happy land. In Dublin City of renown, where his first breath he drew, It's there they titled him the brave and bold Jack Donahoe.

304

'Bold Jack Donahoe'

He scarce had been a twelve-month on the Australian shore, When he took to the highway, as oft he had before. Brave Macnamara, Underwood, Webber and Walmsley too, These were the four associates of bold Jack Donahoe.

As Jack and his companions roved out one afternoon, Not thinking that the pains of death would overcome so soon, To their surprise five horse police appeared all in their view, And in quick time they did advance to take Jack Donahoe.

'Come, come, you cowardly rascals, oh do not run away! We'll fight them man to man, my boys, their number's only three; For I'd rather range the bush about, like dingo and kangaroo, Than work one hour for Government', said bold Jack Donahoe.

'Oh no', said cowardly Walmsley, 'to that I won't agree; I see they're still advancing us- their number's more than three. And if we wait we'll be too late, the battle we will rue.'

305

Then begone from, you cowardly dog', replied Bold Jack Donahoe.

The Sergeant of the horse police discharged his carabine, And called aloud to Donahoe 'Will you fight or resign', 'Resign, no, no! I never will, unto your cowardly crew, For today I'll fight with all my might', cried Bold Jack Donahoe.

The Sergeant then, in a hurry his party to divide, Placed one to fire in front of him, and another on each side; The Sergeant and the Corporal, they both fired too, Till the fatal ball had pierced the heart of Bold Jack Donahoe.

Six rounds he fought those horse police before the fatal ball, Which pierced his heart with cruel smart, caused Donahoe to fall; And as he closed his mournful eyes he bade the world adieu, Saying, 'Good people all, pray for the soul of poor Jack Donahoe'.

There was Freiney, Grant, bold Robin Hood, Brennan and O'Hare; With Donahoe this highwayman none of these could compare. But now he's gone to Heaven, I hope, with saints and angels too­May the Lord have mercy on the soul of brave Jack Donahoe.

306 Appendix 1

THE EXILE OF ERIN, ON THE PLAINS OF EMU

The Revd John McGarvie wrote a number of ballads which took their themes from convict experience but were composed in a more self­consciously literary style than those which emanated from and circulated amongst convicts. Based on Thomas Campbell's earlier work by the same name, The Exile of Erin' has its own poignant power and it is not at all surprising that folklore enthusiasts in Australia, notably Danny Spooner, should have set it to music and given it a currency which would have gratified McGarvie. Perhaps Felix Kearney's long-lost ballad will receive the same treatment, something which would certainly fulfil his last wishes.

Original Poetry

[For the Sydney Gazette]

THE EXILE OF ERIN,

On the Plains of Emu.

0! Farewell, my country - my kindred - my lover Each morning and evening is sacred to you, While I toil the long day, without shelter or cover, And fell the tall gums, the black-butted and blue. Full often I think of talk of thee, Erin -Thy [h]eath-covered mountains are fresh in my view, Thy glens, lakes, and rivers, Loch-Conn and Kilkerran, While chained to the soil on the Plains of Emu.

II

The iron-bark, wattle, and gum trees extending Their shades, under which rest the shy kangaroo, May be felled by the bless' d who have hope o'er them bending To cheer their rude toil, tho' far exiled from you. But, alas! without hope, peace, or honour to grace me, Each feeling was crushed in the bud as it grew, Whilst 'never' is stamped on the chains that embrace me, And endless my thrall on the plains of Emu.

'The Exile of Erin'

III

Hard, hard was my fate far from thee to be driven, Unstained, unconvicted, as sure was my due; I loved to dispense of the freedom of Heaven But force gained the day, and I suffer for you. For this hand never broke what by promise was plighted, Deep treason, this tongue to my country ne'er knew, No base-hearted coin in my coffer e'er lighted Yet enchained I remain on the plains of Emu.

IV

Dear mother, thy love from my bosom shall never Depart, but shall flourish untainted and true, Nor grieve that the base in their malice should ever Upbraid thee, and none to give malice her due. Spare, spare her the tear, and no charge lay upon her, And weep not, my Norah, her griefs to renew, But cherish her age till night closes on her, And think of the swain who still thinks but of you.

v But your names shall still live, tho' like writing on water; When confined to the notes of the tame cockatoo, Each wattle scrub echo repeats to the other Your names, and each breeze hears me sighing anew. For dumb be my tongue, may my heart cease her motion, If the Isle I forget where my first breath I drew! Each affection is warmed with sincerest devotion, For the tie is unbroken on the Plains of Emu.

Anambaba, May, 1829

307

M

Appendix 2 Nicholas Williams

TWO SONGS IN IRISH ABOUT THE CONNERYS

Two songs about the Connerys in Irish survive from their native district. The first of them, which we will call A. probably originally contained at least 16 stanzas:

I Inseoidh mise sceal dhaoibh mas e bhur dtoil liom eisteacht, ag tagairt do na seimhfhir ata a seoladh uainn ar fan; gur t6gadh go beasach le scoil agus le leann iad, le clu, le meas, le heifeacht is le heirim gan chaim.

2 T 6gadh iad go buacach, gan achrann, gan chruatan, go sugach, sultmhar, suailceach, gan buaireamh gan gha; bhiodh cabhair is CU.namh De acu, bhi buiochas 6g is aosta acu is ba mhaith an ceart gan aon locht a bheith ar a mein n6 ar a gcail

3 Da siulfainn tir na hEireann, Sasana le cheile, Albain, van Diemen, an Eigipt is an Spainn, is e bun is barr mo sceil e is ni rachad ag insint eithigh, nach bhfaighinn a neart na a dtreineacht in aon beirt dearthar.

4 Is iad na Conairigh, na sarfhir, is iad ataim a aireamh, a cuireadh uainn thar saile insna raigiuin i gcein; is danaid duinn-ne uainne iad san ait nach bhfaighidh siad fuascailt is sinn anso faoi bhuaireamh i mBoth an Duin na gcraobh.

5 Bhiodh an saghdar milis laidir a riar i dteach na sarfhear; croitheadh lamh is failte san aras cluthar samh;

bhiodh an eaglais gach feile ar staeision go hard.

6 'S i a gcistin a bhiodh go buacach, go faidhiuil failtiuil fuarmach, gealchupordach gealsuailceach, faoi mhuarchuid den fheoil; da gcastai bochta De ann n6 straigileiri aonair bhiodh leaba agus beile acu agus deirc ina gcomhair.

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Two Songs in Irish about the Connerys

7 Anois ta na madrai craosacha a cartadh o gach taobh ann, sin cosc o Dhia ar aoinne ar mhein leis ni a fhail; anois ata na treanfhir le crosa is falsai an tsaoil seo faoi tharcaisne ag meirligh is a n-eileamh gach Ia.

8 Ta an bhaintreach go bronach is an dilleachtai go deoirfhliuch o cuireadh na hogfhir as a n-eolas le fan, a thugadh pratai, im is feoil doibh is an tine dheargmhona;

309

is an fuacht go deimhin ba dhoigh liom nar bhaol doibh e a fhail.

9 A Dhia, nach bocht an sceal e a bhfiach ar fud na hEireann ag grathan ghranna an Bhearla nar gheill riamh don phais! Is go bhfuil a fhios ag gach aoinne nach rabhadar ciontach riamh in

aon choir ach ag seasamh ina gceart fein is gan e acu le fail.

IO Chuadar go Port Lairge ag iarraidh dul thar saile; sin ni nach raibh i ndan doibh is nior ranaig se dhoibh; mar bhi fear a mbraite i lathair a thug timpeall orthu an garda is isteach aris a sadh iad san aras dubh faoi bhron.

II Nuair a chuala na meirligh go raibh greim acu ar na seimhfhir go deimhin ba mhor an phrae leo iad a thraochadh le cnaib; a gcrochadh no transporting amach ar fad thar bochna i bhfad o ghaol no o chongas gan foirithint go brath.

I2 Tugadh iad sud laithreach go prioslln mor Phort Lairge, an t-aras daingean laidir, gan fail ar dhul ina ngaobhar; ach thugadar a sala do na fallai mora arda is an tSiuir amach gur shnamhadar gan spleachas don seighleir.

13 Mo mhallacht ort is leir ort, a rascail bhradaigh bhreagaigh, nara fada an Ia go n-eagfair gan bhaochas Mhic Dhe! Is tu a ghlac an breab go heasca is a dhearbhaigh an t-eitheach a chuir na Conairigh thar treanmhuir o Bhoth an Duin na gcraobh.

I4 Ar nos Iudais ghranna an chancair a chuir fosa Criost i dteannta narbh ina chroi istigh bhi an feall is dob fhalsa i a ph6g; is gurb e a chloisim ag an seanreacht go bhfuil a anam siud ina

stampa in ifreann na ndeamhan is e go cantalach a dho.

310 Appendix 2

15 Ma thagann an sceal chun criche go bhfeicfimid aris iad beidh a bpardun saor 6n ri acu is iad a insint duinn faoi sh6, baileoimid ina dtimpeall gan spleachas do na peelers is beidh ar gcoman di againn go haoibhinn a 6!.

16 Beidh againn gl6r na pibe, ceo! sport agus aoibhneas 6 mhaidin go dti an oiche is 6n oiche go dti an Ia; beidh na bairilli ar a bhfaobhar againn is sinn ag faisceadh lamh

a cheile agus slainte gheal na hEireann ni thaoscfaimid go brach.

Translation I I'll tell you a story if you'll kindly listen to me

that speaks of the gentle fellows who are being sent from us abroad; how they were reared courteously with schooling and with learning, with reputation, respect, competence and faultless intelligence.

2 They were reared richly, without contention or hardship, happily, cheerfully, with virtue, free of worry or want; they used to have the help and aid of God, and the thanks of old and

and good was their right to a faultless nature and name.

3 Were I to walk the length of Ireland and England together, Scotland, van Diemen's Land, Egypt and Spain, the long and the short of it is, and I will sink to falsehood, I wouldn't find their strength and vigour in any two brothers.

young

4 The Connerys, the peerless men, it is they whom I'm recounting, who've been sent overseas from us to distant regions; grief to us is their absence in the place where they'll find no

freedom while we are here afflicted in wooded Bohadoon.

5 The sweet heady cider used be served in the house of the heroes, there was hand-shaking and welcome in the cosy sheltered dwelling;

clerics were at each festival at the stations in high esteem.

6 Their kitchen was lavish, full of wisdom and welcoming benches, with bright cupboards, bright cheer and laden with great helpings of

meat; if the honest poor chanced upon it, or solitary wanderers, they would get board and lodging and find alms ready for them.

Two Songs in Irish about the Connerys 311

7 Now the ravenous dogs are plundering it from every side; that's a divine prohibition on anyone's hoping to get something; and now the heroes because of the obstacles and tricks of this world are being reviled by villains and hunted every day.

8 The widow is in sorrow and the orphan is stained with tears since the young fellows have been sent beyond their ken abroad, who used to give them potatoes, butter and meat and the glowing

fire of turf and the cold indeed, I'd think, there was no risk they'd feel it.

9 0 God, isn't it a wretched business, that they're being hunted throughout Ireland

by the nasty English rabble, who never accepted the Passion! And everybody knows that they were never guilty of any crime but merely stood up for their rights though they could not assert

10 They went to Waterford hoping to travel overseas, that was not their destiny and they did not achieve it;

them.

for their betrayer was on hand and he brought the guard secretly to them

and again they were thrust unhappily into the dark prison.

11 When the villains heard that they had apprehended the gentle fellows,

they'd have thought it a great triumph indeed to reduce them with a hempen rope,

to hang or transport them away across the ocean far from kith and kin with no rescue ever.

12 They were taken forthwith to the great gaol of Waterford, the firm solid building, where they could not be approached; but they took to their heels over the huge high walls and swam across the Suir in despite of the gaoler.

13 My curse upon you, damnation on you, you lying treacherous scoundrel,

may it not be long till you die unthanked by the Son of God! It was you that gladly took the bribe and swore the falsehood that sent the Connerys over the mighty main from wooded

Bohadoon.

312 Appendix 2

14 Like nasty, malignant Judas who helped take Jesus Christ a prisoner wasn't treachery in his very heart and his kiss false; and I hear in the old law that his soul is captive in hell of the demons and he's roasted while he yelps.

15 If the matter comes to fruition that we should see them again, their free pardon will come from the king and they'll tell us of it at

their ease, we'll gather round them in despite of the peelers and our pot of drink we'll have and we'll drink it in joy.

16 We'll have the sound of the pipe, music, fun and rejoicing, from morning till evening and from evening till dawn; we'll set the barrels on their edge as we clasp one another's hands and the darling health of Ireland we'll never finish drinking.

This song is to be found in a number of different versions:

H Published by R. Henebry in the periodical An Gaodhal, March 1890. S Published by Sean 6 Caoimh in the periodical An Sguab, June 1925. L Preserved in MS 289 of the Department of Irish Folklore, University

College, Dublin, ff. 102-6. This portion of the manuscript was written by Labhras 0 Cadhla from the dictation of Padraig Barun, a farmer of Cnoc Buidhe, Co. Waterford, in 1936.

M Taken down by Padraig 0 Milleadha of Clonmel from Aine Bean Ui Choinghealla of Baile Mhic Cairbre, Co. Waterford in 1934. At that time Mrs Connelly was 88 years of age. The text of the song, with some introductory matter, is preserved in the Department of Irish Folklore, University College, Dublin, MS 84, ff. 241-2. It was published by 0 Milleadha himself verbatim from his own manuscript in Bealoideas 6 (1936), pp. 15-16. The same version, but in normalised spelling, was published by T. 0 Concheanainn in Nua-dhuanaire, pt. 3 (Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies, 1978) pp. 28-9.

T Nioclas T6ibin, Duanaire Deiseach (Dublin: Sairseal agus Dill, 1978, pp. 28-31, from the recitation of Seamas Mhailldi. An English translation of T was published by T. E. Dowling in the Christmas Supplement of the Waterford News and Star, 1987.

None of these sources gives a complete version of the song and it is probable that its original form can no longer be retrieved from the surviving versions. Indeed there may have been no one original version. Internal evidence might suggest that parts of the song were composed at different times in the careers of the Connery brothers. The edition above is

Two Songs in Irish about the Connerys 313

a composite one, based on all five versions, though L, as the least satisfactory source, has been least used.

As is so often the case with Irish songs that have been preserved in several oral versions, producing a reliable text is problematic. The first difficulty is that of ascertaining the original order of the stanzas. The second is to decide in any given instance which of the several variants gives the best sense and/or is most likely to have been in the original. Unfortunately space prevents me from giving a full list of variants. I can only say that I have throughout based my text on at least one of the five sources.

Stanza 12 above is taken from M. In H and T it is very different. The text in T reads as follows:

Ar chuala sibh, a dhaoine, an plean a cheap an dis ud, go raibh an sceal ag gabhail timpeall n6 gur chriochnaiodar a ngn6 gur bhailiodar na sala thar na geatai mora arda is amach ansiud go brach leo gan spleachas da namhaid?

[Did you hear, people, the plan that pair conceived, that the matter was going round till they had finished their job, that they took to their heels over the great high gates, and went off then in spite of their enemy.]

The reference in line 2 seems to be to the treadmill in the prison. Instead of namhaid in line 4, H reads Choroin ('in spite of the Crown'). This makes a better rhyme with ngno in line 2 and is in all probability the original reading.

L, M and T all preface the song with some introductory matter, that in each case describes the background of the song as it was understood by the informant. These three accounts are as follows:

L Na Conairi. Triur dearbhrathar iad so a bhi ina gcomhnuidhe i bpar6iste Choileagain insna Deisibh breis agus cead bliain 6 shoin. Bhi aon deirbhshiur amhain acu. Bhi tigh fairsing aolmhar acu agus bhiodar fein agus a mathair go samh, acht bhi an tigheama talmhan ar dt6ir, agus aoinne a mbeadh duine acu siud sa dramaig air ba chuma dho aige n6 uaidh an dos. Ba e sin dala na gConairi. Chuir an tighearna nimh a sui ina gcuid agus d' orduigh se dh6ibh bheith amuigh, acht ni rabhadar chum geilleadh dho go mbeadh fhios acu 'de chuis e.

Nuair chonnaic an tighearna talmhan na raibh aon fhonn bogadh ar mhaintir Chonaire, chuir se an t-athmhaighistir agus an sirriam chucha chum iad do chur amach le laimh laidir, acht nior thugadar san 'bail 6 Dhia' ar a margadh, mar triur scafairi treana ba eadh na Conairi, agus theidheadar na heasnaidheacha ag na meirligh agus thugadar greadadh

314 Appendix 2

d6ibh, acht chaitheadar teicheadh annsan mar thainig Iucht an dlighe ar a dt6ir. Thugadar a n-aghaidh ar Phort Lairge d'iarraidh teicheadh as an tir, acht rugadh orra annsan; cuireadh cuirt orra agus dibrigheadh go dti an Bhreatain Nuadh Theas san Astrail iad agus nior chasadar riamh.

Translation The Connerys. These were three brothers who lived in the parish of Colligan in Co. Waterford more than a hundred years ago. They had one sister. They had a spacious white-washed house and they and their mother were comfortably off, but the landlord was after them, and if any tenant was singled out by such a one, it was irrelevant whether he could pay the rent or not. That is the way it was with the Connerys. The landlord coveted their property and he ordered them off it, but they were not prepared to yield to him until they knew the reason why.

When the landlord saw that the Connerys had no intention of vacating the property, he dispatched the agent and sheriff to evict them by force. They did not consent to such a contract, however, for the Connerys were three strong and agile fellows and they merely warmed the scoundrels' ribs and gave them a drubbing. They then had to go on the run, because the police came looking for them. They made for Waterford intending to leave the country, but they were apprehended there. They were brought to court and were exiled to New South Wales in Australia and they never returned.

M Ba e ait a raibh na Conairigh na i mBothaduin. Bhi feirm aca ann, agus beirt driothar aca a bhi ann. Ta fothrach an tighe ann f6s, ar thaobh an bh6thair. Theastuigh 6n tigheama talmhan an fheirm a bhaint diobh; ach ni rabhadar sasta ar i a thabhairt suas .. Thainig garda chun iad a chur as seilbh; ach bhi an tigh dunta suas aca, agus bhi arm teine aca. Chuireadar an ruaig ar an ngarda, agus marbhuigheadh fear aca. B'eigean d6ibh dul ar a dteitheadh annsan. Do reir na scealta dioladh iad, agus dearbhuigheadh eitheach ortha. Cuireadh amach go dti New South Wales iad, agus dheineadh amhran d6ibh 'a moladh is a gcaoineadh.

Translation The place where the Connerys lived was Bohadoon. They had a farm there, and they were two brothers. The ruins of the house are still there by the side of the road. The landlord wanted to take the farm from them; but they weren't prepared to give it up. A body of armed men came to evict them; but they had closed the house up and they had a gun. They drove off the armed men and one of them was killed. They then had to go on the run. According to the story they were

Two Songs in Irish about the Connerys 315

betrayed and false evidence was given against them. They were sent out to New South Wales, and a song was composed about them, extolling them and lamenting them.

T Baintreach a bhi ina c6nai i bpar6iste Choiligeain le hais Dhun Garbhan sna Deisibh, ta breis agus cead bliain go maith anois ann. Bhi triur mac aici agus an t-aon inion amhain. Bhi teach brea, fairsing, aolmhar acu agus feirm mh6r thalun. Le linn na huaire bhi gach aon rud mar ba mhein leis ag an tiarna talun sa tir seo, ag an 'Maistir' mar a thugtai air, agus da mba rogha leis an maistir e, ba chuma an cios ag an tion6nta n6 uaidh, gheobhadh se an tion6nta sin a chur as seilbh. B' amhlaidh a tharla i gcursai na gConnerys. Chuir an maistir orthu a n­aitreabh a thabhairt suas. Ach rna chuir, chuireadarsan ina lui ar an maistir nach rabhadar chun geilleadh na an ait a fhagail. Chuir an maistir a fhear ionaid agus an sirriam chun iad a chur amach le laimh laidir agus, rna chuir, nior r6ghlan a d' eirigh leo mar triur scriosaire trean a bhi sna Conairigh. Luiodar chun na beirte ud, nach raibh rompu ach an fhailte, agus ba r6bheag nar mharaiodar iad. B' eigean d6ibh teitheadh ansin mar bhi t6ir orthu. Thugadar aghaidh ar Phort Lairge le hionchas dul thar saile ar bord arthaigh ach bhi duine airithe a rinne iad a bhrath agus gabhadh iad. Cuireadh i bpriosun iad i bPort Lairge ach d' ealaiodar ar chuma eigin, biodh is go raibh na cruba is na slabhrai ar a lamha. Thugadar faoi na sleibhte mar a raibh cearta ag gaol d6ibh. Ghearr an gabha na cruba agus na ceangail agus thug bia agus iostas d6ibh. Ach bhi eagla orthu fuireach niba shia na la n6 dh6 agus, rud eile, bhi an baile, a mathair agus a ndeirfiur, ag deanamh scime d6ibh. Dheineadar ceann ar aghaidh ar an mbaile agus, ni narbh ionadh, gabhadh aris iad. Rinneadh iad a thriail i gcuirt Phort Lairge. Daoradh iad agus cuireadh ar dibirt faoi chruashaothar go ceann seacht mbliana go dti an Nua-Bhreatain Theas iad.

Translation A widow lived in the parish of Colligan near Dungarvan in Co. Waterford well over a hundred years ago. She had three sons and one daughter. They had a fine, spacious, white-washed house and a big farm. At that time the landlord in this country, the 'Master' as he was known, had everything his way, and if the landlord so desired, it was irrelevant whether the tenant could or could not afford the rent, for he could evict the tenant. So it was in the case of the Connerys. The master tried to get them to vacate their holding. They, however, convinced him that they had no intention of yielding and vacating the place. The master sent his deputy and the sheriff to evict them by force, but he did not succeed too well even so, because the three Connerys were tough customers. The Connerys ambushed the two

316 Appendix 2

men, who expected only a welcome, and almost killed them. Then they had to go on the run because they were wanted. They made for Waterford in the hope of taking a ship and going abroad, but someone betrayed them and they were arrested. They were imprisoned in Waterford but somehow managed to escape, even though they had manacles and shackles on their hands and feet. They made for the mountains, where a relative of theirs had a smithy. The smith cut through the irons and gave them board and lodging. They were afraid to stay more than a day or two, however, and moreover, their mother and sister at horne were becoming anxious about them. So they went horne and, not astonishingly, were arrested again. They were tried in the court in Waterford. They were convicted and sentenced to be transported to New South Wales for seven years hard labour.

The second song, which we will call B, is known usually in Irish as Na Connerys ['the Connerys']. It is metrically quite different from A. Happily, it presents the editor with far fewer textual problems, since it is both shorter and is preserved in three virtually identical versions. The opening stanza is addressed to a certain Cuirnin or Cornthain, who, with his companions, it is asserted, gave false evidence against the brothers.

1 A Choirnin rnhallaithe, guirnse deacair ort is grain Mhic De is ar an ngasra ud ta ceangailte go dluth le do thaobh, mar sibh a dhearbhaigh i Jathair Choistealaigh ar an triur fear seirnh is a chuir na Connerys thar na farraigi go dti na New South Wales.

2 An te a bheadh ina sheasarnh ann is a dheanfadh rnachnarnh ar an gcuis a pie

mar a sheasa' se 6na seacht ar rnaidin go dti tar eis a naoi, chrith an talarnh ruinn le linn na leabhar a dtabhairt sa bhreag is rno ghraidhnse an t-anarn bocht ta se darnanta mas fior don ch!eir.

3 T a seaiceid ghairide a ndeanarnh 6 rnhaidin duinn is trius da reir, culaithe farraige, ni nar thaithiornar i dtus ar saoil; rnurach feabhas ar gcaradais bhi ar rnuinil cnagtha is sinn go domhain

san aol, n6 gur casadh sinn chun tearrnai a chaithearnh sna New South Wales.

4 A Bhanrion Bheannaithe is a Ri na bhFlaitheas, tabhair fuascailt orainn araon

is ar an rnbanaltra ata sa bhaile go dubhach inar ndeidh; le linn an aifrinn big! ag agallarnh is ag gui chun De ar na Connerys a thabhairt abhaile 6 na New South Wales.

Two Songs in Irish about the Connerys 317

Translation I 0 accursed Coimin, I pray that you may be confounded and

detested by the Son of God, you and that company that is closely associated with you, for it was you all who gave evidence before Costello against the

three gentle fellows and sent the Connerys over the seas to New South Wales.

2 He who'd stand there and contemplate the case being heard, as he stood from seven in the morning till after nine o' clock, the earth shook beneath our feet while false oaths were sworn, and God help the poor soul, if the clergy are right he's damned.

3 Short jerkins have been made for us since morning and trousers to match,

clothes for the sea, things we knew nothing of in our youth. but for the goodness of our friends our necks would have been snapped and we'd be buried deep in lime, but we were returned to spend our sentences in New South Wales.

4 0 blessed Queen and King of Heaven, bring us both release and to the mother at home who is grieving for us; at Mass intercede with and pray to God that the Connerys may return to us from New South Wales.

The above text is based on three sources:

LC M. Ni Annagain, Seamus de Chlanndioluin, Londubh an Chairn; being Songs of the Irish Gaels in staff and sol-fa . . . (London: Oxford University Press, 1927) p. 33.

N 0 Concheanainn, Nua-dhuanaire, pt. iii, p. 85. The text given by 0 Concheanainn is itself from P. Breathnach, Ar gCe61 Fiinig (Dublin [1920]) pp. 144-5.

T N. T6ibin, Duanaire Diiseach, pp. 32-4.

A text with music similar to that of LC, N and T is to be found in the collection of the Department of Education, Cuisle an Cheoil (Dublin 1976) pp. 58-9, where it is derived from LC.

The versions of B in LC and T were both collected from the same informant, Micil Shfle or Micilin Shfle, of Ring, Co. Waterford, the version in LC having been taken down in August 1902. The text inN is virtually identical with that of the other two versions. There do exist versions of B that differ in detail from our text. None of these has been used here, however.

318 Appendix 2

The editors of LC include a verse translation of the song. A translation of the text in T was published by T. E. Dowling in the Christmas Supplement of the Waterford News and Star, 1987.

At the end of the song in T the editor appends the following account:

Ach nior chasadar riamh. Nuair a bhi a dtE~arma tabhartha sa phriosun acu thangadar amach agus th6gadar Iota talun le hais Sydney, Iota taltl.n fiain, coillteach. Dheineadar e a romhar agus a reabadh, a shaothru agus a dhaingniu n6 go raibh se chomh inchurtha le haon talamh da fheabhas. Bhi raille adhmaid timpeall leis acu agus bhi comhlai ann anseo is ansiud. D'fhagaidis na comhlai sin oscailte d' oiche ionas go dtagadh na beithigh allta isteach 6 na sleibhte chun a saint a agairt ar na barrai. Nuair a bhidis istigh, dhtl.nadh na dearthaireacha na comhlai 6n taobh lasmuigh agus bhidis ag gabhail timpeall lasmuigh den raille ag deanamh caradais agus caidrimh leis na beithigh allta agus a bpeataireacht go dti go mbidis minithe agus oilte acu. Ansin dhiolaidis iad agus d'fhaighidis m6rluach orthu. Amhlaidh sin chuireadar m6rchuid airgid i dtaisce. Ar aon chuma, ni heol go dtainig aoinne acu thar n-ais chun a dtire duchais.Translation

Translation But they never returned. When they had completed their prison sentences, they were released and acquired a holding of wild, wooded land near Sydney. They dug and cleared, tilled and fenced it until it was comparable with the best of land. They erected a wooden fence round it and gates at intervals in the fence. They left the gates open at night so that the wild cattle could come down from the mountains to assuage their hunger on the crops. When the animals were inside, the brothers would close the gates on the outside and go round befriending the wild animals and coaxing them, till they had tamed and trained them. Then they sold them and got good money for them. Thus they saved much money. At all events, I never heard that any of them ever returned to their native country.

TWO FURTHER ACCOUNTS OF THE CONNERYS FROM IRISH ORAL TRADITION

The following two accounts of the Connerys were taken down from oral recitation in Co. Waterford earlier this century.

(a) Na Conairighigh

I mBoth a' Duin a bhi na Conairighigh; Sean agus Seamus. Sa droich­shaoghal, n6 timcheall na haimsire sin a bhiodar ann. Bhi feirm aca, agus ta

Two Songs in Irish about the Connerys 319

rian na haite agus an tighe ina rabhadar le feiscint f6s ar thaobh an bh6thair. Holmes a bhi ar an dtighearna talmhan a bhi ar ait sin le linn na gConairigheach. Thainig maor ar an stat arbh ainm do an Caedeach agus nior thaithnigh se fein is na Conairighigh lena cheile. Daoine ainspianta ba eadh na Conairighigh. An te a thaithneochadh leo, dheanfaidis aon rud do; ach an te na taithneochadh leo, nior mh6r do a bheith ar a aire fein. Dhein an Caedeach gearanta go leor ortha, agus bhi se ar a dhicheall a d'iarraidh iad a dhibirt as an ait. Bhi fhios ag sna Conairighigh e sin, agus bhiodar ag faireadh ar an gCaedeach chun e a chur da chois. Bhi feirrneoir eile i mBoth a' Duin, gairid do thigh Chonaire; amonn Paor a bhi air, agus bhi se muinteardha leis an gCaedeach.

Bhi an Paorach ag treabhadh Ia, le hais na coille i mBoth a' Duin, agus bhi an Caedeach ag siubhal sios is suas leis. Thainig beirt bhan isteach sa phairc i ngan fhios d6ibh. Shleamhnuigheadar amach le hais na gcapall, agus lamhadar leis an gCaedeach. Nior bhuaileadar e, agus rioth se. Dhein se ar thigh an Phaoraigh a bhi taobh thuas de, mar bhi arm teine ann; ach chuadar idir e agus an tigh, agus b' eigean do iomp6dh ar an gcoill. Nuair a chuaidh se anairde ar chlaidhe na coille, rugadar air agus stracadar anuas e. Chuireadar a cheann trid an talamh le ceapa' na ngunnai. Chuireadar diobh amach an sliabh, agus sh6insea[la]dar a gcuid eadaigh. Bhi fhios gurbh iad a thug fe an Chaedeach, agus bhi an t6ir i bhfad ni ba dheine ortha ina dhiaidh san. Shileadar go raibh se marbh aca; ach thainig se chuige fein arist. Thainig scata pileiri chun iad a chur as seilbh; ach bhi an tigh daingnighthe suas aca, agus arm teine istigh aca, agus chuireadar an ruaig ar na pileiri.

Thainig an tighearna fein, Holmes, Ia is gan aoinne ina fhochair. Anios an b6ithrin ar thaobh thiar den tigh a thainig se agus chonnaic Seamus Conaire ag teacht e. Labhair se go deas seimhialta agus d'iarr se seilbh na haite ar Chonaire. 'Scrios !eat, a thurnae bhig, n6 cuirfidh me an ian ata sa ngunna triot!' ar seisean. Dubhairt Holmes go gcailleadh se gini an troigh le hiad a chur as an ait.

Tamall beag ina dhiaidh sin bhi Seamus ina sheasamh san ait cheadna agus cad a chifeadh se na beirt phileiri ag teacht anios b6ithrin chun an tighe agus gunnai aca. Bhi lochta ar an seomra ach ni raibh aon staighre ag dul anairde ann. Sheasuigh Seamus siar uaidh is chuaidh se dhen leim sin anairde ar an lochta. Chuaidh se dhe leim eile amach fuinneog an lochta, treasna b6ithrin a bhi ann agus suas leis go tigh muinteardha mar a rabh Sean i bhfolach. Thug an bheirt aca an Mama amach ortha, is ni rabhadar ach ar eigint imthighthe as an tigh nuair a thainig na pileiri ar a dt6ir.

Ach ce go raibh cairde go leor aca, bhi narnhaid aca leis. Dhiol duine eigint iad sa tslighe gur rugadh ortha, agus gur cuireadh isteach i bpriosUn Phort Lciirge iad, ach d' ealuigheadar as an bpriosun. Stracadar na plainceid is na bairlini agus dheineadar tl~ad diobh. Shleamhnuigheadar 'dH an talamh ar an teid agus fuaireadar dul amach thar an bhfalla. Thainigheadar go Both a' Duin arist agus b'fhada ina dhiaidh sin go bhfuaireadh breith ortha.

320 Appendix 2

Maidean Domhnaigh a bhi ann is na daoine ag dul go dti Aifreann Choilligeain. Bhi na Conairighigh thios sa ngleann nuair a thainig an t6ir ortha. Riothadar agus lean na pileiri iad; agus bhi an Caedeach ina bhfochair. Ba mhire fe dh6 na Conairighigh na aoinne bhi ina ndiaidh; ach pe rud a bhain do Shean Chonaire, thuit an lug ar an lag aige, agus nior fhan coisceim aaige. An Caedeach an chead duine a thainig suas leis is a rug air. Nuair chonnaic Seamus go raibh beirthe ar Shean thug se suas.

Trialladh i bPort Lairge iad mar gheall ar seilbh f6rsa a choimead agus cuireadh amach go dtisna New South Wales iad, mar ar chaitheadar an chuid eile dha saoghal. Bhi fear 6 phar6iste Chill Ghobnait amuigh san ait ud i bhfad de bhliadhanta ina dhiaidh sin, agus chuir se tuairisc na gConair­igheach. Fuair se amach an ait a rabhadar ina gcomhnuidhe. Bhi reim mh6r talmhan aca agus iad ana-shaidhbhir ar fad. Bhi Sean p6sta is clann aige ach nior ph6s Seamus riamh.

Translation

The Connerys

The Connerys lived in Bohadoon: Sean and Seamus. They lived during the Famine or about that time. They had a small farm and the ruins of the place and the house they lived in are still to be seen by the side of the road. The name of the landlord of the place in the time of the Connerys was Holmes. An agent called Hackett came to the estate while the Connerys were there and he and they disliked each other. The Connerys were unruly people. If they liked someone, they'd do anything for him; but if they disliked anyone, he'd have to be on his guard. Hackett often complained about them and did his best to evict them from their holding. The Connerys knew that and watched Hackett to put paid to him. There was another farmer in Bohadoon, near to the Connerys' house. Edmund Power was his name and he was a relative of Hackett's.

Power was ploughing one day by the wood in Bohadoon and Hackett was walking up and down with him. Two 'women' came into the field unseen. They slipped out by the horses and fired at Hackett. They missed him and he ran off. He made for Power's house because there was a gun in it. They, however, cut him off from the house and he had to tum towards the wood. Just as he was climbing over the wall into the wood, they grabbed him and pulled him down. They thrust his head into the ground with the butts of their guns. They made off to the hills where they changed their clothes. People knew that they had attacked Hackett and the hue and cry for them was greater than ever. They thought that they had killed him, but he recovered. A troop of peelers came to evict them but they had fortified the house and they had guns. They saw the peelers off.

The landlord himself, Holmes, visited them on his own one day. He came up the lane behind the house and James Connery saw him coming. He spoke courteously and asked them for possession of the place. 'Get out of

Two Songs in Irish about the Connerys 321

here, you tiny attorney, before I unload my gun through you!' said he. Holmes claimed he would spend a guinea a square foot to get them out.

A little later Seamus was standing on the same spot, when what should he see but two peelers carrying guns coming up the lane to the house. The room had a loft, but there were no stairs up to it. Seamus stepped back and in one bound jumped into the loft. Another bound and he was out of the loft window, across the lane and up to a relative's house where Sean was in hiding. The pair of them made for an Mama; they were hardly out of the door when the peelers searching for them arrived.

Though they had many friends, they had an enemy as well. Someone betrayed them and they were caught and imprisoned in Waterford gaol. But they escaped from prison. They tore up the sheets and blankets to make a rope. They slid to the ground on the rope and were able to get out over the wall. They returned to Bohadoon and were not caught again till long afterwards.

It was Sunday morning and the people were going to Mass in Colligan. The Connerys were down in the glen, when the hunt for them started. Hackett was with the search-party. The Connerys were faster than any of their pursuers. Whatever happened to Sean Connery, however, he lost his nerve and couldn't run another step. Hackett was the first to draw level with him and seize him. When Seamus saw his brother had been caught, he too surrendered.

They were tried in Waterford for having kept forcible possession and were transported to New South Wales, where they spent the rest of their lives. A man from the parish of Kilgobnet was out there many years later and he enquired after the Connerys. He discovered where they lived. They had a great expanse of land and were exceedingly rich. Sean was married and had children. Seamus remained unmarried.

(b) Na Canaries

Nior robailithe iad so in aon chor do reir mar dh'airigh mise seandaoine a radh. Bhiog ag baint an talaimh diobh san eagc6ir agus lamhadar leis an maistir n6 leis an agent, ach nior mharbhuiodar e. Chuireadh isteach i bprios{m Phort Lairge iad. Fearaibh ana-bhriomhara dob eadh iad. Dh' eirigh leotha eal6 amach thar falla an phriosuin. Par6iste Bhaile na Mfolach ab as d6ibh. Thainfodar chomh fada le Modheilge go dti tig beag ar Bh6thar an Mhuilinn i gCill Cluthair. Bhi roilig ann fad6. Dh'airigheas go bhfuaradh cnamhanna ann fad6. Ta tig 6sta 'ge Mrs Ducey san ait cheadna anois san ait ar gabhadh iad an tarna huair ar an mb6thar 6 Cheapach Chuinn go dH Dun Garb han.

Bhiodar istigh sa tigh beag so ag imirt chluiche cartai nuair a dhein duine eigin sceitheadh ortha go dH bearraic na bpilears, go rabhadar insa tigh seo an oidhche seo. Thainig sairsint na bpilears agus thug se aon fhear amhain

322 Appendix 2

leis. Thugadar a n-airm leotha. Bhi rupia beama cloch aoil singil t6igithe timcheall an tigh beag so. Dhein an sairsint drilleail ar an bhfear a bhi aige i dtomas go raibh go Jeor diobh ann, agus dubhairt se Jeotha OS ard baiJiu thimcheall agus surrounding a dheana ar an tigh. Bhuail se a chois i gcoinne na beama cloch singil agus leag se i. Bhuail se an dorus ansan agus dubhairt se leotha a lamha a chur anairde. Bhi a n-aramacha feineach leagtha ar an mbord. Thuit an log ar an lag aca, mar shileadar go raibh cuid mh6r fearaibh thimcheall an tighe amu'. Nuair a thainiodar amach, ni fheacuiodar ach ant­einne amhain. Thugadh go dti Bearraic Cheapai iad agus dheineadh transport ortha go dtisna hindiacha.

'Na dhiaidh san dheineadh fallai priosun Phort Lairge a dh'ardach.

Translation

The Connerys

They were not robbers at all according to what I heard the old people say. The land was being taken from them unjustly and they shot the landlord or the agent, but he wasn't killed. They were imprisoned in Waterford. They were strong and powerful fellows. They managed to escape over the prison wall. They were from Baile na Miolach parish. They got as far as Modeligo, to a small house on the Mill Road in Cill Cluthair. There was a cemetery there long ago. I have heard that they found bones there long ago. Mrs Ducey now has a public house in the very place they were arrested for the second time on the road from Cappoquin to Dungarvan.

They were in this little house playing cards, when someone informed on them to the police barracks, saying that they were in this house on that night. The police sergeant arrived bringing one man with him. They brought their guns with them. There were several single limestone walls round this little house. The sergeant drilled his one officer pretending that there were many of them, and in a loud voice ordered them to gather about and surround the house. The sergeant kicked the single wall and pushed it over. Then he knocked on the door and ordered them to put their hands up. He discharged his blunderbuss at them and put handcuffs on them. Their own guns were lying on the table. Their courage left them, for they believed that many men had surrounded the house. When they emerged they saw one officer only. They were taken to Cappa barracks and transported to the Indies.

The walls of Waterford gaol were increased in height thereafter.

Source (a) This account was published by P. 0. Milleadha immediately after his

text of Song A in Bealoideas, 6 (1936) pp. 16-18. It was taken down from the dictation of Tomas 0 Corcorain of Bohadoon, Dungarvan, Co. Waterford during the years 1934-36. Corcorain was then in his nineties.

Two Songs in Irish about the Connerys 323

(b) This account was taken down from Sean Mac Gearailt, Modeligo, Cappoquin, Co. Waterford, by Micheal 0 hAodha at some during the years 1933-41. It was published by 0 hAodha in Bealoideas, 14 (1944), pp. 101-2.

Index Note: except under 'convict transports' all sub-entries are listed by page number rather than alphabetically.

aborigines, 18, 113, 119, 128, 258, 296, 302

Adair, Barbara, 128 Adair, George, 117 Adair, James, 127 Adair, Margaret, 119, 120 Adair, Samuel Lennox, 117-19 Aglish (Co. Waterford), 201 Ahearn, John, 206 Allen, Henry, 34 Alphington Academy, 89-90, 92, 93 Alphington Cross (Exeter), 89, 93 Alt. Augustus, 16 Arklow (Co. Wexford), 31 Atkins, Judge Advocate Richard, 42 Aubin, Capt Phillip, 119, 121, 123, 126,

127 Australian, The, 12D--1 Armstrong, Revd William

Carew, 57, 69, 70, 71, 79 Australian Agricultural

Company, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 174, 178

Avenel (Vic.), 238

Baker, William, 63, 64, 68 Balfe, John Donnellan, 247, 267, 271-2 Ball, Lieut Henry Lidgbird, 15 Ballagh (Co. Tipperary), 3, 57-8, 73 Ballinamore (Co. Leitrim), 135, 139 Ballingary (Co. Tipperary), 248, 249 Ballybricken Jail (Co.

Waterford), 203-4, 207 Ballyclough (Co. Antrim), 114 Ballydonnell (Co. Wicklow), 28 Ballykeerogue (Co. Waterford), 193 Ballymanus Division (United Irishmen),

31 Ballymena (Co. Antrim), 224 Ballynamee (Co. Waterford), 201

324

Barker brothers, 118, 122 Barlee, Frederick, 298-9 Barrett, Fr Max, 3, 81 Barry, P. J., 247, 248, 249 Barry, Sir Redmond, 240 Baylis, Edward, 292 Beames, Michael, 63 Beddoe, Deirdre, 7 Beechworth (Vic.), 229 Behan, Brendan, 163 Bell, Thomas, 15 7 Beresford, Lord Charles, 301 Beresford, Lord George, 288 Beresford, Revd George, 285, 287 Beresford, Lord John, 293 Beresford, Lord John George, 290 Beresford, Sir Marcus, 286 Beresford, Marcus, 291, 293 Beresford, Sarah, 289 Beresford, Archbishop

William, 287-8 Beresford, William de Ia Poer, 7, 287

family background, 284-8 education, 288 rector of Inniscara, Co. Cork, 288 marriage, 289 enforcement of tithe

payments, 289-90 indebtedness, 290 visit to John Cunliffe Kay, 291-2 prosecution for forgery, 293-5 granted ticket-of-leave, 295-6 sympathy for aborigines, 296, 302 establishment of Fremantle Herald,

296 'A Sandal-Wood

Cutter', 297-301 dispute with Frederick

Barlee, 298-9 comments on Disraeli, 30D--1

Index 325

attitude to Fenians, 300 meeting with Lord Charles Beresford,

301 declining years, 301-2 death, 302

Berrill, Andrew, 16 Betham, Sir William, 48, 49 Betts, Fisher, 118, 119, 127 Beveridge (Vic.), 238 Blackwater river (Co.

Waterford), 204 Black Wattle Swamp (Sydney), 127 Blacquiere, Sir John de, 28 Blake, James, 11, 21 Blessington (Co. Wicklow), 35 Bligh, Capt William, 45 Blow, Lieut Samuel. 11, 14, 16 Bohadoon (Co. Waterford), 5, 184, 186,

188, 197, 202 'Bold Jack Donahoe' (ballad), 112, 113,

304-5 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 36 Bond, Fr W. P., 264, 267 Booth (convict overseer), 269 Boston Pilot (newspaper), 272-3 Boutcher, Mary ('Polly'), 92, 97, 106 Brady, E.J., 218 Brady, Thomas, 38 Braidwood (NSW), 167, 168 Bray, Mrs A. E., 89 Break O'Day Boys, 12 Breen, Denis, 39 Breen, Fr William, 223, 227 Brennan of the Moor, 304, 305 Bringelly (NSW), 113 Britannia (newspaper), 264 broadsides, see convict broadsides Broken Bay (NSW), 19 Broulee (NSW), 12 7 Brown, Max, 221-2 Brown, W. T., 101 Bruce, James, 199, 203-4, 207 Buffalo Bill. 224 Buller, Bishop William, 93 Burganey, Capt John, 31 Burke, James Lester, 171, 172 Burke, Martin, 44 Bums, Robert, 17 3 Burrell, Benjamin, 118, 123, 125, 126

Burrell. John, 118, 123, 125, 126 Burt, Chief Justice Archibald, 299 Bushe, Charles Kendal. 69, 77-8 bushranging, 4, 117, 12D-1 Butler, Edmund, 156 Butler, Fr. 273 Butler, Mary, 23 Butt, Isaac, 249, 250 Byrne, Andrew, 16 Byrne, Garret. 31, 32 Byrne, Hugh ('V estey'), 44-5 Byrne, John, 42, 45 Byrne, Miles, 34, 36-7 Byrne, Owen ('Kittagh'), 38 Byrne, William, 31

Cabramatta (NSW), 44, 45 Caddie (NSW), 114 Cake's School (Exeter), 89 Caledon, Earl of. 97, 98 Calf. John, 170 Camden, Calvert and King, 14 Cameron, Donald, 240 Campbell, Thomas, 306 Campion, William, 229 Cape Colony, 4, 92, 95-8 Cape Town, 95-8 Cappa (Co. Waterford), 206 Cappaquinn (Co. Waterford), 204, 206 Caravats, 60, 189 'Cardoness' station, 4, 117-19, 127, 128 Carrickfergus (Co. Antrim), 114 'Carrickshock, Battle of, 156-7, 209 Carroll, Mary, 22 Carroll. Thomas, 122-3 Carter, Thomas, 263, 265, 270 Carter's Barracks (Sydney), 158 Cascades (Tas.), 269, 270 Cash, Martin, 152, 171, 172 'Cash, Ballad of Martin', 171 Cashel (Co. Tipperary), 248 'Castle Forbes' station, 115, 116 Castle Hill rebellion, 4D-1, 42 Castlecomer (Co. Kilkenny), 156 Castlecomer colliery, 156 Castlemacadam (Co. Wicklow), 154 Castlemaine (Co. Cork), 304 Castlepollard (Co. Westmeath), 33, 190

326 Index

Chapman, Israel ('lzzie'), 174, 179 Chartists, 258 Chichester, Earl of. 103 China, attempted escape by convicts to,

3, 19-21, 143 Chatham, 10 Chisholm, Caroline, 260 Christ's Hospital (London), 86-7, 91 Civil War, Irish, 12 Clark, Ann, 12 Clark, Manning, 224-5 Clarke, Marcus, 170 Clogheen (Co. Tipperary), 199 Clonbrogan (Co. Tipperary), 236 Clonegall (Co. Carlow), 246 Clonmel (Co. Tipperary), 6, 61-2, 67,

222, 249 Clonmel jail, 65, 199, 250, 251 Clonoulty, 59 Clonoulty (Co. Tipperary), 63 Clune, Frank, 224, 228 Cluney, Capt, 174, 178 Cobb, James, 119 Cobley, John, 7 Cody, Mary, 222, 223, 224 Cody, William, 224 Cody, William Frederick. 224 Colligan valley (Co.

Waterford), 186, 187, 197 Collins, Col David, 14, 16, 43 Colonial Office, 25 7 Commeragh Mountains (Co.

Waterford), 186 Connery, Bridget, 212 Connery, Pauric (Sr), 184, 205 Connery, Pauric (Jr), 184-8, 197 Connery, Seamus, 184, 188, 191,

194-5, 196-7, 21D-11 Connery, Sean

family background, 184-8 employed as woodranger, 188 attack on David Tobin, 191-2 attack on Patrick Krehane, 193 forcible possession of

land, 195-6 arrest, 197 trial in Tobin case, 192-3 trial in Krehane case, 193-4 trial in Hackett case, 194-5

trial and conviction in land case, 197-8

escape from Clogheen lock-up, 199

attack on Sylvester Greavy, 200 recapture at Waterford, 203 fight with Darby Hackett, 203 escape from Ballybricken jail. 204 ruses employed by, 205 attack on John Ahearn, 206 recapture at Cappa, 206-7 trial and conviction, 207-8 physical appearance, 208, 210 circumstances of removal to

Kilmainham jail, 208-9 convict career in NSW, 211, 213 marriage, 211 children, 211 death and inquest into, 211 folkore concerning, 212, 214

Connerys, songs and stories about, 5, 8, 184, 214, 308-23

Connors, Patrick, 203 Conolly, John, 135, 139, 140 convict ballads, 112-13, 128-31, 304-7 convict broadsides, 14D-l, 304 convict narratives, 128-31, 135, 14D-9 convict records, 12, 230 convict transports

Active, 14 Bussora Merchant, 138 Daphne, 126 Edwin Fox, 295 Eliza, 151, 157 Elphinstone, 210 Friendship, 40 Glatton, 143 Guildford, 80 Henry Porcher, 136 Hive, 210 Hougoumont, 300 Lively, 38 Martha, 114 Minerva, 8, 38-9, 40, 43 Princess, 40 Prince Regent, 222, 233 Queen, ID-23 Supply, 15 Surrey, 8D-l

Index 327

Swift, 251-2, 274 Tellicherry, 44, 45 Three Bees, 115

Cooke, Edward, 38 Cookson, B.W., 220 Cooney, James, 232 Cooney, ~ary. 232 Copleston, Edward, 106 Corcoran, Roger, 64, 81 Corcoran, Thomas, 65, 73 Cornwallis, Lord, 34, 38 Costello, Con, 136 Costello, Joseph, 65, 81 Courtenay, Bishop, 93-4 Cove of Cork, 1o-11, 13, 16, 38-9,

So-l, 114, 137, 142, 151, 210 Cox, Sub-Inspector, 231-2 Cox, Capt William, 39, 40, 41, 42 Coyne, Richard, 135, 139, 140 Creswell, Lieut John, 16 Croasdill. William, 163 Croker, Thomas Crofton, 27-8, 49 Croker, Sub-Inspector, 20o-1, 202, 204 Crossley, Chief Constable

Lawrence, 193, 194, 200, 202, 205, 206

Crotty, Laurence, 195 Crotty, ~ichael. 193 Crotty, William, 186, 214 Cullen, Fr Luke, 30, 48 Cullen, ~gr, 2 71 Cummings, Ensign William, 14-17 Cummins, John, 75 Cunningham, Philip, 42 Curtin, Revd James, 91-2 'Cyprus, Seizure of the Brig' (ballad),

171, 172

Dangar, Henry, 128, 159 Dante, 173 Darling, Governor Ralph, 105, 106,

113, 127, 175, 179-80 'Davis, Ben', 119 Davis, Edward, 128 Davis, John, 118, 123 Davis, Thomas, 247, 258, 261 Decies, Lord, see Beresford, Archbishop

William

Decies-without-Drum, barony of (Co. Waterford), 185, 186

Defenders, 12 Denison, Sir William, 6, 256-7, 265-6,

261, 267-8, 270 Devereux, Catherine, 7, 23 Devil's Glen (Co. Wicklow), 30, 31 Devil' s Hole (NSW), 170 Devine, William, 75 Devlin, Arthur, 44 Dickson, Charles, 45 Dillon, Luke, 137, 138, 142, 148 Disraeli, Benjamin, 30o-1 Dix, E.R. ~cClintock, 135-6 Doheny, ~ichael. 247 Dolan, 'Croppy Biddy', 35 Donahoe, 'Bold Jack', 8, 112, 113, 117,

119, 128, 158, 174, 180, 304-5 Doolan, ~ary, 7 Douglas, Adye, 269 Dowling, Judge James, 113, 123-4, 125,

128 Dowling, T.E., 312, 318 Dowling, William P., 258 Downshire, ~arquess of, 35 Doyle, ~atthew, 29 Driscoll, Timothy, 20-1 Drummond, Thomas, 139-40, 190, 207,

23o-1 Dublin Remonstrance, the, 247 Duffy, Charles Gavan, 240, 246-7, 248,

250, 261, 273 Duffy (convict), 165-7 Dumaresq, Col Henry, 174, 178 Dun Laoghaire (Co. Dublin), 48, 49 Dundas, Henry, 18 Dungarvan (Co. Waterford), 184, 191,

202, 205 Dunstan, Keith, 218 Dusky Bay (New Zealand), 21 Dwyer, Dennis, 81, 82 Dwyer, John, 64, 73 Dwyer, ~alachy, 64 Dwyer, ~ary (wife of ~ichael), 74 Dwyer, ~ary (servant), 69, 70, 72 Dwyer, ~ichael (Co. Wicklow), 3, 27,

34, 44-5, 49 Dwyer, ~ichael (Co. Tipperary), 57, 60,

64-5, 66-9, 7o-s, 76

328 Index

Dwyer, Tim, 66, 7 3 Dwyer, William, 57, 58-9, 60, 65, 72-3,

79

Eastwick, Capt Robert, 42-3 Ebenezer Church (Wiseman's Ferry,

NSW), 113 Ebsworth, James, 160, 161 Edinburgh, Duke of. 301 Edwards, Catherine, 21-2 Edwards, Ron, 14D-1 Edwards, Thomas, 2D-21 Edwards, Thomas Driscal. 20 Ellicombe, Richard, 93 Ellicombe, Revd William, 93, 106 Emmet, Thomas, 66 Emu Plains (NSW), 113, 306-7 England, Fr, 81 English, Ellen, 211 English, Malachy, 32, 74 Eves, Jonathan, 30 'Exile of Erin, The' (ballad), 113, 128,

306-7

faction-fighting, 188-9, 193, 213 factions, 189-90 Falkland Islands, 46 False Bay (5. Africa), 14, 17 Fanning, Captain Edward, 46 Farwell, George, 218 Fay, David, 11 Feeny, Mary, 206, 208 Fenians, 80, 186, 248, 304 Ferguson, Sir John, 136 First Fleet, 10 Fitzgerald, Edward, 32 Fitzgerald, Patrick, 11 Fitzgerald, Seamus, 206, 208 Flashman, Harry, 300 Flood, Sgt, 174, 178-9 Flynn, Conn, 167-8 Foley, John, 13 Foley, Thomas, 188, 195--{), 199 Foley, William, 195 Forester, Dr Townsend, 10D-2 Forrest. John, 299 Foveaux, Major Joseph, 43 Franciscans, 154

'Frank the Poet'. see MacNamara, Francis

Freeling, Francis, 103 Fremantle Invalid Depot, 302 French Revolution (1848), 248 Freney, James, 118, 214, 304, 305 Furlong, Captain, 165

Gaffeny, Patrick, 119 Galatea, HMS, 301 'Galong Castle' station, 3 Gandon, Chief Constable

Francis, 209 Garrow, Sir William, 101, 102 Gassard, Ann, see Gassett, Mary Gassett, Joseph, 118, 121-23, 124 Gassett, Mary, 121-2, 123, 127 George, Baron, 69, 76, 77, 78-9 George, Christopher, 13 George, Henry, 261 Gibbney, Fr Matthew, 240 Gifford, Robert, 89 Gleaner, The, 106 Glendalough (Co. Wicklow), 32 Glenmalure (Co. Wicklow). 34, 37, 44 'Glenmore' station (Vic.), 238 Glenrowan (Vic.), 219 Goat Island (Sydney), 158 'Goonoo Goonoo' station, 159 Gordon, Capt James, 157 Gow faction, 189, 191, 193 Gowan, John Hunter, 35 Grattan, Henry, 28 Grattan Club, 248 Gray, James, 253, 254, 255, 257 Gray, Sam, 253 Great Northern Road (NSW), 126 Great Western Road (NSW), 119 Greavy, Sylvester, 200 Greenan (Co. Wicklow), 34, 35 Greene, Joseph, 155--{) Greenway, Francis, 126 Gregory, Under Secretary,

William, 63 Gregory, William, 86-7, 91 Grenville, Lord, 17, 18 Greta Mob, 239 Grey, General. 96-8 Grey, Lord, 256, 257, 266

Index 329

Griffiths, Jonathan, 23 Guy, William, 88, 106

Hacket, Andrew, 37 Hackett, Darby, 203 Hackett, Maurice, 188, 194-5 Hackett, Thomas, 65, 81 Hall, Charles, 160 Hallaran, Laurence, 86 Halloran, Laurence Boutcher, 90 Halloran, Laurence Hynes, 3-4, 7

family background, 86 schooling at Christ's

HospitaL 86-7 career in Royal Navy, 87-8 school at Alphington Cross (Exeter),

89-90, 92, 93 marriage to Mary ('Polly') Boutcher,

92 estrangement from, 92 recantation of Catholicism, 91-2 ordination refused by Bishop of

Exeter, 93 falsification of ordination, 93-5 naval chaplain, 93, 95 chaplain at Cape Town, 95-8 libels against General Grey, 97

Halloran, Laurence Hynes (cont.) court martial and

deportation, 97-8 Lord Caledon' s investigation

of, 98 career as clerical

imposter, 99-102 arrest and prosecution for forgery,

103, 105 career in New South

Wales, 105-7 marriage to Elizabeth

Turnbull, 106 death, 107 poetry by, 87, 90, 93, 97, 103-4, 107

[Halloran], Lydia Anne ('Anna'), 95, 104, 106, 107

Halloran, Maria Theresia, 96 Halloran, Mary, see Boutcher, Mary Hampton, Dr John, 256, 272 Hampton, Governor, 298 Hanly (convict), 122

Hanrahan, Stephen, 191-2 Hardy, Major Joseph, 30 Hare, Superintendent, 218 Harman, John, 44 Harney, Philip, 45 Harold, Revd James, 8, 41 Harper, Christopher, 114-15,

118-19, 122-3, 124, 127, 128-31 Harper, Martha, 115, 130 Harper, Patrick, 115 Harvey, Bagenal, 31 Hatfield, John, 103 Hawkesbury river (NSW), 4, 113, 115 Hawksley, E. J., 265 Hayes, Conor, 57, 71, 73 Hayes, Sir Henry Browne, 11 Heally, John, 11 Hellfire Club, 34 Herald, Fremantle, 7, 284, 296-301 Hibbert, Samuel, 291, 293 Higton, Capt, 45 Hill, Thomas, 23 Hobart (Tas.), 252-3 Hobart Town Courier, 261, 265-6 Hobarton Guardian, 253, 257, 261 Hobsbawm, Eric, 225 Hogan, Fr P.A., 211 Holmes, see Humble, Sir John Nugent Holt, Hester, 28, 35, 37, 39, 41, 45, 49 Holt, Jonathan, 37 Holt, General Joseph, 3, 7

eclipsed by Michael Dwyer, 3, 27, 49 manuscript memoirs, 27, 49 T. C. Croker's edition of, 27-8, 45,

49 early life, 28 member of Volunteers, 28 marriage, 28 employment, 28 barony constable, 28--9 arrest of Patrick Rogers, 29 membership of United

Irishmen, 29-30 destruction of house, 30 successful ambush at

Ballyellis, 33 involvement in Meath

campaign, 33-4 rebel commander-in-chief, 43

330 Index

Holt. General Joseph (cont.)

association with 'Croppy Biddy', 35.

ambushed at Greenan, 35 escape at Clone Hill, 36 decision to surrender, 37-8 voyage to NSVV, 39 legal status, 39, 40 association with Maurice Margarot,

39-40 overseer to VVilliam Cox, 40, 41 purchase of land, 41 accused by Richard Atkins, 42 suspected of conspiracy, 4Q-1 and Castle Hill rebellion, 40, 42 exile to Norfolk Island, 42-3 visit to Van Diemen' s Land, 43 relations with Michael

Dwyer, 37, 44-5 convicted for illegal distilling, 44 alleged assault on Ann

Tuckey, 45 endorsement of pardon by Governor

Macquarie, 45 shipwreck at Falkland Islands, 46 claim concerning the Nannina, 46 innkeeper in Dublin, 47-8 retirement at Dun

Laoghaire, 48-9 death, 37-8

Holt, Joseph Harrison, 38, 45 Holt, Joshua, 35, 39, 41, 44, 45 Holt. Marianne, 38, 45, 49 Holt, VVilliam, 38, 46 Hood, Robin, 306 Horgan, Fr Matthew, 289-90 House of Commons, 24 7 Howe, Lord, 87 Howell, P.A., 270 Hoyle, Oliver, 30, 44 Hughes, Robert, 262 Hudson (tithe proctor), 289 Hugo, Thomas, 30, 31, 32 Humbert, General Joseph, 35, 36, 160 Humble, Sir John Nugent, 188 Hunter, Governor John, 40 Hunter river, 4, 115-16, 120, 126 Hutchinson, Captain John, 46 Hyde Park Barracks (Sydney), 158

Hynes, Eleanor, 86 Hynes, Revd Thomas, 91

Inniscara, (Co. Cork), 288, 302 Inquirer (Perth), 296 Insurrection Act, 3, 62, 63, 64, 80, 157 Iphigenia, HMS, 87-8 Irish Confederation, 247, 248 Irish Constabulary, 23Q-1 Irish Exile, The, 6

establishment by Patrick O'Donohoe, 253

editorial policy, 255, 258--66, 268 distribution and audience, 255--6 transfer to Patrick McSorley, 268 John Mitchel's attitude to, 253-4,

259 Governor Denison's policy towards,

256-7, 265-8 Irish Folklore Commission, 186, 194 Irish orphan girls, 258 Isabella, 45--6

Jackey Jackey (VVilliam VVestwood), 169

Jackson, Charles, 12-13 Jackson, Eyre, 12-13 Jackson, Gervas, 100, 103 Jagger, Mick, 219 Jenkins (convict), 174, 180 'Jew Boy, The', 128 Johnson, Revd Richard, 16, 40 Johnston, Col George, 41, 42 Johnston, VVilliam, 42 Jones, Sylvester, 197 Jordan, James, 22-3 Jones, John, 158 Joy, Chief Baron Henry, 192-3, 197-8

Kavanagh, James, 30 Kavanagh, Dr John, 211 Kay, John Cunliffe, 291-3 Kearney, Felix, 4, 8

trial and conviction, 113-14 colonial conviction, 114 attack on Samuel Adair's

house, 118-19 arrest. 123 trials and conviction, 123-4

Index 331

execution, 125 ballad by, 112-13, 128-31

Kearney, Samuel. 73 Kelly, Dan, 219-20 Kelly, Daniel. 222, 224 Kelly, Ellen, see Quinn, Ellen Kelly, Grace, 222 Kelly, James (Queen), 17, 23 Kelly, James, 222, 229, 238 Kelly, Jim, 219 Kelly, John, 6

representation by: 1881 Royal Commission, 218; J. J. Kenneally, 22D-1; Max Brown, 221; Frank Clune, 224; Manning Clark, 224-5; John Molony, 226-7; Keith McMenomy, 227

identity, 222-4, 228-30 character, 22 7 arrest and conviction, 231-3 convict experience, 237-8 time in Victoria, 227, 238 marriage, 238, 239 conviction for illegal

possession, 238 children, 222, 239 death, 221

Kelly, Ned, 6, 214, 219, 225, 238, 239, 24Q-3

Kelly, Thomas, 222, 223, 229, 230 Kelly Gang, 5, 184, 214-5 Kenneally, J. J .• 219-21 Keogh, Patrick, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69,

71, 74-8 Keogh, Thomas, 7 4-5 Kiernan, T. J., 13 Kilbride, Edward, 45 Kilgobnet (Co. Waterford), 186, 212 Kilkenny journal, 152-3, 155 Killenaule (Co. Tipperary), 248, 249 Kilmacthomas (Co. Waterford), 154 Kilmainham Jail, 208, 250 Kilnemenagh, barony of (Co.

Tipperary), 62, 67 Kimberly, W. B., 285, 302 King, Governor Philip Gidley, 41, 43 Kingstown (Dun Laoghaire, Co.

Dublin), 48, 49

Knight, Thomas, 269 Krehane, Patrick, 193-4

Lachlan Swamp (Sydney). 211 Lake, Lieut-General Gerard, 36 Lalor, James Fintan, 261 Lalor, Peter, 261 Lamb, Michael. 22 Lamennais, 264 Lang, Revd J.D .. 255, 270 La Touche, Mrs Ann, 38 LaTouche family, 37, 38 Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 103 Laycock, Samuel. 291 Leahy, Michael. 65, 73, 75, 80, 81 Lenihan, Maurice, 198, 205-6, 208,

209-10 Leonard, Hugh, 169 Lewis, Sir George Cornwall, 190 Lister-Kay, Ellis Cunliffe, 290 Liverpool (England), 205 Liverpool (NSW), 44, 45 Liverpool Plains (NSW), 128 Logan, Capt Patrick, 172, 174, 177 Lombroso, Cesare, 6, 218 Long, Capt, 63, 65, 69, 70, 74 Luskintyre (NSW), 82, 126 Lynch, Hugh, 13 Lynch, Mary, 184

Macarthur, Hannibal. 114 Macarthur, John, 45 McBean, Alexander, 118, 124 McCabe, William Putnam, 29 McCann, Daniel. 13 McCarthy, John, 21 McCartney, Donal. 79 McClernan, Francis, 12 Mac Con Mara, Donnchadh

Ruadh, 154 McCool. Finn, 186 McDonnel. Bridget, 13 McDonald, Eleanor, 23 McGarvie, Revd John, 8, 113, 126, 128,

306-7 McClusky, Mary, 224, 227 McGrath, John, 65, 73, 81 McGrath, Patrick, 203 McGrath, William, 193

332 Index

McKelvy, James, 11 McLelland, Judge James, 114, 139, 145 McLeod, Alexander, 124, 125 McMahon, Col Francis, 32 McManus, Terence, 249, 250, 266, 267,

269, 270 McMenomy, Keith, 227 MacNamara, Francis, 5, 7

possible origins, 153-4 trial and conviction, 151-3 voyage to Sydney, 15 7 summary of punishment, 158 convict career, 158-60, 167, 168-70 calligraphical skill, 170 last description of, 170 poems and ballads of, 153, 159, 16o--

7, 170, 171-2, 175-81 literary influences on, 17 3

MacNamara, Col Francis, 154 MacNamara, Lochlainn, 154 Macquarie, Governor Lachlan, 45 McQuilton, John, 225--6, 238 McShane, Patrick, 13 McSorley, Patrick, 268, 270 McVeagh, Thomas, 11 Maginnis, Hugh, 17, 22 Magorban (Co. Tipperary), 236 Maitland (NSW), 113, 114, 115, 117,

118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127

Mallett, Robert, 119 Manning, Frederick, 263 Margarot, Maurice, 39-40 Maria Island (Tas.), 252, 253, 266 Marsden, Revd Samuel, 40, 44 Martin, John (Queen), 16-17 Martin, John (Young

Irelander), 247, 253, 271 Martin, Fr John, 32 Martin, Sir Samuel, 294-5 Maryborough (Portlaois, Co.

Laois), 12 Mason, Thomas, 266, 267 May, Lawrence, 22 Maynooth College, 139 Meagher, Thomas Francis, 247, 248,

249, 250, 252, 253, 258, 265, 271, 272-3

Mellifont, Mrs Elizabeth, 290

Meredith, John, 151, 169 Memagh, John, 44 Merriman, Brian, 154, 173 Middlethird, barony of (Co. Tipperary),

236, 237 Mill, John Stuart, 261 Miller, Major, 200, 201 Mitchel, John, 6, 220, 247, 253-4, 258,

259, 272-3 Mitchell, T., 115 Mobaman (Co. Tipperary), 232, 233 Molesworth, Sir William, 139 Molony, John, 226-7 Moore, John, 253, 254, 257, 266-7, 270 Moore, General John, 34, 37 Moore, Judge Richard, 207, 249 Moore, W.H., 125 Moreton Bay (Qid), 123, 127, 163, 171 'Moreton Bay' (ballad), 171-2 Morgan, John, 264 Morrisset, Major, 174, 178 Morrissey, Doug, 239 Morissy, Patrick, 201-2 Morrissy, Thomas, 199 Moyglass (Co. Tipperary), 222-3, 229,

230, 232 Mudgee (NSW), 170 Mudie, Major James, 115--6, 138 Mulhall, Elizabeth, 7 Mullinahone (Co. Tipperary), 248, 249 Mullinaveigue (Co. Wicklow), 28, 30,

48-9 Mundy, G. C., 268 Murphy, Denis, 13 Murphy, John, 65, 72-3, 74, 81 Murphy, Capt Michael, 78 Murphy, Michael, 65, 73, 81, 82 Murphy, Roger, 65, 73, 74, 82 Murphy, Tom, 40 Murphy, William, 72, 74, 78 Murray, Capt David, 159, 174, 177 Murray, Sir George, 126 'Myall Creek' station, 128

Naas (Co. Kildare), 12 Nancy, HMS, 46 Nannina, 46 Nation (Dublin), 246, 254, 272, 273

Index 333

Nearney, Nicholas, see Nerhenny, Nicholas

Needham, Anne, 7 Needham, Major-General, 31 Nerhenny, Nicholas, 126-7 Nerkenny, Nicholas, see Nerhenny,

Nicholas Newcastle (NSW), 114, 123,

159-60, 163 Newfoundland, 17 New Ross (Co. Wexford), 31 New South Wales Benevolent Society,

128 New South Wales Corps, 10, 14, 15, 39,

41, 44 Newgate Prison (London), 103 Newsome, George, 118 Newtownmountkennedy (Co.

Wicklow), 31 Nicolson, Superintendent C.H., 220 Nolan, Sidney, 219 Norbury, Lord, 62, 66-8 Norfolk Island, 12, 18, 21, 22, 42-3,

171, 172, 243 Northern Districts Stock Protection

Society (Vic.), 241 Nowlas, Bridget, 7 Nunn, Lieut James, 128

O'Beirne, Bishop, 94-5, 98 O'Brien, Eris, 1 O'Brien, William Smith, 6, 220, 246,

247, 248, 249-52, 253, 256, 258, 265-7, 268, 269-70, 273

O'Conarchy, St Christian, 186 O'Connell, Daniel, 288 O'Connor, Murrough, 189 0 Corconiin, Tomas, 194-5, 196, 212,

322 O'Doherty, Kevin, 220, 252, 266, 269 O'Donohoe, Anne, 253, 273 O'Donohoe, Bessie, 2 7 3 O'Donohoe, Patrick, 6-7

early career, 246 political involvement, 247-8 part in 1848 rebellion, 248-9 trial and conviction for

treason, 249-50 time in prison, 250-1

relations with Smith O'Brien, 250-1, 252

voyage to Tasmania, 251-2 first reactions to Hobart, 252-3 establishment of Irish Exile, 25 3 editorial policy, 255, 258-66, 268 attitude to convicts and

transportation, 260-1, 265 anti-clericalism, 264-5 Governor Denison's attitude

to, 256, 265-6, 267-8 Lord Grey's attitude to, 256-7 contact with W. P. Dowling, 258 visits to Smith O'Brien, 266-7 fight with John Moore, 267 prosecution for drunkenness, 267 loss of ticket-of-leave, 267, 272 agreement with P. McSorley about

Irish Exile, 268 at Port Arthur, 268-9 at Cascades, 269 failure to regain control of Irish Exile,

270 attempted escape, 2 71 imprisonment, 271 account of Port Arthur, 271, 273 escape to the United States, 272 quarrel with T. F. Meagher, 273 death, 273

O'Donnell, John, 268, 270, 271 O'Farrell, Patrick, 227-8 O'Hagan, Sean, 223 O'Hare (Fenian), 304, 305 Oliver, Revd Dr G., 93 O'Mahony, Daniel, 289 O'Mahony, John, 186 O'Neill, Eliza, 126 Ormonde, Lord, 223, 227, 230 O'Shanassy, John, 272 O'Shaughnessy, Denis, 79 O'Shaughnessy, Peter, 27 Owen, Capt Richard, 12, 15-18 Oxley, John, 82

Palmer, John, 15 Parker, Sir Hyde, 87 Parker, Gilbert, 284, 301 Parker, James, 114 Parker, Capt John, 15

334 Index

Parker, Mrs, IS Parker, Stephen Henry, 299 Parkin, A., 103 Parramatta (NSW), 18, 19, 21, 42, 115 Paterson, A. B., 304 Paterson's Plains, 114, 115-16, 117,

120, 127 Paterson's River, 137 Patrick's Plains (Singleton, NSW), 115 Paul. Edwin, 292 Peace Preservation Ad, 62 Pearce, James, 296, 299 Pedder, Chief Justice, 2 70 Peel. Robert, 62, 63, 76, 77, 97 Peel River (NSW), 159, 160 People's Advocate, 265 Perry, T. M., 116 Perth Gazette, 296 Petersham (Sydney), 127 Phillip, Capt Arthur, 15, 17, 18 Phillips, Charles, 67 Phillis, Henry, 23 Phoenix hulk, 158-9, 174, 177 Pike, Capt John, 118, 122 Piper, Capt John, 43 Pitt Town (NSW), 22, 114 Plymouth, 10 Poleen faction, 189, 191, 193, 194 Port Arthur (Tas.), 151, 168-70, 260,

270, 271, 273 Port Dalrymple (Tas.), 23 Port Macquarie (NSW), 114, 171, 210,

243 Porteus, Dr, 92 Portsmouth, 10 Power, Edmund, 194-5 Power, Harry, 214, 238-9 Power, Martin, 42 Power, Patrick, 42 Powerscourt, Lord, 30, 37 Pratt, Ambrose, 220 Price, Andrew, 28, 30, 32 Puleston, Lieut-Colonel. 33

Queen transport. 2-3, 143 embarkation of convicts

on, ID-13 analysis of convicts embarked

on, 11-13

distribution of rations on board, 15-18

official inquiries into, 2, 15-18 condition of convicts on

arrival. 14-15 attempted escape of convicts from, 3,

18-20 mortality amongst convicts

from, 3, 21 subsequent history of convicts from,

21-3 Quin (Co. Clare), 154 Quinn, Ellen, 219, 224, 239 Quinn, James (Sr), 224, 236, 237, 238,

240 Quinn, James (Jr), 239

Raine, Capt Thomas, 81 Rashleigh, Ralph, 159 Rathdrum (Co. Wicklow), 35, 47 Rathfamham (Dublin), 32, 34 Ratoath (Co. Meath), 86, 91 Regan, Patrick. 227, 232-3, 234 Reid, James, 118, 126 Reilly, Bernard, 8

identity of, 136-7, 139 authorship of A True

History, 141-3 Reilly, J. T., 301-2 Repeal Association, 247 Ribbonism, 12, 157 Richardson, James, 30 Richmond (NSW), 23, 115 Richmond Jail (Dublin), 250, 251 Riely, William, 12 Riley, H. E., 210 Rimmer, Gordon, 262 Rio de Janeiro, 39, 46 Robin Hood, 86, 304, 305 Robinson, Portia, 7 Robson, Lloyd, 262 Roche, General. 32 Roche, John, 113 Rockites, 240 Roe, James, 296 Rogers, Patrick. 29 Rose Hill (NSW), 20 Ross, Mrs Eliza, 114 Ross, Dr John, 91

Index 335

Rossi, Capt Francis, 17 4, 180 Roundwood (Co. Wicklow), 27, 28, 31,

33 Ryan, Dan, 65 Ryan, Edward ('Ned'), 64, 81-2 Ryan, James, 64, 74, 82 Ryan, Thomas, 207 Ryan, Timothy, 57, 69, 70 Ryan, William, 64, 82

Sadleir, Superintendent J., 218 St Leger, Capt John, 39 Salisbury, Marquis of, 103 Salkhead, Capt., 38 'Sandal-Wood Cutter, A', 7, 284, 289,

296, 297-302 SatchwelL James, 121, 122 Savage, Joseph, 114, 118, 119, 122, 123,

124 Savoy military prison, 10 Scott, Margaret, 71 Scott, K. C., 193-4 Scott, Archdeacon Thomas

Hobbes, 85--6, 92, 105--6 Scully, Jeremiah, 237 Scully family, 78 SeaL Graham, 241-2 Seccombe, Dr, 267 Second Fleet, 10, 14, 22, 23 selectors, 214, 221-2, 225 Seven Churches (Co. Wicklow), 32, 42 Shanavests, 60, 189 Sharpe, Martha, see Harper, Martha Sharpe, Thomas, 115, 118, 119, 122,

123, 124, 125, 129 SheiL Richard, 8 Sidmouth, Lord, 106 Sirr, Major Henry Charles, 47 Sleech, Archdeacon John, 91 Smith, Babette, 7 Smith, Beverley, 285, 296 Smith, William, 126 Smyth, Provost-Marshal

Thomas, 41 Spencer, DanieL 41 Spooner, Danny, 306 Stephens, James, 248 stick-fighting, 5, 189-90 Stott, Robert, 15-16

Stramackilroy (Co. Monaghan), 11 Strangford, Lord, 46 Stroud (NSW), 159, 174, 175 Stuart, Henry Villiers, 203 Summers, Anne, 260 Sumptor, Thomas, 46 Swift, Jonathan, 173 Sydney Gazette, 113, 151 Sydney Grammar SchooL 85 Syllabus of Errors, 264 Synge, Francis, 32

Tardif. Philip, 7 Tasmanian Union, 263 Tench, Capt Watkin, 19-20 Therry, Fr J.J., 255, 259, 263, 264, 270 Therry, Richard, 138 Third Fleet, 10, 14, 18 Thomas, Dylan, 154 Thompson, William, 114 Tipperary, Co., 59--60, 79, 230, 234-7 Tipperary Free Press, 22 7 Tobin, David, 191-2 tithes, 3, 57, 61, 63, 68, 79, 289-90 Tobin, Johanna, 191-2 Tobin, James, 191-2 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 19Q-1, 198, 214 Toler, John, see Norbury, Lord Toms (convict bushranger), 117 Tone, Wolfe, 37, 49 Torrens, Judge Robert, 195 Townsend, J. V., 266, 267-8 Towrang stockade, 167 Trafalgar, Battle of, 91 Traill, Dr Rowland, 210 Transport, The Unhappy' (broadside),

14D-1, 143 transportation from Ireland to

Australian colonies, 1 North America, 1 Maryland, 17 Newfoundland, 17 Virginia, 17

Troy, John, 174, 180 True History of Bernard Reilly, A

authorship, 136-40 derivation, 14D-1 content, 142-3 text, 144-9

336 Index

Tucker, James, 159-60 Tuckey, Ann, 45 TurnbulL Clive, 219 Turnbull, Elizabeth, 106 Turner, John, 17

Ullathorne, Revd William Bernard, 8, 135-6, 139, 173

Union Inn, Maitland, 125 United Irishmen, 3, 29-30, 31-2, 37,

39-40

'Van Diemen's Land' (ballad), 140, 141, 142

Vickery, John, 103 Vinegar Hill, Battle of, 3, 32, 226 Virgil, 173

Walmesly, Dr Charles, 91 Wallis's Plains, see Maitland Ward, RusseL 117, 227, 262 Walsh, GabrieL 191-2 Wardell, Dr Robert, 174, 177 Warner, Revd Richard, 99-100 Waterford, Marquess of, 286 Waterford Chronicle, 198, 205-6,

209-10

Watson, Susannah, 7 Waverley cemetery (Sydney), 27 Weld, Governor, 298 West, Revd John, 172, 261-2 Weston, W.P., 258 Whalan, Rex, 151 White, Charles, 218 Whiteboyism, 61-2, 75, 76, 79, 156,

157, 236, 240 Whitworth, Earl Charles, 62 Wilberforce (NSW), 23 Williams, Caroline, 121-22 Williams, John, 7 Willson, Bishop, 252, 263, 264, 265 Wilson, Capt Edward, 57-8, 59, 61-2,

63, 65-6, 72, 73, 76, 77, 79 Windsor (NSW), 12, 116, 120, 123 Wiseman's Ferry (NSW), 113 Wolfe, Arthur, 66 Wombat Ranges (Vic.), 184 Woolloomooloo Stockade, 160

Yarborough, Lord, 188 Yonge, Revd Duke, 93 Young, Arthur, 6D-1 Young, William, 29 Young Irelanders, 6-7, 246-7, 265