Appendix: Short Historyof Wastewater Hydraulics

Introduction

Sewage has been a significant problem for all civilizations mainly because of healthaspects and drinking water supply. Ancient cities such as Babylon, Athens or Romeprovided a sewer system to divert sewage. The cloaca maxima of ancient Rome wascovered and followed the course of a small river to the sea. The Romans installedsewers also in Paris, Cologne and Bath, among other cities, which have been partlyin use even during the 19th century. These sewers were poorly constructed andrequired considerable maintenance, which was often secured by slaves. Frontinus(40–103) provided a detailed look at water supply and sewer systems of ancientRome.

Until the end of the middle ages, sewage was no topic even for large cities, whichmust have had terrible conditions of living in terms of cleanliness, hygiene andodour. Conditions definitely improved only once roads were paved and designed forsewage discharge. Diseases including cholera urged the city of London in 1848 tointroduce the Public Health Act, a health authority. Such commissions were foundedlater in other countries marking the start of an orderly development of water supplyand sewage drainage. Sewers as a closed profile were being used instead of openchannels, and the toilet was developed. In Germany, the English engineer WilliamLindley (1808–1900) was asked to design the sewer system of Hamburg after theGreat Fire of 1842. Other cities like Frankfurt, Stettin or Danzig followed by 1860in the aftermath of cholera epidemics. Detailed reports on the sewerage systemsof cities of Danzig (Wiebe 1865), Berlin (Hobrecht 1884) or Zurich (Weyl 1903)contain a large number of tables and details of special manholes. By the end of the19th century, the relation between water quality and improvement of life qualitywas definitely realized (Olshausen 1899). Conditions on rural sites did not reallyimprove, however, until the mid-20th century.

By the turn of the century, institutions dealing with water quality were foundedin Berlin, Paris or later in Zurich and other cities. Water was no longer of privateconcern but controlled by specialized governmental agencies. The water qualities ofthe USA have received particular attention and cities such as New York, Chicagoand Boston have had among the most modern sewers by 1900. W.P. Gerhard

625W.H. Hager, Wastewater Hydraulics, 2nd ed., DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-11383-3,C© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010

626 Appendix: Short History of Wastewater Hydraulics

presented his ‘Drainage works for the American building’ by 1897 already. Sewagetechnology, i.e. the art of sewage drainage and treatment, was developed only in the20th century. What was obvious by the turn to the 21st century for the developedcountries has not been introduced worldwide, however. More than half of the totalworld population are estimated to have insufficient water quality and quantity, andit will require decades to satisfy this basic human need.

Early Developments

Georges BECHMANN’s (1848–1927) book (1905) is one of the first of its kindand reflects the French development. It includes 28 chapters subdivided into hydrol-ogy, agricultural hydraulics, and urban hydraulics, the latter of which is describedhere. After an historical account on the French developments relating particularlyto the efforts of Marie-Francois-Eugène BELGRAND (1810–1878) and AlfredDURAND-CLAYE (1842–1888), both water supply and sewage treatment aredescribed. Bechmann’s approach is descriptive, however, leaving the engineer with-out analytical design criteria. Note that France and England were the leading nationsin wastewater technology in the 19th century (Fig. A1).

Certainly the most comprehensive work on sewage technology was publishedby August FRÜHLING (1846–1910) in 1910. As a professor at the DresdenTechnical University, he gave a state-of-the-art of German practice around 1900.Over 700 pages on details of sewer system planning, construction, maintenanceand cost are presented in part 1. Part 2 describes sewage treatment including self-purification, sedimentation basins, and biological treatment. The book containsnumerous sketches and references, including a short history on sewers and sewagetreatment.

Details on the minimum sewer slope, on the advantages of the egg-shaped seweras compared to the circular section, on building inlets, on construction methods,on toilets and on optimum siphon shapes are discussed among many other items.Uniform flow formulae of Weisbach, Darcy and Bazin, Ganguillet and Kutter, andKnauff are listed, and the so-called short Kutter formula with an appropriate rough-ness coefficient was recommended for design purposes. The flow in partly-full

Fig. A1 Portraits of(a) Georges Bechmann(1848–1927) (La TechniqueSanitaire et Municipale22(5): 97), and (b) AlfredDurand-Claye (1842–1888)(Durand-Claye 1890)

Appendix: Short History of Wastewater Hydraulics 627

Fig. A2 Portraits of(a) August Frühling(1846–1910) (Zentralblattder Bauverwaltung 30(64):427), (b) G.M. Fair(1894–1970) (Water WorksEngineering 88(5): 515)

sewers is computed by tables. A wide variety of sewer shapes was introduced, buttheir selection is not based on rational assumptions. Also, sideweirs as lateral out-let works of combined sewers are discussed, yet without any hydraulic approach.Frühling’s book clearly marks the German leadership in wastewater technologyfrom around 1900 (Fig. A2).

Special chapters are devoted to construction materials and static resistance ofsewers due to road traffic. Construction methods involve both the open ditch and tun-nelling in cities. Another chapter describes fabrication methods of sewer pipes andtheir laying in roads. Of particular interest here is the chapter on special manholessuch as drops, junctions, bends and lateral outlets. Frühling recommended manholeswith 50% benches for hygienic and working reasons. Optimum manhole geome-tries were described, including covers and access ladders. Even methods of flushinga sewer are highlighted, with a large variety of operational procedures. Additionalchapters are devoted to building drainage, culverts and outlets into receiving waters.This immense amount of information gives a picture of the engineer Frühling. Itis noteworthy that about 100 years ago, sewage engineering was not made by acomputational approach, but by using books such as those discussed, adapting theoptimum of various designs presented, and using experience from previous designs.From the present point of view, classic books thus do not favour a particular design,nor are standard structures recommended. The art of engineering was by far moreimportant than a detailed design.

Karl Imhoff (1876–1965) published in (1907) his first Taschenbuch, a highlysuccessful engineering guide comprising 20 pages and 16 tables. He recommendedgraphical solutions for sewer problems because this was considered sufficient interms of accuracy and significance of results. Imhoff suggested that the LargeKutter formula be used for uniform flow computations, thereby designing sewers forfull-flowing conditions. Imhoff’s Taschenbuch has had many expansions, and overten editions. The third edition published in 1922 comprised already 56 pages and16 tables. Additional chapters as compared to the first edition include the determi-nation of design discharge, the design of treatment stations including the so-calledEmscherbrunnen and industrial treatment plants (Imhoff 1928).

Imhoff served also as an editor of Stadtentwässerung for the advance of Germansewage technology (Brix et al. 1934). In the first volume the sewer schemes and

628 Appendix: Short History of Wastewater Hydraulics

treatment plants of most German cities are compiled. Volume 2 includes chapterson city drainage, sewage purification, receiving waters, and chemical analyses ofsewage and sludge. Both volumes provide excellent overviews on the Germantechnical state of sewage drainage and treatment in the early 1930s.

Eddy and Metcalf published the most popular US book in sewage engineering.The original three volumes of American Sewerage Practice was released in 1914 byLeonard Metcalf (1870–1926) and Harrison P. Eddy (1870–1937). Their Sewerageand Sewage Disposal was published in 1922 as a single volume textbook, with asecond edition in 1930. A recent book Wastewater engineering including collec-tion, treatment and disposal was edited by Clark and Ungersma (Metcalf and Eddy1972). It includes 16 chapters on: (1) Historical developments, (2) Sewage flowrates, (3) Hydraulics of sewers, (4) Design of sewers, (5) Sewer appurtenances andspecial structures, (6) Pumping stations, (7) Wastewater characteristics, (8) Physicalunit operations, (9) Chemical unit processes, (10) Biological unit processes, (11) to(13) Design of wastewater treatment facilities, (14) Advanced wastewater treatment,(15) Water-pollution control, and (16) Wastewater treatment studies. The almost 800pages book also contains a number of appendices. The book is directed to designand numerous figures illustrate typical standard structures. The third edition of 1991was significantly enlarged and contains the latest advancements. The book of Fairand Geyer (1954) may be considered complimentary to these of Metcalf and Eddy.

Armin Schoklitsch (1888–1969) in his Wasserbau (1930) presented an overviewof water engineering including a summary on the knowledge of wastewater treat-ment. The circular sewer is considered as the standard section, whereas theegg-shaped sewer is recommended for conditions critical against sewage deposi-tion. Its advantage is relatively small compared to the circular sewer, however, andnot generally justified. The Small Kutter velocity formula is also recommended fordesign and filling curves for 19 different standardized sewer sections are provided.Manholes have to be installed at transitional locations. A sewer should be locatedat least 1.5 m below ground level. Recommended minimum and maximum veloc-ities are 0.5 ms−1 and 6 ms–1, because of deposition and abrasion, respectively. Asewer should be designed for just full-flow conditions. Schoklitsch’s book includesalso special manholes that have always at least 50% benches. Of particular impor-tance are side overflows in combined sewers that may be extended with stormwaterdetention basins. Figure A3 shows an outlet with a baffle wall and a broad-crestedweir. Junction manholes should be arranged with small intake angles. Also, the

Fig. A3 Karl Imhoff(1876–1965) (a) around 1950(Engineering News-Record159(October 24): 24),(b) Award community (CivilEngineering 27(12): 884)

Appendix: Short History of Wastewater Hydraulics 629

Fig. A4 Sideweir from combined sewer (Schoklitsch 1930)

downstream sewer should not submerge any of the branch sewers. A simple designrule requires all branch vertexes at equal elevation. Drop manholes can be designedeither with cascades or almost as currently recommended (Chap. 15). Other worksrefer to inverted siphons and pumping plants (Fig. A4).

Wilhelm Geissler (1875–1937), a professor of sewage treatment at the Universityof Dresden presented an updated version of Frühling’s contribution. His book (1933)is subdivided in sewers and sewage treatment, the latter of which is not furtherdiscussed here. On 200 pages, the fundamentals of sewers are described includ-ing details on sewer design and execution. Junction manholes, drop manholes,sideweirs, and sewer outlets to rivers receive special attention. A hydraulic designis often not available, and one does not really know why certain design assumptionsare made in this and not the other way.

Erich Thormann, a head of drainage systems of the city of Berlin during WorldWar II, aimed to standardize sewer sections. In his 1944 paper, the last of a paperseries, 15 sections were discussed both from the hydraulic and the static points ofview. His name is still common in Germany for his proposal to modify the upperbranch of velocity and discharge filling curves. His proposal should account forthe effect of air flow above water flow although the approach was never verifiedexperimentally.

Chapter 7 on special structures introduces the standard manhole with 100%benches. Bend manholes are stated to need careful construction to produce accept-able flow conditions. A centerline radius of three sewer diameters was recom-mended. However, a hydraulic design for bends, junctions, drops and outlets ismissing. Also, the Froude number as the basic hydraulic characteristic is introducedbut not used.

Modern Developments

Arnold Hörler (1903–1995), a notable Swiss engineer and professor at ETH Zurich,wrote a widely used guide to sewer design (Hörler 1966). The booklet includesthe hydrologic data of Switzerland with procedures for the design discharge, the

630 Appendix: Short History of Wastewater Hydraulics

hydraulic design bases including recommendation of the Strickler flow formula,critical flow, hydraulic jumps in sewers, backwater curves, sideweirs, bottom open-ings, special manholes and drop manholes, static requirements for sewers, and thedesign of rainwater basins for combined sewers. Hörler’s guideline is still popularbecause of its conciseness and relevance (Fig. A5a).

Peter Ackers (∗1924) of the UK wrote outstanding papers on sewage engineering,including a paper on the temporal modification of sewers (Ackers and Holmes1964). The main results were: (1) Sliming of sewers varies considerably withlocation and hydraulic conditions and an equilibrium slime layer is establishedwithin a short time, (2) For high velocity regions, the slime thickness is small, and(3) Roughness values are recommended for sewers with a developed slime layer.Ackers’ contributions to sewer sideweirs are also notable. His 1957 paper is directedmainly to the hydraulic design, including recommendations regarding the so-calleddip-plates, and tapering effects on the free surface profile. Ackers (1967) realizedthat a sideweir cannot be used for both hydraulic discharge regulation and separationof undissolved matter and sewage. Ackers et al. (1967) evaluated various sideweirdesigns and recommended the weir with a high crest as the overall optimum in termsof discharge capacity and environmental performance (Fig. A5b).

The Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (SIA) contributed a manual onsewer design (SIA 1977). The guideline is composed of six chapters including:(1) Terms, (2) Project bases, (3) Hydraulic and structural designs, (4) Material,(5) Execution, (6) Supply and guarantee. Appendices relating to standard sewerstructures complete the manual. SIA (1985) contributed to sewer hydraulics with anadditional documentation. It includes junction structures, drop manholes, sideweirsand bottom openings, as well as inverted siphons. Most of the recommendations arereviewed in the present work, and basic assumptions were verified in experimentalmodels. The documentation can be regarded as one of the first of its kind, because anumber of problems are solved with a hydraulic design.

Ben Chie Yen (1935–2001) was a professor of civil engineering at the Universityof Illinois, Urbana IL, after having submitted a PhD thesis to the University of Iowain 1965, and having been a research associate at Princeton University from 1960to 1964 (Fig. A6a). Yen had worked in general hydraulics with a particular devo-tion to wastewater hydraulics, notably with his book Urban stormwater hydraulicsand hydrology (1982a). He was certainly influenced by his countryman Ven TeChow (1919–1981), a master in hydraulics and hydrology and also a professor at

Fig. A5 (a) Arnold Hörler(1903–1995) (SchweizerischeWasserwirtschaft 66(1/2):92), (b) Peter Ackers (∗1924)around 1960 (privatecommunication)

Appendix: Short History of Wastewater Hydraulics 631

Fig. A6 (a) Ben Chie Yen(1935–2001) (Marsalek(2002), (b) NallamuthuRajaratnam (∗1935) ∼ 1970(private communication)

University of Illinois. At the same time, Yen (1982b) presented his Urban stormwa-ter quality book. During the 22nd IAHR Congress held in Lausanne, Yen (1987)edited another conference on Topics in urban drainage hydraulics and hydrology.Another similar conference was held in Italy (Cao et al. 1993). The hydraulics com-munity met Ben during the 2001 Beijing IAHR Congress for the last time, becausehe passed away soon after, leaving a great gap (Chiu 2002).

Nallamuthu Rajaratnam (∗1935) made his Master degree in 1958 at University ofMadras, India, and his PhD thesis at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India(Fig. A6b). From 1963, Rajaratnam was associated to the University of Alberta,Edmonton, Canada, first as a post-doctoral Fellow, from 1967 as an AssociateProfessor and from 1971 as professor. He has mainly conducted research onhydraulic jumps and energy dissipators from 1965 to 1980, then continued withproblems in jet flow, erosion and scour until around 1990, and finally contributedsignificantly to stepped spillways and wastewater hydraulics, notably by analyzingdrop manholes and jet diffusion. He was also active in the design of fishways. Hewas awarded the ASCE Hydraulic Structures Medal in 1998, and the ASCE HunterRouse Hydraulic Engineering Lecture Award in 1999. Rajaratnam, though retiredfor years, continues in research and particularly loves to collaborate with youngpeople.

One of the first textbooks in wastewater hydraulics was presented by Benefieldet al. (1984). This 200 pages book treats the topics: (1) Flow in pipes, (2) Multiportdiffuser outfalls, (3) Flow in open channels, (4) Flow measurement and hydrauliccontrol points, (5) Pumps, and (6) Design examples. This book has been successfullyused in the US. Typical structures of sewers are not treated, however. Appendicesinclude several computer programs.

A more recent book was published by Casey (1992), a professor of UniversityCollege, Dublin (Ireland). Totalling more than 270 pages, this work includes chap-ters on: (1) Fluid properties, (2) Fluid flow, (3) Steady flow in pipes, (4) Flowin pipe manifolds, (5) Steady flow in pipe networks, (6) Unsteady flow in pipes,(7) Steady flow in open channels, (8) Open channel flow measurement structures,(9) Dimensional analysis, (10) Unsteady flow in open channels, and (11) Pumpinginstallations. Computer algorithms are available in an appendix. This book providesan overview on water supply and wastewater hydraulics, without going much intothe details of civil engineering structures. It can be regarded as a useful text forenvironmental engineers.

632 Appendix: Short History of Wastewater Hydraulics

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE 1992) has published a note-worthy 700 pages book on sewers with a large international distribution. The bookcomprises sections on: (1) Urban stormwater management, (2) Financial, legaland regulatory concerns, (3) Surveys and investigations, (4) Design concept andmaster planning, (5) Hydrology and water quality, (6) Storm drainage hydraulics,(7) Computer modelling, (8) Drainage conveyances, (9) Special structures,(10) Combined sewer systems, (11) Stormwater impoundments, (12) Stormwatermanagements, (13) Materials, (14) Structural requirements, (15) Contract doc-uments, and (16) Construction surveys. The chapter on sewer hydraulics iscomparable to an undergraduate text book, with a limited account for sewer pro-files. The governing formulae for uniform flow, for example, include those ofManning-Strickler and Hazen-Williams without recourse to the friction coefficientof Colebrook-White. Chapter 9 on special structures has an excellent section on ero-sion and sedimentation. In addition, various standard energy dissipators and dropstructures are reviewed. Several structures such as sideweirs or side channels arenot considered, however. Hydraulic guidelines of special structures have thus notreally been included in the engineering design procedures. The ASCE book has asignificant international impact.

Paoletti (1997) edited a notable 900 pages book on the Italian practice ofsewer systems. The book comprises twenty one chapters: (1) Introduction, (2)Legal aspects, (3) Design criteria, (4) Basic information, (5) Design of dryweather discharge, (6) Storm rainfall, (7) Sewage quality, (8) Maximum stormwaterdischarge, (9) Mathematical models for urban drainage, (10) Control of lateraloutfalls, (11) Types and materials for sewers, (12) Hydraulic design of sewers,(13) Statics of sewers, (14) Standard sewer structures, (15) Tunnels and culverts,(16) Outlet works, (17) Stormwater outlets, (18) Storage basins, (19) Energy dis-sipators, (20) Pumping stations, and (21) Discharge measurement in sewers. Thismanual has updated design information and can be regarded as a useful supportfor sewage engineers as it takes a definite step into the solution of urban drainageproblems of the 21st century.

The Abwassertechnische Vereinigung (ATV) of German wastewater authori-ties, the current Deutsche Wasser- und Abwasservereinigung DWA, has publishedan impressive handbook series, including ATV (1996). The 660 pages book issubdivided into ten chapters, including: (1) Submission of sewerage design, (2)Design bases, (3) Construction methods, (4) Management and maintenance, (5)Building drainage, (6) Public toilets, (7) Pumping works, (8) Quality engineering,(9) Financing of sewers, and (10) Cost of sewers. As for the ASCE-Manual, thehydraulic design bases are presented to a minimum. The ATV handbook contains alarge number of standard manholes, including bend, junction, and drop manholes.ATV guidelines are currently used as a basis for the European guidelines on sewagetreatment. ATV includes also a number of subsections that elaborate guidelines toall topics of sewage drainage and wastewater treatment. ATV had 1998 its 50thanniversary, and a special series to the history of sewage technology was published.The contributions of Imhoff (1998), Sickert (1998), and Kieslinger (1998) are ofspecial relevance in the present context.

Appendix: Short History of Wastewater Hydraulics 633

References

Ackers, P. (1957). A theoretical consideration of sideweirs as storm water overflows. Proc.Institution of Civil Engineers 6: 250–269; 7: 180–184.

Ackers, P. (1967). The hydraulics of storm overflows. Surface water and storm sewage: 27–44.J. Pickford, ed. Loughborough University: Loughborough UK.

Ackers, P., Holmes, D.W. (1964). Effects of use on the hydraulic resistance of drainage conduits.Proc. Institution of Civil Engineers 28: 339–360; 34: 219–230.

Ackers, P., Brewer, A.J., Birkbeck, A.E., Gameson, A.L.H. (1967). Storm overflow performancestudies using crude sewage. Storm sewage overflows: 63–77. Institution of Civil Engineers:London UK.

ASCE (1992). Design and construction of urban stormwater management systems. ASCE Manualand Report of Engineering Practise 77. ASCE: New York.

ATV (1996). Bau und Betrieb der Kanalisation (Construction und management of the seweragesystem). Ernst & Sohn: Berlin [in German].

Bechmann, G. (1905). Hydraulique agricole et urbaine (Agricultural and urban hydraulics).Béranger: Paris [in French].

Benefield, L.D., Judkins jr., J.F., Parr, A.D. (1984). Treatment plant hydraulics for environmentalengineers. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs NJ.

Brix, J., Imhoff, K., Weldert, R. (1934). Die Stadtentwässerung in Deutschland (City drainage inGermany). G. Fischer: Jena [in German].

Cao, C., Yen, B.C., Benedini, M., eds. (1993). Urban storm drainage. Proc. US-Italy bilateralseminar. Water Resources Publications: Highlands Ranch CO.

Casey, T.J. (1992). Water and wastewater engineering hydraulics. Oxford University Press: OxfordNY.

Chiu, C.-L. (2002). Ben Chie Yen (1935–2001): A distinguished leader in hydraulic engineeringand hydrology. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128(7): 652–655.

Durand-Claye, A. (1890). Hydraulique agricole et génie rural. Octave Doin: Paris [in French].Fair, G.M., Geyer, J.C. (1954). Water supply and wastewater disposal. J. Wiley & Sons: New York.Frühling, A. (1910). Die Entwässerung der Städte (Drainage of cities). Der Wasserbau, in

Handbuch der Ingenieurwissenschaften 4, ed. 4. Engelmann: Leipzig [in German].Geissler, W. (1933). Kanalisation und Abwasserreinigung (Sewers and wastewater purification).

Springer: Berlin [in German].Hobrecht, J. (1884). Die Canalisation von Berlin (The sewerage system of Berlin). Ernst & Korn:

Berlin [in German].Hörler, A. (1966). Kanalisation (Canalisation). Separate print of Ingenieur-Handbuch 2 [in

German].Imhoff, K. (1907). Taschenbuch für Kanalisations-Ingenieure (Pocket-guide for sewerage engi-

neers). R. Oldenbourg: München und Berlin [in German].Imhoff, K. (1928). Taschenbuch der Stadtentwässerung (Pocket-guide for city drainage).

R. Oldenbourg: Berlin [in German].Imhoff, K.R. (1998). Geschichte der Abwasserentsorgung (History of sewage treatment).

Korrespondenz Abwasser 45(1): 32–38 [in German].Kieslinger, R.M. (1998). 50 Jahre ATV (50 years of ATV). Korrespondenz Abwasser 45(5):

824–834; 45(6): 1062–1069 [in German].Marsalek, J. (2002). Prof. Ben Chie Yen. IAHR Newsletter 40(1): 9.Metcalf & Eddy (1972). Wastewater engineering. McGraw-Hill: New York.Olshausen, J. (1899). Ein halbes Jahrhundert der Sanierung 1850–1900 (Half a century of

sanitation). Gesundheits-Ingenieur 22(11): 175–177; 22(12): 194–197; 22(13): 213–214 [inGerman].

Paoletti, A., ed. (1997). Sistemi di fognatura (Sewer systems). Hoepli: Milano [in Italian].SIA (1977). Kanalisation (Sewerage). SIA Norm 190. SIA: Zurich, Switzerland [in German].

634 Appendix: Short History of Wastewater Hydraulics

SIA (1985). Sonderbauwerke der Kanalisationstechnik 1 (Special sewer structures 1).Documentation 40. SIA: Zurich, Switzerland [in German].

Sickert, E. (1998). Kanalisation im Wandel der Zeit (Sewers in the change of time). KorrespondenzAbwasser 45(2): 220–246 [in German].

Schoklitsch, A. (1930). Der Wasserbau (Hydraulic structures). Springer: Wien [in German].English translation by S. Shulits in 1937.

Thormann, E. (1944). Füllhöhenkurven von Entwässerungsleitungen (Filling curves for drainagepipes). Gesundheitsingenieur 67(2): 35–47 [in German].

Weyl, T. (1903). Die Assanierung von Zürich (The restoration of Zurich). Engelmann: Leipzig [inGerman].

Wiebe, E. (1865). Die Reinigung und Entwässerung der Stadt Danzig (The purification anddrainage of the city of Danzig). Ernst & Korn: Berlin [in German].

Yen, B.C., ed. (1982a). Urban stormwater hydraulics and hydrology. Proc. 2nd Intl. Conference.Water Resources Publications: Littleton CO.

Yen, B.C., ed. (1982b). Urban stormwater quality, management and planning. Proc. 2nd Intl.Conference. Water Resources Publications: Littleton CO.

Yen, B.C., ed. (1987). Topics in urban drainage hydraulics and hydrology. Proc. 6th Intl. Conf.Urban storm drainage, Lausanne. IAHR: Delft NL.

Author Index

Note: Citations in text are written standard, those in references italic.

AAbbott, M.B., 428, 493Ab Ghani, A., 62, 67Ackers, J.C., 67Ackers, P., 59, 67, 291–292, 306, 341, 352,

382, 387, 630, 633Acuna, E., 528, 530Ahmed, A.A., 197, 214Apelt, C.I., 97, 137Aravena, L., 530ASCE, 15, 25, 53, 67–68, 138, 172, 214,

261, 287, 306, 333, 353, 378, 386–388,493–494, 530–531, 606, 631–633

ATV, 56–58, 62, 64–65, 67, 72–73, 76, 83–84,91, 107–109, 112, 131, 133, 137, 275, 286,383, 385, 387, 481–482, 493, 536, 577,584, 609, 624, 633

BBakhmeteff, B.A., 254, 261Balah, M.I.A., 407, 409Balloffet, A., 372, 378Barczewski, B., 347, 352Bazin, H., 26, 290, 306, 626Beltaos, S., 333Benedict, R.P., 37, 53Benjamin, T.B., 128–130, 137, 324Biggiero, V., 322–323, 333, 609, 624Black, R.G., 382, 387Blaser, F., 120, 137Blau, E., 347, 353Blevins, R.D., 15, 31, 33–34, 35, 47, 53Blind, H., 130, 137Bock, J., 97, 137Borcherding, H., 79, 91Bos, M.G., 85, 91, 291, 296, 306, 347, 353Bossy, H.G., 388, 494

Bowlus, F.D., 336, 348–350, 353, 363Boyer, P., 528, 530Bradley, J.N., 205–206, 214Bramley, M.E., 407, 409Bremen, R., 181, 214, 593, 602, 605Brombach, H., 77–78, 82, 91Brunella, S., 610, 624Bruschin, J., 403, 409Buffoni, F., 551, 557, 584Burrows, R., 80, 91Butler, D., 62, 67

CCabelka, J., 149, 172Carballada, L., 530Carballada, L.B., 530–531Carlucci, N.A., 53Carson, H., 63, 67Carstens, M.R., 311, 333Carter, R.W., 290, 292, 306, 311, 333Castro-Orgaz, O., 170, 172, 182, 214Chadwick, A., 149, 172Chamberlain, A.R., 347, 353Chang, C.-H., 493Chanson, H., 15, 184, 214Chao, J. -L., 521, 530Chaudhry, M.H., 427–428, 493Chen, J.J.J., 21, 53Chiapponi, L., 418, 493Chow, V.T., 28, 53, 139, 172, 217, 220,

230–231, 254, 261, 264, 266, 286, 430,493, 588, 596, 605, 618, 624

Christodoulou, G.C., 313, 333, 471, 493Claria, J., 530Clausnitzer, B., 317, 319–320, 333Cola, R., 325, 333Collison, H.N., 67

635

636 Author Index

Conrads, A., 68Crickmore, M.J., 67Crowley, C.J., 333

DDaily, J.W., 15, 97Dasek, I.V., 72, 91Dawson, J.H., 437, 493Del Giudice, G., 271, 287, 473, 477, 480, 493,

573–574, 576, 578–579, 584Delleur, J.W., 311, 333De Marchi, G., 502, 507, 530, 618De Vries, F., 82, 92De Vries, J.J., 285, 287Dick, T.M., 386–387, 467, 493Diskin, M.H., 357, 378Dobson, J.E., 126, 138Donkin, T., 63, 67Dooge, J.C.I., 333Drioli, C., 398, 409Dukler, A.E., 126, 138Dupuit, J., 64, 67

EEck, B., 15, 30, 53Ervine, D.A., 214Ettema, R., 403, 409

FFahrner, H., 533, 584Falvey, H.T., 197, 214Fan, Z., 128, 137Farroni, A., 405, 409Fass, W., 71, 91Favre, H., 40, 53, 500, 530Ferreri, G.B., 313–314, 333Ferro, V., 313–314, 333Flores, J., 530Forchheimer, P., 226, 261French, R. de L., 63, 67Fritz, H.O., 303, 306Fuentes, R., 530

GGardel, A., 37, 41, 53Gardner, G.C., 127, 137Gargano, R., 185–186, 188–189, 214, 409,

483, 493Garton, J.E., 520, 531Gedeon, D., 602, 606Gent, K.W., 333Gill, M.A., 255, 261Gisonni, C., 450, 453, 482–489, 493, 563,

565–568, 571–572, 576, 584

Gotaas, H.B., 336, 348, 353Gothe, E., 385, 387Gotoh, H., 214Graf, W.H., 15, 60, 67Granata, F., 397, 409Greck, B.J., 467, 494

HHager, K., 584Hager, W.H., 13, 16, 20–21, 26–27, 33, 35–36,

41, 44, 53, 62, 67, 79–80, 83, 85, 87, 89,91, 97–99, 102, 105, 108, 120, 127, 130,132, 137, 146, 152–153, 162, 166, 168,172, 180–190, 193, 195–203, 208–209,212, 214, 254–257, 261–262, 265–267,271, 277, 287, 289, 296, 299–304, 306,310, 312–314, 317, 319–320, 323, 325,329, 333, 342–346, 350, 353, 357–359,362–364, 370, 378, 395, 400, 405–406,409, 413–414, 424–426, 430–432, 434,437–446, 448, 450, 453, 458, 482–489,493, 500–502, 507, 519, 523, 530,535, 538–540, 546, 548–549, 551–553,557, 560, 563, 565–569, 571, 573–574,576, 584, 589, 592–593, 602, 605–606,609–610, 624

Hagi, Y., 333Hall-Taylor, N.S., 123, 137Hamam, M.A., 564, 584Hanratty, P.J., 137Hanratty, T.J., 128, 137–138Hare, C., 382, 387Harlemann, D.R.F., 15Harrison, A.J.M., 306, 352Haynes, T., 67Henderson, F.M., 139, 172, 255, 262, 266, 287Herschy, R.W., 291, 306Hewitt, G.F., 123, 137Hicks, F., 494Hjelmfeldt, A.T., 191, 214Holmes, D.W., 67, 630, 633Hörler, A., 182, 214, 562–563, 584, 629, 633Hörler, E., 562–563, 584Howe, H., 57, 67Hsu, C.-C., 418, 493Hsung, C.Y., 409Huang, J., 418, 493Hyatt, M.L., 347, 349, 353

IIanetta, S., 409ICOLD, 119, 122, 137Idel’cik, I.E., 24, 31, 40–42, 45, 47, 54,

419–420, 493

Author Index 637

Imai, K., 41, 54, 420, 493Ince, S., 254, 262Indlekofer, H., 304, 306Ippen, A.T., 431, 437, 493Ishii, M., 128, 138Ito, H., 33, 41, 54, 420, 493Ivicsics, L., 15, 149, 172

JJain, S.C., 403, 409Jepson, W.P., 137Johnston, A.J., 386–387, 467, 494Joliffe, I.B., 527, 530Jorat, S., 378Juraschek, M., 347, 352

KKalinske, A.A., 194, 196, 214Kallwass, G.J., 276–278, 287, 535, 584Karki, K.S., 494Kaul, G., 76, 91Kazemipour, A.K., 97, 137Kellenberger, M., 399–400, 403, 405, 409Kellenberger, M.H., 400, 405, 409Keller, R.J., 349–350, 353Keshava Murthy, K., 527, 531Khafagi, A., 346, 353Khan, A.A., 313, 333Kindsvater, C.E., 290, 292, 306Kingman, H., 67Knapp, F.H., 38, 54Knapp, R.T., 443–446, 494Kobus, H., 149, 172, 214, 341, 353, 530Kohler, A., 367, 370, 378Komiya, K., 348–349, 353Krishnappa, G., 525, 530Kubie, J., 127, 137Kuhn, W., 64, 67Kumar Gurram, S., 415, 494

LLaitone, E.V., 427–428, 494Lai, Y.G., 493Lakshmana Rao, N.S., 252, 262, 291, 306,

525–526, 530Lee, J.H.W., 403, 409Lee, W.-J., 493Lessmeier, H., 72, 91Liebmann, H., 383–385, 387Liggett, J.A., 15, 262, 427–428, 494Lindvall, G., 385, 387, 420–421, 494Lin, P.Y., 128, 137Li, W. -H., 277–278, 287Lockhart, R.W., 125, 137

Longo, S., 418, 493Lysne, D.K., 59, 67

MMacke, E., 62, 67Mainali, A., 409Marangoni, C., 602, 606Marchi, E., 97, 138, 313, 333Mark, O., 386, 388Marsalek, J., 385–387, 421, 467, 493–494,

631, 633Martinelli, R.C., 125, 137Matsushita, F., 384, 387Mawer, N., 494Mayerle, R., 62, 67May, R.W.P., 67Mazumder, S.K., 440–442, 493McCorquodale, J.A., 564, 584McKeogh, E.J., 214Miller, D., 149, 172Miller, D.S., 31, 33–34, 42–44, 47, 54, 149,

172, 341, 353Mink, A.L., 531Minor, H.-E., 610, 624Miquel, J., 530Mishima, K., 128, 138Mock, F.-J., 523–524, 530Montes, J.S., 15, 184, 214, 313, 333Morfett, J., 149, 172Mostapha, M.G., 170, 172Mouchet, P. -L., 409Muller, R., 254, 262Munz, W., 275, 287Muralidhar, D., 312, 316, 318, 333Muslu, Y., 546, 584Muth, W., 282, 287

NNalluri, C., 62, 67Naudascher, E., 15, 28, 31, 54, 139, 172, 547,

584, 588, 606Neary, V.S., 527, 530Nougaro, J., 528, 530Novak, P., 62, 67, 149, 172

OOdgaard, A.J., 527, 530Ohtsu, I., 184, 214Oliveto, G., 610–611, 614–616, 619, 624

PPagliara, S., 527, 530Palmer, H.K., 336, 348, 353Patterson, C.C., 277–278, 287Pecher, D., 67

638 Author Index

Pecher, R., 67Pedersen, F.B., 386–388Perkins, J.A., 306, 352Peruginelli, A., 527, 530Peter, G., 584Peterka, A.J., 201, 205–206, 214Pfeiff, S., 56, 67Piggott, T.L., 382, 387Prandtl, L., 15Press, H., 12, 15, 97, 217, 262Prins, J.R., 420, 494

QQuick, M.C., 403, 409

RRaemy, F., 83, 85–87, 89, 92Rajaratnam, N., 180–181, 209, 215, 312, 316,

318, 333, 395, 409Ramamurthy, A.S., 502, 504, 521, 527, 530Ranga Raju, K.G., 221, 262Raudkivi, A.J., 60, 67Rechsteiner, G.F., 41, 53Rehbock, T., 54, 290, 292, 306, 494Reinauer, R., 184, 212, 215, 434, 438, 440,

446, 448, 494Reinink, Y., 347, 353Remedia, G., 409Richter, H., 23, 31, 54Robertson, J.M., 194, 196, 214Robinson, A.R., 347, 353Roske, K., 64, 67Rouse, H., 97, 138, 254, 262, 310–312, 333,

494, 631Rouvé, G., 304, 306Rubatta, A., 97, 138Ruder, Z., 128, 138

SSaitenmacher, L., 376, 378Samani, Z., 367, 378Sander, T., 62, 68Sangster, W.M., 382, 388, 420, 494Sartor, J., 64, 68Sassoli, F., 551, 557, 584Satori, T., 353Sauerbrey, M., 102–103, 105, 138Schedelberger, J., 46, 54Schilling, W., 90, 92Schleiss, A.J., 13, 15, 119, 137, 540, 584Schlichting, H., 16, 125Schmidt, H., 64, 67–68, 138, 387Schoenefeldt, O., 64, 68Schroder, R., 12, 16, 23, 54, 97, 217, 262

Schröder, R.C.M., 23, 54Schumate, E.D., 494Schütz, M., 62, 68Schwalt, M., 132, 137, 301, 303, 306, 432,

457–458, 462, 464, 478, 494Seetharamiah, K., 525, 530Seybold, W., 584Shabayek, S., 418, 494Sharp, J.J., 149, 172Shettar, A.S., 527, 531Shrestha, P., 285, 287SIA, 283, 287, 390–391, 409, 535–537, 584,

610, 624, 630, 633Siegenthaler, A., 535, 584Sinniger, R.O., 13, 16, 21, 26–27, 33, 35–36,

44, 54, 97–98, 138, 257, 262, 265–266,267, 277, 287, 540, 584

Skogerboe, G.V., 347, 349, 353Smerdon, E.T., 388, 494Smith, A.A., 59, 68Smith, C.D., 201, 203, 215, 315–316, 333Speerli, J., 381, 388Sridharan, K., 252, 262, 530Stahl, H., 183, 187, 215Steffler, P., 494Steffler, P.M., 313, 333, 494Strickler, A., 99, 138Subramanya, K., 530Sweeten, J.M., 520, 531Swetz, S.D., 53Sylvester, N.D., 21, 54

TTaitel, Y., 126, 138Taubmann, K.C., 535, 559, 584, 610–611, 614,

624Thormann, E., 63–65, 68, 108–109, 138, 629,

634Tolkmitt, G., 226, 262Townsend, R.D., 420, 494Townson, J.M., 16, 221, 262Tran, D.M., 530Truckenbrodt, E., 16Trussel, R.R., 521, 530Tuttahs, G., 72, 92

UUeberl, J., 357–359, 361, 378Uhl, V.W., 520, 531Unger, P., 66, 68USBR, 201, 205–207, 602, 606Utsumi, H., 353Uyumaz, A., 546, 584

Author Index 639

VValentin, F., 385, 387Vicari, M., 59, 68Viparelli, C., 602, 606Vischer, D., 39–40, 54, 414–415, 425, 494Vischer, D.L., 460, 494Viti, C., 584Volkart, P., 82, 120, 138, 381, 388, 407, 409,

502, 507, 530Volkart, P.U., 119, 138Volker, R.E., 386–387, 467, 494Vollmer, E., 201, 206–208, 215

WWallis, G.B., 138, 323–324, 333Wanoschek, R., 266, 287Ward-Smith, A.I., 31, 54Weber, J., 64, 68Weber, L.J., 493Wehausen, J.V., 427–428, 494Weisman, J., 124, 138Weismann, J., 124Wells, E.A., 336, 348, 353

Wenzel, H.G., 500, 531Westernacher, A., 169, 172Weyermann, H., 584Weyermuller, R.G., 170, 172White, F.M., 16White, W.R., 290, 306, 352Witschi, R., 75, 92Wood, H.W., 388, 494Wu, F.-S., 493

YYahia Ali Baig, M., 530Yao, K.M., 59, 68Yasuda, Y., 214, 443, 493Yen, B.C., 500, 531, 630, 633–634Yousaf, M., 378Yu, D., 409

ZZigrang, D.J., 21, 54Züllig, H., 363–364, 378Züllig, H., 363–364, 378

Subject Index

AAccuracy, 293, 346Aeration

flow, 122, 407length, 188manhole, 391, 397, 602self, 103, 119–122, 133

Airaccess, 101breakdown, 406concentration, 120, 433core, 397–398cushion, 81discharge, 397entrainment, 128, 168, 190, 196, 433flow, 104, 131supply, 480-water mixture, 119, 136, 194, 197, 212,

394, 480–481Angle

bifurcation, 523deflection, 461, 471impinging, 480installation, 74junction, 455, 459outflow, 515

Approachflow, 312, 370, 510, 523, 609one-dimensional, 429sewer, 533, 609two-dimensional, 429

Appurtenance, 201Area

cross-sectional, 105, 112, 115, 500, 540,566

Asymmetry, 358ATV procedure, 62

BBackwater, 147, 216–217, 221, 223, 226, 243,

418, 422length, 227

Baffle, 202Bench, 379, 467Bend

circular, 32–33, 35conduit, 32double, 34flow, 30, 443, 443–454loss coefficient, 33, 466–468manhole, 462, 466, 479mitre, 34, 435, 478number, 445

Bernoulli equation, 11, 500, 541Block, 201Blowout, 271–272, 440Bottom

drop, 279, 335, 422elevation, 346, 506geometry, 142, 169opening, 210, 498, 608roller, 199slope, 63, 102, 119, 158, 162, 267, 431

Boundarycondition, 224, 227, 427, 503, 553, 594layer, 2, 17, 119, 201roughness, 19, 26, 57, 309

Boussinesq equation, 13, 619Bubble, 102

Benjamin, 128, 324Cola, 325flow, 323washout flow, 323

CCapacity, 88, 187, 471, 577Capillary effect, 149

641

642 Subject Index

Cavityoutflow, 323, 326shape, 327

Celerity, 139, 428Chamber

dissipation, 404vortex, 77

Channelbend, 443bifurcation, 523circular, 97, 104, 127, 130, 151, 158, 184,

191, 226contraction, 340, 372, 437deflected, 429distribution, 427–529expansion, 440free-surface, 29, 47horseshoe, 161, 179, 191, 249in-situ concrete, 58junction, 411, 454prismatic, 218, 588rectangular, 141, 177, 252, 309, 476, 591shape, 97side, 395, 586smooth, 312storage, 534substitute, 514, 576, 587trapezoidal, 355, 601U-shaped, 196, 363, 539, 591, 604

Characteristicmethod, 428performance, 87roughness, 117, 455

Choking, 101, 187, 190, 381, 397, 411,438–440, 445, 456, 472, 474

criterion, 197flow, 126, 187, 381, 453incipient, 197, 440, 453number, 197

Circularchannel, 104, 127, 203, 212, 226, 249, 254diaphragm, 79

Classificationbackwater curve, 230

Clogging, 71, 82, 89, 370, 622Coefficient

contraction, 46, 413, 492discharge, 76, 80, 85, 285, 292, 296, 348,

538, 568, 613friction, 28loss, 30, 32, 34, 38, 42–43, 46, 268, 379,

411–415, 466, 467, 618

pressure, 414–415roughness, 99, 267

Colebrook and Whiteequation, 18, 56, 108

Computationaldirection, 590scheme, 558

Concentration, 119Condition

boundary, 224, 227, 427, 503, 550flow, 263, 301flowing full, 55limit, 456stability, 128

Conservationenergy, 8, 416, 499mass, 2momentum, 6, 129, 177, 310, 313, 395,

408, 413, 424, 500, 583Constriction, 335, 356, 365Continuity, 2, 425Contraction, 144, 516

angle, 437, 502coefficient, 46, 413–414conduit, 37

Controldevice, 83discharge, 89level, 83section, 218volume, 2

Coriolis force, 5Correction factor, 12, 540Cover plate, 454, 461–462, 478, 480Crest

rounding, 300shape, 291, 295weir, 499, 532

Criteriaoperational, 84

Criticaldepth, 139, 151, 157, 159, 162, 246,

391–392, 550discharge, 142, 148, 156, 159, 338, 357,

362energy, 120, 161, 165, 266, 521flow, 139, 146, 148, 160, 218, 247, 260,

265, 339, 395, 578, 583, 590point, 163, 587slope, 158, 160

Cross-sectioncircular, 152, 158, 198, 320, 356, 468, 497critical, 148

Subject Index 643

egg-shaped, 65, 108, 117, 132, 154, 159,190, 249, 322

equivalent, 250–252horseshoe, 160, 191–192, 249rectangular, 142, 177, 252, 336, 590sewer, 32, 63standard, 65U-shaped, 197, 363, 540, 591, 600

Crosswave, see ShockwaveCulvert, 263

diagram, 263outflow, 268simple, 269

Curvature, 358, 444, 461streamline, 13, 614

Curvebackwater, 217, 221, 247, 249drawdown curve, 226filling, 105, 115, 131transition, 217

Cut-throat flume, 349–350, 371Cylinder

circular, 355

DDarcy and Weisbach

equation, 18, 97Deaeration, 397Deflection, 429, 435, 437, 456, 461, 471Densimetric Froude number, 126Density, 6Deposition, 89Depth

critical, 139, 151, 157, 159, 162, 246,391–392, 550

flow, 140, 147–148, 217, 220, 243, 259,276, 335, 392, 437, 468, 566, 587–588

maximum flow, 536, 598mixture flow, 120pseudo-uniform, 503sequent, 180, 182, 430, 547uniform, 218, 249, 391

Designconcept, 58, 412, 504discharge, 269, 522, 536element, 464individual, 58principle, 622procedure, 135–137sewer, 56, 131sideweir, 564, 578

Diagrampartial filling, 100, 114, 131

Diameterchange, 223, 246, 553culvert, 268design, 132–133manhole, 385minimum, 167, 283

Diaphragm, 78Diffusor, 29, 523

abrupt, 35Discharge, 3

air, 405capacity, 88, 278, 366, 471, 477, 577characteristic, 82, 573, 605coefficient, 46, 80, 85, 266, 290, 292, 296,

348, 538, 568, 613control, 89critical, 142, 148, 151, 156, 171, 338,

357, 362critical treatment, 75culvert, 264design, 135, 269, 275, 522, 536distribution, 515, 559, 565, 576dry weather, 536equation, 100, 106, 294, 296, 314, 335,

340, 345, 372excess, 281, 609flume, 335, 340full filling, 131increasing, 588lateral, 210, 395, 529, 555, 577, 582, 595maximum, 55, 597measurement, 148, 300, 345, 348minimum, 55, 59, 280mobile measurement, 367outflow, 76, 80overflow, 567, 569part-full, 60, 64pipe, 25, 56, 279ratio, 408, 605relation, 271, 365sideweir, 497, 516, 534, 542, 552siphon, 282throttling, 573treatment, 75, 609uniform, 114, 117vortex drop, 397weir, 289–290, 295

Dissipationchamber, 404energy, 200, 391mechanism, 201scour, 370

644 Subject Index

Distributionstructure, 556velocity, 4, 469

Distribution channel, 497converging, 504discharge, 498, 515, 559, 589substitute, 514

Division wall, 42Drawdown, 226, 318, 548, 563Drop

bottom, 84, 423–427height, 424manhole, 208, 390–391number, 312vertical slot vortex, 403vortex, 208, 389, 397

EEffect

backwater, 418capillary, 149clogging, 370curvature, 358distortion, 368drawdown, 567friction, 50roughness, 309scale, 149, 341, 436, 439, 519shape, 476throttling, 275viscous, 99, 149

Efficiency, 180, 404hydraulic, 420

Elevationbottom, 148, 506

End depth ratio, 309–313, 324, 393, 567End overfall, 309, 392Energy

approach, 576conservation, 8, 413, 499datum head, 11dissipation, 176, 200, 389equation, 13, 47, 57, 139, 422, 499, 541head, 9, 49, 140, 177, 219, 372, 422, 499,

501, 537, 552, 562, 618hydraulic, 8line, 11, 589loss, 8, 17, 31, 178, 200, 411–412, 414,

561, 570, 617principle, 8velocity head, 9

Energy head, 115, 163, 264, 408, 524critical, 142, 151, 154, 161, 165uniform flow, 116

Entrainment, 123, 168, 190, 196, 433Equation

backwater, 219, 550, 575, 588Bernoulli, 11Boussinesq, 13, 619Colebrook and White, 18, 56, 108continuity, 2, 414Darcy and Weisbach, 97discharge, 100, 294, 296, 335, 337, 340,

372–373energy, 47, 139, 422, 499free surface, 163, 217, 418, 580Manning-Strickler, 98, 145momentum, 12, 129, 176, 310, 313, 318,

395, 412–415, 417, 424, 567, 576outflow, 499overflow, 292, 539, 545surface profile, 49, 147, 163, 217, 312, 373,

422, 438, 497, 540Equipotential line, 3Equivalent roughness, 57, 59, 98Excess discharge, 281, 609Expansion

abrupt, 440Borda, 430channel, 440gradual, 203, 443pipe, 18

Experience, 466

FFactor

correction, 12friction, 19, 28roughness, 26

Fillingdiagram, 100, 108, 114ratio, 100, 103, 112, 152

Flexibilitydesign, 438

Flow, 2air-water, 101, 120, 123, 265annular, 124approach, 505, 516, 609bend, 30, 443, 446breakdown, 406bubble, 323bubbly, 123cavity, 324choking, 126, 187, 397, 453co-current, 124condition, 148, 259counter, 415

Subject Index 645

critical, 139, 146, 148, 218, 247, 260, 265,339, 396, 578, 583, 590

depth, 432, 464, 579division, 43downstream, 596dry-weather, 390formula, 27, 98free, 357, 373free surface, 29, 47, 95, 140, 149, 187, 253,

323, 342, 474froth, 124full, 56gated, 265–273, 578gradually varied, 220, 225, 233, 249, 253instability, 127, 563intermittent, 124irrotational, 427laminar, 18manhole, 382–386mixture, 119–122, 394, 433–435, 480–481open channel, 10, 47, 149, 176perturbation, 101, 184, 429pipe, 19, 56, 98, 101, 124, 309, 317,

364–365, 415plug, 123potential, 145, 427, 576pressurized, 32, 46, 49, 263–264, 275, 381,

412, 497, 524, 578pseudo-uniform, 144, 497, 503, 554, 556,

575pulsation, 101, 384, 389, 403, 603rain-weather, 390secondary, 29separated, 29separation, 17, 30, 38, 41, 162, 201, 299,

412, 448slug, 123, 126, 326spatially varied, 145, 499, 511, 587, 618spray, 124stable, 105stagnation, 357steady, 2, 95stratified, 123subcritical, 50, 147, 150, 217, 380, 395,

402, 466, 505, 511, 516, 581submerged, 296, 300–301, 345–347, 359,

373supercritical, 147, 210, 373, 392, 420, 429,

459transcritical, 223, 415transitional, 102, 150, 343, 357, 590, 596turbulent, 18, 20, 30, 57, 98two-phase, 125, 603

undular, 210, 247, 301, 328, 431, 477uniform, 13, 55, 60, 62, 95–137, 225, 314,

503–507, 518, 520–522, 554, 556, 560,595, 597, 600

uniform aerated, 119–122uniformity, 437unsteady, 548wave, 123

Fluctuationswell, 474, 564turbulent, 30

Fluiddensity, 60holdup, 125viscosity, 8, 201

Flumecut-throat, 349–350, 371Khafagi, 337, 346–348, 350long-throated, 337–349Palmer-Bowlus, 350, 363rectangular, 340trapezoidal, 345Venturi, 335–352, 356–370, 407

Force, 5Coriolis, 5external, 8friction, 7–8momentum, 7pressure, 5, 182, 317–318specific, 5, 7tangential, 5

Freeboard, 88, 429, 602Free surface, 29, 47, 95, 141, 149, 166, 187,

217, 253–255, 268, 312–313, 337, 412,463, 497, 576

Frictioncharacteristic, 223coefficient, 28, 97force, 7–8gradient, 21loss, 17–18slope, 50, 163, 253, 417, 499, 617universal law, 19, 97

Froude number, 49, 59, 97, 104, 124, 140, 149,151, 155, 157, 161, 176, 221, 309–310,337, 432, 457, 540, 610, 613

densimetric, 126local, 580mixture, 433–434similarity law, 149

Full filling discharge, 112, 115, 131

646 Subject Index

GGate, 45, 78, 83, 265, 270Geometry

bottom, 142, 169crest geometry, 292, 305cross-sectional, 144, 146, 151, 156, 158,

224, 364manhole, 379sewer, 101, 104, 376trajectory, 389, 392vortex drop, 397wave, 457–460

Gradient, 18friction, 21

Gradually varied flow, 220, 225, 233, 249Gravity current, 129

HHead

energy, 9, 115, 139, 161, 165, 177, 212,422, 499, 517, 538, 552, 562, 601

pressure, 76, 168, 422stagnation, 357, 370velocity, 9

Head losscoefficient, 277, 286, 384, 466–467, 527,

589, 601manhole, 386side channel, 587stagnation, 357two-phase flow, 194

Heightdrop, 424lift, 72opening, 499roughness, 19, 21sand roughness, 22wave, 431, 438weir, 291, 497, 499, 529

Hinged Flap Gate, 83Horseshoe profile, 112, 116, 132Hose throttle, 81Hydraulic

control, 289efficiency, 533energy, 8radius, 97, 104, 158

Hydraulic jump, 175, 210, 231–232, 272, 360,439–440, 470, 507, 522, 534, 557

classical, 180, 430impact, 483, 548length, 181, 188, 194, 557sequent depth, 180, 195, 204, 430, 547

sideweir, 557–558undular, 210, 247, 477

Hydraulic level control, 83Hydraulics, 1Hydromechanics, 1

IImpact

jump, 471, 548wall, 390

Impingement, 474Improvement, 464Incipient

choking, 197, 440, 453, 456–457mixture flow, 119

Inflowlateral, 4, 416, 589

Inlet, 203conduit, 76loss, 276, 284tangential vortex, 403

Inspection, 394Instability, 124, 564Intake, 265

structure, 398Integration, 226, 510, 514Interference, 437, 461Inverted siphon, 282

JJet

bottom opening, 609hollow, 77lateral, 590, 602, 620, 622outflow, 321overflow, 291, 295plunging, 301, 601surface, 301, 601thickness, 310, 324, 393trajectory, 323, 392–393, 619wall, 209

Jump, 175classical hydraulic, 180, 430hydraulic, 175, 180, 200, 231–232, 266,

360, 439–440, 470, 500, 507, 522, 525impact, 471, 548length, 557sequent depth, 180, 182, 430, 557sideweir, 539, 549–550undular hydraulic, 210, 247, 477

Junction, 411–492, 627conduit, 38, 41manhole, 411, 486

Subject Index 647

round-crested, 419Y-type, 42

KKhafagi flume, 337, 346, 350Kinematic viscosity, 18, 21, 56, 286

LLaminar flow, 20Lateral

discharge, 210, 505, 515, 536, 567–569,577, 582

momentum, 416–417, 425, 588outflow, 499, 500substitute, 514

Lengthaeration, 188backwater, 227bottom opening, 609downstream, 274drawdown, 227, 251jump, 181, 188, 194, 557recirculation, 188, 212roller, 181, 548sideweir, 537, 541upstream, 273ventilation, 196

Limitmodular, 306, 321, 345, 359, 369, 371roughness, 98

Logger, 364Loss

additional, 17, 383, 566coefficient, 30, 32, 34, 38, 42–43, 46, 268,

270contraction, 37energy, 8, 17, 31, 178, 200, 412, 414, 527,

561, 617form, 17friction, 17–18head, 380, 408, 466, 589local, 29manhole, 379, 382mixture flow, 122total, 18

MMaintenance, 64, 75, 80, 89, 394, 406

contract, 83Manhole, 379

bend, 462diameter, 381discharge measurement, 345drop, 208, 389

fall, 389–408flow, 406, 475geometry, 379head loss, 380junction, 403special, 8standard, 359, 365, 369structure, 382

Manhole flow, 379pattern, 381pressurized, 379, 481

Manifold, 497Manning-Strickler formula, 99, 145Matter

solid, 357, 367Measurement discharge, 148, 289, 301, 335

mobile, 355Mitre-bend, 34, 435, 478Mixture

air-water, 119, 136, 194, 212, 480–481depth, 120Froude number, 428incipient, 119pressure, 125ratio, 121

Modelhydraulic, 573scale, 430scale effect, 149, 341, 436

Modular limit, 345–348, 350, 359–361, 366,369

Momentequation, 86static, 87

Momentumcomponent, 587conservation, 499equation, 12, 129, 176, 303, 310, 393, 396,

413–415, 424, 557, 576lateral, 416–417, 424, 588principle, 7–8, 178transfer, 569–570

NNappe, 293, 330

trajectory, 320–321Newton’s law, 6Number

bend, 445choking, 197densimetric Froude, 127drop, 312

648 Subject Index

Froude, 48, 59, 97, 104, 124, 140, 148,150, 155, 157, 160, 176, 221, 309, 337,418, 425, 430, 455, 569, 597, 604

Reynolds, 18, 97, 125Richardson, 125Weber, 312

OOperation, 73, 81Orifice, 533, 614Oscillation, 199Outflow

angle, 515capacity, 562constant, 81culvert, 268discharge, 76intensity, 500jet, 321, 330lateral, 4, 498, 500, 509, 538, 542, 569, 609uniformity, 521

Outletconduit, 36culvert, 273inverted siphon, 283manhole, 381, 391storm water, 535structure, 200–201valve, 80

Overfall, see Weirend, 309, 392

Overflow, 513, 522, 528lateral, 536

PPalmer-Bowlus flume, 348, 363Parameter

form, 227performance, 577pseudo-uniform, 575transformation, 227

Partial pipe filling, 100, 105Perturbation, 429

intensity, 461Pier

bridge, 31, 370Pipe

circular, 309, 364culvert, 272discharge, 281, 573filling ratio, 100flow, 101flume, 367, 369Froude number, 125, 316, 323

junction, 415opening, 103partial filling, 100, 104rough, 19, 25smooth, 19, 25throttling, 263, 274–276, 533, 536, 553

Platecover, 454, 461–462, 464, 478, 480end, 563perforated, 520sideweir, 563Venturi, 371

Pocket, 101Point

critical, 163, 587fall, 74full flow, 267singular, 342, 590, 592touching, 74

Potential flow, 427, 576Pressure

coefficient, 414–415distribution, 10, 85, 182dynamic, 30flow, 10, 31, 47, 260, 267, 277, 382, 412,

524, 564force, 5, 182, 190, 317, 612head, 76, 168, 422mixture, 125profile, 9, 301wall, 412

Principleenergy, 8interference, 437–438momentum, 7–8

Profilecircular, 108, 117, 132, 249, 483egg-shaped, 110, 112, 117, 132free surface, 96, 163, 166, 168, 217, 253,

299, 312, 325, 422, 497, 501, 507, 522,540, 541, 548, 556, 575, 577, 609

horseshoe, 112, 116, 132non-circular, 108pressure, 9, 301rectangular, 338, 601substitute, 591, 600U-shaped, 553, 600, 609velocity, 301, 469wall, 432, 437, 443wave, 448, 476

Pseudo-uniform flow, 144, 497, 503–504, 554,546, 575, 580

Pulsation, 101, 384, 389, 403, 406, 603

Subject Index 649

Pumpcentrifugal, 72screw, 74sump, 75

RRadius

hydraulic, 97, 104, 158Ratio

critical filling, 153depth, 183, 416, 550discharge, 414, 615end depth, 310, 313, 324, 567filling, 100, 103, 114, 152length, 416mixture, 121sequent depth, 181, 183, 430, 549throttling, 275width, 416

Recirculation, 187, 199, 450, 455, 474Rectangular channel, 141, 177, 252, 309, 336,

497, 591Regime

rough turbulent, 25, 99smooth turbulent, 57transition, 20, 98

Regulating device, 78–83Reliability

operational, 74, 75, 77Reynolds number, 18, 97, 125Richardson number, 125Riprap, 206Roller

bottom, 199length, 181, 548

Roughnessboundary, 341characteristic, 117, 266, 318, 332, 462coefficient, 99, 267equivalent sand, 19, 24, 57height, 19, 21operative, 57–58, 66profile, 32, 115relative, 98sand, 22

Rounding, 42, 267, 300

SSand roughness, 22Scale effect, 149, 341, 436, 519Scour, 370Section

circular, 151, 154, 158, 161, 182, 192control, 218

egg-shaped, 65, 154, 156, 159, 193, 250horseshoe, 139, 160, 170, 190, 249

Self-aeration, 133Self-cleansing, 78Self-priming, 277Separation, 17, 30, 38, 41, 162, 201, 299, 412,

449accuracy, 536, 615sheet, 611wall, 587zone, 299, 412, 416

Sequent depth, 180, 182, 185, 193, 430, 542Sewage

pumping, 71temperature, 56treatment plant, 71, 577

Sewercircular, 104–105, 120, 132, 194, 198, 200,

224–230combined system, 524conduit type, 23cross-section, 63–66design, 56, 194direction, 380egg-shaped, 108, 110–111, 322–323flow, 103, 121, 379geometry, 100, 369management, 90material, 32network, 242, 246non-standard, 116overcharged, 101overflow, 379roughness, 380sideweir, 522sloping, 119standard, 64, 108steep, 161, 246, 398storage, 83substitute, 575

Sewer sideweir, 499high-crested, 536–547low-crested, 546–562short, 562–572throttling pipe, 572–580

Shaftefficiency, 404manhole, 390velocity, 403vertical, 398

Shearlayer, 564surface, 201

650 Subject Index

Shields’ diagram, 60Shock

angle, 424, 425, 432, 451control, 462front, 429, 451number, 425, 427, 432, 455surface, 427–430

Shockwave, 150, 168, 265, 278, 315, 357, 411,429, 430–431, 621

reduction, 436, 460, 478treatment, 436

Short lateral, 516Side channel, 390, 586Side opening, 498Sideweir, 480, 497, 514, 516, 533, 543, 560,

568calculation, 549converging, 534, 542, 552–556hydraulic jump, 545, 549, 552length, 534, 536–537, 557prismatic, 539similarity solution, 511, 514standard, 533

Sill, 202Similarity, 380, 552

solution, 501Siphon

inverted, 282–285Slide gate, 45–46Slope

additional, 492, 589bottom, 209, 267, 374, 431, 446, 456critical, 156, 160friction, 135, 163, 253, 413, 492, 579minimum, 62sewer, 118substitute, 587transition, 184, 335transverse, 440water surface, 147

Slug flow, 123–124, 326Solid

matter, 357, 376resuspension, 565

Solitary wave, 14, 211, 312, 327Spatial flow, 381, 563, 613Spatially varied flow, 499, 511, 587Specific force, 5, 7, 177, 182Spiral current, 601Spray flow, 124Stagnation, 367Standard cross-section, 65, 139

circular, 65, 139

Standard manhole, 359, 361, 370Standing wave, 59, 321, 400Step, 461

transverse, 457Stilling basin, 175, 200–208Stop log, 74Storage channel, 231, 534Stormwater

overflow, 78storage, 563

Stratified flow, 123Streamline, 2

curvature, 13, 326, 335, 357Stream tube, 5Stress

mean shear, 60Strickler formula, 26, 29Strickler, see Manning-Strickler formulaSubcritical, 50, 147, 217, 380, 395, 402, 466,

505, 516, 590Submergence, 210, 266, 297–298, 300, 321,

346, 348, 355, 359, 371, 406–407, 423,466, 481, 525, 586, 599

effect, 355, 591Substitute channel, 587Supercritical flow, 147, 210, 380, 395, 427,

429, 460, 590Superelevation, 468Surface

profile, 49, 147, 166, 168, 218, 245, 299,312, 325, 422, 497, 500, 501, 540–541,548–551, 553, 574, 576, 609

shock, 429tension, 341wave, 49, 293, 428

TTailwater, 205Tangential intake, 398T-bifurcation, 525–529Temperature

sewage, 56Tension

surface, 341Theory

shallow-water, 433Thomson weir, 296Throttle valve, 80Throttling

device, 71, 75–83discharge, 282effect, 275

Subject Index 651

hose, 81pipe, 263, 274–276, 534, 536, 547

T-junction, 42Trajectory, 320, 332, 392, 619Transitional flow, 184, 187, 343, 357, 418, 477,

596Transition regime, 20, 98Trapezoidal flume, 340Trash rack, 31, 44, 283Treatment

discharge, 75, 611, 615flow, 39, 43fluctuation, 30station, 75, 470

Triangular weir, 295, 297Turbulent

flow, 19, 57, 98fluctuation, 30

Two-phase flow, 103, 125, 564, 603

UUndular flow, 456Uniform

aerated flow, 120–122, 293depth, 218, 250, 392discharge, 114, 117, 269distribution, 497flow, 13, 55, 102fluctuation, 30pipe flow, 108

Uplift, 491Upsurging, 477U-shaped profile, 278, 553, 600

VValve

gate, 78outlet, 80throttle, 80

Vane, 460Velocity

average, 4, 106distribution, 4, 9, 303, 330, 416, 469field, 446, 469head, 9minimum, 59, 61, 71, 276propagation, 130, 218shaft, 403

Venturi flume, 335, 347, 364, 407circular cone, 357mobile, 350, 356, 359short, 349–350stability of approach flow, 374

Viscosityeffect, 27kinematic, 18, 21, 56, 286

V-notch weir, 298, 376Void fraction, 125Volume

control, 2Vortex

chamber, 77drop, 208, 389, 397horseshoe, 363, 370interface, 564manhole, 390side channel, 601slot, 403throttle, 76Tornado, 602

WWall

deflection, 429–, 435division, 43impact, 390jet, 209pressure, 412profile, 432, 442, 443reaction, 424roughness, 19separation, 435wave, 455, 461, 478

Waterparasite, 355shallow, 342

Wavecelerity, 428extreme, 443flow, 123formation, 326geometry, 436, 457height, 321, 431, 439, 444instability, 126interference, 437profile, 448, 476reduction, 460, 478–482shock, 150, 184, 208, 249, 351, 380, 392,

432, 435, 439, 610, 613solitary, 14, 211, 312, 327stability, 126standing, 59, 321, 400surface, 49, 298, 428treatment, 462undular, 341wall, 455, 461, 474

652 Subject Index

Weber number, 312Weir, 289

broad-crested, 298crest, 534, 536cylindrical, 303, 305height, 291, 499, 505labyrinth, 290mobile discharge measurement, 376oblique, 290, 538proportional, 290sharp-crested, 291–295submergence, 294, 406Thomson, 296

triangular, 289, 297V-notch, 376

Widthopening, 499, 614ratio, 414reduction, 503–507, 521

YY-junction, 42

ZZone

separation, 301, 412, 416stagnation, 367