Appendix I Weapon Systems - Springer978-1-349-08505-7/1.pdfWhen other sources ... X 13 1800 + 15 m...
51
Appendix I Weapon Systems In this appendix, compiled by John Grin, a brief description of weapon systems, mentioned in this book, is given. Part A of the appendix deals with missiles; in Part B information on other systems is given. A MISSILES The following table is largely based on Doug Richardson, 'World Missile Directory', FLIGHT International, 2 February 1985. When other sources have been used, this is indicated by superscript numbers, referring to the notes at the end of the table. 278
Transcript of Appendix I Weapon Systems - Springer978-1-349-08505-7/1.pdfWhen other sources ... X 13 1800 + 15 m...
Appendix I Weapon Systems
In this appendix, compiled by John Grin, a brief description of weapon systems, mentioned in this book, is given. Part A of the appendix deals with missiles; in Part B information on other systems is given.
A MISSILES
The following table is largely based on Doug Richardson, 'World Missile Directory', FLIGHT International, 2 February 1985. When other sources have been used, this is indicated by superscript numbers, referring to the notes at the end of the table.
278
Mis
sile
Ty
pe
Dim
ensi
ons
Ran
ge
War
head
(s)
Add
ition
al r
emar
ks
Prod
ucin
g!
leng
th x
diam
eter
(k
m)
deve
lopi
ng
(m x
m)
coun
try
AIM
-7M
Spa
rrow
A
ir-t
o-ai
r m
issile
3.
70 X
0.
20
max
. 40
kg
USA
50
-100
co
ntin
uous
ro
d, p
roxi
mity
+
impa
ct f
uses
A
IM-9
A
ir-t
o-ai
r m
issi
le
= 3 X
0.1
3 10
-18
Frag
men
tatio
n In
fra-
red
seek
er
USA
Si
dew
inde
r or
bla
st-
frag
men
tatio
n A
LA
RM
(A
ir
Air-
to-s
urfa
ce m
issile
4.
24 X
0.
22
70-8
011
Bla
st-
Hom
es in
on
enem
y ra
dar
Laun
ched
Ant
i-fo
r th
e su
ppre
ssio
n of
fr
agm
enta
tion I
I Th
ree
mod
es o
f ope
ratio
ns:
Rad
iatio
n en
emy
air
defe
nce
dire
ct a
ttack
, in
dire
ct a
ttack
M
issi
le)
and
dual
mod
el!
AL
CM
(A
ir
Cru
ise
mis
sile
, nu
clea
r 6.
32 X
0.
61
2500
1
x 20
0 kt
on
CEP
: 30
m;
the
ALC
M w
ill
USA
La
unch
ed C
ruis
e ai
r-to
-sur
face
be
car
ried
by
B52
and
B-I
B
Mis
sile
) bo
mbe
rs1
Iner
tial g
uida
nce
+ te
rrai
n co
ntou
r m
atch
ing
AM
RA
AM
A
ir-t
o-ai
r m
issi
le
3.65
X
0.18
55
-75
20 k
g (?
) In
ertia
l gu
idan
ce +
act
ive
USA
(A
dvan
ced
rada
r te
rmin
al h
omin
g.
Med
ium
Ran
ge
Inte
nded
to
repl
ace
AIM
-7.
Air
-to-
Air
W
ill b
e pr
oduc
ed in
US
with
M
issi
le)
licen
ce p
rodu
ctio
n in
Eu
rope
. D
evel
oped
in
para
llel w
ith A
SRA
AM
A
pach
e/C
WS
Air-
to-s
urfa
ce s
tand
-off
7-
17
Ant
i-ar
mou
r/
Iner
tial g
uida
nce
+ te
rmin
al
Fran
ce,
disp
ense
r (u
npow
ered
an
ti-pe
rson
nel/
(mm
-wav
e?)
hom
ing
FRG
ve
rsio
n) u
p ?
to 5
0 in
its
fin
al
pow
ered
ve
rsio
n
Mis
sile
Ty
pe
Dim
ensi
ons
Rang
e W
arhe
ad(s
) A
dditi
onal
rem
arks
Pr
oduc
ing!
le
ngth
x d
iam
eter
(k
m)
deve
lopi
ng
(m x
m)
coun
try
ASR
AA
M
Air
-to-
air
mis
sile
2.
5 X
0.
15
? H
igh
expl
osiv
e in
fra-
red
seek
er +
iner
tial
UK
, FR
G
(Adv
ance
d re
fere
nce.
Dev
elop
ed a
nd
Shor
t R
ange
Air
-pr
oduc
ed in
Eur
ope,
with
to
-Air
Mis
sile
) lic
ence
pro
duct
ion
in th
e U
S.
Rel
ated
to
AM
RA
AM
BO
SS (
Bal
listic
B
allis
tic m
issi
le t
o 65
02
Con
vent
iona
l C
EP:
30-4
5 m
Can
dida
te
USA
O
ffen
sive
at
tack
mai
n op
erat
ion
runw
ay
for
the
AX
E p
roje
ct.
Stel
lar
Supp
ress
ion
base
s2
pene
trat
ion
iner
tial
guid
ance
2 Sy
stem
)
CA
M-4
0 B
allis
tic m
issi
le t
o 8
X
13
1800
+
Con
vent
iona
l C
EP:
15
m C
onve
ntio
nal
USA
at
tack
MO
Bs3
ru
nway
ve
rsio
n of
Per
shin
g II
. pe
netr
ator
s/
Can
dida
te f
or t
he A
XE
ar
ea d
enia
l pr
ojec
t, In
ertia
l gu
idan
ce +
su
bmun
ition
s;
Rad
ar a
rea-
corr
elat
ion
pay
load
up
to
term
inal
gui
danc
e3
1000
kg3
Cru
ise
Mis
sile
se
e: A
LC
M;
GL
CM
Dra
gon
Ant
i-ta
nk
0.74
X
0.13
m
in.
60
-2.
44 k
g;
Wire
-gui
ded
(SA
CL
OSt
) U
SA
max
. ar
mou
r 11
00 m
pe
netr
atin
g
Exoc
et
Ant
i-sh
ip m
issi
le
5.21
X
0.35
m
in.
4.5
-G
P1 b
last
/ U
sed
in F
alkl
ands
-Mal
vina
s Fr
ance
m
ax.
45
frag
men
tatio
n,
and
Iran
-Ira
q w
ar.
Iner
tial
165
kg
guid
ance
+ a
ctiv
e ra
dar-
seek
er
Mis
sile
Ty
pe
Dim
ensi
ons
Rang
e W
arhe
ad(s
) A
ddit
iona
l re
mar
ks
Prod
ucin
g/
leng
th x
dia
meJ
er
(km
) de
velo
ping
(m
x m
) co
untr
y
GL
CM
(G
roun
d C
ruis
e m
issi
le,
nucl
ear
6.40
X
0.53
25
00
W-8
0, 2
00 k
ton
CE
P: 5
0 m
7 U
SA
Lau
nche
d C
ruis
e su
rfac
e-to
-sur
face
N
ow b
eing
dep
loye
d in
M
issi
le)
Eur
ope.
Ine
rtia
l gu
idan
ce +
te
rrai
n co
ntou
r m
atch
ing
HA
RM
(H
igh-
Air
-to-
surf
ace
mis
sile
4.
17 X
0.
25
18.5
Fr
agm
enta
tion,
H
omes
in o
n en
emy
rada
r U
SA
Spee
d A
nti-
for
the
supp
ress
ion
of
prox
imity
fus
e R
adia
tion
en
emy
air
defe
nce
Mis
sile
)
Har
poon
A
nti-
ship
4.
58 X
0.
34
110
Nav
al W
eapo
ns
Wid
ely
depl
oyed
on
surf
ace
USA
C
entr
e 22
7 kg
, sh
ips,
sub
mar
ines
and
fix
ed-
pene
trat
ion
win
g ai
rcra
ft,
+ ac
tive
rada
r bl
ast,
cont
act
seek
er
(with
tim
e de
lay
+ pr
oxim
ity
fuse
) H
ellf
ire
Ant
i-ta
nk;
also
aga
inst
1.
62 X
0.
18
6 9
kg h
ollo
w
Sem
i-ac
tive
lase
r ho
min
g.
USA
ha
rd p
oint
tar
gets
; ai
r-ch
arge
Fi
red
from
hel
icop
ters
to
-sur
face
HO
T
Ant
i-ta
nk
1.27
X
0.14
m
in.
75 m
-3
kg h
ollo
w
Opt
ical
ly t
rack
ed,
wire
-Fr
ance
/ m
ax.
4 km
ch
arge
gu
ided
FR
G
(Eur
o-m
issi
le)
I H
awk
Air
def
ence
, su
rfac
e-to
-5.
08 X
0.
37
40
54 k
g A
ltitu
de l
imit:
18
km B
eing
U
SA
(im
prov
ed H
awk)
ai
r up
grad
ed in
the
JA
TM
pr
ogra
mm
es C
WSA
R • *
gu
idan
ce9
Mis
sile
Ty
pe
Dim
ensi
ons
Rang
e W
arhe
ad(s
) A
dditi
onal
rem
arks
Pr
oduc
ing/
le
ngth
x d
iam
eter
(k
m)
deve
lopi
ng
(m X
m
) co
untr
y
Impr
oved
TO
W
see
TO
W
JAT
M (
Join
t Jo
int
wea
pon
prog
ram
me
of
USA
A
nti-
Tact
ical
U
S A
rmy
and
US
Air
M
issi
le)
Forc
e. S
ee P
atri
ot;
I H
awk
JTA
CM
S (J
oint
Jo
int
Wea
pon
Prog
ram
me
Tact
ical
Mis
sile
of
US
Arm
y an
d U
S A
ir
Syst
ems)
Fo
rce.
See
T-1
6, T
-22,
whi
ch
wer
e ca
ndid
ates
', an
d L
RSO
M w
hich
mig
ht b
e a
cand
idat
e fo
r th
e lo
nger
ra
nges
(70
-450
km
)3;
an
exte
nded
ver
sion
of
M L
RS
mig
ht b
e ch
osen
for
the
ra
nges
upt
o 70
km
6
Lanc
e Su
rfac
e-to
-sur
face
6.
14 X
0.
569
110
1-10
0 kt
on
Enh
ance
d ra
diat
ion
USA
nu
clea
r ba
ttlef
ield
(v
aria
ble
yiel
d)
('neu
tron
') w
arhe
ad is
bei
ng
mis
sile
de
velo
ped
for
Lanc
e (1
kt
on)
LR
SOM
(Lo
ng
To
be u
sed
agai
nst
<60
0 Fe
asib
ility
stu
dies
jus
t R
ange
Sta
nd-O
ff
airf
ield
s an
d ot
her
fixed
fin
ishe
d. C
andi
date
for
M
issi
le)
targ
ets3
JT
AC
MS.
Joi
nt p
roje
ct o
f U
S, U
K a
nd F
RG
3
Mav
eric
k A
ir-t
o-su
rfac
e m
issi
le
2.49
X
0.30
22
.5
59 k
g ho
llow
Se
mi-a
ctiv
e la
ser
or im
agin
g U
SA
for
clos
e su
ppor
t ch
arge
or
135
kg
infr
a-re
d or
aut
omat
ic T
V
mis
sion
s fr
agm
enta
tion
hom
ing
Mis
sile
Ty
pe
Dim
ensi
ons
Rang
e W
arhe
ad(s
) A
ddit
iona
l rem
arks
Pr
oduc
ing/
le
ngth
x d
iam
eter
(k
m)
deve
lopi
ng
(m x
m)
coun
try
Mila
n A
nti-
tank
0.
75 X
0.1
2 m
in.
25
m-
3 kg
pen
etra
tion
SAC
LOS
guid
ance
t Fr
ance
, m
ax.
2 km
w
arhe
ad
FRG
(h
ollo
w c
harg
e)
(Eur
o-m
issile
)
MLR
S (M
ultip
le
Mob
ile m
ultip
le r
ocke
t 4.
0 X
0.2
3 30
M
77
Pres
ently
loa
ded
with
U
SA
Laun
ch R
ocke
t la
unch
er
subm
uniti
ons
ungu
ided
sub
mun
ition
s.
Syst
em)
The
so-c
alle
d th
ird
phas
e w
arhe
ad w
ill h
ave
term
inal
gu
idan
ce a
nd b
e de
velo
ped
join
tly b
y U
S, U
K,
Fran
ce
and
FRG
. U
S A
rmy
cons
ider
s ex
tend
ed r
ange
(7
0 km
) ve
rsio
n fo
r JT
AC
MS
prog
ram
me6
MO
BID
IC
Air
-to-
surf
ace
disp
ense
r 3.
40 x
0.6
5 or
25
-301
2 Se
vera
l te
ns o
f R
epla
ces
form
er P
egas
e Fr
ance
/ sy
stem
4.
30 X
0.6
5 an
ti-ar
mou
r/
proj
ect12
FR
G
depe
ndin
g on
an
ti-ru
nway
ve
rsio
n12
subm
uniti
ons,
or
200
co
nven
tiona
l gr
enad
es o
r m
ines
12
MX
IC
BM
21
.6 X
2.3
4 80
00
10 x
300
kto
n In
ertia
l gu
idan
ce C
EP:
< U
SA
W-8
7 13
0 m
1 D
ubbe
d w
arhe
ads1
'P
eace
keep
er' b
y U
S Pr
esid
ent
Rea
gan
Mis
sile
Ty
pe
Dim
ensi
ons
Rang
e W
arhe
ad(s
) A
dditi
onal
rem
arks
Pr
oduc
ing/
le
ngth
x d
iam
eter
(k
m)
deve
lopi
ng
(m x
m)
coun
try
Nik
e H
ercu
les
Air
-def
ence
, su
rfac
e-to
-12
.1 X
0.
8 14
01
1 kt
on n
ucle
ar1
Bei
ng r
epla
ced
by
air1
(c
onve
ntio
nal)
Impr
oved
H
awk
and/
or P
atri
ot1
Patr
iot
Surf
ace-
to-a
ir,
air
5.31
X 0.
418
60-1
008
Frag
men
tatio
n A
ltitu
de li
mit:
24
km T
rack
-U
SA
defe
nce
mis
sile
. C
ould
w
arhe
ads
via-
mis
sile
gui
danc
e.
poss
ibly
hav
e an
A T
BM
68
kg9
SAR
H* *
Bei
ng u
pgra
ded
in
role
8 th
e JA
TM
pro
gram
mes
Pega
se
Air
-to-
surf
ace
disp
ense
r Fr
om 6
A
nti-
arm
our,
Now
rep
lace
d by
MO
BID
IC F
ranc
e sy
stem
(s
impl
est
anti-
(Fre
nch-
FR G
erm
an
unpo
wer
ed
pers
onne
l, co
oper
atio
n)
vers
ion)
to
anti-
runw
ay
60 (
final
su
bmun
ition
po
wer
ed
vers
ion)
Pers
hing
II
Surf
ace-
to-s
urfa
ce l
ong
10.5
X
1.0
1800
0.
3-80
kto
n 10
8 de
ploy
ed i
n FR
G,
USA
ra
nge
thea
tre
nucl
ear
varia
ble
yield
14
follo
win
g th
e N
AT
O
wea
pon
doub
le-t
rack
dec
isio
n of
D
ecem
ber
1979
7
Pyth
on 3
A
ir-t
o-ai
r m
issi
le
3.0
X 0.
16
min
. 0
.5-
11 k
g hi
gh
Infr
a-re
d se
eker
Is
rael
m
ax.
15
expl
osiv
e
SA-6
Gai
nful
Su
rfac
e-to
-air
6.
2 X
0.
34
min
. 4-
80 k
g hi
gh
Alti
tude
lim
it 18
km
. R
adio
su
m
ax.
35
expl
osiv
e+
com
man
d +
CW
SAR
pr
oxim
ity f
use
hom
ing*
SA-7
Gra
il Su
rfac
e-to
-air
1.
29 X
?
3.6
2.5
kg
Alti
tude
lim
it 1,
5 km
Inf
ra-
su
frag
men
tatio
n re
d se
eker
w
ith s
moo
th
frag
men
tatio
n
Mis
sile
Ty
pe
Dim
ensi
ons
Ran
ge
War
head
(s)
Add
itio
nal r
emar
ks
Prod
ucin
g/
leng
th x
dia
met
er
(km
) de
velo
ping
(m
x m
) co
untr
y ca
sing
+ c
onta
ct
and
graz
e fu
se
SA-9
Su
rfac
e-to
-air
c.
2.0
x 0.
12
8 H
igh
expl
osiv
e In
fra-
red
hom
ing.
Dep
loye
d SU
G
o ski
n on
BR
DM
-2 f
our-
whe
eled
ve
hicl
e SA
-10
Surf
ace-
to-a
ir
c.6.
2 x
0.45
10
0 H
igh
expl
osiv
e U
ses
tow
er-m
ount
ed
su
surv
eilla
nce
rada
r to
det
ect
low
-flyi
ng t
arge
ts.
Inst
alle
d (p
roba
bly)
at
fixed
site
s. A
m
obile
ver
sion
has
bee
n de
velo
ped,
and
will
ent
er
serv
ice
soon
SA
-11
Surf
ace-
to-a
ir
5.3
X
0.35
m
in.3
-H
igh
expl
osiv
e A
ltitu
de l
imit:
14
km.
Sem
i-SU
m
ax.2
8 ac
tive
rada
r gu
idan
ce.
A
four
-rai
led
trai
nabl
e la
unch
er is
car
ried
on
the
trac
ked
chas
sis
used
by
the
ZSU
-23-
6 se
lf-pr
opel
led
gun
SA-1
2 Su
rfac
e-to
-air
Ant
i-7.
0 X
0.
70
100
? Ex
peri
men
tal
phas
e, n
ow
su
airc
raft
fin
ishe
d.
Alti
tude
lim
it 30
km
. Ph
ased
-arr
ay r
adar
to f
ind
targ
ets
SA-1
3 Su
rfac
e-to
-air
02
.0 X
0.
129
max
.lO
? A
ltitu
de li
mit:
5 k
m.
su
Gop
her
Mou
nted
on
a tr
acke
d ch
assi
s. In
tend
ed f
or t
he
poin
t-def
ence
of
Sovi
et
Mis
sile
Ty
pe
Dim
ensi
ons
Rang
e W
arhe
ad(s
) A
ddit
iona
l re
mar
ks
Prod
ucin
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leng
th X
dia
met
er
(km
) de
velo
ping
(m
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) co
untr
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grou
nd f
orce
s, it
was
de
velo
ped
to r
epla
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he
SA-9
. Im
agin
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fra-
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ance
Sagg
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anti-
tank
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ile
0.87
X
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m
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arm
our
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tabl
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su
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etim
es c
arri
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n m
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ntin
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AC
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e of
Pat
riot
in t
he
desi
gn-p
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-to-
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ow p
roba
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e pr
oduc
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0 Lo
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ange
the
atre
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7 3
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0 kt
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r C
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m S
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ear
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on14
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term
edia
te r
ange
?
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toni
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m
su
nucl
ear
mis
sile
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3 35
09
100
kton
9 R
epla
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Scud
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su
SSX
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1200
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p to
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ertia
l G
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nce
Solid
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l; SU
nu
clea
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may
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bette
r th
an
war
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s, y
ield
26
0m
unkn
own
Mis
sile
Ty
pe
Dim
ensi
ons
Ran
ge
War
head
(s)
Add
ition
al r
emar
ks
Prod
ucin
g!
leng
th x
dia
met
er
(km
) de
velo
ping
(m
X
m)
coun
try
T-16
Su
rfac
e-to
-sur
face
?
x 0.
4 (1
6 in
)13
Up
to 2
502
TGSM
/Ske
et
Dev
elop
ed in
the
Ass
ault
USA
m
issi
le a
gain
st m
obile
su
bmun
ition
s B
reak
er p
rogr
amm
e B
ased
ta
rget
s fro
m t
he A
ssau
lt on
the
Patr
iot S
tella
r in
ertia
l B
reak
er
guid
ance
+ m
echa
nica
l pr
ogra
mm
en
gyro
scop
e13
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rfac
e-to
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face
?
x 0.
55 (
22 i
n.)1
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p to
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2 TG
SM/S
keet
D
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oped
in t
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ssau
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mis
sile
aga
inst
fix
ed a
nd
subm
uniti
ons
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pro
gram
me
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mob
ile t
arge
ts
deve
lope
d in
the
on
the
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e R
ing
lase
r A
ssau
lt B
reak
er
gyro
scop
e fo
r gu
idan
cen
prog
ram
men
TA
BA
SCO
C
onve
ntio
nal
balli
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Pa
yloa
d 25
ton
2 In
dev
elop
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t C
andi
date
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mis
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to
atta
ck f
ixed
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r th
e A
XE
pro
ject
2 It
will
ta
rget
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use
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ter
com
pone
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of
form
the
Tho
r/D
elta
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Satu
rn s
pace
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ket
TO
W (
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1.
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15
min
. 65
m
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kg h
ollo
w
SA C
LO
St
USA
la
unch
ed,
max
. ch
arge
gu
idan
ce
optic
ally
-3.
75 k
m
trac
ked,
wire
-gu
ided
)
Mis
sile
Ty
pe
Dim
ensi
ons
Rang
e W
arhe
ad(s
) A
dditi
onal
rem
arks
Pr
oduc
ing!
le
ngth
x d
iam
eter
(k
m)
deve
lopi
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(m X
m
) co
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Impr
oved
TO
W
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i-ta
nk
1.18
X 0.
15
3.75
3.
6 kg
hol
low
SA
CLO
S gu
idan
cet
Inte
rim
U
SA
char
ge
wea
pon,
to
deal
with
the
la
test
gen
etra
tion
of S
ovie
t ta
nks.
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im
prov
ed
war
head
trig
gers
the
cha
rge
at a
sta
nd-o
ff d
ista
nce
of
380
mm
, gi
ving
a b
ette
r pe
rfor
man
ce a
gain
st t
he
late
st ty
pes
of ta
nk a
rmou
r TO
W-2
A
nti-
tank
1.
18 X
0.
15
3.75
La
rger
6 k
g In
fra-
red
sigh
t in
para
llel
USA
w
arhe
ad
with
the
opt
ical
sig
ht t
o gu
ide
TOW
-2 t
o its
tar
get
Mor
e ac
cura
te S
AC
LO
St
guid
ance
sys
tem
, usin
g du
al
mic
ropr
oces
sors
Tr
iden
t-!
Sea-
laun
ched
bal
listic
10
.36
X 1.
88
7000
7
x 10
0 kt
on W
-D
eplo
yed
on T
ride
nt
USA
m
issi
le
76 n
ucle
ar
subm
arin
es
war
head
s *
CW
SAR
(H
)= C
ontin
uous
Wav
e Se
mi-A
ctiv
e R
adar
(H
omin
g)
**SA
HR
= S
emi-A
ctiv
e R
adar
Hom
ing
tSA
CL
OS
= Se
mi-
Aut
omat
ic, C
omm
and
to L
ine
of S
ight
.
Weapon Systems 289
Notes 1. Michael Stephenson and John Weal Nuclear Dictionary (Essex:
Longman, 1985). 2. Per Berg and Gunilla Herolf, 'Deep Strike: New Technologies for
Conventional Interdiction', in World Armament and Disarmament, SIPRI Yearbook I984 (London: Taylor & Francis, 1984).
3. Brian Wanstall, 'Getting the Right Counter-Air Mix for NATO', Interavia 3(1985), pp. 255-7.
4. Mark Hewish, 'The Assault Breaker Programme, US Stand-off Weapons Technology of the Future', International Defense Review, 9(1982) pp. 1207-11.
5. Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1985, Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriation, United States Senate, Part I - Budget Overview (Washington, 1984) pp. 254-623.
6. Graham Warwick, 'Assault Breaker is Dead, Deep Strike Lives On', FLIGHT International (1 Sept. 1984).
7. Sverre Lodgaard and Frank Blackaby, 'Nuclear Weapons', in World Armament and Disarmament, SIPRI Yearbook 1984 (London: Taylor & Francis, 1984).
8. Wim Smit, 'The Patriot Missile: an Arms Control Impact Analysis', Chapter 15 of this book.
9. Gunilla Herolf (SIPRI), private communications. 10. Jane's Weapon Systems 198~5 (London: Jane's Publishing Company,
1985). 11. Mark Hewish, 'British Aerospace's ALARM', International Defense
Review 5(1985) pp. 765-6. 12. Deborah Zaidman, 'France and Germany Team on Joint Stand-off
Weapon Project', Defence & Armament, no 41 (Mar. 1985) pp. 56-7. 13. Hewish, The Assault Breaker Programme, US Stand-off Technology
for the Future, International Defense Review, 9(1982) pp. 1207-11. 14. William M. Arkin et al. in World Armament as Disarmament, SIPRI
Yearbook 1985 (London: Taylor & Francis, 1985).
B OTHER WEAPON SYSTEMS AND WEAPON PROGRAMMES
AMX-303 French main battle tank. The French Army has more than 1000 AMX-30s in service. There is room for a four man crew in the AMX-30; its combat weight is 36 tonnes. Its maximum speed is 65 km/h, it has an average speed of 50 km/h on the road and 35-40 km/h cross-country. The maximum road range is 500-600 km. Its main armament is a 105 mm rifled gun, which can fire HEAT, HE, phosphorus smoke or illuminating rounds. With the HE shell, a maximum range of 11 km can be achieved. In addition to this main gun there are a 20 mm cannon and a 7.62 mm machine-gun.
290 Weapon Systems
AMX-323
French main battle tank. Essentially an upgraded version of the AMX-30.
AMX-403 French main battle tank. By late 1984, the first four prototypes had been completed. AMX-40 offers significant advantages over AMX-30 and AMX-32 and is an essentially new vehicle. Its main armament is a 120 mm smoothbore gun, capable of penetrating a heavy tank triple target and a medium tank single target at a range of up to 3000 metres. Additionally there are a 20 mm cannon and a 7.62 mm machine-gun. The AMX-40 weighs 43 tonnes, and has an average speed of 55 km/h on the road and 50 km/h cross-country. Its maximum range is 550 km.
Apache helicopter1
US Army designation: AH-64 Designed by Hughes to meet the US Army's requirement for an advanced attack helicopter, capable of undertaking a full day/night/adverse weather anti-armour mission, and of fighting, surviving and living with troops in a front-line environment. Armaments: depending on the type, 8-16 Hellfire missiles, 320-1200 rounds of 30 mm ammunitions and some tens of rockets. Technical details: main rotor diameter 14.63 m. length 17.76 m. max. range: 689 km with internal, and 2018 km with both internal and external fuel.
Aquila 192
US RPV for surveillance target acquisition and laser designation. Production will start in 1986. Weight: 118 kg. Speed: 80-200 km/h. Penetration range: 50 km. Endurance time: 3 hr.
AT-2 mines13
Anti-tank mines for the MLRS. It will be a 227 mm mine, designed especially for area-denial, to channel, slow down or stop armoured units. It will be produced in FR Germany.
AWACS9 Airborne Warning And Control System. US radar system for early warning and control, deployed on a modified Boeing 707 airframe. The antenna is mounted back-to-back with another antenna (for IFF and secondary surveillance) in a rotating radome on top of the plane. The A WACS has seven operating modes; in addition to the test maintenance and standby modes there are the pulse Doppler elevation and non-elevation scan modes for surveillance down to the surface, the beyond-the-horizon mode for extended range surveillance, the passive mode (transmitter shut down) for ECM and the maritime mode which uses short pulses, to reduce the sea clutter patch for detection of moving or stationary surface ships.
CASTORZ Aircraft having a long-range stand-off radar to collect information which will enable the Phoenix RPV to find more effectively its potential targets.
Challenger3
British main battle tank. In March 1983 the first 243 Challengers were
Weapon Systems 291
ordered by the British Army. In June 1984 an order of another 64 tanks followed. The turret and hull incorporate Chobham armour to increase battlefield survivability. It has four crew members and weighs 62 tonnes. Its maximum road speed is 60 kmlh. Challenger has a 120 mm gun and two 7.62 mm machine-guns.
Chieftain3 British main battle tank. The first prototypes were finished in the early 1960s. About 900 Chieftains were built for the British Army; several hundreds have been sold to Middle East countries. The Chieftain has a weight of 54.1 tonnes and four crew members. Its maximum range in the cross-country is 200-300 km; on the road this becomes 400-500 km. Its maximum speed (on the road) is 48 km/h. It has a 120 mm gun, able to fire (a.o.) APDS and HESH munitions. In addition, it has two 7.62 mm machine-guns and one 12.7 mm machine-gun.
CL.-2892 Reconnaissance drone, with camera (TV) and infra-red line-scan sensors. Weight 200 kg, penetration range 120 km. Expected to enter service in 1988 (France and FRG). Developed by Canada, France, FRG.
Copperhead3 The Copperhead cannon-launched guided projectile (CLGP) is a 155 mm munition, developed by Martin Marietta (US). It consists of three separate sections for guidance (gyro-ball), warhead (HEAT shaped charge) and for stabilisation and control (by wings). Copperhead is laser homing, the laser being either airborne or man-carried.
CWSI4 Container Weapon System. Dispenser, currently being developed in FR Germany by MBB. There are a number of versions of this weapon to reach maximum versatility at minimum cost by using a modular build-up. All these versions have a container with 42 ejection tubes which contains the submunitions.
E-2C Hawkeye1
US Airborne early warning aircraft. Its avionics include a search radar (range 270 km), IFF systems, a passive detection having a range twice that of the search radar and facilities for automatic track initiation. The E-2 can simultaneously and automatically track more than 600 targets and control 40 air intercepts. Span: 24.56 m. Max. speed: 598 km/h Ferry range: 2583 km. Length: 17.54 m. Service ceiling: 9390 m.
E-41
US Air Force airborne command post, aircraft built by Boeing. The E-4 has accommodation for 94 crew members with three decks. There are, i.a., a conference room, briefing room, control centres, and a National Command Authority Area. In addition to command and control avionics, the E-4 is able to use satellite and ground-based systems; there is communication equipment on many frequencies; the E-4 is capable of tying in to commercial
292 Weapon Systems
telephone and radio networks. Span: 59.60 m. Length: 70.51 m. Mission endurance: 72 h.
EF-111AI US Air Force ECM tactical jamming aircraft. Three roles are foreseen for the EF-IIIA: (1) jamming, (2) penetration accompanying strike aircraft to high priority targets, (3) close air support to neutralise anti-air radars while the strike force deliers its attack on enemy armour. Span: 19.20 m. Length: 23.16 m. Max. speed: around 2200 km/h. Ferry-range: 3706 km. Combat radius for the respective roles: (1) 370 km, (2) 1495 km; (3) 1155 km.
EFAI European Fighter Aircraft. It was to be developed jointly by five European nations: FRG, UK, Italy, Spain, France. In 1985, France and Spain withdrew from the project. 10 The other three countries will proceed with the project. Any other nation is welcome to join them; in that case tasks would be redivided, but the discussion about the specifications seems to be closed. In December 1983 it was agreed that EFA should be a single seat agile fighter with a secondary ground attack capability. The primary sensor is to be a multi-mode pulse Doppler radar with an interception range of 92.5 - 148 km. Other radar equipments will include systems for velocity and single target search, track-while-scan and range-while-scan, and target priority selection/weapon selection. Armaments: internally mounted cannon plus a mix of six AMRAAM/ASRAAM missiles.
ESPAWS3 Enhanced Self-Propelled Artillery Weapon System. US programme for a new self-propelled artillery system in the 1990s. Normal unassisted range should be 20-25 km, or 30 km by assisted rounds. The vehicle will be an armoured full-tracked howitzer carrying 50-75 rounds on board. There will be room for 3-4 crew members, but the system is operable by 2. It will be able to deliver all known 155 mm munitions, and it will also have a 12.7 mm machine-gun. Each howitzer will have its own ammunition resupply vehicle, capable of carrying 80 to 150 complete rounds. It will have an 'improved armour'.
F-15 Eagle1
US Air Force single seat twin-turbofan air superiority fighter, with secondary attack role, produced by McDonnell Douglas. First production in the early 1970s. Avionics include X-band pulse Doppler radar for long-range detection, tracking of small high-speed targets and also having an automatic target acquisition capability for close-in dayfights; IFF system. Armament: four AIM-9 missiles and four AIM-7 missiles or 8 AMRAAMs. Furthermore, the F-15 has a variety of other air-to-air weapons and a 20 mm barrel gun (940 rounds). Span: 13.05 m. Length: 19.43 m. Max. speed: > Mach. 2.5. Service ceiling: 18 300 km. Ferry range: 4631-5745 km.
F-16 Fighting Falconi Single-seat light-weight air combat fighter (F-16A) and two-seat fighter-
Weapon Systems 293
trainer (F-16B), developed and tested in the 1970s in the US. Avionics include: pulse Doppler radar, IFF electro-optical and infra-red sensors. Armaments: 20 mm cannon, 515 rounds of ammunition, AMRAAM, AIM-9, Maverick and other missiles. Span: 9.45 m. Length: 15.09 m. Max. speed Mach 2. Service ceiling: 15 240m. Ferry range: 3890 km.
F-20 Northrop 1
Single-seat export fighter, produced in the 1980s in the US. Avionics include a coherent multi-mode radar with advanced digital signal processing; ring laser gyro inertial navigation system and electronic counter-measures equipment. The F-20 has two 20 mm guns, and stations for external weapons or fuel. Typical loads include 30 mm gun pod, six AIM-9 air-to-air, or four Maverick air-to-surface missiles; nine Mk 82 bombs or four laser guided bombs. Span: 8.52 m. Length: 14.19 m. Service ceiling: 17.3 km. Ferry range: 3734 km. Max. speed at 13 km > Mach 2
HEAP High Explosive Armour Piercing. Anti-armour warhead analogous to HESH, but with an explosive charge which detonates with a delayed contact gaze, which causes more damage.
HEAT High Explosive Anti-Tank Anti-Armour warhead. Injects a rapid jet of hot gas in the armour, which penetrates it (up to several metres of armour) and squirts molten metal through the tank.
HESH High Explosive Squash Head. Anti-armour warhead, that explodes at the moment of contact with the tank. This causes shock waves which destroy the interior of the tank by pieces of armour and metal.
Hind-helicopter (Mil Mi-24) 1
Soviet assault helicopter, with transport capabilities, produced in the early 1970s. Avionics include: radar altimeter; blind-flying instrumentation; radar low light-level TV and electro-optical sensors; IFF. Armaments: remotely controlled 12.7 mm machine-gun; four Swatter anti-tank missiles; four hinderwing pylons for rockets pods, special bombs or other stores. Span: 17.00 m. Length (excl. rotors) 18.50 m. Max. level speed: 370 km/h. Service ceiling: 4.5 km. Combat radius: 160 km.
!Ff'lS Identification Friend or Foe system to prevent that own targets are hit and to identify enemy targets to be hit. After long negotiations the US Mark-15 system was chosen instead of the alternative FR German Capri system. Probably this is the result of a deal offered by the US to the FRG. This deal is understood to include the purchase of unrelated hardware items, although reference has been made to the US paying for measures to alleviate the frequency congestion problems which worried the Germans in choosing the Mark-15 system.
294 Weapon Systems
Jaguar1
Single-seat tactical support aircraft and two-seat operational or advanced trainer. Designed by Breguet (France) and British Aerospace (UK). In production since the late 1970s. Three 30 mm guns. The Jaguar can carry alternative loads, including one Martel anti-radar missile plus two droptanks; eight 1000 lb bombs; various combinations of free-fall, retarded and cluster bombs, missiles; a reconnaissance camera pack. Span: 8.69 m. Length: 16.83 m (single-seat); 17.53 m (two-seat). Max. level speed: Mach. 1.1 (sea-level)/ Mach. 1.6 (11 km). Ferry range with external fuel: 3524 km.
JP-23316
Anti-airfield dispenser, developed in the UK. This weapon actually contains two dispensers: one with SG 357 dual-charge runway cratering submunitions and one with HB 876 area chemical mines. This combination of area denial and runway-cratering makes post-attack repair of the airfield difficult and time-requiring.
JSEAD Joint Suppression of Enemy Air Defence programme of the US Office of the Secretary of Defense to develop both lethal and non-lethal techniques for the suppression of enemy or defence capabilities. The programme also includes development of techniques to locate and identify enemy emitters.
J-STARS9
Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System. A joint US Air Force/ US Army project, combining the USAF's Pave Mover Programme with the Army's SOT AS programme. The radar is primarily intended to detect enemy (moving) armour and also to direct attacks against it. It provides real-time data, and installation of the system is proposed on the Lockheed TR-1, the Boeing C-18 and the OV-D aircraft.
JTf'11 Joint Tactical Fusion. US programme to explore on a near real-time basis time sensitive and high volume multi-sensor information. The objective is to develop by 1986 an enemy situation correlation element to provide precise location of hostile forces.
KZ02
Kleinfluggeriit fur Ziel Ortung. RPV for surveillance, target acquisition and laser designaton being developed in the FRG. It has a forward looking infrared sensor, and a weight of 100-150 kg and the KZO has an endurance time of more than 3.5 hours.
Leopard-13 Main battle tank (FRG). Preceded Leopard-2. Production started in 1965. It has four crew members and weighs 40 tonnes. Its maximum range on the road is 600 km; in cross-country the range is 450 km. It has a maximum road speed of 65 km/h. Leopard-1 has one 105 mm gun, able to fire many
Weapon Systems 295
Western standard 105 mm rounds. In addition there are two 7.62 mm machine guns and four smoke dischargers.
Leopard-23 Main battle tank of West German ongm, produced from the late 1970s onward. It has a four-man crew, weighs 55 tonnes; it has a maximum road speed of 72 kmlh and a maximum road range of 550 km. Its main armament is a 120 mm smooth-bore gun, able to deliver APFSDS (Armour Piercing Fire-Stabilised Disgarding Sabot) and HEAT munitions. In addition, it has two 7.62 mm machine-guns and eight smoke dischargers.
LOCPOD Low Cost Powered Dispenser, a CNAD project. The MOBIDIC and Apache missiles are considered to be important candidates.
Ml-Abram3 American main battle tank. It has four crew members and weighs 54.4 tonnes. It has a maximum speed on the road of 72.4 km/h; in the country this is 48.3 km/h. Its maximum range on the road is 475 km. The M1-Abram has a 105 mm gun, two 7.62 mm machine-guns and a 12.7 mm machinegun. The fire control system includes a laser range-finder, and a stabilised day/thermed night sight. The latter system produces an image by sensing the small difference in heat radiated by the objects in view (infra-red thermal imaging system).
Mangusta helicopter Italian anti-tank, attack and advanced scout helicopter, to enter service with the Italian Army in 1986. All main functions (communication, navigation, fire control a.s.o.) is controlled by one digital multiplex system relying on two redundant, independently operating computers. Full day/night capability by a forward looking infra-red system. A mast-mounted stall for TOW missile tracking laser ranger, laser designation (cf. Hellfire) and automatic laser tracking of targets designated by other lasers, ECCM and ECM systems. Initial armament of up to eight TOW missiles; with these either two machine-guns or two launchers each for seven 2-7 in. air-to-surface rockets. Alternatively, six Hellfires, two Stinger-type air-to-air missiles, eight HOTs, two gun pods plus two nineteen-tube rocket launchers can be carried. Span: 11.90 m. Length: 14.29 m. Max. speed at sea-level: 270 km/h. max. endurance time: 3 h.
Mark-15 12
US IFF system, which will include at least one aircraft radar mode of operation, in the 3 em band with the transponder reply at the 1030 MHband. See also IFF
Mastiff-22
Israeli RPV for reconnaissance and surveillance by TV-cameras. It weighs 115 kg and has a penetration range of 100 km. The Mastiff has a speed of 75-170 krn!h and an endurance time of 6 h.
296 Weapon Systems
MBT-953 Future tank project. British project for designing a new tank to replace Chieftain and Challenger. It should be much lighter ( 40-45 tonnes) than the Challenger. Currently, all possible configurations are being studied. It should have its initial operation capability in 1995.
MiG-211 Soviet fighter aircraft. First prototype built in 1956. There have been developed many different types since then. In the following, the details of the MiG-21MF are given as an example. It has a search and tracking radar with a search range of approximately 29 km, a warning radar and blindflying instrumentation. The plane has one 23 mm gun, and four underwing pylons which can typically be loaded with 2 air-to-air missiles and two radar homing rocket packs of 16 rockets each (interceptor role) or with rockets, bombs or air-to-surface missiles (ground attack role). Span: 7.15 m. Length: 15.76 m. Combat radius: 370-740 km (depending on load and mission). Max. speed: Mach 2.1 (> 11 km). Mach 1.06 (low altitude).
MiG-231 Soviet variable geometry air combat fighter, in production from the 1970s. There are at least ten types; below some details on the MiG-23MF are given as an example. It has a radar with 85 km search range and 54 km tracking range, a IFF system, infra-red sensor or laser range finder. Armament: one 23 mm gun plus pylons for rocket packs, air-to-air missiles or other external stores. Span: 14.25 m (wings fully spread), 8.17 m (wings fully swept). Length: 18.25 m. Max. level speed: Mach 2.35 (high altitude), Mach 1.2 (sea-level). Combat radius: 900-1300 km
MiG-251 Soviet interceptor aircraft, developed in the 1960s. There are five variants of the MiG-25; as an example, details of the Foxbat A are given below. Five control radar (range probably 85 km), navigation radar, warning radar, ECM and ECCM facilities are included in the avionics. The MiG-25 is armed with four air-to-air missiles, which may comprise one infra-red and one radar homing missile. Span: 13.95 m. Length: 23.82 m. Never exceed combat speed: Mach 2.83. Service ceiling: 24.4 km. Max. combat radius: 1450 km.
MiG-291 Soviet all-weather counter-air fighter, with attack capability. First of a completely new generation Soviet fighters. Entered service in 1984. A pulse Doppler lookdown/shootdown radar gives it night/adverse weather capability. It carries six medium range air-to-air missiles, bombs, rocket pods or others stores. Span: 10.25 m. Length: 15.50 m. Max. level speed: Mach 2.2 (high altitude), Mach 1.06 (sea level) Combat radius: 800 km
MiG-31 1 Soviet fighter, being deployed since early 1983. It inherited its general configuration from MiG-25. The MiG-31 has lookdown/shootdown capa-
Weapon Systems 297
bility. A pulse Doppler radar is allied to eight advanced air-to-air missiles including the radar homing AA-9.
Mirage 20001 French combat aircraft, equally suitable for reconnaissance, close support, and low attitude attack missions in areas to the rear of a battlefield. It is to be the primary French combat aircraft from the mid 1980s. Avionics include multi-mode radar with an operating range of 100 km; ECM; IFF and a laser designator and marked target seeker pod. The Mirage 2000 has two 30 mm guns. For interception missions, it could typically be armed with four airto-air missiles. In an air-to-surface role, it can be armed with eighteen 250 kg bombs, or penetration bombs, three 1000 kg bombs, rockets, seven cluster bombs, two cannon pods; in total it can carry more than 6000 kg external stores. Span: 9.00 m. Length: 14.50 m. Max. level speed: > Mach 2.3. Service ceiling: 18 km. Range:> 1500-1800 km (depending on mission).
MW-1 (Mehrzweck Waffe-Jl6) West German anti-armour/anti-airfield dispenser, to be deployed by 1986 in the West German Tornado aircraft. It can contain various types of warheads: KB-44, MIFF and Musa submunitions for anti-armour purposes; they would kill 30 per cent of the armour in a large area; Stabo, Muspa, ASW for anti-airfield purposes.
NAVSTARS US global positioning system, consisting of 24 satellites in 12-hour orbits at a height of 20 000 km. The user (which could, for example, be missiles or ships) can determine its position with an accuracy of 10 metres 90 per cent of the time, and 7 metres 50 per cent of the time. The velocity can be determined to 2 cm/s within a dynamic range of 0-25 m/s while the user is accelerating at a rate up to lOg.
Panzer Abwehr Dronez Anti-tank drone, being developed in the FRG. Different sensor combinations are being developed and tested. This drone is intended to acquire later the capability to deal with other targets.
Pave Mover Former project of the US Air Force, now covered by the J STARS project.
Pave Tigerz Drone for attack missions currently being developed in the US. It has a radar seeker. The Pave Tiger has a weight of 113 kg, and a speed up to 185 km/h. It has an endurance time of 10 h. Development is planned for 1986/ 7.
Phantom 111•7
Two-seat air defence fighter, produced between 1955 and 1979 in the US. In early 1984, Boeing offered a modernisation scheme to the operators of the around 2700 Phantoms deployed world-wide. Armament: missiles. In
298 Weapon Systems
addition, stores for i.a. nuclear and conventional (including cluster bombs) bombs, rockets, gun pods, spraytanks and ECM pods are available. Span: 11.77 . Length: 19.20 m. Max. level speed with external stores: over Mach 2. Combat radius: 1266 km (area intercept), 795 km (defensive counter air), 1145 km (interdiction)
Phoenixz British RPV for surveillance and target acquisition with a penetration range of 50-70 km and an endurance time of 5 h. It has a speed of 240 km/h and a forward-looking infra-red sensor. At present it is in the development stage; production is planned for 1988-9.
PLSS18
Precision Location/Strike System. A US project or a system that will provide a 24-hour all weather capability for aircraft to attack a variety of ground targets, in particular air defence systems that depend on very accurate guidance and detection radars. Using photogrammatic techniques, a form of aerial reconnaissance photography, PLSS will also be able to establish the locations of targets that emit no electronic radiation like bridges, airfields, and, command and control posts.
Poseidons US nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine, deployed in the 1960s. The Poseidon is 1295 m long and has 168 crew members. Initially, the Poseidon carried the Polaris missiles. Later they underwent conversion to the Poseidon SLBM. Between 1978 an 1983, 12 Poseidons were converted to carry the Trident-1 SLBM.
SADARM9
Sense And Destroy Armour Munition. A US Army project for designing and developing a weapon for use against mass enemy armour beyond FEBA. It is intended to be delivered by existing conventional 8-inch artillery, although it is probable that SADARM submunitions will find applications in the MLRS. SADARM is 203 mm in diameter, and 1.14 m long, which contains three submunitions, delivering Self-Forging Fragment (SFF)-type warheads. The target is formed by mm-wave sensors which scan the area owing to the motion of the submunition.
Scout2
Israeli RPV for reconnaissance and surveillance with TV -camera. It has a penetration range of 100 km, a speed of 80-150 krn/h and an endurance time of 6 h. It weighs 135 kg.
SHORAD4
Short Range Air Defence System. A demonstration prototype has been built by Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation in 1982. The system consists of (1) a towed Chaparral surface-to-air missile, (2) a shoulder-fired SABRE missile with laser beamrider guidance, (3) a DIVAD 40 mm gun (which is self-sufficient and can accept targeting information from radar or
Weapon Systems 299
other sources or can operate autonomously and can direct accurate fire at air and ground targets) and (4) a truck-mounted platoon Coordination Centre which has a DIV AD gun radar and fire-control system.
Skeet16•19
Warhead for anti-armour weapons (dispensers, MLRS), developed in the US Assault Breaker Programme. It contains a Self-Forging Fragment (SFF) that reaches a velocity of 2750 m/s and penetrates its target by kinetic energy. It finds the target by an IR sensor. If no suitable target is found, it can be used in a fragmentation mode against softer targets.
Skyeye R4£2 American RPV with camera and TV sensors. There are four types: the R4E-10 (surveillance), R4E-30 (multi-mission including attack), R4E-40 (multimission) and R4E-70 (multi-mission). The R4E-30 is already operational, and the R4E-40 is operational in a surveillance role while the other two types are still in the development stage. Technical data:
Type Weight Speed Penetration range Endurance time (km) (km/h) (km) (h)
R4E-10 77 185 40 3 R4E-30 204 up to 230 150 >8 R4E-40 240 up to 250 250 9 R4E-70 308 up to 300 300
SLARS Side Looking Airborne Radar. Airborne radar, emitting and receiVIng perpendicular to the fly-direction of the aircraft, thereby increasing the effective length of the antenna which means a (much) better resolution.
SOTAS8•9
Stand-Off Target Acquisition System. US Army project, now covered by J STARS after a short stage in which the designation Battlefield Data System was used.
SP-703 Self-Propelled 155 mm howitzer, being jointly developed by the FRG, UK and Italy, and expected to enter in service in 1988. It will have a five man crew and will weigh 43.5 tonnes. In addition to the howitzer able to fire the full-range of NATO 155 mm projectiles, there is a 7.62 mm machine-gun. A new high explosive projectile and new illuminating and smoke rounds are being developed. Also Copperhead can be fired by the SP-70.
SRAAMB A fully-guided short range air-to-air missile, developed and successfully tested by British Aerospace. The technologies used and experience gained are contributing to the European ASRAAM-project.
300 Weapon Systems
SU-241
Soviet two-seat variable geometry attack aircraft that entered service in 1974. It has pylons for guided and unguided air-to-surface weapons, including nuclear weapons. It has one gun. Span: 17.25 m (spread wings), 10.00 m (swept wings). Length: 21.29 m. Service ceiling: 17.5 km. Max. speed: Mach 2.2 (high altitude), Mach 1.2 (sea-level).
SU-25 1
Soviet attack aircraft, operational since 1983-4. The total weight of the armament is estimated at 4000 kg and includes a heavy calibre gun. Span: 15.50 m. Length: 14.50 m. Max. level speed: 880 km/h. Combat radius: 556 km.
SU-271 Soviet counter-air fighter with secondary ground attack capability. Now probably operational. It has all-weather capability. Its pulse Doppler radar (search range 240 km, tracking range 185 km) and heavy armament should also give it a good potential against low flying aircraft and cruise missiles, particularly when it is deployed in partnership with the new Soviet A WACS aircraft. Armament: eight medium range radar homing air-to-air missiles. Ability to carry up to 6000 kg by external stores for ground attack capability. Span: 14.50 m. Length: 21.00 m. Max. speed: Mach 2.35 (high altitude), Mach 1.1 sea-level). Combat radius: 1150 km.
TGSM19
Terminally guided submunition anti-armour submissile. Although it lost the competition in the US Assault Breaker programme to Skeet, this two-colour infra-red sensing weapon could still have an application as a warhead for MLRS.
Tornado 1
West European multirole variable geometry aircraft jointly developed by the UK, FRG and Italy. Production started in the late 1970s and will last till 1989. There are two versions of the Tornado: the Interdictor/Strike (IDS) and the Air Defence Variant (ADV). Both variants have included in their avionics: a central computer and IFF. The IDS has, i.a., a Doppler radar with terrain following and a laser range-finder and marked target seeker. The ADV's interception capability is based on a multi-mode trackwhile-scan pulse-Doppler radar. ECCM is standard; ECM is under development. Both the IDS and the ADV have two 27 mm cannons. In addition, the IDS variant has weapons which vary according to role; they include MW-1, JP-223, Maverick and Matra retarded bombs. The ADV can carry four semi-active radar homing air-to-air missiles and one or two AIM-9s. For the future the ADV will be able to carry up to six AMRAAMs and four ASRAAMs. Span: 13.91 m. Length: 16.72 m (IDS); 18.06 m (ADV). Max. level speed: 1480 km/h.
Trident> US nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine being deployed this decade.
Weapon Systems 301
The Trident has a length of 170.7 m. The first Tridents will be armed with 24 Trident-1 missiles. From 1988 onwards, the Trident II SLBM will be fitted in the Trident submarines.
Tu-22M1
Soviet medium bomber and maritime reconnaissance/attack aircraft. Around 120 of the 260 are allocated to the Soviet Strategic Nuclear Forces. This bomber, designated by NATO countries as the Backfire, was subject of controversy during the SALT-II processes. It was deployed in the late 1970s. The Tu-22M has a large bombing and navigation radar. Its armament may include nuclear bombs (see above). Primary armament: up to three airto-surface missiles, and up to 12 tonnes of conventional bombs. It has advanced ECM and ECCM systems. Long-range air-launched cruise missiles are expected to be operational on the Tu-22M in the mid 1980s. Span: 34.45 m (spread wings); 26.21 m (swept wings. Length: 42.5 m. Max. speed: Mach 1.92 (high altitude), Mach 0.9 (low altitude). Unrefuelled combat radius: 5470 km
Typhoon6
Soviet nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. In any case two Typhoon submarines have entered service (1980, 1982). It has aboard 20 SS-N-20 SLBMs which have a range of about 9000 km and seven MIRV warheads. The Typhoon is 170 m long.
XM1-Abram See M1-Abram (X stands for experimental stage)
ZSU-23-43 Soviet self-propelled anti-aircraft system developed in the early 1960s. The ZSU-23-4 has four crew members and weighs 19 tonnes. It has a maximum range of 260 km and a maximum road speed of 44 krnlh. It has four 23 mm cannons. Target acquisition is being done by radar. Radar data are fed into the computer that determines fireparameters.
Notes 1. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1984-1985 (London: Jane's Publishing
Company, 1985). 2. Gunilla Herolf (SIPRI), private communication. 3. Jane's Armour and Artillery 1984-85 (London: Jane's Publishing
Company, 1985). 4. Jane's Armour and Artillery 1983-84 (London: Jane's Publishing
Company, 1985). 5. K. Tsipis, Arsenal (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983) pp. 321-5 6. Jane's Fighting Ships 1984-85 (London: Jane's Publishing Company,
1985). 7. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1980-81 (London: Jane's Publishing
Company, 1981).
302 Weapon Systems
8. Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1982-83 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 198).
9. Jane's Weapon Systems 1984-85 (London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1985).
10. Doug Richardson, 'World Missile Directory', in FLIGHT Inter-national, 2 February 1985.
11. 'Tripartite EFA is 10', FLIGHT International, 10 Aug. 1985. 12. Interavia, 7(1985), p. 750. 13. International Defence Review Special Series, No 15, p. 96. 14. Bill Gunston, A Guide to Modern Airborne Missiles (London: Sala
mander, 1985). 15. Interavia, 6(1985). 16. Graham Warwick, 'Assault Breaker Is Dead; Deep-strike Lives On',
FLIGHT International, 1 September 1984. 17. Clarence A. Robinson, 'U.S. Develops Anti-tactical Missile for
Europe', Aviation Week & Space Technology, 9 Apr. 1984. 18. Jane's Weapon Systems 1983-84 (London: Jane's Publishing Company,
1984) 19. N. F. Wikner, Europiiische Wehrkunde WWR, 4(1983) pp. 201-215.
Appendix II Some Remarks on the Cost of Reactive Defence Options Hans W. Hofmann, Reiner K. Huber and Karl Steiger
INTRODUCTION
In their paper 'On Reactive Defense Options', Hoffman, Huber and Steiger1
present some preliminary results of computer experiments by means of a detailed battalion regiment-level combat simulation model which were designed to test the potential contribution of reactive defence options to an improvement of NATO's forward defence capability in comparison with active ones. Among others, the measures of effectiveness included so-called Relative Force Value Ratios (RFVR) defined as the quotient of the relative value (with respect to the initial value) of the respective defence options and the relative value of the threat formations surviving at the end of the battle. Thus, the RFVR values represent indicators of the trend of the simulated battles. For example, for RFVR> 1 the situation develops in favour of the defenders without necessarily entailing a battle success. It only implies that the probability of success increases as RFVR increases. As a corollary, an option with a higher RFVR is preferable to one with a lower RFVR in terms of its potential contribution to countering the threat.
There are numerous ways to measure the utility or value of (surviving) forces based on expert judgement. However, with a view to novel force structures on one hand and the reproducibility of the assessment on the other, the authors decided to use the relative capital investment cost for scaling an item's contribution to the option's overall value. The use of relative (to the initial) force values is meant to provide for the comparability of rather differently structured options.
This appendix presents a summary of the cost estimates from which the relative investment cost values were derived. It also discusses some fundamental difficulties in defining the system structures for costing weapon and defence systems.
303
304 Costs of Reactive Defence Options
COST STRUCTURE OF ACTIVE DEFENCES
Table A.l shows the relative cost structure of two (active defence) units of the German Federal Armed Forces tested in the computer experiments and of their superordinate units. They resemble an armoured infantry battalion (PzGrenBtl, Option A) and a tank battalion (PzBtl, Option C) and the respective brigades. From Table A.1 it will be noticed that:
Table A.l Relative cost structure of German Federal armed forces units (1984)
Unit
PzGrenBtl PzGrenBrig PzBtl PzBrig Cost Category (Option A) (Option C)
Total capital investment (%) 100 100 100 100
Main weapon system (%) 86 85 95 92
Operating cost per year(%) 32.5 (100) 30 (100) 11.5 (100) 16.3 (100)
Personnel cost per year(%) 23 ( 70) 19 ( 63) 5.7 ( 50) 9.3 ( 57)
Material cost per year(%) 7.5 ( 23) 8 ( 27) 5.2 ( 45) 6 ( 37)
(1) About 85-95 per cent of the capital investment cost accounts for major weapon systems (e.g. battle tanks, APC, helicopter, etc.), while the complementary 5-15 per cent account mainly for communications equipment;
(2) The annual operating cost represents between 10-16 per cent of the investment cost for main battle tank units and about 30 per cent for armoured infantry units; the major share of the operating cost (50-70 per cent) accounts for personnel followed by material maintenance; at almost identical absolute operating cost, the tank units spend more on material maintenance than the armoured infantry units ( 40 versus 25 per cent).
Considering an average weapon system life-span of 15-25 years, within which some additional capital investment cost occur for the modernisation of the systems, it is easily seen that the life cycle cost of the present active defence units are dominated by personnel cost followed by capital investment and materiel maintenance and operations cost. This is also obvious from the Federal Republic's defence budget where the personnel outlays amount to about 41 per cent, the cost for military procurement to about 5 per cent, and for material maintenance and operations to about 9 per cent (see White Paper, 1985, p. 127).2
Costs of Reactive Defence Options 305
Besides the general level of wages and salaries, it is primarily the personnel structure of military forces which determines personnel cost. The structural parameters account, for example for the ratio between peace-time and wartime manning levels (cadre strengths) and the ratio between conscripts and career personnel. In Germany, the annual cost of a temporary career voluntary is about three times that of a conscript.
ON THE CAPITAL INVESTMENT COST OF REACTIVE DEFENCE OPTIONS
The capital investment cost of the various reactive defence options that were tested in the simulation experiment include the procurement cost of the employed weapon systems including their ammunition. Their estimation posed a not insignificant problem. For one thing, even for existing systems there are considerable differences in procurement cost depending, for example, on which items are included (with or without spares, documentation, and service equipment) procurement lot size, year of procurement, assumptions on the currency exchange ratios and others.
Of course, for non-existent future weapon systems the situation is even more problematic. In addition to methodological problems (e.g. consideration of R & D cost), it is the assumptions on procurement sizes that largely determine the estimates. Table A.2 shows the procurement cost estimates (including ammunition) for the weapon system with which the defence options investigated are equipped (cost level, 1984).
The ammunition costs usually represent weighted costs of the various ammunition types employed by the respective systems as specified by the ammunition mix of the basic combat loads of the systems. The estimates are based on the cost of existing systems discounted to an average inflation rate of 5 per cent. The cost of future systems was then derived through performance comparisons with the present systems. Thus, the cost data may only be considered as rough estimates derived primarily in order to provide a weighing scheme for battle losses as outlined in the introduction. This approach basically implies that the cost of losses are a measure for the replacement cost which are, on a relative scale, the lower, the higher the RFVR values. They also provide estimates for an opportunity cost assessment in which a more expensive system weighs heavier than a less expensive one as the former would have been more valuable in subsequent operations.
Figure A.1 (which is identical to Figure 3.1 in Ref1 shows the derived relative capital investment cost for the various options, the equipment mix of which is detailed in Tables A.3 and A.4. They do not include any personnel and material maintenance and operations cost or cost for superordinate structures (staffs, command and control systems) that are nevertheless essential for the operations of the options and thus need to be considered in the assessment of alternative defence concepts which may include some of the reactive modules tested in our experiments.
Tabl
e A
.2
Pro
cure
men
t co
st e
stim
ates
for
wea
pons
of
the
inve
stig
ated
def
ence
opt
ions
(co
st l
evel
, 19
84)
Cla
ss
Type
Pr
ocur
emen
t co
st
Proc
urem
ent
cost
E
mpl
oyed
in
Rem
arks
Pe
r sy
stem
(D
M)
Per
roun
d (D
M)
Opt
ion
Dir
ect
fire
Infa
ntry
Fig
htin
g 65
(){)(
) 20
I
Jeep
, 20
mm
MG
w
eapo
ns
Veh
icle
(H
MG
SP)
80
0 (){
)() K
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d w
heel
ed v
ehic
le (
6x6)
50
25
mm
MG
10
15
mm
MG
1
300
(){)()
20
A,B
,C
Ligh
tly a
rmou
red
trac
ked
vehi
cle
(e.g
. M
arde
r)
1 20
mm
MG
, 7.6
2 m
m M
G
1 60
0 (){
)() 50
D
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d tr
acke
d ve
hicl
e w
ith
1 re
info
rced
fro
nt a
rmou
r, 25
mm
MG
, 7.
62 m
m M
G
Stat
ic T
ank
50(){
)()
1 70
0 H
10
5 m
m t
ank
turr
et m
ount
ed in
pill
box
(e.g
. T
urre
t C
entu
rion
)
Arm
oure
d 1
100
000
K
Ligh
tly a
rmou
red
whe
eled
veh
icle
with
Se
lf-pr
opel
led
turr
et
Ant
i-ta
nk G
un
1 20
0 75
mm
MG
(e.
g. A
RE
S)
(AT
K g
un S
p)
10
15 m
m M
G
1 25
0 00
0 p
Ligh
tly a
rmou
red
whe
eled
veh
icle
with
tu
rret
1
700
105
mm
gun
1
7.62
mm
MG
1
400
(){)()
H
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d tr
acke
d ve
hicl
e w
ith
turr
et
Tabl
e A
.2
cont
inue
d
Cla
ss
Type
Pr
ocur
emen
t co
st
Proc
urem
ent
cost
E
mpl
oyed
in
Rem
arks
Pe
r sy
stem
(D
M)
Per
roun
d (D
M)
Opt
ion
1 70
0 10
5 m
m g
un (
e.g.
Kur
assi
er)
1 7.
62 m
m M
G
2 30
0 00
0 D
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d tra
cked
veh
icle
(M
arde
r ch
assi
s) w
ith r
einf
orce
d fr
ont
arm
our,
2 00
0 12
0 m
m g
un,
auto
m.
load
er
1 7.
62 m
m M
G
Ligh
t R
ecoi
lless
1
400
A,B
,C
LR
CL
44
(LA
NC
E),
300
m ra
nge
Rifl
es (
LR
CL
) 17
5 67
mm
HL
war
head
3
000
E,I
,L,M
,N,P
L
RC
L (
PzFs
t 3)
, 300
m r
ange
1
500
110m
HL
war
head
Hea
vy R
ecoi
lless
38
00
A,B
,C,H
H
RC
L (
Car
l G
usta
v),
500
m ra
nge
Rifl
es (
HR
CL
) 53
0 84
mm
HL
war
head
4
000
D,F
,G,K
,M,N
M
oder
n H
RC
L, 5
00 m
ran
ge
1 80
0 11
0 m
m H
L-w
arhe
ad
Ant
i-ta
nk M
issile
80
000
8
000
F A
TG
W (
DR
AG
ON
) on
jee
p, 1
000
m ra
nge
Syst
em
132
000
15 0
00
A,B
,C
AT
GW
(M
ilan
1) l
aunc
her,
2000
m ra
nge
(Dis
mou
nted
) or
18
2 00
0 15
000
E
,I,N
A
TG
W (
Mila
n 1)
on
vehi
cle
(Kra
ka)
mou
nted
) (A
TG
W)
18 0
00
G
200
m r
ange
(M
ilan
2)
117
000
16 0
00
p A
TG
W (
TOW
1)
laun
cher
, 300
0 m
rang
e 16
7 00
0 16
000
E
,F
AT
GW
(TO
W 1
) on
veh
icle
(K
raka
), 30
00 m
ran
ge
600
000
15 0
00
E Fi
re c
ontr
ol u
nit i
n pi
llbox
with
per
isco
pe
and
Mila
n 1-
laun
cher
s
Arm
oure
d A
nti-
tank
80
0 00
0 18
000
M
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d w
heel
ed v
ehic
le (
6x6)
M
issi
le C
arri
er
1 w
ith r
emov
er s
hove
l, M
ilan
2, M
G
(AT
GW
SP)
7.
62 m
m
Tabl
e A
.2
cont
inue
d
Clas
s Ty
pe
Proc
urem
ent
cost
Pr
ocur
emen
t co
st
Em
ploy
ed in
R
emar
ks
Per
syst
em (
DM
) Pe
r ro
und
(DM
) O
ptio
n
930
000
15 0
00
I Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d w
heel
ed v
ehic
le (
8x8)
20
w
ith M
ilan
1 an
d M
k 20
mm
tur
ret
2 00
0 00
0 K
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d w
heel
ed v
ehic
le (
8x8)
18
000
w
ith M
ilan
2 an
d M
k 20
mm
tur
ret
40 0
00
HO
T 2
-laun
cher
10
15
mm
MG
2
300
000
A,B
,C,P
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d tr
acke
d ve
hicl
e (J
agua
r 1)
34
000
w
ith r
einf
orce
d fr
ont
arm
our
and
HO
T 1
-1
laun
cher
7.6
2 m
m M
G
Ant
i-ta
nk m
issi
le
1 20
0 00
0 40
000
G
C
omm
erci
al w
heel
ed v
ehic
le, H
OT
2-
carr
ier
with
ele
vate
d la
unch
er,
15 m
ele
vatio
n pl
atfo
rm (
AT
GW
1
600
000
34 0
00
I,L
,M,P
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d w
heel
ed v
ehic
le (
6x6)
, SP
EP)
H
OT
!-l
aunc
her,
12m
ele
vatio
n 1
800
000
40 0
00
K
Ligh
tly a
rmou
red
whe
eled
veh
icle
(6x
6),
HO
T 2
-lau
nche
r, 15
m e
leva
tion
3 00
0 00
0 34
000
D
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d tr
acke
d ve
hicl
e (M
arde
r ch
assi
s)
HO
T 1
-laun
cher
, 12
m e
leva
tion
5 00
0 00
0 M
,N
Ligh
tly a
rmou
red
whe
eled
veh
icle
(H
OT
1
34 0
00
agai
nst
grou
nd t
arge
ts a
nd a
nti-a
le
mis
sile
), 12
-15
m e
leva
tion,
mul
tiple
15
0 00
0 se
nsor
s
Tabl
e A
.2
cont
inue
d
Clas
s Ty
pe
Proc
urem
ent
cost
Pr
ocur
emen
t co
st
Em
ploy
ed in
R
emar
ks
Per
syst
em (
DM
) Pe
r ro
und
(DM
) O
ptio
n
Ant
i-ta
nk a
nti-a
le
18 0
00 0
00
L Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d tr
acke
d ve
hicl
e, m
ulti-
plat
form
18
0,00
0 ro
le m
issi
le a
gain
st a
ir an
d gr
ound
targ
ets,
15
m e
leva
tion,
rad
ar s
enso
r, el
ectro
-op
tical
fire
con
trol
AA
rec
oille
ss r
ifle
25 0
00
120
000
E,G
,I,K
,P
AA
RC
L (
e.g.
Stin
ger
2)
AA
A t
ank
5 00
0 00
0 H
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d tr
acke
d ve
hicl
e (A
AM
SP)
(K
iiras
sier
), 14
0 30
mm
tw
in-b
arre
l M
G,
rada
r-co
ntro
lled
7 40
0 00
0 A
,B,C
,D,L
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d tr
acke
d ve
hicl
e (G
epar
d),
150
35 m
m t
win
-bar
rel
MG
, ra
dar-
cont
rolle
d 22
000
000
K
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d w
heel
ed v
ehic
le (
6x6)
, 18
0 00
0 A
AM
(R
olan
d),
rada
r-co
ntro
lled,
A W
Mai
n ba
ttle
tank
4
600
000
B,C
,D,I
M
ain
battl
e ta
nk (
LE
O 2
), 20
00
stab
ilise
d 12
0 m
m g
un,
fire
cont
rol
1 co
mpu
ter,
7,62
mm
MG
, 7,
62 m
m A
A M
G
Dir
ectio
nal
10 0
00
-E
Dir
ectio
nal
min
e (m
anua
lly d
eplo
yed)
, m
ine
50 m
ran
ge
Indi
rect
M
orta
r 50
000
18
0 F
M
ediu
m m
orta
r 81
mm
, tr
acke
d 50
000
27
0 E
Hea
vy m
orta
r 12
0 m
m,
perm
anen
tly
fire
inst
alle
d w
eapo
ns
100
000
270
G,H
H
eavy
mor
tar
120
mm
, tr
acke
d 26
0 00
0 27
0 A
,B,I
,L,M
,N,P
Hea
vy m
orta
r 12
0 m
m o
n A
PC (M
113)
, 6
km r
ange
Tabl
e A
.2
cont
inue
d
Clas
s Ty
pe
Proc
urem
ent
cost
Pr
ocur
emen
t co
st E
mpl
oyed
in
Rem
arks
Pe
r sy
stem
(D
M)
Per
roun
d (D
M)
Opt
ion
300
000
350
D,K
H
eavy
mod
ern
mor
tar
120
mm
on
light
ly
arm
oure
d co
mba
t veh
icle
(tr
acke
d or
w
heel
ed 6
x6),
8 k
m r
ange
Self-
prop
elle
d 16
0 00
0 20
0 H
Li
ght
how
itzer
105
mm
, tra
cked
ho
witz
er
880
000
450
A,B
,C,F
,L,P
Li
ghtly
arm
oure
d tra
cked
veh
icle
155
mm
(M
109)
4
800
000
600
D
Mod
ern
arm
oure
d tra
cked
veh
icle
155
mm
(P
zH 1
55-1
)
100
000
E
Com
mer
cial
whe
eled
veh
icle
(e.
g. V
W
Tran
sp.),
6 r
ocke
ts p
er la
unch
er,
110
mm
Li
ght
Art
iller
y 40
0 00
0 I,
M,N
C
omm
erci
al w
heel
ed v
ehic
le,
rock
et s
yste
m
3 00
0 pe
r ro
cket
18
roc
kets
per
laun
cher
, 11
0 m
m
(LR
LS)
(fra
gmen
tatio
n)
700
000
or
A,B
,C,D
,L,P
C
omm
erci
al w
heel
ed v
ehic
le,
10 0
00 p
er r
ocke
t 36
roc
kets
per
laun
cher
, 11
0 m
m (
LAR
S)
(min
es)
730
000
G,K
C
omm
erci
al w
heel
ed v
ehic
le,
40 r
ocke
ts p
er la
unch
er,
110
mm
Com
bat
PAH
1
5 20
0 00
0 A
,B,C
,D,I
,L,
Ant
i-ta
nk h
elic
opte
r, fir
st ge
nera
tion
helic
opte
rs
(AT
hel
.) 34
000
M
,N
(B10
5),
B (
105)
H
OT
1
40 0
00
G,K
H
OT2
Costs of Reactive Defence Options 311
40 r Active defences Reactive defences
Fire barrier Area
Continuous Static Dynamic (CFB) Select ive (SAD) (DAD) (SFB )
30
~--- 1-
f---
~----
10
0 r-~11
A B C D E F G H K L M N p Figure A.l Relative investment cost requirements for basic forward defence options.
CONCLUSIONS
Even though the capital investment cost estimates provided here are by no means sufficient for a cost-effectiveness analysis of defence concepts, together with the experimental results in terms of RFVR, the operational depth required to neutralise a given threat (see, e.g., Figure A.2), and the personnel requirements, they nevertheless do provide for a reference basis for a screening of options based on the dominance concept.
Finally, an experience of these authors shall not be omitted: The proponents of alternative defence concepts exhibit a tendency to often significantly underestimate the cost of their proposals while overestimating the operational performance of the individual weapons in their options. This is in line with empirical investigations that show on the average, there is a more than tenfold performance degradation when comparing the original engineering specification with the performance of the fielded system. Procurement cost tends to exceed the initial engineering cost estimates sometimes by orders of magnitude.
312 Costs of Reactive Defence Options 120
E' \ TERRAl~ : Bubac~
THREAT : 3 MR RGTS (BMP) E VISIBILITY : > 5000 metre .=. 100 J: 1-
I' ARTY :.Fa p Infantry Btl (IASFOR)
c.. w Cl en 80 c.. 0 Cl 0 w 60 a:
1 40
\ K Calvalery Rgt (SAS) L AT- Teams (FOREDER)
\lG I Shield Forces (LOSER) -G Infantry (SAS) E Techno- Kdo (AFHELDT)
-\
\ el
~\.
' ' L ', K • 20 "'' ......... .... __
p -..... ___ 0
0 2 3 4 5
D. F. Weapon density [;m2]
Figure A.2 Operational depth required for the attrition of three consecutively attacking Soviet motor rifle regiments as a function of the average direct-fire weapon density of various reactive defence options.
Table A.3 Equipment of active defence options (manoeuvre) battalions and fire support)
Option
Weapon class Itemt A B c D
Direct fire weapons HMGSP 22 22 11 21 A TK gun stat. ATK gun SP 12 LRCL 18* 12* 6* HRCL 9* 6* 3* 18* ATGW 27* 18* 9* ATGW SP 6 6 6 ATGW SPEP 6 ADATS SPEP AA gun/ AAM SP (3) (6) (6) (3) MBT 13 26 13 Total DFW 82 77 61 70 Avg. total per km2 3.3 3.1 2.4 2.8
Costs of Reactive Defence Options 313
Table A.3 continued
Option
Weapon class ltemt A B c D Indirect fire weapons mor 81mm
mor 120mm mor 120mm SP 6 6 6 Lhow 105mm Mhow 155mm SP 18 18 18 18 LRLS 8 8 8 8 Total IFW 32 32 26 32
Helicopters AT he! 7 7 7 7 • Dismountable t For abbreviations see International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Military Balance. (EP = Elevated Platform)
Table A.4 Equipment of reactive defence options in a sector of 5 km width
Option
E F G H K L M N p
Weapon ltemt 10 5 8 5 7 5 8 8 8 5 class
Depth(km) Direct fire HMG SP 13 20* weapons ATK gun stat. 6
ATK gun SP 15* 10* 13* LRCL 4 10 8 28 18 54 MRCL 56 16 36 20 32 18 ATGW 10 24 9 - 10 36 27 ATGW SP 3* 10* 60* 6* ATGW SPEP 2 6 4 40 14 18 6 ADATS SPEP 2 AARCL (3) (6) ( 6) (16) (6) AA gun/ AAM SP (5) (3) (2) MBT 8 Direct mines (20)
Total DFW 14 80 27 57 50 64 50 134 90 106
A v. total per 0.3 3.2 0.7 2.3 1.4 2.6 1.3 3.4 2.3 4.2 km2
314 Costs of Reactive Defence Options
Table A.4 continued
Option E F G H I K L M N p
Weapon Itemt 10 5 8 5 7 5 8 8 8 5 class
Depth(km) Indirect fire mor 81mm 12 weapons mor 120mm 2 3 6
mor 120mm SP 3 9 3 15 18 6 Lhow 105mm 18 Mhow 155mm 18 18 18 SP LRLS 5 4 3 8 8 15 18 8
Total IFW 7 30 7 24 6 17 29 30 36 32 Helicopters AT he! 4 6 7 7 6 8 * Fighting vehicle or APC t For abbreviations see International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Military Balance. (EP = Elevated Platform)
Notes
1. H. W. Hofmann, R. K. Huber, and K. Steiger, 'On Reactive Defense Options', in R. K. Huber (ed.), Modeling and Analysis of Conventional Defense in Europe: Assessment of Improvement Options (London-New York: Plenum, 1985).
2. The Federal Minister of Defence, White Paper 1985 - The Security of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn, 1985).
Index AAM see missiles, air-to-air ABMs see missiles, anti-ballistic Abrahamson, Lt-Gen. 57 acceptability of doctrine 16,
216-17 accidental war, scenarios of 16, 94 ACDA (Arms Control and
Disarmament Agency) 157 ACE (Allied Command
Europe) 79, 83 ACIS (arms control impact
statements) 157-8 Adenauer, K. 116-18, 121 Advanced Conventional Warhead
Technology 33 Advanced Medium Range Missile
(AMRAAM) 199, 279 Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air
Missile (ASRAAM) 119, 280
Afghanistan 11, 234 Afheldt, H.: 'chessboard
proposal' 94-7, 103-7, 118-21, 190, 217, 219, 231, 233, 249, 273-4
AFVs (Armoured Fighting Vehicles) 224, 225, 232
aggression scenarios 94 AI see Artificial intelligence AIM missiles 30, 279 Air Launched Anti-Radiation
Missile (ALARM) 185, 279 Air Launched Cruise Missile
(ALCM) 279 Air Land Battle 112, 123, 127, 136,
189' 229, 271 Deep Strike and 73, 75-8, 79,
86, 209 FOFA and 83-4, 86, 153, 189,
219 Soviet Union and 210, 220,
228-30
Airborne Warning and Control System (A WACS) 62, 156, 158, 184, 221, 223, 290
aircraft command post 291-2 computers in 45-6 in cooperative ET projects 179,
182-5, 187, 192, 194 costs 40, 182 fighters: enhancing 182-3;
reducing tasks 192-3; Soviet 11, 30,149,223-4, 226, 228, 296, 300, 301; Western 11, 62-3, 179, 182-5, 187, 192, 194, 243-5, 292m-3, 297, 300; interceptors 103-4 (see also fighters above)
jamming 292 reconnaissance and
surveillance 38, 147-51, 291, 297
support and training 193, 294, 297
unmanned 36, 63, 101, 147-54, 178, 181, 184, 193, 221-2; early development and use 147-8; turning point 148-9; tasks of 149-52; future 152; military doctrine 152-4
vulnerability 23 see also anti-aircraft; satellites
ALARM (Air Launched Anti-Radiation Missile) 185, 279
ALB see AirLand Battle Albrecht, U. 182 ALCM (Air Launched Cruise
Missile) 279 Allied Command Europe
(ACE) 79, 83
315
316 Index
Allied Tactical Publications (ATP) 35, 83
AMRAAM (Advanced Medium Range Missile) 199, 279
AMX tanks 179, 180, 289-90 answering in kind see retaliation Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missile
(ATM; ATBM) 56-7, 62, 251, 269, 277
and Patriot 158, 169, 170-3 Anti-Tank Guided Missile
(ATGM) 118, 120, 134-7, 225, 232, 243
anti-aircraft weapons see under missiles
anti-ballistic weapons see under missiles
anti-radar weapons see under missiles
anti-radiation weapons see under missiles
anti-ship weapon see under missiles
anti-tank/anti-armour weapons 10, 32-5, 133-4, 151, 290, 293, 297, 298
cooperative ET projects and 179-81, 186, 189, 190, 192
costs of 306-9 see also under missiles; Federal
Republic of Germany, defence Apache helicopter 47, 183, 279,
290 APOD (Armour Piercing
Discarding Sabot) 33 Aquila (RPV) 148, 150, 290 ARIADNE (acoustic device) 39 ARM (anti-radiation missiles) 221 armee de couverture 117, 118 Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot
(APOD) 33 Armoured Fighting Vehicles
(AFV)s 224, 225, 232 arms
control/disarmament 16, 257-9, 261-2, 270: Agency (ACDA) 157; failure of 13-14; impact statements
(ACIS) 157-8; nonprovocative 169-70
cooperation 197-202: see also cooperative
race 11-12, 91 see also specific weapons
army see AirLand Battle artificial intelligence 44-52, 182
costs of 46 limitations of 48-50 military doctrines and 46-8 military research in 44-6 role of 50-1
artillery see rockets ASM see missiles, air-to-surface ASRAAM (Advanced Short Range
Air-to-Air Missile) 199, 280 Assault Breakers 224 ATBM see Anti-Tactical Ballistic
Missile ATGM see Anti-Tank Guided
Missile ATM see Anti-Tank Ballistic
Missile Austria 145 Automatic Target Recogniser 47 Autonomous Terminal Homing
programme 39 autonomous land vehicles 38, 45,
46 A WACS see Airborne Warning
and Control System
Backfire bomber 59 Ballistic Offensive Suppression
System (BOSS) 186, 280 ballistic missile defence 55, 170-5
see also Anti-Tank Ballistic Missile; Inter Continental Ballistic Missile
battle management system and computers 46
battlefield weapons and Soviet Union 225-6 see also individual weapons
bazookas 29, 134 see also rockets
Belgium 4, 103, 107, 148, 273 Benelux 107, 273
Index 317
Biedenkopf, K. 120 'blitzkrieg' scenarios 16, 61, 93,
139, 255 BMD (ballistic missile defence) 55 BOSS see Ballistic Offensive, etc. Brezhnev, L. 227 Britain
cooperation and 179-80, 182-3, 187' 194, 200
non-provocative defence and 100, 107
SAS and 103 in South Africa 30, 37 unmanned aircraft and 148, 150
Brodie, B. 212 Brossolet, G. 95, 118 Brunner, E. 145 BT-95 (tank project) 179, 296 budget see costs Bundeswehr 105, 123-4, 191 business as usual 205-14
conservative forces 206-7 Deep Strike, towards 207-10 deterrence, moving away
from 210-12 flexibility, need for 205-6 strategy and tactics 212-13
C-18 (aircraft) 188 C3 (I) (Command, Control,
Communication (Intelligence)) 23-4, 39, 46, 48, 61, 75, 136, 138, 149, 183, 231, 254, 275
CAM 40 (missile) 12, 186, 280 cannon launched guided
projectile 37, 181, 186, 291 Carter, J. 56 CASTOR (aircraft) 221, 290 centralisation of Deep Strike 79 CEP (Circular Error Probable) 39 Challenger (tank) 179, 290-1 chemical weapons 78 Chieftain (tank) 179, 291 China 11, 234 churches and defence 122 Circular Error Probable (CEP) 39 Clausewitz, K. von 15, 131, 132,
218
CN AD see Conference of National Armament Directors
commitment force, rapid 101-2 communication systems 96, 100,
106 complexity of information
technology 23 computers see artificial
intelligence Conference of National Armament
Directors (CNAD) 177-9, 181-5, 188-9, 191, 193-4, 199, 275
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) 145
conflict management 254-5 scenarios 255-6
container weapon system 183 containment force 100, 102 conventional defence 206--7,
276-7 and ET 27-43: basic
technologies 32-9; impact of 39-41; recent experiences 28-32
and SDI 55-65: evolution of American plans 56-8; security and 58-60
and Soviet Union 231-7 see also aircraft; artillery;
defence; infantry; ships; tanks cooperation problem and
computers 49 cooperative ET projects,
recent 177-96 aircraft, fighter 182-3 Deep Strike, towards 186-9 defence doctrines and 189-93 main battle tank 179-81 political dimensions 193-4 target acquisition 181, 183-6,
188-9 Copperhead (guided
projectile) 37, 181, 186, 291 costs
of aircraft 40, 182 of artificial intelligence 46
318 Index
of defence options 303-14: active 304-5, 312-13; nonprovocative 105, 120, reactive 305-11, 313-14
of ET weapons 7-8, 9, 11, 16, 25, 32, 29-40, 182
of helicopters 310, 313-14 of Patriot 166 of SDI 57, 63 of tanks 40, 309
Counter Air (90) 80, 81 credibility 14-15
decreased 59 of defence, non-provocative 217 of flexible response 3-5
crisis stability 91, 253-6 Cruise missiles 12, 112, 215, 223,
279, 280, 281 CWS (container weapon
system) 183 cybernation 22-3
DARPA see Defence Advanced Research, etc.
de Ruiter (Dutch minister of defence) 197
decentralisation of Deep Strike 79 decision making
problems and computers 48-9, 50
time available for 5, 7, 25 see also politics
Deep Strike 10, 69-71, 73-88, 216 AirLand Battle 73, 75-8, 79,
86, 209: and Follow-On Forces Attack 83-4
cooperative ET projects and 186-9
deterrence, two views on 82-3 Office of Secretary of Defense
and 80-2 Patriot and 167-8 security 270-1 SHAPE initative: Follow-On
Forces Attack 73, 79-80 Soviet Union and 73-5, 85,
207-9' 223-4 strengthening conventional
options 73-4
towards 186-9, 207-10 unmanned aircraft and 152-3
defence cooperative ET projects
and 189-93 costs of 303-14 defensive, arguments
about 110-15 favoured 24 non-debate in FRG 116-24:
Bundeswehr and 123-4; churches and trade unions 122; new input in 1970s 118-20; political parties 120-2; traditional attitudes 122-3
non-provocative 89-109, 215-19: security and 271-5; 'Bonin Plan' 116-17; defined 276; definition of 89-90; implementation, towards 107-8; military credibility 217; military effectiveness 104-5, 216-18, 239-50, 276-7
models 93-107; nuclear weapons 92-3; Patriot and 168; political acceptability of 216-17
offensive 110-11: see also AirLand Battle; Deep Strike
'pure' concepts 231-4: see also conventional defence
Defence Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) 33, 44-5, 48, 184
Defence Department for Research and Engineering (DDR & E) 80-1
dependence on superpowers 141 designators, laser 99, 181 detente 13-14, 16, 89, 108, 115,
121, 234, 255 cooperation and 259-61, 267,
270-5 passim deterrence 66-72
moving away from 210-12 non-provocative defence
and 108
Index 319
views on 82-3 see also Deep Strike: Eureka:
nuclear weapons; Strategic Defence Initiative
diplomacy 15 disarmament see arms control dispensers 178, 183, 187-9, 192,
194, 225, 228, 294, 295 Dispersed Operating Base 81 Donnelly, C. 85, 208 Dragon (missile) 280 drones see unmanned aircraft
E-2C and E-4 (aircraft) 291-2 ECM see Electronic Counter
Measures economic problems see costs EDC (European Defence
Community) 198 EF-IIIA (aircraft) 292 EF A (European Fighter
Aircraft) 182 effectiveness
of mobile forward defence 6-7 see also under defence, non-
provocative effectivity, window of 23-4 Egypt 29 Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) 23,
164 Electronic Counter-Measures
(ECM) 162, 164, 166, 167, 222
Electronic Support Measures System (ESM) 178
electronic warfare 151 electro-optical guidance
systems 36 emerging technologies see
artificial intelligence; conventional defence; military doctrine; trends
EMP (Electromagnetic pulse) 23, 164
Emphasising Defence 10 enemy as identifiable threat 130 enhanced self-propelled artillery
weapon system (ESP A WS) 187, 292
Enhanced-Radiation Reduced Blast Weapons ('Neutron' bombs) 133, 224
Erler, F. 121 ERS-I (satellite) 144 ESA (European Space
Agency) 142-4 escalation 3-4
prevention 15, 16 ESM(Electronic Support Measures
System) 178 ESP A WS (enhanced self-propelled
artillery weapon system) 187, 292
ET see emerging technologies Eureka see European Research
Cooperation Agency Euromissiles 190 European Defence Community
(EDC) 198 European Economic
Community 144 European Fighter Aircraft
(EFA) 182 European Research Cooperation
Agency (Eureka) 68-9, 144 European Satellite Monitoring
Agency 275 European security, paving way
to 267-75 see also Deep Strike; defence,
non-provocative; Strategic Defence Initiative
European Space Agency (ESA) 142-4
European Space Community, suggested 144
Exocet (missile) 30, 36-7, 49, 280 expenditure see costs expert systems in Strategic
Computing Program 45
F-15 Eagle (aircraft) 62, 292 F-16 Fighting Falcon (aircraft) 11,
292-3 F-20 Northrop (aircraft) 293 Falklands 29, 49 Far East 11, 28-30, 40, 147, 151,
234
320 Index
FEBA see Forward Edge of Battle Area
Federal Republic of Germany 6, 10, 130, 242
and arms industry 200 and cooperation 179-83, 187,
190, 194, 195 and costs of forces . 304 and Deep Strike 81 and defence 216, 218, 273: non
debate 116-24; see also Afheldt; Hannig; SAS and under defence
and SDI 124 and unmanned aircraft 148,
150-1 fibre glass communications 96,
100, 106 Field Manual (100-5) 77-8, 130,
209, 228 fighters see under aircraft 'Fighting Vehicle System'
(FVS) 35 Finland 144, 145 Fire Support Coordination Line
(FSCL) 73, 79, 84, 87 Fletcher, J. 56 Flexible Response 73--4, 86
credibility 3-5 need for 205-{i
FM see Field Manual Follow-On Forces Attack
(FOF A) 136, 216, 236, 271 and AirLand Battle 83--4, 86,
153, 189, 209 and artificial intelligence 47 and intelligence gathering 221 and SDI 61 and SHAPE 73, 79-80 and Soviet Union 220, 226-8
Forward Edge of Battle Area (FEBA) 75, 77, 85, 186, 191, 208, 227, 235
forward defence and Patriot 167 France
cooperative projects and 178-80, 183, 190, 194, 200
Deep Strike and 69-71
Eureka and 68-9 in 1939 217 SAS and 100 satellites and 144 SDI and 66-8, 69 unmanned aircraft and 148, 150 views on Soviet Union 66-8,
70-1 FRG see Federal Republic of
Germany FSCL (Fire Support Coordination
Line) 73, 79, 84, 87 Fuller, J. F. C. 130 FVS ('Fighting Vehicle
System') 35
GEMMS (mine scattering equipment) 249
Geneva Protocol 78 Germany see Federal Republic of
Germany Giscard d'Estaing, V. 142 GLCM (Ground Launched Cruise
Missile) 215, 281 global phenomenon, strategic
balance as 112 Global Positioning System
(GPS) 38 Ground Launched Cruise Missile
(GLCM) 215, 281 Group of Soviet Forces in Germany
( GSFG) 223, 227 guidance 35-7
systems 99, 134
Hamburg Grab scenarios 217 see also Federal Republic of
Germany, and defence Hannig, N.: fire-barrier
proposal 94, 97-100, 103, 106, 119-20, 217, 219, 273--4
HARM (High-Speed AntiRadiation Missile) 185, 281
Harpoon (missile) 40, 281 Hawk (missile) 158, 167, 170, 172,
199, 281 HEAP (High Explosive Armour
Piercing) 34, 293 HEAT (High Explosive Anti-tank/
Index 321
Anti-armour warhead) 33, 34, 134, 293
helicopters costs 310, 313-14 Soviet 30, 227, 293 Western 38, 47, 134, 180, 183,
185, 290, 295 Hellfire (missile) 47, 281 Hernu, C. 70 Herolf, G. x, xiii
on unmanned aircraft 147-55 Herzog, Maj.-Gen. C. 29 HESH(High Explosive Squash
head) 33, 293 High Explosive Anti-tank/Anti
armour warhead (HEAT) 33, 34, 134, 293
High Explosive Armour Piercing (HEAP) 34, 293
High Explosive Squash head (HESH) 33, 293
'high tech' position in doctrinal debate 136-7, 139
High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) 185, 281
Hoffman, F. 56, 269 Hofmann, H. W. x
on costs of reactive defence options 303-14
homing overlay experiment (HOE) 171
HOT (missile) 190, 281 howitzers 98, 180-1, 186, 188,
291, 310 Huber, R. K. xi
on costs of reactive defence options 303-14
Huntington, S. 123, 230
ICBM see Inter Continental Ballistic Missile
Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) 38, 162, 164, 184-5, 199, 293, 295
IEPG see Independent European Programme Group
IFF see Identification Friend or Foe
'image of war' 129-31, 194
change in 132-5 Independent European Programme
Group (IEPG) 178-80, 189, 194, 198-9, 201, 275
indirect fire support, viability of 239-40
inefficiency of war 28-9 infantry 7, 134
plans using see Afheldt; SAS information technology see
artificial intelligence infrared guidance systems 36-7 institutional problem and
computers 49 integrated battlefield 77-8 integration of communication and
command 24 intelligence
artificial see artificial intelligence
gathering 55-6, 221-2: see also surveillance
intensification of combat 24 Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles
(ICBMs) 59-60, 67, 170, 172, 173
Interactive Forward Defence see SAS
interdiction 77, 80 'Interdiction Attack' 81 Interkosmos Council 142-4 International Satellite Monitoring
Agency (ISMA) 141-2, 145 Iran 11 Iraq 11, 30 ISMA (International Satellite
Monitoring Agency) 141-2, 145
Israel 29, 100, 130, 145, 148 Italy 148, 150, 182
Jaguar (aircraft) 294 Japan 28-9 Joint Anti Tactical Missile
(JATM) 170, 172, 282 Joint Chiefs of Staff (JC) 80 'Joint Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences and Emitters' 82 joint surveillance and target attack
322 Index
system (J-STARS) 81, 153, 188, 294
joint tactical fusion (JTF) 294 'Joint Tactical Fusion Program' 82 Joint Tactical Missile System
(JTACMs) 81, 186, 187, 282 JP-233 (dispenser) 189, 228, 294 JSEAD (joint suppression of enemy
air defence) 82, 294 J-STARS (joint surveillance and
target attack system) 81, 153, 188, 294
JTACMs (Joint Tactical Missile System) 81, 186, 187, 282
JTF(joint tactical fusion) 82, 294
Kissinger, H. 3, 5, 113, 205, 206 Kleinfluggerat fiir Ziel Ortung
(KZO) 150, 294 Kohl, H. 122 Korea 40 KZO see Kleinfluggerat
Lance (missile) 12, 121, 186, 187, 282
Land Force Doctrine 78, 83-4 language, natural, in Strategic
Computing Program 45 Laos 11 laser designators 99, 181 laser-seeker guidance systems 37 Latin America 11, 30 leadership, military, changed 130 Lebanon 30 Leopard (tanks) 179, 199, 294-5 Liddell Hart, B. 130 light armoured forces 102, 119,
245-6 Lloyd George, D. 131 LOCPOD see low cost powered
dispenser Long Range Stand-off Missile
(LRSOM) 183, 186, 188, 228, 282
Loser, J. 119-20, 121, 218, 219 low cost powered dispenser
(LOCPOD) 178, 183, 187, 182, 194, 225, 295
LRSOM see Long Range Standoff Missile
MI-Abram (tank) 22, 35, 199, 295 MAD 259 Maginot Line 205, 212 Main Battle Tank (MBTI.) 225 Main Operating Base (MOB) 81 Mangusta helicopter 295 Manhattan Project 129 manpower see personnel Mark-15 (IFF system) 184-5, 295 Maskirovka 222 Mastiff-2 (reconnaissance) 148,
295 Maverick (missile) 31, 36-7, 40,
282 MBFR (negotiations) 107, 215,
258 MBTs (Main Battle Tanks) 179,
225, 295 Mechanised Infantry Combat
vehicles (MICVs) 231 Mi-24 and Mi-38 226 MICVs (Mechanised Infantry
Combat Vehicles) 231 Middle East 11, 29-30, 100, 130,
145, 148, 234 MiGs (aircraft) 11, 30, 149, 223,
296-7 Milan (missile) 190, 283 military doctrine
artificial intelligence and 46-8 criteria for 14-16 Patriot and 166-70 politics of doctrinal debate and
ET 127-40: 'image of war' and 129-31, 132-5; role of politics 131-2; technological change and doctrinal choice 136-8
unmanned aircraft and 152-4 see also Deep Strike; defence;
deterrence; emerging technologies; Strategic Defence Initiative
Miller, F. C. 56 mines 4, 134-5, 309 Minuteman force 59
Index 323
Mirage (aircraft) 297 missiles
air-to-air 12, 30, 199, 279-80, 284, 286, 299
air-to-surface 31, 36-7, 40, 185, 223, 279, 282, 284
dispensers 183, 279, 283 anti-aircraft see air-to-air above;
surface-to-air below anti-ballistic 12, 55--63, 280,
287-8; submarines 12, 298, 300-1; Treaty 56, 57, 68, 158, 173--4, 269
anti-radar 151, 297, 299 anti-radiation 185, 281, 221 anti-ship 29, 30, 36-7, 40, 49,
280 anti-tank 29, 30-1, 36, 40, 47,
190,241,280-1,283,286-8 cruise 183, 187-8: see also
surface-to-air ground-launched see surface list of 278-88 mobile launchers 97 stand-off 183, 186, 188, 282 surface-to-air 12, 29, 36, 38,
98-9, 135, 156-8, 166-7, 170-3, 186-7, 192, 199, 221, 223, 280-1, 284--6
surface-to-surface 12, 59--60, 66, 99, 112, 121, 158, 170-2, 185-7, 192, 215, 223--4, 282, 284
see also ballistic missiles; Patriot mistakes and computers 49 Mitterrand, F. 68, 144 MiWs (mine scattering
equipment) 249 MLRS see Multiple Launch
Rocket System MOB (Main Operating Base) 81 MOBIDIC (dispenser) 183, 283 mobile forward defence,
effectiveness 6-7 mortars 101 MTB-95 (tank project) 179, 296 Multiple Launch Rocket
System 39, 150, 178-94 passim 225--6, 231, 236
MW-1 (dispenser) 189, 192, 297 MX (missile) 12, 59, 215, 283
NATO, problems facing 3-17 arms control 16: failure
of 13-14 arms race 11-12 crisis stability 12, 16 economic problems see costs emerging technologies 8-11, 14 flexible response, credibility
of 3-5 military doctrine, criteria
for 14-16 mobile forward defence,
effectiveness of 6-7 see also emerging technologies:
military doctrine; weapon systems
NAVSTAR (satellite) 38, 184, 297
Netherlands 4, 7, 103, 107, 273 and Patriot 156, 157
neutralism 119 'Neutron' bombs 133, 224 new targets, ET offers 9 Nike Hercules (missile) 156, 157,
166-7, 284 NIS (NATO Identification
System) 178, 184 non-debate in FRG see under
defence non-provocative defence see
under defence non-strategic nuclear forces
(NSNF) 74 non-tested technology 24, 39 no-target philosophy 10, 90-1,
117, 119, 189 NPD (non-provocative
defence) see under defence NSNF (non-strategic nuclear
forces) 74 nuclear weapons/warfare
all out 3 'balance of terror' and 133 French views on 69-70 non-strategic 74 regional 59, 61
324 Index
relatiatory 10, 89, 92-3 spread of 11-12 tactical 3-4, 5 see also missiles
Nunn, S. 6, 73-4
Offensive Counter Air (OCA) 25, 61, 80
offensive defence see under defence
Office of Secretary of Defense (OSD) 80-2
Operational Manoeuvre Group (OMG) 74-5, 85, 227, 230, 236
OSD (Office of Secretary of Defence) 80-2
Panzer Abwehr Drone (PAD) 151, 297
Panzerkampfwagen 179, 297 particle beam weapon
(PBW) 55-6 Patriot missile 156-76, 186, 199,
269, 284 described 158-66 doctrinal implications 166-70 tactical ballistic missile defence
and 170-5 see also missiles
Pave Mover (project- now in J-STARS) 188, 297
Pave Tiger (drone) 151, 297 PBW (particle beam weapon) 56 peace movements 4 Pegase 284 penetration of unmanned
aircraft 147 Pershing II (missile) 12, 60, 112,
121, 186, 215, 223, 284 personnel
ET and 40 SAS system and 102, 106-7
Phantom II (aircraft) 297-8 Phoenix (RPV) 150, 221, 298 Pilot's Associate 45 PLSS (precision location/strike
system) 150, 221, 298
politics 15 cooperative ET projects
and 193-4 defence and 120-2, 216-17 doctrinal debate and
ET 127-40: 'image of war' 129-31, 132-5; role of 131-2, technological change and doctrinal choice 136-8
non-provocative defence and 104
and reliance on superpowers for satellites 141
Soviet Union and Deep Strike 224
surveillance satellites and 144-5 see also decision making; detente
population dip ('Pillenkick') 8 Poseidon (submarine) 12, 298 Prague Conference 115 precision location/strike system
(PLSS) 150, 221, 298 problems in use of ET 22-5
see also costs Python 3 (missile) 30, 284
R4E (RPV) 152 radar
guidance systems 36-7 Patriot and 161-2 see also anti-radar
RAMROD (projectile programme) 33
rapid commitment force 101-2 Raumverteidigung see Afheldt Reagan, R.
ET and 30, 32, 56-8 MX missiles and 12 negative attitude to nuclear
weapons 67-8 SDI and 10, 66, 212, 268 'Star Wars' speech 55
rear protection force 101 reconnaissance see surveillance 'reform' position in doctrinal
debate 137, 138-9 Regional Satellite Monitoring
Agency (RSMA) 142-3
Index 325
Relative Force Value Ratios (RFVR) 303, 305
Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System (REMBASS) 47
remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) see aircraft, unmanned
research, artificial intelligence 44-6
retaliation breaking away from 90, 91 see also under nuclear weapons
RFVR (Relative Force Value Ratios) 303, 305
rockets/launchers/artillery 4, 37, 134, 283, 291, 294
in cooperative ET projects 180-1, 186-7, 191
non-provocative defence and 94-9, 118-19, 134-5
Soviet 227 Rogers, General, B. W. 6, 7
doctrine 66, 69-70, 74-6, 83-5, 110, 112, 207-9, 216
OSD and 81 SHAPE initiative and 79
RPVs see aircraft, unmanned RSMA (Regional Satellite
Monitoring Agency) 142-3
SAS group defence model 94, 100-7, 120, 123, 192-3, 204, 221, 223, 231, 233, 273, 284-5
dialogue on 239-50 SA-X-12 (missile) 173 SACEUR see Supreme Allied
Commander SADARM see sense and destroy
armour munition SAFE (Small Advanced Fighter for
Europe) 193 Sapper (missile) 29, 36, 286 SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks) 13 SAMs (missiles) 38, 173, 175, 221,
244-5, 286 see also Patriot
satellites see surveillance satellites
Scandinavia 144, 145, 148, 217 scenarios
accidental war 16, 94 aggression 94 'blitzkrieg' 16, 61, 93, 139, 255 conflict 255-6 tank battlefield 27-8 'what-if' 46 see also Hamburg· Grab
Schlieffen Plan 211-12 Schmidt, H. 121-2 Scout (RPV) 148, 298 SDI see Strategic Defence
Initiative Sea-Launched Ballistic Missile
(SLBM) 172, 173-4 sea-based forces see ships;
submarines SEAD (Suppression of Enemy
Air Defences) 82 SEASAT (satellite) 143 Security Design Directive 57 sense and destroy armour munition
(SADARM) 181, 186, 298 sensor technology 9 Shafrir II (missile) 30, 286 SHAPE see Supreme
Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
ships 38, 40, 114 see also missiles, anti-ship;
submarines short-range air defence system
(SHORAD) 178, 180, 298-9 short-range air-to-air missile
(SRAAM) 299 Short-Range Anti-Radiation
Missile (SRARM) 178, 185 Side Looking Airborne Radar
(SLAR) 221, 299 Skeet (warhead) 187, 299 Skyeye (RPV) 30, 151, 152, 299 SLAR (Side Looking Airborne
Radar) 221, 299 SLBM (Sea-Launched Ballistic
Missiles) 172, 173-4 Small Advanced Fighter for Europe
(SAFE) 193
326 Index
SOT AS (stand-off target acquisition system) 188-9, 299
South Atlantic 29, 49 Soviet Union 3, 5, 12, 174, 255
Airland Battle and 210, 220, 228-30
chemical weapons 11 conflict management and 254 conventional defence and 234-7 crisis stability and 253 Deep Strike and 73-5, 85,
207-9' 223-4 ET and 220, 221-6 expenditure, military 11 FOFA and 220, 226-8 French views on 66-8, 70-1 likelihood of initiating
war 14-16, 116 Middle East and 29-30 new NATO operational concepts
and 226-34 non-provocative defence
and 93, 105, 108, 273 particle beam weapons 56 SDI and 55, 58-61 strength exaggerated 218 unmanned aircraft and 147
SP-70 (howitzer) 299 space-based defence 56, 68
see also Strategic Defence Initiative; surveillance satellites
Special Purpose Forces (SPF) 222, 233, 241
specialisation in non-provocative defence 90
speech in Strategic Computing Program 45
Spetsnaz (sabotage teams) 61 SPF (Special Purpose Forces) 222,
233, 241 SRAAM (short-range air-to-air
missile) 299 SRARM (Short-Range Anti
Radiation Missile) 178, 185 SS (nuclear missiles) 12, 59, 66,
158, 170, 171, 172, 224, 286 SSIO (missile) 29, 36 SSX-24 (missile) 12, 286
stabilisation of fronts 40 Stand-off Surveillance and
Attack 81 stand-off target acquisition
(SOTAS) 188-9, 299 'Star Wars' see Strategic Defence
Initiative Star Watch concept 68 Starry, Gen. D. A. 75, 77, 81 STARS (satellites) 221 stealth technologies 23 Stinger (missile) 40, 167 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
(SALT) 13 Strategic Computing
Programme 45, 48 Strategic Defence Initiative
(SDI) 10, 141, 215, 268-70, 272, 274
artificial intelligence and 48, 50 conventional defence
and 55-65: evolution of 56-8; security and 58-60
Eureka against 144 France and 66-8, 69 Germany and 124 as 'high tech' 136 Patriot and 158, 174-5 RPVs and 152 security and 58-60, 268-70
strategic balance as global phenomenon 112
strategy and tactics, distinction between 212-13
Study Group on Alternative Security see SAS group
Styx (missile) 29 SU (aircraft) 223, 226, 228, 300 submarines 12, 38, 298, 30CH superiority, perception of 113 superpowers, reliance on, for
satellites 141 Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) 82 Supreme Allied Commander in
Europe (SACEUR) 213, 227 see also Rogers
Supreme Command 60
Index 327
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) 10
FOFA and 73, 79-80 surveillance 37-9, 56, 180,
193 aircraft 38, 147-51, 291,
297 European Space Agency and
Interkosmos Council 142-4 political initiatives,
recent 144-5 see also target acquisition
T-16 and T-22 (missiles) 12, 186, 188, 287
TABASCO (missile) 186, 287 T ACFIRE (computerised
communication) 47 tactical ballistic missile
defence 170-5 tactics and strategy, distinction
between 212-13 tank battlefield scenarios 27-8 tanks 6-7,23,27-8,30, 35, 132-3,
135, 199, 289-91, 295--6 in cooperative ET
projects 179-81, 189-92, 194 costs 40, 309 see also anti-tank
target acquisition 181, 183--6, 188-9,
299 recognition 44 see also no-target
techno-commandos 247--8 television guidance systems 36 Terminally Guided Submissiles
(TGSM) 187, 193, 223, 243, 300
terminally guided warheads (TGWS) 181
terrain intimate knowledge of 90 tests, difficulty of organizing 24,
39 TGSM see Terminally Guided
Submissiles TGWS (terminally guided
warheads) 181 theatre nuclear forces (TNF) 59
time available for decision making 5,
7, 25 problems and computers 49 for victory 15-16
TNF (theatre nuclear forces) 59 Tornado (aircraft) 11, 182, 185--6,
189, 192, 300 TOW (missile) 30, 31, 40, 190, 287 towns and cities as non-targets 91,
119 Track Via Missile (TVM) 164-6 trade unions and defence 122 Training and Doctrine Command
(TRADOC) 77, 209 trends in military technology 21-6
characteristics of ET 22-5 TRI (aircraft) 38, 189 Trident (missile) 12, 186, 288,
300-1 Tu-22M (aircraft) 223, 301 Tube-launched, optically-tracked,
wire-guided see TOW Turkey 217 TVM (Track Via Missile) 164--6 Typhoon (submarine) 12, 301
U2 reconnaissance plane 147 unintended see accidental unit size in SAS system 102, 106-7 United Nations 142 United States 3, 7, 12, 127, 174
and arms control 157 and cooperation 183, 185, 187 as decision-maker 5 and defensive defence 111-12,
115 expenditure, military 8, 11 French views on 66-71 intelligence 55--6 leadership see Carter; Reagan and non-provocative
defence 100, 103, 107-8, 112 Second World War, in 28 and unmanned aircraft 147,
148, 150-1 and Vietnam 29, 30, 147, 231 see also AirLand Battle; Deep
Strike; Office of Secretary of
328 Index
Defense; Strategic Defence Initiative
unmanned aircraft see under aircraft
Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) 46
Vietnam 29, 30, 147, 231 vision in Strategic Computing
Program 45 vulnerability
of aircraft 23 of communication system 96 of ET 59, 61 of information technology 23,
39 of weapons systems 253-4
warheads 31, 32-5, 97, 134, 181, 187, 190, 243, 293
see also missiles wars see 'image of war'; Vietnam;
World Wars Warsaw Treaty Organisation and
Warsaw Pact 3-5, 8, 11, 14-16, 61, 145, 158, 215, 230, 252, 255, 275
and cooperation 190-1, 193 and crisis stability 253 and Deep Strike 73-7, 79, 81,
207-8, 271-2 and defensive defence 110-11,
113, 115
and non-provocative defence 93, 96, 108, 234
and politics of doctrinal debate 133, 139
Weapon Control Computer (WCC) 164
weapons doctrine, new see Rogers, doctrine
weapons systems 278-302 missiles 279-89 others 289-302 see also aircraft; arms
cooperation; cooperative ET; missiles; Patriot; politics of doctrinal debate; surveillance satellites
Wehrmacht 116-17 Weinberger, C. 83-4, 199, 208 Western European Union
(WEU) 198 'what-if' scenarios 46 window of effectivity 23-4 wire-guidance systems 36
see also TOW World Wars
First 131, 132, 218 Second 28-9, 129, 132-3, 194,
218 WTO see Warsaw Treaty
Organisation
ZSU-23-4 (anti-aircraft system' 151, 222, 223, 301
