Appendix I

Symbols used in this text and their dimensions (Not included in this list are conventional mathematical symbols and nota­tions for chemical elements.)

A area, L2 (A) concentration or activity of chemical component A a dimensionless number in mass-action law a acceleration, M L r 2

g chemical activity (B) concentration or activity of chemical component B b dimensionless number in mass-action law C Chezy's coefficient C compaction index, dimensionless Cf resistance coefficient, LV2 r 1

Cs a dimensionless constant C concentration of solute in pore water, M L -3

(C) concentration or activity of chemical component C c dimensionless number in mass-action law c coefficient of diffusion, L2 r 1

c subscript, referring to a critical value D a linear dimension, diameter or thickness, L (D) concentration or activity of chemical component D d dimensionless number in mass-action law d a linear dimension, commonly referred to depth, L E energy or energy content, M L 2 r 2

Ek kinetic energy, M L 2 r 2

Ep potential energy, M L 2 r 2

F force, M L r 2

Fg gravity force, M L r 2

Fi inertial force, M L r 2

210 Appendix I

Ksubscript k L M

r Re Re* Ri S s s s T t

U u

resistance force, M L C2

viscous force, M L c 2

function of subscript, referring to fluid Froude number, dimensionless gravitational acceleration, M L c 2

a linear dimension, commonly referred to height, L transmissibility, Lei scale factor in model theory permeability, L 2

a linear dimension, L mass,M mole number of component i in solution, M L-3

subscript referring to mass in model theory subscript in model theory for original power, M L 2 C3

power of gravity force, M L 2 C3

power of resistance, M L 2 C3

power of grain settling, M L 2 C3

pressure, M L -1 C2

heat, M L2C2

volume flow rate, L3 c 1

linear flow rate, Lei ionic diffusion rate, M L -2 C 1

radius of capillary tube, L gas constant, M L 2 C2 (Kelvint1

distance from wall of capillary tube, L Reynolds number, dimensionless boundary Reynolds number, dimensionless Richardson number, dimensionless entropy, M L2 C2 (Kelvintl distance, L slope, dimensionless subscript, referring to solid temperature, Kelvin time, t velocity, Lei velocity, L C 1

settling velocity, L c 1

fluid velocity, Lei shear velocity, Lei

v w w X x y z z

a 8 1] (}

11 Ilsubscript v p Pf Ps cr 'C'

volume,L3

work, ML2 C2

a linear dimension, commonly referred to width, L a linear dimension, L a linear dimension, L a linear dimension, L a dimensionless number of indefinite value a linear dimension, L

coefficient of expansion, dimensionless per mil deviation in isotope value from a standard viscosity, M L -1 c 1

an angle, dimensionless coefficient of friction, dimensionless chemical potential, L 2 C 2

kinematic viscosity, L2 C 1

density, M L -3

density of fluid, M L-3

density of solid, M L-3

stress, M L -1 C2

shearing stress, M L -1 C 2

Appendix I 211

Appendix II

Quantitative relations in the physical principles of sedimentology

Stokes' law (settling velocity):

(1.1)

Fluid resistance

(po)

Reynolds number (criterion of turbulence)

puD .. inertial force Re = -- = dImensIonless number· ----

17 viscous force

Chezy's equation (stream-flow velocity)

u = c..Jds Chezy-Kuenen equation (density-flow velocity)

u = C~~pc ds

Shields' criterion (shear velocity to initial grain movement)

u* = O.06~(ps - pf)gD

214 Appendix II

Heim-Miiller equation (rockfall acceleration)

a = g(sin 8-llCOS 8)

Bagnold's criterion (auto-suspension)

Keulegan's law (velocity of saline head)

~ u = O.71V-;;gd

Richardson number (criterion for mixing)

I.lP d -g R· P d' . 1 b gravity force

1 = --2- = ImenSlOn ess num er· dt inertial force

Froude number (criterion for flow regime)

~2 U Fr= -=--

gD liD

Densiometric Froude number (criterion for flow regime)

Bernoulli theorem

P.. + gH + ~ = constant P 2

Darcy-Weisbach equation (resistance to fluid flow in pipe)

f pu2 r =-­

r 4 2

(6.10)

(8.2)

(8.12)

Appendix II 215

Darcy's equation (flow velocity through porous media)

(9.1)

Poiseuille's law (velocity of viscous flow through a tube)

(9.5)

Darcy-Hubbert equation (flow velocity through porous media)

(9.12)

Kinetics of ionic diffusion

Mass-action law

(10.1)

Gibbs criterion (chemical equilibrium)

TdS'- p'dV' + ,ul'dm1' + l0.'dm2' + ... + ,un'dmn' (10·4) + T" dS'" - p" dV" + ,ul" dm1" + ,u2" dm2" + ... +,un" dmn" + T'" dS'" - p'" dV'" + ,ul'" dm1'" + ,u2'" dm2'" + ... + ,un'" dmn'" = 0

A solution of Eq. 10.4 is

T'= T"= T'" p'=p"=p'"

(10.5)

First Law of Thermodynamics

dE=dW-dQ (10.10)

216 Appendix II

Second Law of Thermodynamics

dS= dQ T

Lewis definition of chemical activity

lim (~) = 1 C---70 C

Airy model of isostasy

Pcrust' H = (Pmantle - Pcrust) D'

(Pcrust - Pseawater) d = (Pmantle - Pcrust) D'

(10.20)

(13.1)

Dsea level crust' Pcrust = Dsediment' Psediment + D crust ' Pcrust + D'mantle' Pmantle (13.3)

Pratt model of isostasy

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Index

A

AABW (Antarctic bottom water mass) 128,134

abrasion 12-14, 19, 22 Abu Dhabi 169,174,176

-, sabkha 174 abyssal plain 50,74,75,77,90,94 acceleration 26,30,31,51,77-80, ll4, ll5 accretional bedding ll4 ACD 164 activity 151

-, coefficient 152 Adams, John Emery 172,177 Adams, 1. H. 165 Africa 193 air-water interface 109 Airy, G. B. 191-196,200

-, model of isostasy 192, 193, 197, 216 Alabama 13 Alaska 180 Allalin Glacier 73 Allen, J. R. 1. 7,46,121 alluvial

- channel ll8 - conglomerate 65 -, deposit ll4 -, fan deposit ll5 -, process 55,56 -, sediment III

Alpine -, Flysch 19, 198 -, lake 45 -, Molasse 198 -, Penninic 198 -, Triassic 198

Alps 19,73,82,83,164,198,204 Amazon 95

ammonite 164 amorphous silica 149, 164 amphibole 15,17 Anderson, E. M. 197 andesite II

angle of repose 5,67,78,79 anhydrite 22, 175 annual deposit 41, 43, 46 anoxic

-, condition 169 -, sediment 134, 135

Antarctic 128 -, bottom water mass (AABW) 128, 134 -, ice cap 134 -, polar front 128

Antarctica 193 antidune ll3, ll5, ll6

-, cross-bedding ll5, ll6 -, sand 120 -, structure 120 -, type of fluid flow ll7

Appalachian Mountains 13, ll9 apparent

-, coefficient of friction 70,71,78, 79, 85,86

-, solubility 149, 169 aptychus 164 aquiclude 204 aquifer 143,144,169-171,174-177

-, dolomite 170 -, movement 171 -, sand 143 -, water 170, 176

aragonite 161, 162, 164, 169, 173 -, coating 162 -, -compensation depth 164 -, structure 161

Archimedes principle 192

224 Index

arkose 11 asthenosphere 195

-, column 196 asthenospheric mantle 195 Atlantic 48,73, 125, 126, 128, 135, 185, 193

-, bottom circulation 128 Australia 167, 193 auto-suspension 93, 97, 103, 104, 121, 214 avalanche 65,72,73,75,77

- debris 68,69,71-73,80,90 -, stream 70

- deposit 75, 82 - mass 65

B

Bach, J. s. 202 bacteria 189 Bagnold, R. A. 51, 68, 69, 93, 97, 100, 103,

114,115 Bagnoldian grain flow 86,99 Bagnold's criterion 92, 214 Bagnold's granular-flow model 86 Bahama Islands 21, 160 Bailey, E. B. 121 Baker, P. A. 177 Baltic Sea 41 Barbados 120 Barrell, Joseph 195,200 basal shear stress 86

Basin and Range 194, 195 basin subsidence 191, 194, 200 basinal carbonate 172 beach 13,20

-, deposit 4 -, sand 11, 13, 14, 20

bedform 75,80,110,112-115,119-121 belemnite 182-184 Beneo,F. 87 Berger, Wolfgang 163, 165 Bernard, Hugh 110-112,121 Bernese Alps 45 Bernina Pass 46 Bernoulli, Daniel 130

-, theorem 129, 130, 135, 214 beryl 95 beryllium-1O 180 Big Horn Basin 174 Bingham plastic 86 biochemical

- precipitate 22 -, precipitation 43

biogenic - carbonate 160 - debris 162, 164 -, sediment 128 - silica 164

biomass 187, 189 -, production 22 -, productivity 187

Black Sea 134 Blatt, Harvey 206 body force 69,108, 142 Bonaires Island 172, 173 borehole fluid pressure 144 Bosporus 134 bottom

- circulation 126, 134, 135 - current 119,124-129,133-135,137,180

- circulation 134 -, deposit 125 -, flow 133

-, sediment 43, 60, 134, 149 - water 160, 163, 187

boulder 57, 65-67, 75, 76, 78, 79 -, deposit 79 -, stream 77

Bouma, Arnold 119, 121 - Model 118 -, sequence 119, 124, 134

-, incomplete 119 boundary Reynolds number 59 brackish 134 Brahe, Tycho 201 braided

- channel 56,114,115 -, stream 55, 56, 114

-, deposit 114, 117 Brazil 95 Brazos

- channel 114 -, point bar 111, 112 -, River 110-112,114,117

breccia 65,73, 80, 84, 85 -, debris 85

Broecker, Wallace 180, 187, 190 Bulgaria 129 bullet train 73 Buss, E. 67,87

c

cable break 48,50,51,74,76,90 Cairo, Illinois 12

calcarenite 22 calcite 147,158,161-164,169,171,182

- cement 171 - -compensation depth 163 - crystal 161,182 - -dolomite-solution 168 - ooze 163 - precipitation 157-159 - structure 161 - undersaturation 159

calcium - carbonate 43, 160, 161, 163, 164, 167

-, sediment 22 - sulphate 172

California 17,56, 81, 125, 137 Cambrian 148 capacity 56, 57, 91 carbon-14 180 carbon-isotope

- anomaly 185,187,188,190 - composition 185, 187 - data 186 - fractionation 185, 187 - gradient 187-189 - measurement 187 - perturbation 187, 188

carbonate 22,158,160,172,173,185,187,189 - aquifer 171 - deposit 167 - ion 157-162,182

-, activity 158-160 -, concentration 158-160,163

- isotope 189 - mineral 169 - mud 22 - rock 4, 172, 185, 204 - sediment 22, 160, 173 - sedimentation 23 - sequence 167, 174 - species 160 - terrane 21, 148

carbonic acid 159 Caribbeans 167, 172, 176 catastrophic debris flow 68, 73, 85 CCD 163,164 cementation 147,148,150,162 Cenozoic 17, 135, 185

-, sandstone 17 -, temperature decline 186

chalk 22, 45, 80 - powder 93 -, sedimentation 22

change in state 193, 194, 196 chemical

- activity 151,156,216 - diagenesis 150,164,178,184 - diffusion 148 - dissolution 17 - energy 155-157

Index 225

- equilibrium 7,150,152,156,157,161, 162,182, 215

- kinetics 162, 163 - potential 5,153,155,156 -, precipitate 22, 162 - precipitation 22 - sediment 22,151 - varve 45 - weathering 11, 13

chert 11, 148, 149, 164 -, nodule 148 -, -pebble conglomerate 11

chertification 149,150 Chezy, Antoine 51-53,55,91

-, coefficient 50, 53, 54 -, -Kuenen equation 213

Chezy's equation 7, 48, 50, 51, 76, 77, 90, 93, 114, 121, 133, 202, 213

Chicago 181, 184 chloride 22 chlorite 17 circulation of surface currents 128 Clarke, John 75,87 clast 65, 81, 83, 111

- collision 73 -, -supported 7J, 81

-, pebble 75 clastic varve 45 clay 20-22, 41, 43, 44, 93, 112, 119, 134

- flake 62 - grain 61 - lamina 46 - mineral 13 - particle 27,45,61,62,90,91,119 - -sized particle 21, 44, 61, 89, 92-94,

123, 125 - suspension 93 - varve 43

Clifton, H. E. 87 climatic indicator 46 closed system 164 cobble 66, 79, 81

-, gravel 75 coefficient of

-, expansion 196

226 Index

-, friction 39,52, 67, 70, 78 cohesionless grain 68 cohesive

-, flow 99 -, strength 99

collapse of a denser fluid 95 Cologne 55, 56 Colombia 15 cometary impact 185 compaction 139, 144, 145, 147, 148

-, index 147,148 competence 56,57, 91 compression 191, 197, 198 compressive stress 196 concentration

-, gradient 148,149,164 -, of chemical components 151

conglomerate 11, 80, 81, 171 -, bed 117 -, with mud matrix 137

conservation of energy 130,154,155 continental

- collision 198 - crust 194,195,198 - margin 125, 196, 198 - rise 123 -, slope 48,76,77, 79, 90, 95, 123, 134

contourite 134, 135 convolute bedding 118 copper ore 176 Coriolis force 128 Coulomb, C. A. 33 Cracow 82 creativity 202, 203 Cretaceous 117, 135, 185, 187, 198

- catastrophe 189 - event 189 - Flysch 19 - -Tertiary boundary 187, 189 - Tethys 19

cristobalite 164 criterion for

- auto-suspension 92, 100 - flow regime 214 - mixing 214 - turbulence 7,37, 116, 213

critical - angle of repose 67 - Froude number 114,115 - Reynolds number 5,115 - shear stress 58, 61 - shear velocity 60-62

-, stress 59 cross-bedded

-, sand 111, 112, 114, 120 -, sandstone 110, 117, 121

cross-bedding 75,110,111,114,115,117,118, 120

cross-laminated 119,124,125 - sand 134 - sediment 112,124-126 - silt 111,112,114,118-120,124-126,134 - siltstone 137

cross-lamination 83,118,124,134 crust 192-198

-, density 194 crustal

- cross-section 193 -, density 192, 193 - extension 198 - structure 193 - subsidence 198 - thickness 192-196 - thinning 194,198,199

cryptocrystalline dolomite 167 Culbin at sea 12 current

circulation 128 - meter 43, 48, 49, 125 - power 91, 95

D

Daly, R. A. 47 Dana, R. D. 191, 196, 199 Daqing Oil Field 205 darcy (unit) 144 Darcy, Henry 137,140,150

- -Hubbert equation 143,144,173,215 -, -Weisbach coefficient 132 -, -Weisbach equation 133, 135, 214

Darcy's equation 7,143,170,215 Darcy's experiment 138, 140 Darwin,C. 8 De Geer 41,43 De Geer's varves 45 debris

-, cone 89 -, flow 68, 80, 81, 90, 99 -, volume 85 -, wave 80, 87

Debye-Huckle formula 152,169 dedolomitization 171 deduction 201-204

deep marine -, breccia 73 -, sedimentary sequence 82

deep-sea - drilling 73, 83, 148, 184, 186

-, project 95 - fan 125 - photography 125 - sand deposition 125 -, sediment 81, 138, 149, 184

Deffeyes, Ken 172, 176 degree of supersaturation 163 densiometric Froude number 120, 121, 214 density

- change 198 - current 95, 96, 100 - density flow 99, 100, 104

-, velocity 213 - of settling particle 25

depth of -, ocean current 123 -, open channel 50

desert 65, 117, 118 detrital

- grain 20 -, sediment 11,13,19,21,123,134,147 -, varve 46

deuterium 181 diagenesis 147,150,162,164,167,170,176,

184, 189, 191 diameter of

- conduit 103, 133 - pipe 37,131, 133 - grain 57 - settling particle 25 - spherical particle 57 - tube 141

diatom 22, 45 -, ooze 149

diatomaceous ooze 170 diffusion 148, 149, 164

-, coefficient 149 dilution effect 12

dimensional analysis 30, 31, 46 dimensionless number 20,30-36, 40, 58,

59, 78, 105, 109, 131, 133, 141, 142, 144, 145 discharge 43, 48, 49, 141 dispersion 51, 68, 69 dispersive stress 69 displacement 69, 84, 95, 191, 196, 198 dissociation

-, constant 159

Index 227

-, of carbonate ions 158 -, of carbonic acids 159

dissolution 17-19,148,150,152,157,161,163, 168,169 - of amorphous silica 149 -, of calcite 163 -, rate 163

distal turbidites 124

distortion factor 106 distribution of the pore size 144 dolomite 148,167,169-175,204

- aquifer 170 - bed 170,174 - debris 22 - genesis 169 - rock 170 - solubility 169

dolomitic limestone 169 dolomitization 167,168,170-174,176,177,206

-, reaction 167 -, front 170

driving power of a turbidity current 92 Dulsie Bridge 12 dune 67,110,115

deposit 75 -, migration 115,117 -, -like bedform 75

Dunham, John 177 dust 65,68,89,90

-, cloud 89 -, suspension 99

Dutton, C. E. 191,200 dynamic similarity 105, 106, 113 dynamically similar model 108, 109 dynamics of

-, avalanche 77 -, fluid flow 105

Dzulynski, Stan 82

E

Early Oligocene 128

Early Pleistocene 137 Early Pliocene 137 Early Tertiary 19,117 Earth 65

-, science revolution 9,19,198 earthquake 48,50,74,76,77,79,80,83

-, prediction 203 Eddington's eclipse experiment 201 effective

-, density 28,50, 90, 91, 95, 120

228 Index

-, weight 28,50, 69, 91 Einstein, A. 201 Elm 66, 68, 77, 89, 90

- debris 68 - landslide 67, 72, 79 - rockfall 66,76, n, 89 - sturzstrom 78

Emiliani, Cesare 184 energy

- content 153,155 - flux 152,156 - gradient 86, 96, 132 - line 69,70,71, 78, 79, 132

Engadine Valley 44, 46 entropy 153,155,157 Eocene 13,128,134,149

- climate 13 -, deposit 83 -, sediment 149

epidote 15,17 Epstein, Sam 190 equatorial

-, current 129 -, Pacific lagoon 167

equilibrium - activity product 161 - constant 151,159,168 - of forces 152 - partition 182

equivalent coefficient of friction 70, 78 ETH Zurich 19 Ethington, Raymond 177 Eugster, Hans 178 Eugster, Hermann 15 Europe 15,19,25 euxinic 134 evaporative pumping 175, 177, 178 evaporite 4, 22, 172 Ewing, Maurice 48 extension 197, 198 extensional

- axis 197 -, tectonics 73

F

facies model 4, 84, 111, 117, 118, 134 Fahrboschung 69,78 falling body 26 falsehood 5, 6, 201, 202 feldspar 11-13,15,20,21

-, content 11-14

feldspathic sandstone 11 Ferness 12 Feyerabend, Paul 207 Feynman, Richard 1

Findhorn River 12 first law of thermodynamics 154, 155, 193,

215 flat

-, bed 114,115,118,120 -, bottom 77, 109, 112

Fleming, R. H. 165 flood discharge 43 floodwater 48, 56, 112, 114, 123, 203 Flores, G. 84,85,87 Florida 13, 20, 170

- Aquifer 169-171,173 -, Strait 21 -, Stream 123

flow regime 115,116,119-121,214 flowing

- debris 154 - suspension 91

fluid - flow 36-38, 54, 58-60, 65, 77, 91, 96,

108,115,116,131,133,137,214 - force 33,58,68,69,91 -, -gravity flow 65, 68, 80, 81, 89, 90 - medium 25, 69, 103 - resistance 6, 26, 28, 33, 35, 38-40, 52,

91, 94, 133, 213 - stress 58, 69, 91, 140, 141 - velocity 58, 60, 92 - viscosity 32

fluidized 68 flume 51,60,94-96,110-113,120,124

-, experiment 90,93,115 -, flow 113

flute cast 97 flux of energy 152 fluxoturbidite 82 Flysch 19, 99, 117, 198

-, formation 118 -, sandstone 97,119

foraminifer 15,22,125,184,186,189 foreland-basin 198 formation pressure 144 France 80, 126 Francheteau, Jean 196,200 French Alps 119 friction

- factor 54,94, 132, 133 -, loss 96, 131

frictional -, loss 70, 71, 132 -, sliding 78

Froude, W. 105, 109 -, number 105,109,112-117,120,132,

214 frozen lake 44

G

Galilei, G. 26 garnet 15,17 gas constant 210 geognosy 201 geometric similarity 106 geosynclinal

-, cycle 199 -, sequence 194

geosyncline 117,191,193,194,198,199 giant sand wave 110 Gibbs, J. Willard 152,165

-, criterion 7,215 Ginsburg, Robert 22, 23 Giovanoli, F. 46 glacier 41, 44, 73, 203 Glarus 48 Gondwana 193 Goranson 193 graded

-, bed 81, 83, 90, 94, 118, 119, 126 -, sequence 125

- -bedded sandstone 117, 121 - bedding 82,83,89,117-119 -, sandstone 137

gradient of carbon isotopes 161, 187 grain

-, collision 51, 69, 81 -, diameter 26,38, 60, 61 -, dispersion 69 - flow 51, 69, 86, 91, 99 - settling 26 - size 21, 22, 26, 41, 60, 90, 112, 144, 145

-, distribution 19, 21 Grand Banks 48,73-77,79-81,83,87,90

- current 50,93 - earthquake 50,74 - sediment-gravity flow 79,90,120 -, submarine slide 73, 79 - turbidity current 76, 94

gravel 21,27,40,61,65,75-77,79,81,111,112 - avalanche 80 -, bank 114

Index 229

-, bed 81 -, deposit 50, 75, 80, 81, 111 - wave 75, 80, 87

gravitational acceleration 25, 28, 52, 53, 105, 109, 130

gravity force 92, 104, 108, 120 Great Bahama Bank 22 green algae 22,45,160 Griggs, David 5 Grimsel Lakes 45 groove cast 97 Gross, Grant 135 groundwater 17,141,143,150,169-171,

174-177,180,181,206 - chemistry 169 - flow 96,143,150,164 - hydrology 176, 206 - motion 142,150,206 - movement 138, 164, 176 -, -recharge 206 - sample 169 - table 143,174,175,204

Guldberg, C. M. 151 Gulf

- Coast 13,14, 17, 18, 20, 22, 111, 137 -, sediment 62

- of California 170 - of Lyon 80 - of Mexico 48, 104

gypsum 22, 169, 172, 173, 204 -, precipitation 172

gyttja 45

H

Hacking, Ian 207 Hagen-Poiseuille's law 141 halite 22 Hall, James 191,199 halokinetic circulation 134 Hampton, H. A. 90, 100 Hanshaw, Bruce 170 Hardy, Lawrence 178 He Qixiang 113, 187 Hearst, George 204 heavy mineral 15,17-19,95

- composition 17 - suite 15,18 -, zonation 15,17,18 - zone 17

Heezen, Bruce 48, 135 Heim, Albert 67,68-70, 7J, 78, 86, 87

230 Index

-, -MUller equation 214 hemipelagic 123

-, mud 137 -, seafloor 126 -, sediment 119, 198

Henry's law 158, 159 high-density current 99 Himalayas 192 Hitler, A. 205 Hjulstrom, F. 61,62

-, diagram 63 Hjulstrom's curve 7, 61, 62 Hollister, C. D. 135 Holocene 44, III homogenized mud 83 Horgen 79, 83, 95, 97 horizontal

-, compression 197 -, extension 197 -, extensional axis 197 -, lamination 83, 109, 115, 118

horizontally laminated -, sand 111,112, 114, 119, 120 -, silt 119, 120

Houston, Texas 17, 110 Hsu, Kenneth J. 14,27,46,63, 87, 88, 96, 177 Huascaran 73, 80, 90 Hubbert, M. King 9,10,19, 121, 142, 150, 174 Humboldt Current 128 Hutton 201 hydraulic

-, gradient 132,133,139,143,171,173,174 -, head 130, 132, 172 -, pressure 139 -, radius 53

hydrodynamic -, circulation 142,150,164,171-173,177,

184 -, flow 171 -, movement 142,149,171,175,184 -, potential 142,143, 174, 176 -, transfer 148

hydrodynamics 1, 29, 46, 129, 135, 171, 173, 178

hydrogen-ion -, activity 159 -, concentration 158

hydrostatic 142, 148, 149, 171, 184 -, pore pressure 79 -, potential 142 -, pressure 142

hydrothermal dolomite 171

Ice Age 75, 184 ideal solution 151,156 imbricate structure 80 immature 11 Ince,S. 62 index fossil 17 India 193 Indian Ocean 128 inertia 33, 57, 69, 103 inertial force 33, 68, 92, 103, 104, 108, 120 initial grain movement 213 intermediate current 126 interplay of tectonics and sedimentation

191 ionic

-, activity product 158,168 -, concentration 152, 156, 168 -, diffusion 149,150, 215 -, strengtlI 152

Iran 73 isochrone zone 17 isostasy 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 200 isostatic

-, adjustment 195, 196 -, compensation 195-197 -, subsidence 194, 196, 198

isotope -, equilibrium 181 -, fractionation 181, 182, 184 -, sedimentology 180, 190 -, tracer 179

isotopic composition 181, 182, 184, 185 Italy 171

J

Japan 73,83, 180, 205 Jenkyns, Hugh 165 Johnson, M.W. 165 JOIDES 95, 184 Jura Mountains 13 Jurassic 73, 182, 204

-, carbonate rock 204

K

Kastner, Miriam 169, 177 Kelts, Kerry 46,47, 63, 83, 87, 95, 101, 162 Kelvin, Lord 5, 9 Kennett, Jim 185, 190

Kepler, J. 201 Kersey, David 94, 96, 100 Keulegan, G. H. 95,96, 100 Keulegan's law 100, 214 kinematic

-, similarity 106, 107 -, viscosity 37

kinematics of -, oceanic circulations 180 -, subsidence 193, 198

kinetic energy 32,33,56,65,68-71,77,79, 86,88,95,96,103,104,130,131,154

kinetics of ionic diffusion 215 Komar, Paul 63 Krauskopf, Konrad 7 Krumbein, W. C. 145 Krynine, Paul 15,18 Kuenen, Ph. 41, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 63, 76, 82,

90, 93, 100, 119, 121 Kuhn, T. S. 207 kyanite 17

L

Lacombe, H. 135 lacustrine

- chalk 43,44, 181 - deposition 205 - mud 83 - turbidite 5 -, turbidity current 63

lag - deposit 85, 111, 112 -, gravel 112, 120

Lakatos, Imre 207 Lake

- Geneva 43,44,47 - Greifen 188 - Lucern 81, 90 - Lugano 44, 46 -, of Brienz 44 - of Konstanz 44 - ofThun 44 - of Walenstadt 22,41,43, 44, 47-49 - Zug 79 - Zurich 22, 27, 43-46, 79, 83

-, chalk 162 -, turbidite 95 -, varve 44

Lambert, Andre 43,46 lamina 43, 45, 125, 167

-, of clay 43

laminar 103, 113 -, flow 37,71, 115 -, motion 37,38,72,97,99

laminated -, clay 41, 43 -, silt 41, 43

lamination 41, 43, 44, 82, 109, 114 landslide 68,70, 81, 86, 87

- block 89 -, debris 57, 67, 90 -, scarp 67

Langhaar, H. 1. 46, 121 Laotze 3 Late Eocene 128, 134 Late Miocene 137 Late Quaternary 184 Laudon, Larry 207 law of

-, conservation of matter 9 -, universal gravitation 9

laws of thermodynamics 9 lead deposits 176 Leeder, M. R. 46 Leopold, Luna 62 LePichon, Xavier 200

-, model 194 Lerman, Abraham 178 Lewis, G. N. 156

Index 231

-, definition of chemical activity 216 Libya 204 lime

-, mud 4, 83, 175 -, sand 22

limestone 148, 162, 164, 172 -, debris 21 -, -dolomite transition 172

linear -, dimension 105, 109 -, velocity gradient 99

Linth -, Glacier 43 -, River 22,43,47-49

liquefied 68 liquid flow 65 lithic grain 11 lithification 146, 148 lithified

-, layer 175 -, sediment 147

lithosphere 11,195-197 lithospheric

-, compression 196

232 Index

-, density 197 -, isostasy 197 -, model 197 -, plate 195 -, stress 196

Logie Bridge 12 longshore

-, current 20 -, transport 13

Los Angeles 137 Louisiana 13, 62, 203 Lowenstam, Heinz 190 Lucia, Jerry 172, 176 Luthi, Stephan 93, 100, 121 Lyell, Charles 47 lysocline 163

M

M-discontinuity 192 Mackie, William 11, 23 magnesite 161 magnesium

-, calcite 161 -, carbonate 161, 167 -, transfer 171, 172 -, -to-calcite concentration ratio 169 -, -to-calcium activity 168 -, -to-calcium concentration ratio 169

Malinverno, Alberto 87 Manchuria 205 manganese nodules 134 manometer 140 mantle 180, 192, 195

-, cooling 198 -, density 192, 194, 196

-, change 198 -, doming 198, 199 -, heterogeneity 195, 196 -, material 198

marine -, current 20 -, limestone 181 -, sediment 4,15, 47, 162, 170 -, sedimentation 194 -, shelf 117, 118 -, transport 13

marl 22 Mars 65,70 marsh 62 mass-action law 7,151,152,157,215 material transfer 170, 178

-, in diagenesis 150 -, transport 56,148-150,164

Matt 89,90 mature 11, 13

-, sand 13 maturity index 11 Maxwell, Arthur 184 Maxwellian laws of electromagnetism 9 Mayer, Larry 75 McCave, Nick 63 McKenzie, D. P. 200 McKenzie, Judith 175,177, 187, 190

-, model 194 McKinney, C. R. 190 meandering 55,56,115

-, -river deposit 118 -, stream 55

-, deposit 112 mechanics of

-, auto-suspension 97 -, meandering 55 -, turbidity-current flow 96

median -, diameter 19, 20, 41, 43, 145 -, grain diameter 44 -, grain size 145 -, size 43

Mediterranean 126,133-135 -, circulation 126, 135 -, Intermediate Water Mass 126 -, Undercurrent 126

mega-ripple 113 Menard, H. W. 100, 121 Mesozoic 73, 134, 150 metastable

-, equilibrium 162 -, solubility 162

methanogenesis 189 Michelangelo 202 Michelson-Morleyexperiment 201 microfossil 15,17, 184 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 83,148 Middle Miocene 170 Middle Pleistocene 137 Middleton, Gerard 46, 60, 100, 121 Migliorini, C. 1. 41, 47, 100 Miller, John 62 Miller, M. C. 63 Milner, H. B. 15 mineral

-, composition 4, 12, 13, 19, 203 -, zonation 17

mineralogical composition 22 mineralo~ 12,22,23,181 Miocene 137, 170

-, aquifer 176 -, dolomite 171 - ocean sediment 149 -, sediment 137

Mississippi - Delta 13, 14 -, River 12,20,22,48,104,112

-, point bar 111

-, sediment 12 model boat 105,109 Moho 192, 193, 195, 197 Mohorovicic 192 Mojave Desert 115 Molasse 117, 198

- aquifer 171 -, conglomerate 171 - deposit 81 -, formation 19

momentum 5,51, 65, 66, 69,71, 100 monazite 15 Monk, G. D. 145 monomineralic deposit 22 Moody diagram 54, 93, 94, 133 Moon 65,70 mountain building 198 mud 48,51, 62, 81, 83, 84, 90, 103, 111, 112,

114, 119, 134 -, avalanche 81

-, mud avalanche deposit 83 -, clast 83

-, facies 83 - deposit 81 -, fragment 83 -, matrix 73, 81 -, pebble 83 -, sediment 83 -, turbidite 94

mud-supported 73 mudflow 68, 72, 73, 80, 81, 85, 97 mudslide 203

-, deposit 83 MUller-Bernet, Eugene 67,70,77,78 Munk, Walter 135 Murray, Ray 176

N

NADW (North Atlantic Deep Water) 128 nannoplankton 22, 188

Nanz, Robert 110 natural

Index 233

-, -history approach 7,9,19, 22, 85, 87, 100, 199, 203

-, water 151,152,158-160,162,167 -, body 163, 181

Navier-Stokes equations of motion 27,28,

29 Neogene 134 Newfoundland 75 Newtonian fluid 86 Newtonian laws 9, 29 Newton's first law of motion 9, 22, 71, 202,

203 Newton's second law of motion 9, 26, 130 Newton's laws of mechanics 152 Niggli, Paul 181 Nikuradse, J. 54,93

-, curve 63, 133 Nordin, C. F. 121 normal hydrostatic pressure 144 North Africa 15, 204 North America 15, 65, 171, 176, 193, 195, 197 North Atlantic 87,94, 128

-, Deep Water Mass 128 North Pacific 128 Northeast China 205 Norwegian Sea 128

o ocean

-, crust 19, 180, 193, 198 -, current 123,128 -, drilling 128, 184 - ooze 4,184

oceanic -, crust 195, 199 -, plankton 161, 163 -, trench 198

Oligocene 120, 128 -, sediment 149

olistolith 84, 85 olistostrome 84, 85, 87

-, deposit 85 -, motion 85

olivine 17 Oman Mountains 175, 176 ooid 162 oolite 160, 162 ooze 22, 149, 163, 184 opal C-T 164

234 Index

open channel 52,54, 62, 96, 109, 115, 116, 129,131 -, flow 53, 54, 60, 108, 109

ophiolite melange 19 Ordovician 119 origin of

- chert 148, 164 -, dolomite 25, 150, 167 - evaporite 178 -, species 8

Oswatisch, K. 46 Overton, William 201 oxidation 134, 161

-, -reduction potential 170 oxygen

-, isotope 182, 185 -, composition 183 -, fractionation 182

-, -minimum zone 163 oxygenation 134

p

Pacific 81, 90, 193 -, lagoon 167

Pakiser, L. C. 195 Paleocene 186 paleocurrent meter 60 Paleogene 171 paleotemperature 184, 186, 190 Paleozoic 129, 204 Paris 51,55 passive continental margin 198, 199 PDB 182,185 Pearl Harbor 205 pebble 65, Ill, 112

-, gravel 75 -, -sized clast 111

Pee Dee -, belemnite 182 -, Formation 182

Pekelmeer 172-174 -, hypothesis 172, 173 -, sediment 173

pelagic 123, 124 -, clay 123 -, sediment 128

Peng, T. H. 190 Penninic 198 permeability 137, 139, 142-148, 171, 173,

176 -, reduction 144, 147, 148

Permian 172, 193, 198 Persian Gulf 167, 176 Peru 90,203 Peruvian Andes 73 Peterson, Mel 163 Pettijohn, Francis 11,17,18,23 phi class 5,145 phi unit 20 phi value 20 phosphate 22

-, deposit 128 photosynthesis 160, 161, 163, 188 physical science approach 9, 19, 100 physically impossible process 85 phytoplankton 187 Pickering, K. 135 pipe

-, diameter 37, 54 flow 54,133

-, radius 141 Piper, David 74,75, 80, 87 planar cross-bedding 110 plankton 41, 45, 187

-, bloom 128, 187 -, productivity 187

plate -, displacement 198 -, -tectonic model 198 -, -tectonic theory 180

playa evaporite 176 Pleistocene 111, 137

-, climate 184 Pliocene 81,95, 125, 137

-, basin 95 -, reservoir 147 -, basin 95 -, IPleistocene sedimentary sequence

137 Plovdiv 129 plume 48, 104, 123 point bar Ill, 112, 114, 120

-, deposition 112 -, facies model 111 -, model 112, 121 -, sequence 111, 114, 117, 118, 120 -, surface 112

Poiseuille's law 141,142,144,215 polar ice 111

-, cap 134 Polish Carpathians 82 polycyclic 11,15 ponded facies 95

Popper, Karl 201, 204, 207 pore

-, size 144 -, water 149

porosity 148, 170 porous medium 137,139,144, 206, 215 porphyry copper ore 176 potential energy 65,69-71,79,86,95,96,

130, 131, 154 potential of being turbulent 38 Prandtl, 1. 46, 135 Pratt, J. H. 191, 192, 195, 196, 200

-, model of isostasy 216 Prealpine Flysch 99 Prealps of Switzerland 171 precipitation 56,152,157,160,162,163,169,

176 -, of calcite 162 -, of calcium carbonate 43, 160

pressure -, force 27, 128, 131, 132, 142 -, gradient 142, 174

primary dolomite 167 principal stress 196 Prout, William 179 pseudoviscous deformation 99 Puerto Rico Trench 134 pull-apart basin 198 Purser, B. H. 178 pyroxene 15,17

Q

quartz 11, 13, 15, 21, 149, 164 -, grain 61, 62, 149, 164 -, sand 20, 59 - sandstone 11, 13 - sphere 148

Quaternary 184 - glaciation 186 -, gravel deposit 81

R

radiolarian 22, 149 -, ooze 129, 148, 149 -, skeleton 149

radiolarite 148 rate of

- groundwater flow 142, 143 -, material transfer 171 -, material transport 149

reaction rate 163, 168 Recent 167

-, carbonate sediment 22, 167 -, dolomite 167,172,174-176 - Gulf Coast 62 - sabkha sediment 175

Index 235

-, sediment 4,15, 148, 149, 162, 169 recrystallization 148 red clay 163 reflux 172 replacement 148, 150, 157, 167 resedimented deposit 83, 137 reservoir

-, bed 137, 144, 147 -, sand 137 -, sandstone 144

resistance -, coefficient 34,36,38-40,52,54,55,

92, 94, 131, 133 - force 66, 131 -, stress 140 -, to fluid flow 37, 91, 103, 131, 214

resisting stress 57,133 respiration 188 Reynolds, Osborne 36,37, 103

-, criterion for turbulence 7, 37 -, number 27, 28, 35-40, 54, 59, 94, 103,

105,108,109,113,116,213 -, visualization experiments 37

Rhine 55 Rhineland 56 Rhodes, Mary Louise 172, 177 Rhone 43,47 Richards, T. W. 179, 180 Richardson, E. V. 121

-, number 92,93,103-105,214 Richmond, Texas 112 rift 198, 199 rifting 199

-, phase 198 Rigi, Mount 81 Rigi/Weggis mudflow 90 rigid-body motion 30 Rio Grande 114 Rio Santa 80, 81, 90 ripple 110, 112, 113, 115

-, mark 134 rippled

-, bedform 114, 125 -, bottom 113 -, deep-sea bottom 125 -, silt 125

236 Index

river - flood 47, 49 - sand 12-14,115 -, transport 12, 13

riverbank 55,56, 117 riverborne turbidity current 46 rock

- avalanche 70 -, deposit 65

- salt 175 rockfall 70,71,73,78,81,87,97,154

- acceleration 214 - debris 66, 68, 69, 73, 89, 100

-, deposit 78 -, flow 78

- deposit 85 - volume 85, 86

Romanche Fracture Zone 73 roughness 54 Rouse,H. 62 ruby 95 runout slope 78 Russell, R. Dana 12, 23 rutile 15,17,18 Ryan, W. B. F. 87

s sabkha 174-176

- dolomite 174, 175 - hydrology 175 - mud 174 -, sediment 175

Saidmarreh landslip n 79 saline

- groundwater 151,176,177 -, head 95, 214 -, water 95

San Antonio Canyon 56 San Gabriel Mountains 56 sand 5,12-15,17,20,21,27,40,44,56,57,62,

65,75,81-83,89,90,109,110,112,114, 118-120,124,125,134,138-140,142,175 - avalanche 81, 82

-, deposit 82 - beach 62, 82 - debris 82 - deposit 135 - deposition 112 - dune 75, 117 - grain 4, 13, 20, 61, 62, 67, 89, 90, 139 - particle 118, 123, 125

-sized particle 83,93, 94 - turbidite 94 - wave 110-115,117,118,120

sandstone 4,11,15,17,109,110,117,118,144, 146-148 - bed 82 - formation 117 - permeability 139 - reservoir 137

scale factor -, for acceleration 107 - for force and mass 107 - for lengths 106 -, for time 106 - for velocity 107 - in model theory 210

Schlanger 200 Schneider, Jean F. 175, 177, 178 Sclater, John 196,200 seafloor

-, bathymetry 196 -, spreading 184, 198, 199

seawater -, chemistry 161 -, supersaturation 162

second law of thermodynamics 155,216 sediment

- -fluid mixture 68 - -gravity flow 50, 65, 68, 69, 73, 75-81,

83,85,89,90,96,120,132,137 - transport 20, 56, 57, 90, 91, 117 - -water interface 60,113-115,118,120 - -water mixture 51, 76, 90

sedimentary -, sedimentary basin 191-194,198,200 -, sedimentary loading 194, 198

seepage 172 -, reflux 172

settling - particle 25 -, velocity 6,25-28,35,38,40,91-93,

123,213 Shackleton, Nick 185,190 Shakespeare, W. 202 shallow marine clastics 137 Shapere, Dudley 207 shear

-, stress 58, 99 -, velocity 57-60, 213 -, zone 84, 85

shearing -, force 31,118,132

-, resistance 131 -, stress 31,58, 59, 69, 131, 147

shelf carbonate 172 Shepard, Francis 76, 87 Sherman Glacier 89 Shields, A. 57, 59 Shields' criterion 57, 213 Shields' diagram 7, 59, 61, 63, 65, 91 Shreve, Ron 87 Siberia 205 Sibuet, Jean-Claude 200 Siegenthaler, Chris 174, 178 sieve

-, analysis 19, 146 -, fraction 19-21

silica 21, 149, 164 -, compounds 149 -, concentration 149

silicate 21 siliciclastic 21, 22 sillimanite 17 silt 20,21,41,43,44, 89, 92, 112, 119, 123, 125,

134 -, -clay pair record 41 -, deposit 135 -, -laden stream 47 -, particle 61, 62, 90, 91, 123, 125 -, -sized particle 44, 83, 93 -, varve 43

siltstone 124 Silvaplana Lake 46 Simons, D. B. 121 Simplon Tunnel 203 sinking velocity 35 slide mass 84 slope

-, angle 67,70,71,78,79 -, gradient 50 -, of channel floor 50

slump -, deposit 83 -, fold 81 -, folding 83

Smith, G. E. 178 SMOW (standard mean ocean water)

181-184 snow avalanche 65, 82 Soddy, Frederick 179 Sohms Abyssal Plain 75 solid

-, -air mixture 65 -, -water mixture 65

solubility 158, 162, 168 -, experiment 168 -, in quartz 164 -, of aragonite 162 -, of biogenic silica 164 - of calcite 158, 161, 168 -, of dolomite 168 -, of metastable phase 162 -, of stable phase 162

Songliao Basin 205

Index 237

sorting 4,5,19,20,22,89,90,112,145,146,148 source bed of petroleum 135, 189 South America 128, 193 South Atlantic 83,95,148, 184, 187 South Australia 176 South Carolina 182 South Pole 128, 134 Southard, John 46, 60, 121 southern Alps 83 Soviet Union 205 specific energy 96 speed

-, of sediment-gravity flow n. 79 -, of turbidity-current flow 48

Spieker, Ed 193 St. Moritz Lake 46 St. Peter Sandstone 148 stable

-, isotope 179, 180, 181 -, mineral 15,17

stagnation pressure 130, 131 standard mean ocean water (SMOW)

181-184 standing wave 116 staurolite 17 Stokes' law 6, 7, 25-29, 35, 40, 41, 44, 93,

202,213 Stommel, Henry 135 stone avalanche 81 strain 196, 198 Strait of

-, Gibraltar 126 -, Otranto 126

Strangelove 187 -, effect 187 -, Ocean 187,189

stream -, flow 59, 60, 110

-, velocity 213 -, of gravel 76, 77 -, power 57, 112, 113 -, velocity 55

238 Index

stress 26,30,32,58, 69, 86, 193, 194, 198 - difference 191 -, measurement 60 -, orientation 197

strontianite 161 Stumm, W. 190 Stumpf 41 sturzstrom 68, 85, 86

-, deposit 86 -, energy 86

subaqueous - density flow 97 -, fan 83 - flow 99 - mudflow 81, 90 - slide 79, 84,100 - sliding 83 -, suspension 41

sub critical flow 115 subduction zone 85 subglacial lake 44 submarine

- breccia 73 - canyon 47,80,87,125,137 -, current 85 - escarpment 73 - fan 95 - mudflow 76, 81 -, rockfall 80 - sediment-gravity flow 73,90 - slide 47,73,76, 79, 81 - sliding 48 - slope 79, 82, 85, 90 - stone avalanche 81

subsidence -, kinematics 193, 198 -, under sedimentary load 191, 194

sucrosic dolomite 148 sulphate 22

-, ion 169 -, reduction 170, 189

Sundquist, Eric 190 supercritical

-, flow 115 -, regime 116

supersaline -, brine 172, 173 -, lagoon 172

supersaturated seawater 160 supersaturation 149, 152, 162, 163, 168

-, of lake water 162 supratidal

-, flat 176 -, zone 177

surface current 123,124, 126, 128, 129 surge 67, 69, 70 suspension 20,41, 43, 44, 46-48, 51, 75, 76,

89-95,100,112,114,115,118,120, 125, 187 -, current 47,51,89, 90, 93, 95, 97, 99,

120 - flow-surge 99

Sverdrup, H. U. 165 Swiss

- Alps 117 -, lakes 43, 44, 46, 87 -, Midland 45, 46

Switzerland 13, 19, 44-46, 55, 73, 81, 99

T

Tangshan catastrophe 203 Tao-Te Chin 3 Taylo~James 17 Tchernia, P. 135 tectonic

-, evolution 191, 198 -, melange 84, 85

tendency to mix 104 termination of avalanche 80 terrigenous detritus 21, 22 Tertiary 117, 189, 204

- chalk 80 - continental collision 19 -, glaciation 135 - quartz sandstone 13

Tethys Ocean 19, 198 Texas 13, 14, 112, 178 texture 12,19,119 theory of models 105 thermal isostasy 192,196 thermocline 163 thermohaline circulation 134 thixotropic 79 three-phase equilibrium 168,169 threshold

-, shear stress 60 -, stress 61

Tibet 117 tidal

- channel 117, 160 - flat 4,174 -, force 128

titanite 17 tortuosity factor 144

tourmaline 17 trans-Atlantic telegraph cables 48,73,77 transducer 60 transform fault 73 transmissibility 138, 139, 143 transport capacity 57, 112 transverse ridge 72,75, 80 Trask 63 Triassic 204

-, carbonate 198 -, dolomite 204

tridymite 164 trough cross-bedding 110 turbidite 41,45,50,73-75,82,89-91,95,

119-121,124-126,134,146 -, bed 119,120,126 - deposition 119, 124 -, division 126 - layer 124 - sand 95, 124 - sandstone 137

turbiditic -, detritus 137 -, sediment 198

turbidity - current 41,43,47-51,53,75-77,80,

82,83,90,93,94,97,99,100,118-120, 124-126,134,137 -, deposit 41, 90, 97, 98, 100 - deposition 47, 100, 118, 124, 126 - erosion 97 - flow 94,96 - transport 47, 97, 124, 125

-, underflow 48 turbulent 37, 38, 103, 113, 115

- energy 104 - flow 37,39,60,68,115 - motion 37,38 - sub critical flows 115 - supercritical flow 115 - suspension 97 - water 60

Tuttle, H. E. 194,195 Tuve, M. A. 194, 195

u

Udden 20 unconformity 128 unconsolidated sediment 61,81,113,145,

147 underflow 48, 49

underwater - current 43, 48 -, flood 47 -, flow of suspension 41

uniformitarianism 47, 87 unit area 26,31,57 United States 20, 148, 205 unsorted sediment 21 upper mantle 195-198 Upper Miocene 137 upwelling 128, 129 Urey, Harold 181-185,190 Utah 65

v Vaiont 203 Van Gogh 202 varve 5,41,43-46,48

- chronology 41 -, clay 43 -, deposition 46

velocity -, gradient 31,32,99 -, of fluid flow 58, 60

Vema Trench 95 Ventura 81,95,124,144-148

- anticline 139 - Avenue Field 137 - Basin 81, 124, 125, 134, 137, 138

conglomerate 81 - cross-laminated silt 124,125 - Field 139, 144, 146 - fluid pressure 144 - sandstone 147 - sediment 145, 148 - turbidite 146, 167

Verrucano 198 vertical

- extensional axis 197 -, hydraulic gradient 174 -, velocity gradient 99

Index 239

viscosity 25, 27, 30-32, 99, 103, 139, 143, 144

viscous - deformation 86, 88 - flow 31,84,141,215 - fluid 81 - force 27,32,33,36,38, 103, 108 - resistance 6,39, 40, 103, 109, 140,

141 vital effect 160,182,185-187

240 Index

Voight, Barry 87 volume

- of rockfall 71 -, transport 56, 60, 141

w

Waage, Peter 151 Walker, Roger 100

Wasatch Mountains 65 water-sediment interface 109

Wauschkuhn, A. 178 wave

-, erosion 62 -, resistance 109

weathering 13,17,158 Weddell Sea 128 Wegener, Alfred 193 Weggis 81 West Australia 176 Western Boundary Current 128 wetted

-, perimeter 52 -, surface area 52

Weyl, Peter 172, 176

Wieghardt, K. 46 wind

-, -generated stress 129 -, stress 128

Winterer, E. L. 165 Wolf, K. H. 178 Wollard, George 193 Wolman, Gordon 62 Wyoming 174

y

Yangay 73 Yellow River 55

z Zenger, Don 177 Zentner, Kaspar 68 Zhao Xiafei 43, 46, 113 zinc deposits 176 zircon 15, 17, 18 zoisite 17 zooplankton 129, 187 Zurich 185, 202