132

Appendix I: Responses to DCT

Situation 1 (NSJ) 1) - - - san no okage yo addressee-referent LK thanks to IP (Thanks to you.) 2) oishikatta? delicious (Was it nice?) 3) kochirakoso ii tokoro o oshiete moratte Rec good place O tell B receive (Thank you for telling me about the place.) 4) oishikatta? oshiete kurete arigatoo delicious tell B give-me TF (Was it delicious? Thanks for telling me [about the place].) 5) doo itashimashite how HUM do (You’re welcome.) 6) doo itashimashite suupaa ni ike ba mada tokubai yatteru to omou yo how HUM do super market Lm go if still special sale doing Quo think IP (You’re welcome. I think it is still on special.) 7) arigatoo, kochirakoso TF Rec (Thank you.) 8) doo itashimashite ikko de gomen ne Oishikatta? how HUM do one with AP IP delicious (You’re welcome. I’m sorry that I only gave you one. Was it good?) 9) watashi no hoo koso yoi nyusu o oshiete kudasatte arigatoo I LK side emph. good news O tell HON B give-me TF (Thank you for telling me the good news.)10) wazuka de ohazukashii a little so embarrassed (I am embarrassed that it was such a small amount.)11) kochirakoso yasui mise oshiete kurete arigatoo. Sukoshi shika agerare Rec cheap shop tell B give-me TF a little only B Pote give nakute gomen ne NEG AP IP (Thank you for telling me about a cheap place to get noodles. I am sorry I only

gave you one pot.)12) iyaa oreno hoo koso ii hanashi o arigatoo no my side emph. good information O TF (No. Thank you for the great news.)13) mata baagen atta ra oshiete kure again bargain there is if tell B give-me (If you notice a bargain sale again, let me know.)

Appendix I 133

14) doo itashimashite warukatta ne ikko dakede how HUM do AP (guilty) IP one only (You’re welcome. I’m sorry that it was only one pot.)15) tabete mita? eat try (Have you tried it?)16) ikko de warukatta na kondo wa mata nanika iimono o yaru yo one with AP (guilty) IP next time S again something good O B give IP (Sorry that I gave you only one, but I will give you something good next time.)17) iie honno sukoshide no just a little (No, it was just a little.)18) doo itashimashite motto takusan agere ba yokattan dakedo… gomen ne how HUM do more many B give if good but AP IP (You’re welcome. I should have given you more... I’m sorry.) 19) iie hitotsu dakede gomennasai ne no one only AP IP (No, I’m sorry that I gave you only one.)20) ie ie kochirakoso oshiete itadaite doomo arigatoo. Uchi minna kappu no no Rec tell HUMB receive TF my family all cup- nuudoru suki dakara tasukatta wa noodle like because T (being helped) IP (No, no, thank you for telling me about it. I was delighted because all of my

family like cup noodles.)

Situation 1 (NSE) It’ s OK, men, you’re my friend. It’s nothing. Don’t mention it. Oh, don’t be daft. Don’t be sarcastic.

That’s OK. What did you think of them? That’s OK. That’s OK. All right, no problem.

You’re welcome. You are welcome. It’s the least I could do. You’re more than welcome.

I hope you enjoyed them. Oh not at all. I hope you like them.

You’re welcome. I appreciated you telling me where I could get them. No, Thank you for telling me about it. That’s OK, thanks for telling me where to buy them. Not at all, thanks for the info. Not at all thanks for letting me know about them.

134 Appendix I

Oh ! no! Thank you for letting me know they were on sale. Did you like them?

Situation 1 (L2J) 1) ii yo OK IP (That’s OK) 2) oishikatta? Delicious (Was it good?) 3) nandemonai yo nothing IP (It’s nothing.) 4) a iie no (No.) 5) ie ie no no (No.) 6) ie ie 7) iie suupaa ni aru no o oshiete kurete doomo no super market at there is NOM O tell B give-me TF (No. Thank you for telling me they were available at the supermarket.) 8) iie no (No.) 9) doo itashimashite how HUM do (You’re welcome.)10) doo itashimashite how HUM do (You’re welcome.)

Situation 2 (NSJ)1) uun, kocchikoso mottekaette kurete arigatoo no Rec take home B give-me TF (No, thank you for taking it home.)2) uun, yakunitatte yokatta wa no useful good IP (No, I’ m glad that you find it useful.)3) iya iya, kochirakoso tasukarimashita yo no no Rec T (being helped) IP (No, no, thank you. It helped me out.)4) iranaku natta ra kaeshite ne no use become if return IP (When you don’t need it any longer, you can return it.) 5) ie ie, furui konpuutaa dakedo ne. nanika atta ra oshiete ne no no old computer though IP something happen if tell IP (No, no, it’s an old computer, though. Tell me if there are any problems.)

Appendix I 135

6) chooshi wa doo? condition S how (How is it?) 7) tsukatte mita? doo datta? watashi mo choodo yokatta use try how COP I also just glad (Have you tried it? How was it? It suited me really well too.) 8) iyaa, kaette moratte itadaite arigatoo no contrary B receive HUM B receive TF (No, thank you for taking it.) 9) furui monode gomennasai. yakunitatte ureshii wa old thing AP (forgive me) useful glad IP (Sorry that it is an old computer, but I’m glad that you find it useful.)10) ofurude gomennasai ne old one AP (forgive me) IP (Sorry it’s an old one.)11) kochirakoso tasukarimashita arigatoo wakara nai koto ga atta ra Rec T (being helped) TF understand NEG thing S there is if kiite kudasai ask B give-me (Thank you. It helped me out. Let me know if you have any trouble.) 12) iyaa, kochirakoso shobun ni komatteta kara sugoku tasukatta yo, No Rec dispose in trouble so very T (being helped) IP arigatoo TF (No. Thank you. I had trouble disposing of the computer, so it is a great help.) 13) ie ie moratte kurete arigatoo no no B receive B give-me TF (No, no, thank you for taking it.)14) iie doo itashimashite, tsukae sou desu ka? no how HUM do Pote use seem COP Q (No, you’re welcome. Any use to you?)15) uun, okutokoroni komatteita kara kaette sukkirishite yokatta no place to put in trouble so contrary tidy/spacious glad (No. I had trouble finding a space for it, and so I’m glad that I have more

space now.)16) iyaa, okibasho ni komatteitande choodo yokatta yo. tsukae nakat tara no place to put for in trouble just glad IP Pote use NEG if sutete kamawa nai yo dispose matter NEG IP (No, I am glad because I had trouble with finding space for it. You can get rid

of it when it does not work.)17) tsukatte kureruto ureshii shi use B give-me glad and (I am glad if you can use it.)18) moratte morai tasukatta yo tsukatte kudasai B receive B receive T (being helped) IP use B give-me (Thank you for taking it. It helped me out. Please use it.) 19) tsukatte moraere ba ureshii yo use B Pote receive if glad IP (I am glad if you make use of it.)

136 Appendix I

20) iya. doo deshita ka kiniitte moraemashita ka ? no how COP Q like B Pote receive Q (No. How was it? Do you like it?)

Situation 2 (NSE) No problem. You’re welcome.

I hope you can make good use of it. That’s OK; glad someone has a use for it. I’m very glad you could make use of it. I’m so glad you will find it useful. That’s OK, I wasn’t using it any more, I hope you can find use for it. It doesn’t matter, I didn’t need it anyway. No, that’s fine. It was getting in the way, anyway. No, it’s OK, I don’t need it. No problem, it was just taking up space anyway. Oh, please don’t worry. I was not going to use it any more anyway. Don’t thank me, I wanted to put it in the bin anyway. I hope it will be of use to you. Have you tried to use it yet?

It is my pleasure, you have helped me out. That’s alright. I’m glad to get it off my hands. No, thank you for taking it off my hands. Thanks for taking it.

Does it work?

Situation 2 (L2J)1) ii desu, hontooni tsukauhito ga ite yokatta OK COP really person who use it S there is glad (That’s fine. I am really glad that there is a person who could make use of it.)2) doo itashimashite sono konpuutaa wa tsukawa nai kara how HUM do that computer S use NEG because (You’re welcome. I don’t use the computer anyway.)3) unn ii yo ira nai kara no OK IP need NEG because (That’s OK, I don’t need it.)4) ie ie tasuka ttara yokatta no no being helped if glad (No, no, I am glad if it is of help to you.)5) ie ie jitsuwa supeesu ga nakatta kara watashi ga arigatai desu no no in fact space S there’s no so I S glad COP (No, no. In fact, there was no space for it, I am glad.)6) doo itashimashite basho ga aite kochirakoso arigatai desu how HUM do space S emptied Rec glad COP (You’re welcome. I am glad that I have more space.)7) iie, daijoobu datta? moshi mondai attara itte ne no OK COP if problem there is tell IP (No, was it OK? Let me know if there is a problem.)

Appendix I 137

8) ie ie doo itashimashite no no how HUM do (No, no, you’re welcome.) 9) ie ie doo itashimashite no no how HUM do (No, no, you’re welcome.)10) ie ie watashinotameni benri desu kara sore wa nandemonai no no for me convenient COP because this S nothing (No, no, it’s convenient for me, so it was nothing.)

Situation 3 (NSJ) 1) iie kite kurete arigatoo no come B give-me TF (No. Thank you for coming.) 2) kochirakoso wain oishikatta yo mata yokat tara asobinikina yo Rec wine delicious IP again good if come to visit IP (Thank you. The wine was delicious. Visit me again if you can.) 3) iie kochirakoso kaette wain sumimasendeshita no Rec contrary wine AP (No. Thank you. Thanks for the wine.) 4) Tooi tokoro arigatoo. oishii wain made itadaki kochirakoso far place TF delicious wine also HUM B receive Rec gochisoosamadeshita. mata odekake kudasai TF(thank for food/drink offered) again HON visit B give-me (Thank you for coming a long distance. Thank you for the delicious wine

too. Please visit us again.) 5) doo itashimashite kochirakoso tooku kara kite itadaite soreni how HUM do Rec far from come HUM B receive also subarashii omiyage made itadaite kyooshukushimashita beautiful present also HUMB receive AP (feel ashamed) (You’re welcome. Thank you for coming a long distance, and I am also grateful

for the present.) 6) kite kurete arigatoo. mata paatii shimashoo come B give-me TF again party let’s do (Thank you for coming. Let’s have a party again.) 7) iie kochirakoso doomo kookyu wain o arigatoo. totemo no Rec in many ways high quality wine O TF very tanoshikatta desu ne mata yaroo ne, jaamata enjoyable COP IP again do IP well then (No. Thank you for the quality wine. We had a good time, didn’t we?

Let’s do it again.) 8) doo itashimashite mezurashii wain o arigatoo how HUM do rare wine O TF (You’re welcome. Thank you for the rare wine.) 9) enro okoshi itadaite arigatoo. totemo tanoshikatta. sonoue long distance HON come HUMB receive TF very enjoyable in addition kookana temiage made itadaite mooshiwakenai expensive present also HUMB receive AP (Thank you for coming a long distance. I had a good time. Thank you for the

expensive present too.)

138 Appendix I

10) tooi tokoro kite itadaki mooshiwakenakatta wa hontooni arigatoo far place come HUMB receive AP IP really TF kondo irassharu toki wa nanimo mota naide kite kudasai ne next time HONcome when S anything bring NEG come B give-me IP (I am sorry that you had to come a long distance, and thank you for

coming. Please do not worry about bringing anything next time you come.)

11) iie tondemonai. kochirakoso kookana wain o arigatoo no heavens no Rec expensive wine O TF (No, not at all. Thank you for the expensive wine.)12) Iyaa. Kinoo no wain wa hontooni oishikatta. Anata mo kinoo wa well yesterday LK wine S really delicious you also yesterday S tanoshinde moraemashita ka enjoy B Pote receive Q (No. The wine was so nice. I hope you enjoyed the lunch.)13) kochirakoso kookana wain o arigatoo Rec expensive wine O TF (Thank you for the expensive wine.)14) tanoshikatta ne, wain mo gochisoosama. Sonouchi mata ippai yaroo enjoyable IP wine also TF in future again drink let’s do (We had a good time, didn’t we? Thank you for the wine. Let’s get together

in future.)15) kochirakoso oishii wain o arigatoo, totemo oishikatta yo mata oishii Rec delicious wine O TF very delicious IP again delicious wain o isshoni nomoo ne wine O together let’s drink IP (Thank you for the nice wine, it was quite delicious. Let’s have another one

again.)16) kochirakoso oishii wain o arigatoo gozaimashita Rec delicious wine O TF (Thank you for the nice wine.)17) goteineini. kookana mono o itadai chatte kaette gomeiwaku politely expensive thing O HUM B receive regrettably contrary trouble kaketa wane gomennasai ne cause IP AP IP (I appreciate your politeness. Thank you for the expensive thing, and I am sorry

to have caused you the trouble [buying expensive wine].) 18) iie, tooi tokoro kara kite kurete arigatoo No, distant place from come B giving-me TF (No. Thanks for coming all this way.)19) kochirakoso oishii wain o arigatoo Rec delicious wine O TF (Thank you for the nice wine.)20) iya kochirakoso wain o itadaite doomo arigatoo totemo tanoshikatta desu no Rec wine O HUMB receive TF very enjoyable COP (No. Thank you for the wine. I enjoyed the lunch with you

very much.)

Appendix I 139

Situation 3 (NSE) You’re welcome, many thanks for the wine. I’m glad you enjoyed yourself. Thank you for the wine, it made lunch all the more enjoyable.

Thanks for the wine! It was nice to see you. That’s OK, thanks for the wine. No, it was nice to see you, thanks for the wine.

Oh, not at all. Thanks for coming all that way to see me. Thank you for the wine. My pleasure, Sorry to drag you all the way from --- . Oh, and thanks for the wine.

Well, the wine you brought made it even nicer. I hope you enjoyed yourself because I did. Thanks for coming all the way over too.

Thank you very much for the German wine.

That’s OK. Thanks for the wine. Did you have a safe journey back? No, thanks for coming. No it’s me that should thank you for the wine. Thanks for coming and for the wine. Thank you for lovely wine. It was lovely to see you and thank you so much for the wine.

Situation 3 (L2J) 1) doo itashimashite oishii wain o arigatoo how HUM do delicious wine O TF (You’re welcome. Thank you for the delicious wine.) 2) doo itashimashite wain arigatoo how HUM do wine TF (You’re welcome. Thank you for the wine.) 3) ii yo wain o arigatoo OK IP wine O TF (That’s OK. Thank you for the wine.) 4) iie wain o kurete arigatoo totemo oishikatta doitsuno wain wa totemo no wine O B give-me TF very delicious German wine S very oishii desu ne delicious COP IP (No, thank you for giving me the wine. It was delicious. German wine is very

nice, isn’t it?) 5) ie tondemonai ranchi wa totemo tanoshikatta isshoni tabeta kara. doitsu no heavens no lunch S very enjoyable together eat because German wain o arigatoo wine O TF (Not at all. I enjoyed the lunch with you. Thank you for the German wine.) 6) iie kochirakoso taka soona doitsu wain o moratte warukatta kedo no Rec expensive look German wine O B receive AP but

140 Appendix I

doomo arigatoo TF (No, thank you. I feel guilty about the expensive German wine that you gave

me.) 7) ie ie wain o kurete doomo arigatoo takakatta deshoo no no wine O B give-me TF expensive TAG (No, thank you for giving me the wine. It must have been expensive.) 8) kochirakoso wazawaza kite itadaite arigatoo Rec going through the trouble come HUMB TF (Thank you. Thank you for coming all that way.) 9) kochirakoso kite kurete arigatoo soreni oishii wain o arigatoo Rec come B give-me TF also delicious wine O TF (Thank you for coming, and also for the delicious wine.) 10) sore wa nandemonai wain o motte ikimashita kara doomo arigatoo that S nothing wine O bring go because TF (That is nothing. Thank you for bringing the wine.)

141

Appendix II: Transcription Conventions for Study 2 and Study 3

[ ]: turns which overlap = : latched utterances___ : stress . : a falling final contour, : a continuing contour? : a strong rising contour! : a strong animated tone(.) : a micropause: : prolongation of a sound- : an abrupt cutoffupper: emphatic voicekey/???/ : inaudible utterance/name/ the name of either an addresser, an addressee or a referent

-Study 2 only-DB : deep bow (bow from the waist) LB : light bow (bow of the head)

142

Appendix III: Transcriptions of the Role-Plays (Study 2)

Role-play 1 (G: Female late 40s, H: Male early 40s)

H(1):ja: mata ie ga mitsukatte yokatta yone.=well again house S being found good IP(Well, I am glad that you found a place to live.)

G(2):DB

=soo desu ne.:: nishuukan mo osewanina[rimashita.] so COP IP two weeks as many as T (being looked after) (Indeed, thank you for looking after me for two whole weeks.)

H(3):DB

[iie tondemo]arimasen. iya:: no heavens no well

ano nanka:: iroiro shite moratta shi,:: kini nasara naide kudasaisomething variou do B receive and mind HON do NEG B give-me (No, not at all, you have done many things for me, so please do not worry about it.)

G(4):ano maa:: chiisai ie nandesu kedo tamani asobiniirashite kudasai well small house COP but occasionally HON come B give-me(Well, even though it’s a small house, please come to visit sometimes.)

H(5):DB LB

ah! itte mo ii desu ka? doomo [arigatoo gozaimasu.] come even if OK COP Q TF(Oh, is it all right if I visit you? Thank you.)

G(6):[hai, doozo doozo,]yes, please please (Yes, please do.)

H(7):jaa:: sono tokini ne:: u::::n: nanika wain ka nanika motte kimasu kara, well that occasion IP well something wine or something bring come sonanika wain ni au [ryoori o ne! tsukutte kudasai.]something wine to suitable dishes O IP cook B give-me

Appendix III 143

(Well, I will bring over a bottle of wine so, please prepare something that will go with the wine.)

G(8):LB

[soo desu ne hai! watashi ga] tsukutte okimasu node, so COP IP yes I S cook for (this purpose) so (Yes, I will cook something to go with it.)

Role-play 2 (G: Female early 50s, H: Female mid 30s)

G(1): start finish DB------------------------------------------------------DB ah- /family name/san iroiro osewani narimashite, arigatoo gozaimashita. H’s name various T (being looked after) TF(H, thank you for looking after me.)

H(2):ah- iie iie taishita koto mo deki masende, yatto mitsukatte yokatta desu ne.ah no no big thing even can NEG finally found glad COP IP (Oh no, no, I couldn’t do much for you. I’m glad that you finally found a place to live.)

G(3):soo desu ne:: ah- kondo kite kara nishuukan mo isoorooshite shimatte,=so COP IP this time come since two weeks as many as HUM stay regrettably(Indeed, I ended up staying for two weeks.)

H(4):=iie iie kaette tanoshikatta desu. itsumoto chigatte,:: ano:: osooji toka mo no no contrary enjoyable COP usual different well cleaning etc. aswe

DBshite kudasatte, kaette tasukarimashitado HONB give-me contrary T (being helped)(No, no. I enjoyed it on the contrary. It was a change from the normal routine... and also you cleaned the house for me. It was you who helped me.)

G(5):

DBahhh:: iie no(Oh, no, that’s not the case.)

H(6):mata kite kudasai!again come B give-me(Come over to my place again!)

144 Appendix III

G(7):aa- arigatoo gozaimasu ah- ie nimo ano kono chikaku desu kara sugu TF (my) house too well this nearby COP since soonano:: mata kagu nado soroimashi tara, kite kudasai well again furniture etc. being arranged when come B give-me(Thank you very much. My house is close by so when furniture is arranged, please come and visit me.)

Role-play 3 (G: Male mid 30s, H: Female early 40s)

G (1):LB LB DB/family name/ san doomo ano:: nishuukan osewani narimashita.H’s family name in many ways well two weeks T (being looked after) (H, thank you very much for the last two weeks.)

H (2):iieno (No.)

G (3):nanka, hontooni ano:: tasukarimashita.well really well T (being helped)(You really helped me a lot.)

H (4):iie nanimo shite nai janai. <gesture: both hands facing down shaking side to side>no anything do NEG TAG(No, I didn’t do anything, did I?)

G (5):iyaa: nankamoo meruborun ni kitabakaride, ano:: doko ni sume ba ii nokawell really Melbourne Lm just have come well where Lm live if good Q

LBnanimo wakarimasendeshita kara, ano hontooni iroiro oshiete itadaiteanything didn’t know so well really various teach HUM B receiveDBarigatoo [gozaimashita.]TF(Well, I just came to Melbourne recently, so I didn’t know where to live, so... I really appreciate your advice and information.)

Appendix III 145

H (6):[iie demo] ii tokoro ga mitsukatte yokatta desu neno but good place S being found good COP IP (It was nothing, by the way, I’m glad that you found good accommodation.)

G (7):hai soo desu ne nanka iroiro adobaisu shite itadaketa node,:: yes so COP IP well various advice do HUM B receive so

LBoshokuji toka made ne tsukutte itadaite, HON meals etc. even IP cook HUM B receive (Yes, indeed; well, you gave me various bits of advice, and even cooked meals for me.)

H (8):demo watashi wa kaette, tasuka cchatta wa. araimono toka but I S contrary T (being helped) regrettably IP washing-up etc. shite mora cchatta shido B receive regrettably and so on(But on the contrary, I have been helped, really. You did the washing-up and so on.) *[right hand face down shaking]

G (9):ah:: iya iya sore[guraiwa::] oh no no that much (nothing)(Oh, no, that was the least I could do.)

H(10): [watashi tsukuru] no wa iin desu kedo araimono toka I cooking NOM S OK COP but washing-up etc. sooiu atokatazuke kirai dakara, honto kaettethings like tidying-up hate because really contrary [tasukatta kara kinishinaide?](I) being helped so don’t worry(I don’t mind cooking but I don’t like washing-up, tidying up and stuff. It was you who helped me out, so don’t worry.)

G(11):LB DB

[a- sou osshatte itadake]ru to ano arigatain desu, doomo arigatoowell so HON say HUM B Pote receive if well grateful COP TF (I am grateful that you said that to me. Thank you.)

H(12):iie iieno no

(Continued: 4 more turns which included H’s unspecified invitation)

146 Appendix III

Role-play 4 (G: Female 29, H: Male 28)

G(1):

DBhontooni doomo iroiro osewani [narimashita]really in many ways various T (being looked after)(Thank you for everything.)

H(2): [iya iya] taishita koto shite nai kedo ne no no big thing do NEG but IPma:: iroiro ochitsuitatte kotode um korekara doo sunno?well various being settled NOM well from now how do (I didn’t do a lot for you, but, well, I’m happy to know that you have settled down. What are you going to do then?)

G(3):ano:: yatto ie ga mitsukatte ano::kondo jibunde ichi kara yatte ikoo kana to well finally house Sbeing found well this time my self one from do go wonder NOMomotteirun desu kedo honto meruborun ni kite suguni nannimo migimo thinking COP but really Melbourne Lm come soon nothing right

LBhidarimo waka ranakute(.) moohontooni iroiro osewa ni narimashita left know NEG really various T (looked after) DBtasukarimashita T (being helped)(Well, finally I found the place to live in, and I will start a new life by myself. When I got here to Melbourne, I knew nothing about the place, but you looked after me and helped me by all means.)

H(4):iya iya ma: ma: ano nanika attara ma:(.) itsudemo yotte kudasai.no no well well something happen well any time come B give-me (No, no well, you know, visit me whenever you feel like.)

G(5):LBarigatoo gozaimasu. hontoonimoo shokuji kara nani kara tsukutte moratte TF really meal from what from cook B receive (Thank you very much. You cooked meals and did other things for me.)

H(6):iya ma: sonokawari ne ano: uchi no mendoo minna mite moratta kara= no well instead of this IP well house LK chore all do B receive so(Well you did all the house chores for me instead.)

Appendix III 147

G(7):=ie ie= no no (No, no.)

H(8):=kaette raku datta {laugh} contrary restful COP (On the contrary, I was comfortable.)

G(9): DB

ie ie tondemonai desu mata nanika atta ra yoroshiku onegaishimasuno no heavens no COP again something happens if RF(No, not at all. Next time too, ‘yoroshiku onegaishimasu’. [see section 3.2.6 for the meaning])

H(10):wakarimashita ja: ma: kiotsukete.understood then well take care(Sure, well then, take care.)

Role-play 5 (G: Female 27, H: Male 18)

H(1):ie ga mitsukatte yokatta desu yone /first name/ sanhouse S being found good COP IP G’s name(You must be glad that you have found a house to live in, G.)

G(2):DB

hai (.) imamade osewani narimashita=yes up to now T (being looked after)(Yes. Thank you for looking after me until today.)

H(3):=ie ie ie moo taihen deshita ne ano:: sagasu no tokano no no really hard COP IP well search NOM etc. (No, no, no. It must have been hard, I mean searching for a place to live.)

G(4):ne: omotta yori jikan mo kakatta shiIP think more than time also took as well(Indeed, it took more time than I thought.)

H(5):aa dokorahen deshita kke? whereabouts BE Q(Whereabouts? Did you tell me?)

148 Appendix III

G(6):kondowa ricchimondo ni sumimasu.this time Richmond Lm live(Richmond, this time.)

H(7):ricchimondo desu ka: ii tokoro desu neRichmond COP Q good place COP IP(Richmond? A good area, isn’t it?)

G(8):LB LBhai arigatoo gozaimasu.yes TF(Yeah, thanks.)

H(9):ja: mata asobinikite kudasai uchi ni well again drop in B give-me my house Lm(Well, drop in again.)

G(10):hai /first name/chan mo zehi uchi ni asobinikite kudasaiyes H’s name also definitely my house Lm drop in B give-me(Sure, so you will, definitely.)

H(11):DBarigatoo gozaimasuTF(Thank you.)

G(12):DB

ima made iroiro osewa ni narimashitanow until variously T (being looked after)(Thank you for your help.)

H(13):LB

ie ie ie ja: matano no no well then (No, no, no. Well then,)

G(14):haiyes(Yes.)

Appendix III 149

Role-play 6 (G: Male18, H: Male 27)

G(1):a- /family name/ san sumu tokoro ga kima cchattan desu yo H’s family name live place O decided regrettably COP IP(H, I’m afraid that I’ve decided on a place to live in.)

H(2):LB

a- soo desu ka::sorewa sorewa(..)demo ma:: yokattan janai desu ka? atarashii so COP Q well well but well good TAG COP Q new sumutokoro ga mitsukatte, place to live S being found (Is that so? But, you are glad to have found a new place to live in, aren’t you?)

G(3):soo desu yone.so COP IP(Yes, I am.)

H(4):omedetoo gozaimasucongratulations (Congratulations!)

G(5):DB{pretending to give H money}

ma:: kore sukunain desu kedo nihyaku doru [doomo arigatoo gozaimashita] well this a little COP but 200 dollar TF(It’s not much but, here is 200 dollars for you, Thank you very much.)

H(6):DB{receiving money}

[a- doomo wazawaza] arigatoo TF

gozaimasu kiotsukatte itadaite ja: a- ano:: kiotsukete consider HUM B receive well take care (Thank you for your consideration. Well then look after yourself.)

G(7):LB LB

mata asobinikimasunde mata yoroshiku onegaishimasu.again drop in again RF (requestive formula)(I will drop in again. ‘yoroshiku onegaishimasu’)

H(8):LBdoomo doomoTF

150 Appendix III

Role-play 7 (G: Female 37, H: Female 37)

G(1):DB

hontooni nishuukan mo iroiro osewaninatte arigatoo gozaimashita,really two weeks as long as various T (being looked after) TF(Thank you very much for taking care of me for two weeks.)

H(2):DBtondemonai desu,heavens no COP(Not at all.)

G(3):nanka moo zenbu nani kara nani made yatte itadai chatte::, hontowell everything what from what up to do HUMB receive regrettably really suimasen, arigatoo gozaimashita AP TF(I am indebted to you. Thank you for everything.)

H(4):watashi ga tsukuru ryoori oishikatta kashira.I S cook meals delicious Q (female speech)(I wonder if the meals that I cooked were good.)

G(5):ee,(laugh) moo tottemo oishikatta desu, arigatoo gozaimasu.yes really very delicious COP TF(Yes, they were quite delicious, thank you.)

H(6):tondemonai kochirakoso moo maikai maikai osara toka iroiro heavens no Rec really every time every time plates etc. various aratte moratte tottemo tasukatta wa!wash B receive very T (being helped) IP(Not at all, thank you for washing dishes and doing other things for me. You helped me a lot.)

G(7):iya: soo kana, hontoo nanimo deki nakute, iya mata aratamete well so doubt really nothing could NEG well again in another occasion

DBoreishimasuke, orei ni ukagaimasu kedomo, hontooni arigatoo thank thank for HUM come but really TFgozaimashita(Well, I doubt it. I couldn’t do anything to help you really. I will I will come to thank you properly on another occasion.)

Appendix III 151

H(8):LBtondemonai desu(.) moo itudemo chikakuni yotta toki wa mata zehi heavens no COP any time nearby come when S again definitely

DBirashite kudasai. hontooni kochirakoso osewa ni narimashitaHON come B give-me really Rec T (being looked after)(Heavens no! But when you come nearby for other reasons, do visit me. Really, thank you for your consideration.)

G(9):DBarigatoo gozaimashita. soreja::TF well then (Thank you very much. Well then,)

H(10):okiotukete ogenkide.take care keep in good health (Take care.)

Role-play 8 (G: Male 50, H: Female 49)

G(1):DB

Doomo nishuukan arigatoo goz[aimashita hontooni,]in many ways two weeks TF really(Thank you very much for the last two weeks.)

H(2):DB

[ii- tondemogozai ma]sen= no HUM heavens no(Not at all.)

G(3):= ano:: tasukarimashita kore de meruborun no uchi ga ichioo well T (being helped) this with Melbourne LK house S at least mitsukairmashita node,being found because (Thanks to you, I have found a house to live in Melbourne.)

H(4):hai.yes(Yes.)

152 Appendix III

G(5):kyoode oitoma sasete itadakimasu ga hontoni nishuukan arigatoo today HUM leave CAU HUM receive but really two weeks TF

LBgozaimashita. sorede anoo chooshoku to yuushoku:: ano::: osewaninattan de and well breakfast and dinner well T (being looked after) so

<touching his pocket with the right hand>zehi sono okane dake wa shiha[ratte]definitely well money just at least pay (so, I am leaving today. Thank you very much for the last two weeks. Now, I would like to, at least, pay for the meals that you prepared for me.)

H(6):DB

[A- ] iie sore wa tondemogozai[masen] no that HUM heavens no (Oh, no!)

G(7):[ano: ]wellkaeritain desu kedowant to go COP but (then I leave.)

H(8):ano iro iro ie no nakano osooji toka osara arai nado mo shite well various house LK domestic cleaning etc. plates washing etc. also do itadakimashita shi okane no koto wa nukini HUM B receive as well money LK things S exclude

DB[shite itadaite kekkou degozaimasu node] do HUM B receive fine HUM COP so (Well, you did chores like cleaning and washing-up for me, and money is not required.)

G(9):[IE IE IE demo::: ano:::] kore wa hoteru toka tomaru to hontooni no no no but well this S hotel etc. stay if really takaimon desu kara sukoshi dake demo yooi saseteexpensive COP so a little only even prepare CAU

DB (pretending to give H money) itadakimashita node zehi kore o hikitotte kudasaiHUM B receive so definitely this O receive B give-me(No, no, no. Well, had I stayed at a hotel, it would have been very expensive. So I prepared some money, although it is just a little. Please do accept this.)

Appendix III 153

H(10):DB (laughing)

hontooni sonohennotokoro wa goshinpai nasara zuni,really things about this S HON worry HON do NEG(Please do not worry about that.)

G(11):hontooni yoroshiin desu ka? demo ano:::really OK COP Q but well(Are you really sure? But, well...)

H(12):LB LB

kochira saisho kara sono tsumoride orimashita node doozo goshinpai nakumy side the beginning from that intention HUM BE therefore please HON worry NEG(I had that intention at the very beginning, so, please do not worry.)

G(13):honno ne saisho no tsumori dewa moo ano:: nisannichide just IP beginning LK intention S well well two to three daysto omottetan desu kedo nakanaka mitsukaraQuo thinking COP but easily foundnak[atta monde, nishuukan made nobite shimatta]n desu keredomoNEG therefore two weeks up to extend regrettably COP however (Initially, I thought I could find a place within two to three days, but I could hardly find one and ended up staying for two weeks.)

H(14):[ee:: chotto muzukashii desu monone::::: ] yes a little difficult COP IP(Yes, I know it was difficult, wasn’t it?)

G(15):nishuukan dakara koso kore wa dooshitemo oiteikanakutewaikenai totwo weeks because emph. this S definitely must leave money Quo

DB (pretending to give H money) omotte, ano:: doozo otori kudasaithink well please HON accept B give-me (Because I stayed two weeks, I thought I must definitely leave this [money]. So please accept this.)

H(16):DB DBie ie hontooni sore wa komarimasu node,no no really that S troublesome so (No, no, honestly, it is not a good idea.)

154 Appendix III

G(17):a- soo desu ka? so COP Q(Are you sure?)

H(18):hontooni okigane naku really HON worry NEG (Please do not worry.)

G(19):iya:: soreja:: hontooni mooshiwakenakute(.) ano:: moshi nihon ni ano well in that case really AP well if Japan to well

DBirassharu koto ga are ba kochirade ja: zehi mendoomi sashite HON come NOM S there is if I well definitely look after CAUDBitadakimasu node.HUM B receive so (Well I am indebted to you. In that case, please let me look after you when you come to Japan.)

H(20):DBa- soo desu ne sonoyoona kikai ga aru kamoshiremasen node ja: so COP IP these opportunity S there is maybe so well sonotoki wa [yoroshiku onegaishimasu]at that time S RF(There may be an opportunity, yes. When it happens, ‘yoroshiku onegaishimasu’)

G(21):DB

[soo desu ka ja:] hontooni arigatoo gozaimashita so COP Q well really TF

DB[doomo](Is that so? Thank you very much.)

H(22):DB[iie ton]demo gozaimasen mata ano tokidoki asobini[irasshatte kudasai] ne.no heavens HUM NEG again well occasionally HON visit B give-me IP(Not at all. Please visit me from time to time.)

G(23):LB

[a- sore wa moo::] that S of course

Appendix III 155

LB DBzehi mata kimasu node yoroshiku onegaishimasu.definitely again come so RF (Of course, I will. ‘yoroshiku onegaishimasu’)

H(24):Ja:: ato nanika kochirade otetsudai dekiru koto ga gozaimashi tarawell something I HUM help can things S HUM there is ifgoenryo naku odenwa demo kudasai.HON hold back NEG HON telephone for example B give-me(Well then, if there is something I can help, please do not hesitate to call me.)

G(25):LB

soo desu ka arigatoo gozaimasu hontooni tasukarimashita. doomo so COP Q TF really T(being helped) TF DBarigatoo gozaimasu(Is that so? Thank you very much for your help.)

H(26):DBdoomo. yoroshikatta desu ne TF HON good COP IP(It was great to have found a place, wasn’t it?)

G(27):hayes (Yes.)

Role-play 9 (G: Male 49, H: Female 50)

G(1):DB

doomo arigatoo gozaimashi ta [nishuukan]TF two weeks (Thank you very much, for the last two weeks.)

H(2): DB[iie::] no (No.){laugh}

G(3):e:: taihen shokuji mo oishikute arigatoo gozaimashita well very meal also delicious TF (Well, meals were delicious, thank you very much for that too.)

156 Appendix III

H(4):G:DB(G’s bow)nanno okamae mo shi masende mata kondo irashita toki ni wa zehiany treat even do NEG again next time HON come ime at S definitely

G:DBano oishii yuuhan toka chooshoku o da sasete [itadakimasu node,]well delicious dinner and breakfast O serve CAU HUM B receive so(I did nothing special for you, but when you come next time, I would love to offer delicious dinner and breakfast.)

G(5): DB[arigatoo gozaimasu] TF(Thank you.)

H(6):LB

mata irashite kudasaiagain HON come B give-me(Please come here again.)

G(7):DB

arigatoo gozaimasu(.) soreja:: ano ogenkideTF well good health(Thank you very much. Take care.)

H(8):DBarigatoo gozaimasu sensei mo [ogenkide] TF teacher also good health (Thank you very much, same to you.)

G(9):[chikaku desu node] zehi mata asobinikite nearby COP so definitely again visit kudasaiB give-me(Since your place is nearby, please visit me again.)

H(10):a- soo desu ne so COP IP (I do.)

Appendix III 157

Role-play 10 (G: Male 34, H: Female 30)

G(1):DB DB

nagai aida doomo suimasen. honto iroiro osewani narimashitalong period AP really various T (being looked after) (Thank you very much for I am indebted to you.)

H(2):LB

ie kochirakoso kaji iroiro shite itadaite totemo tasukarimashitano Rec chore various do HONB receive very T (being helped)(No, the same to you, you did various house chores for me. That helped.)

G(3):ie ie(..) mattaku hontooni ne:: ne: itsu derareru ka wakara nai jookyoode neno no completely really IP IP when Pote go Q know NEG situation IPzutto ite ne ite mooshiwakenai to omottemasulong time stay IP stay AP Quo think (No, no. I am sorry that I stayed for such a long time without knowing when to go.)

H(4):ie daijoobu desu. mata asobinikite kudasaino fine COP again visit B give-me (No, that’s OK. Please visit me again.)

G(5):chokuchoku kimasu kedo neoften come but IP (I’ll come often.)

H(6):ja:: mattemasu well then wait (Well then, I’ll wait for it.)

G(7):DB

a- soo desu ka ja shitsurei shimasu so COP Q well rudeness do(Will you? Well then, goodbye.)

158

Appendix IV: Transcriptions of the Telephone Conversations (Study 3)

Telephone conversation 1

TC 1A: F1(35) B: M1(35)A has known B for more than ten years. B is A’s husband old friend.B came to see A and her husband a few days prior to the conversation. B came to know then that the A family were in need of a family wagon for a trip. Later B offered his car. He cleaned the car and made it available for the A family. A phoned B to thank him for the loan of his car prior to the trip.

A(1):Hontooni arigato ne=really TF IP(Really, thanks.)

B(2):=ie ie tondemonaino no heavens no(No, not at all.)

A(3):un soide konaida wa arigato ne and the other day S TF IP(and also thank you, the other day.)

B(4):iya iya i[ya]no no no(No, no.)

A(5):[tooi]tokoro kara kite kuretefar place from come B give-me(Thank you for coming such a long distance.)

B(6):iya iya zenzenno no not at all

TC2A: F1(35) B: F2(35)

Appendix IV 159

B is A’s friend. A phones to thank B for sending Michelin guide but in fact A has already made a reservation at a hotel in London.

B(1):moshimo::shi=Hello

A(2):=moshimoshiHello

B(3):unyeah

A(4):/nickname/ mishelan arigatoo B’s name Michelin guide TF(B, thanks for the Michelin guide.)

B(5):a[::] ie ie no no(Oh, no.)

A(6):demo toretabut Pote booked(But I have already booked [a room.])

B(7):toreta? ah Goring?Pote booked [Hotel name](Have you? Is that Goring?)

A(8):unnyeah

B(9):Aaa: yoka[tta ne] good IP(Great, isn’t it?)

A(10):[un]yeah

160 Appendix IV

TC 3 (leave-taking) continued from TC2B(1):ja:: kiotsukete newell then take care IP(Well then, take care.)

A(2):unyeah

B(3):honto kiotsukete ne nagai kara nereally take care IP long because IP(It’s a long way, so really take care.)

A(4):un jaa arigatoo: kotoshiyeah well TF this year(Well then, thanks.. during this year.)

B(5):[un]yeah

A(6):hontooni osewaninattereally T (being looked after)(Thank you really for looking after me.)

B(7):tondemona:: iheavens no(Not at all.)

A(8):uun arigato neno TF IP(Oh no, thanks.)

TC5A: M2 (70) B: M3 (65)A and B are voluntary helpers working for a regional community (choonaikai). B gave A a bag of sasakamaboko (a kind of fish cake) worth ¥1500 (¥80/A$1) as a souvenir the other day. A rang B to thank for the gift.

A(5):omiage suimasen ne hontoo ni wa[zawaza]present AP IP really going through the trouble(I’m sorry you went to the trouble, and thank you very much [for the present].)

Appendix IV 161

B(6):[ieie tondemo]nai desuno no heavens no COP(No, not at all.)

A(7):mooshiwakenai itsumo kiotsukatte moratte [???] kakete doomoAP always consideration B receive cause TF/AP(I’m sorry and thank you for always considering me.)

B(8):honno honno okuchi yogoshi.just just HON mouth dirty(It is just..., nothing’s very good.)

A(9):iya iya tondemonaidesu yono no heavens no IP(No, not at all.)

B(10):ashita wa?tomorrow S(What about tomorrow?)

A(11):e[::] ashita ano[::::]well tomorrow well

B(12):ettowell

TC 6 (leave-taking) continued from TC5B promised that he would deliver community newspapers.

A(1):ma, hitotsu yoroshiku onegaishitokimasuwell one RF(Well then, ‘yoroshiku onegaishitokimasu’)

B(2):ja:: mooshiwake arimasenwell then AP

A(3):hai hai hai [doomo doomo]yes yes yes TF/AP

162 Appendix IV

B(4):[sumimase::n]AP

A(5):onegaishimasuRF

TC7

A: M4(35) B: M1(35)A and B are friends and have known each other for twenty years. A thanks B for the New Year’s cash gift (otoshidama) given to A’s daughter when A visited B’s office. In Japan, relatives or acquaintances of the family give young children these gifts on New Year’s Day.

B(1):moshimoshiHello

A(2):moshimoshi e? /family name/?Hello eh? B’s name

B(3):Oh! doomo doomo TF/AP

A(4):denwa arigatootelephone TF(Thanks for the telephone call.)

B(5):ooyeah

A(6):konomae wa honto arigatoo nethe other day S really TF IP(Thanks really, you know, for the other day.)

B(7):iie tondemonaino heavens no(Not at all.)

A(8):otoshidama itadai chatte saNew year money gift HUMB receive regrettably IP(Thanks for the New Year money gift.)

Appendix IV 163

B(9):ie ie ie tondemonai tondemonaino no no heavens no heavens no(No, not at all, not at all.)

A(10):hontooni isogashii tokoro nandakareally busy time somewhat(We came to see you when you were busy ....)

B(11):iya iya zenzen zenzenno no not at all not at all(No, not at all.)

TC8 (leave-taking)A: F13 (58) B: M3 (66)A and B are committee members of a choonai kai (a regional voluntary group).A phoned B to discuss future plans regarding a helpers group for elderly people.

A(1):suimasen jaa:: mooshiwakearimasenAP well then AP

B(2):tondemonaidesuheavens no

A(3):isogashii nonibusy even(I interrupted you when you are busy doing something else.)

B(4):jaa:, yoroshiku oneg[aishimasu]well then RF

A(5):[ha[::]i ] yoroshiku onegaishimasuyes RF

B(6):hai doomo doomoyes TF/AP

A(7):doomoTF/AP

164 Appendix IV

B(8):suimasenAP

A(9):doomo yoroshiku onegaishimasuTF/AP RF

B(10):arigatoo gozaimashitaTF

A(11):doomoTF/AP

B(12):doomo doomoTF/AP

TC10A:F1(35) B:F3(35)B was looking after A’s house while A was overseas. A phoned B to ask whether everything is OK. After a long conversation between A and B, arranging the key to be picked up by A upon her arrival and B’s garage sale, etc.

B(1):jaa: mata denwashite? kagi wa doo shi tara iino?well then again ring [me] key S how do if good(Well then ring me again. What shall I do with the key?)

A(2):kagi wa ne, watashi supea motteru kara=key S IP I a spare have so(I’ve got a spare key so...)

B(3):=a- motteru no? have IP(oh, do you?)

A(4):unyeah

B(5):un wakatta.yeah understood(All right.)

Appendix IV 165

A(6):daijoobu. [un]fine yeah

B(7):[hai]yes

A(8):soreja:: gomen ne mata meiwaku kake chattewell then AP IP again trouble caused regrettably(I am sorry I have caused you so much trouble again.)

B(9):ie ie aaa gomen ne nagaku na cchatteno no AP IP long become regrettably(no, no... sorry we talked so long.)

A(10):uun zenzen zenzen [gomen ne]no not at all AP IP(no, not at all. I am sorry.)

B(11):[ha::i ]OK(OK)

A(12):arigato neTF IP(Thanks.)

B(13):kiotsukete kite ne?take care come IP(Take a good care of yourself on your way home.)

A(14):un arigatoo.yeah TF(Thank you.)

B(15):ha:::i ja::ne ?OK well then,

A(16):ha::iOK

166 Appendix IV

B(17):jaa mataa baaiwell then again bye

TC11

A: M4(35) B: F2(35)A and B are friends. A called B to thank for a gift.

A(1):sorekara ne iroiro nimotsu okutte moratte honto doomo arigatooand also IP various things send B receive really TF(and thanks for the things you have sent to me.)

B(2):aa zenzen zenzennot at all not at all

A(3):kinoo sassoku wain itadai [chatta]yesterday soon wine HUMB receive regrettably(I had wine as soon as the parcel arrived yesterday.)

B(4):[aaa] yokatta yokatta good good

TC12A: M4(35) B: F4(60)B is A’s aunt. A called B to thank for oiwai (money gift, ¥20,000: ¥80/A$1).

A(6):ah/first name/ obasan desu ka? B’s name aunt COP Q(Is it auntie <B’s name>?)

B(7):unYeah

A(8):anoo ima nimotsu ga todokimashitewell now parcel S arrived(The parcel has just arrived and...)

B(9):soo o?soIs that so?

Appendix IV 167

A(10)arigatoo gozaima[shita]TF(Thank you very much.)

B(11):[iyaa] honno chotto [dee]no just a little with(No, it’s just a small amount.)

A(12):[koko]rozukai itadaite=consideration HUMB receive

(Thank you for your consideration.)

B(13):=[iya iya ] no no

A(14):[hon tooni] iya:: yukide ne ano miugoki torenakutereally well snow IP well move can NEG(I can’t go anywhere for this snow.)

TC13A: F1(35) B: F4(60)B is a sister of A’s father in law. They spoke on the phone for the first time. A phoned B to express her gratitude to B for oiwai (a gift of money ¥20,000: ¥80/A$1) for her daughter who was born recently.

A(1):moshimoshihello

B(2):aa moshimoshiyes hello

A(3):/family name/ degozaimasuA’s name HUM COP(My name is A.)

B(4):hajimemashitehow do you do(How do you do.)

168 Appendix IV

A(5):doomo hajimemashite. mae wa iroiro oiwai itadaiteimashiteTF/AP how do you do before S various gifts HUMB receive(It’s nice to have a talk with you for the first time. Previously, we have received various presents from you.)

B(6):aa ieie.ahh no, no

A(7):mata [konkai mo mata]again this time also again(This time again...)

B(8):[iya:::::: ] hazukashii hazukashiin desu kedo ne demowell ashamed ashamed COP but IP but

(well... I am embarrassed but...)

A(9):arigatoo gozaimasu [hontooni]TF really

B(10):[ii::e ] omenikakari tai wa hotoonino HUM meet want IP really

(No, I really want to meet you.)

TC14A: F5(55) B: F4(60)B is A’s sister-in-law. A rang B to thank for oiwai (a gift of money) and rice crackers sent to congratulate A’s son and daughter in-law on the birth of their child.

A(1):moshimoshiHello

B(2):haiyes

A(3):doomo suimasen desu sanzai kaketeAP COP spending money caused(I am so indebted to you for the gifts./ <literally>: I am sorry to have caused you to spend so much.)

Appendix IV 169

B(4):iya: ano hazukashii nano, well embarrassing IP(Well, no, I am embarrassed.)

A(5):iya:: hontooni arigatoo gozaimasuno really TF(Thank you very much.)

B(6):/???/mo hontooni suim[asen ne] really AP IP(I’m sorry for that.)

A(7):[nanika] kitsukatte [itadai chatte]somehow consideration HUMB receive regrettably

(I’m indebted to you for your consideration.)

B(8):[iya: iya: ]= no no

A(9):=hontooni suimasen desureally AP COP

B(10):iya:: okashi ga sa:,well snacks S IP(You know the snacks.)

TC16 (leave-taking)A: F1(35) B: F3(35)B is A’s friend. B is looking after A’s house during A’s overseas trip.

A(1):nee, meiwaku kaketa ne:=IP trouble caused IP(I caused a lot of trouble, didn’t I?)

B(2):=ie ie no no

A(3):u::n,well

170 Appendix IV

B(4):ja::: sooiu koto[nanode]well then so thing(Well then, as we are saying...)

A(5):[un]yeah

B(6):[ja::ne:]well then

A(7):[bai ba:i]bye bye

B(8):arigatoo, [ha::i]TF alright

A(9):[bai ba]::ibye bye

TC17A: F6(38) B: M4(35)B, A, and her husband are university classmates. A invited B for a meal the other day, but B could not come.

A(1):sumimasen okamae mo nanimo [deki nakute]AP HUM treat even anything can NEG(I am sorry that I did not have a chance to treat you.)

B(2):[ie ie ]no no

A(3):go ongaeshi mo deki zunidebt-repayment also can NEG(We couldn’t repay our debt.)

B(4):nan desu ka sore wa? {laugh}what COP Q that S(What are you talking about?)

Appendix IV 171

A(5):danna bakkari ne sochira dewa osewani natte iru noni [moo]my husband only IP your place at T (being looked after) but really(My husband is always looked after by you during his visit, it’s not fair to you...)

B(6):[iya iya] no no

tondemonai kondo are desu ne, okane no yoyuu sae are baheavens no next time that COP IP money LK spare emph. there is if(No, not at all. Next time, whenever you can afford to come to ....)

A(7):hontooni sore dake desureally that only COP(That is the only problem.)

B(8):asobinikite kudasaidrop in B give(Please visit us.)

A(9):ha::iyes(Sure.)

TC18A: M4(35) B: F7(53)B is A’s aunt. A phoned to thank B for oiwai (a gift of money ¥20,000: ¥80/A$1)

A(1):a- /first name/ desu. A’s name COP(Ah, this is A speaking.)

B(2):a- SHI[BARAKU:] long time(Ah, haven’t seen you for a long time.)

A(3):[doomo: ] TF /AP(Hello.)

172 Appendix IV

B(4):genki deshita?well COP past(How have you been?)

A(5):genkide yatte[masu.]well doing(I am doing fine.)

B(6):[u::n?]FB

A(7):ano oiwai itadaite,well money gift HUMB receive([Thank you]I have received oiwai.)

B(8):[a- i::e, ie ie]ah no no no(no no)

A(9):[hontoo doomo] arigatoo gozaimashitareally TF

B(10):kimochi dakethought only(It is not much.)

A(11):ano okite mashita? daijoobu desu ka? ima.well awake being OK COP Q now(Were you awake? Is it OK now [to talk]?)

B(12):a- zenzen, okitetano. not at all awake(Not a problem, I was awake.)

TC22A: F1(35) B: F8(75)A phoned to thank B for her hospitality when A stayed at B’s house for a couple of days.

A(1):moshimoshi obaachanhello granny

Appendix IV 173

B(2):a- konbanwa.ah good evening(Good evening.)

A(3):konbanwa. konoaida wa osewani narimashitagood evening the other day S T (being looked after)(Good evening, thank you very much for looking after us the other day.)

B(4):iie ie tondemonai nanno okamai mo deki[nakute]no no heavens no any treat even can NEG(No, not at all, I couldn’t do anything for you.)

A(5):[ie ie] ieno no no

obaachan ippai iroiro kangaete kudasa[tta noni]granny a lot various consider HONB give-me but(No, you’ve been very thoughtful to us, but)

B(6):[ie ie] no no

A(7):/A’s daughter’s first name/ mo ne are ga dame kore ga dame de hontooni also IP that S no good this S no good with really(<A’s daughter’s name> for example, couldn’t eat this and that, and really. . .)

B(8):demo anta isshookenmei hataraite kurete tasukatta yobut you very hard work B give-me T (being helped) IP(But you worked hard to help me out.)

A(9):ie ie ie watashitachi no arede ashi toka itame masen deshita?no no no we LK that foot etc. hurt NEG COP(No, not at all. Did you wear yourself out preparing things for us? I am concerned about your feet.)

B(10):ie ie daijoobu yo soide sa hora,(..) Akita kara ippai iroiro okutte itadaite neno no fine IP and IP you know Akita from a lot various send HUMBreceive IP(No, I’m fine. I had a lot of things sent from Akita.)

A(11):ee::FB

174 Appendix IV

B(12):minna yorokondeeverybody glad(Everybody was glad.)

TC24A: F1(35) B: F2(35)B phoned A to give a telephone number which A needed. First, A thanks B for having come to see A the previous day. B apologises that B visited while A and her family were having dinner.

A(1):moshimoshihello

B(2):a:: moshimoshiah, hello

A(3):/nickname/ kinoo doomo arigatoo ne=B’s nickname yesterday TF IP(B, thanks for yesterday.)

B(4):=kaette gomen ne:: henna jikan oja[mashi chatte]contrary AP IP awkward time HUM disturb regrettably(I’m sorry for visiting you at an awkward time.)

A(5):[na::ni ittenno] nani ittenno what say what say(What on earth are you talking about?)

B(6):nanka ne otoosan to okaasan nimo sasomewhat IP father and mother too IP(I am sorry for disturbing your father and mother too.)

A(7):tondemo nai [tondemonai]heavens no heavens no

B(8):[u::n moo::] yuushoku ji ni [suimasen ne]FB dinner time at AP IP(well I’m really sorry for coming at dinner time.)

A(9):[konde nakatta?]crowded NEG(Wasn’t the road crowded?)

Appendix IV 175

B(10):un. daijoobu datta yo. OK COP IP(It was OK.)

TC 25A: M5(65) B: M6(45)A was an ex-principal of a state school and B was one of the teachers who worked at the school. Upon arrival of oseibo (a year-end gift) from B, A phoned to thank B. Prior to the telephone conversations, A rang several times while B was out. Just before the following conversation, B said ‘I am even busier on Sundays’, which caused A’s laughter.

A(1):ee? {laugh} /iya itsumo itsumo honto mooshi[wakenai] well always always really AP

B(2):[ii:e] tondemonaidesuno heavens no(No, not at all.)

A(3):mata ano: itadakimashitaagain well HUMB receive(I have received [oseibo].)

B(4):haiFB

A(5):sassoku goshoomi sasete moraimashita nodesoon HUM taste CAU B receive so(I’ve already tasted [it].)

B(6):ie ie ieno no no

A(7):oishikatta.delicious(It was delicious.)

B(8):hai doomoyes TF/AP(Thank you.)

176 Appendix IV

A(9):ii[tsumami datte,]good snack COP(This goes well with sake.)

B(10):[wazawaza] sono tameni hontoni [doomo] specially that for really TF/AP(Thank you for specially calling me to tell me that.)

A(11):[iya:: ] nannimo nannimo (..) no nothing nothing (Not at all.)

tokorode yobut IP(By the way...)

(---------------------------------)

B(12):hai wazawaza doomo arigatoo [gozaimashita]yes specially TF(Thank you for that.)

A(13):[un un un ] mooshiwakene:: hontooni

APreallyitumo itumo arigatoo gozaimasu. hai doomoalways always TF yes TF/AP(Thank you for the gift.)

TC 26A: M5(65) B: M7(60)B used to be A’s daughter’s professor at university. Oseibo has been exchanged for more than ten years. A phoned to thank B for oseibo.

B(1):moshimoshihello

A(2):a- doomo /family name/ desu TF/AP A’s name COP(Hello, this is A speaking.)

Appendix IV 177

B(3):aa: doomo TF/AP(Hello.)

A(4):sensei ano ho::ntoni ITSUMO ITSUMO okokorozukai itadakimashite=teacher well really always always consideration HUMB receive(Thank you very much, really, for your consideration.)

B(5):=iya iya tondemo[gozaimasen] no no HUM heavens no(Not at all.)

A(6):[hontoo moo] ie KYOO KYOO KYOO to iu uchinireally today today today Quo say while

zu::to okure chatte, mooshiwake [arimasen ne]very late regrettably AP IP(I am sorry it took me so long to say thank you.)

B(7):[ieie tondemo]gozaimasen.nono HUM heavens no(Not at all.)

konoaida/first name/san nimo oaishite kimashitathe other day A’s daughter’s name also HUM meet come(I met <A’s daughter’s name> the other day.)

TC27 (continued from TC26)A: F10(59) B: M7(60)The same situation as TC26. F10 is M5’s wife. M5 handed the phone over to F10.

B(1):AA:: moshimoshi doomo [shibaraku desu] hello TF/AP long time COP(Hello, it’s been a long time since.)

A(2):[sensei, (.) ] shibaraku desu gobusata shiteimasuteacher long time COP long silence doing(Forgive my long silence.)

B(3):aa: ima minasan no koe ga kikoetemasu nenow all of you LK voice S audible IP(I can hear the voices of your family.)

178 Appendix IV

A(4):e- honto e:: shibaraku desu ne gobusata bakkarireally long time COP IP HUM no correspondence only

[shite mooshiwakearimasen]do AP(It’s been really a long time, I am sorry for my long silence.)

B(5):[ii:e tondemogozaimasen]no HUM heavens no(No, not at all.)

A(6):konkai mata hontooni itumo hontooni okokorozukai arigatoothis time again really always really HON consideration TFgo[zaimasu](Thank you very for your consideration this time as well.)

B(7):[ii::e] tondemogozaimasen kochirakoso iroiro no HUM heavens no Rec various(No, not at all. Thank you for various things...)

A(8):mata osewani narimashiteagain T(I’m indebted to you again.)

B(9):ima ne tokidoki gakkoo de,now IP sometimes school at(Well, I occasionally, at school, ...)

TC28A: F10 (59) B: F5 (55)B is A’s daughter’s mother in law. A phoned to thank B for wine B sent.

A(1):kyoo mata ippai itadaki[mashite]today again a lot HUMB receive(We have received a lot from you today again.)

B(2):[ii:e] honno kimochi dakede= no just thought only(No, it’s just a little thing.)

Appendix IV 179

A(3):=ano: watashi sassoku nonderu non jatte yo[pparatteru tokoro desu]well I soon drinking drink regrettably drunk in the middle of COP(I have already tasted it and I am feeling a bit tipsy.)

B(4):[a- a- ano: e:]

FBminna tanoshiku nomere bana:: to [omotte]everybody joyfully Pote drink if Quo think(I just hoped that you all have a good time drinking it.)

A(5):[un un]yes(we did.)

B(6):ee::well

A(7):okagesamade oishii=TF delicious(It’s delicious, thanks to you.)

B(8):=aa soo desu ka, sore wa yokatta. kimochi dakede so COP Q this S good thought only(Is that so? Good to hear that, but it’s just a small thing.)

A(9):moo:: ato sukkari yopparacchatteru kara iikibun desureally after completely drunk because good feeling COP(I am completely relaxed from the wine.)

B(10):kodomotachi moo netan desu ka?children already slept COP Q(Have the children already gone to bed?)

TC29 (continued from TC28)A: F1(35) B: F5(55)B is A’s daughter -in-law. The same situation as TC28.

A(1):moshi moshi okaasanhello hello mother

180 Appendix IV

B(2):hai k[onbanwa]yes good evening

A(3):[konbanwa] ippai arigatoo gozai[mashita] good evening a lot TF(Good evening, thank you for so much [of wine].)

B(4):[ie ie ]/first name/ga erandanda karano no B’s son’s name S chose so

(No, <B’s son’s name> chose them anyway.)

A(5):iya demo sugoku oishikutteno but very delicious(but it is very nice and...)

B(6):a- s- sorya yokattaso if so good(good to hear that.)

A(7):mo: chichi mo haha mo ii kigen de kuchi ga mawa nnaireally HUMfather also mother also good mood with mouth S fluent NEG(My mother and father are in a very good mood, and they can’t speak clearly.)

B(8):aa hontoo, minna tanoshiku nakayoku nomere ba ne tte really everybody joyfully happily Pote drink if IP Quo(oh really? I hoped that everyone would enjoy drinking together.)

A(9):ee.FB

TC30 (continued from TC29)A: M5 (65) B: F5 (55)B is A’s daughter’s mother-in-law.

B(1):konbanwa [doomo]good evening TF/AP(Good evening.)

A(2):[doomo] obandegozaimasu (.) ho:::ntoni,= TF/AP good evening really

(Good evening. Really...)

Appendix IV 181

B(3):=oozei osewani [natte] orimasumany T(they are all very well looked after.)

A(4):[ii::e ]no

B(5):doomoTF/AP(Thank you.)

A(6):kochirakoso kyoo mata hontooni [oishii],Rec today again really delicious(Thank you for the really delicious...)

B(7):[ie ie]no no

A(8):DA- da dai sukina mono o morai [mashite]very very favourite thing O B receive(I’ve been given my very favourite things.)

B(9):[ie ie ]no no

hontooni kimochi dake de minna de nomere ba to omottereally thought only with everybody with Pote drink if Quo think(I just hoped that you could drink together.)

A(10):sassoku [mo::]soon already(I lost no time to ...)

B(11): [ee] tondemonai FB heavens no(not at all.)

A(12): fuu o kirimashita {laugh}a seal O break (open the bottle.)

182 Appendix IV

B(13):soo desu ka, kodomotachi mo ne: minna genkini shiteru yoodeso COP Q children too IP everybody energetically doing seem(Is that so? The children appear to be energetic.)

TC31A: F10(59) B: F8(75)B is A’s daughter’s grandmother in law. A phoned to thank B for various local foods B sent as an oseibo.

A(1):a:: soo desu ka ano:: kyoo mo ippai itadakima[shita] so COP Q well today also a lot HUMB receive(Is that so. Well, I received a lot from you today too.)

B(2):[ii:e] [ii:e moo honno] no no really just (No, it’s just a...)

A(3):[suimasen hontooni] AP really

B(4):itsumo kawaribae shi nai mono de(.)always change do NEG things COP(The same things as usual, I am afraid.)

A(5):dai sukinamo[no bakkashi desu]very favourite things only COP(They are all my favourite things.)

B(6):[aa:: soo desu ka ]ah so COP Q(ah, is that so?)

A(7):un hontooni arigatoo[gozaimasu]yeah really TF(Yes, thank you very much.)

B(8):[ii:e ii:e ton]demonai desu samui desu? (.) no no heavens no COP cold COP

(No, not at all. Is it cold?)doo desu ka sochira wa?how COP Q there S(how is it there?)

Appendix IV 183

TC32 (continued from TC31)A: M5(65) B: F8(75)

A(1):aa:: moshi moshi hello hello

B(2):hai hai haiyes yes yes

A(3):ano:: konotabi wa mata hontooni ariga[toogozaimashita]well this time S again really TF(well, again, truly thank you very much.)

B(4):[aa:: ie ie] no no

[tondemonaidesu]heavens no

A(5):[itsumo itsumo] okokorozukai itadakim[ashite]always always consideration HUMB receive(I am always indebted to you for your kind thought.)

B(6):[iie]=no

A(7):=kyooshukudesu AP(I am indebted.)

B(8):moo:: itsumo ano kawaribae shi nai m[on de]really every time well change do NEG things COP(The same things as usual, I am afraid.)

A(9):[iya:] iya iya iya iya iya no no no no no no

hontooni mezurashii mono bak[kari de]really rare things only COP(They are all rare things.)

184 Appendix IV

B(10):[ii::e] iie no no

A(11):ano:: mata goshoomi sasete moraima[su node]well again HUM taste CAU B receive so(I would like to taste them later.)

B(12):[hai hai] doozo yes yes please

TC33 (continued from TC32)A: F1(35) B: F8(75)

A(1):takusan itad[aite]a lot HUMB receive(We have received a lot from you.)

B(2):[ieie] tondemonaidesu no heavens no(No, not at all.)

A(3):ano ne,well IP

B(4):[ee.]FB

A(5):[ano]:: hahaga ittetan desu kedowell Mother S said COP but(As my mother told me that...)

B(6):ee.FB

A(7):ano::, ponto ne hitohako okutte kuru yorimo, obaachan wa itsumo newell simply IP one box send come rather than grand ma S always IP

ironna mono o ne irete kureru kara,various things O IP put B give so(You put many various kinds of things in a box rather than sending a box of one thing.)

Appendix IV 185

B(8):ee,FB

A(9):sore ga hon[tooni ureshii tte]this S really pleased Quo(She said, ‘I am very pleased with it.’)

B(10):[ie ie. moo nee] ano zabon wa tezukuride ne.no no really IP well pomelo S homemade IP(No, really, but the pomelo is home made, you know.)

A(11):ee moo ne hontooni soo yatte iroiro [ne],yeah really IP really so do various IP(Yes, in this way you put various....)

B(12):[ee]FB

A(13):kangaete irete kurerutte iuno ga moo sore ga ureshikute, mooconsider put B give-me NOM S really that S pleased really

chikuwa to zabon mite ‘MAA’ ttsu tteboiled fish paste and pomelo look ‘Wow’ Quo

(She is pleased with your kind thought, and when she looked at the chikuwa and pomelo she said, ‘Wow’ with joy.)

B(14):hahahaah {laugh}

A(15):koobutsu tte itte, ee dakishimetemashitafavourite Quo said and holding tight(and she held them tight, screaming, ‘yes, it’s my favourite.’)

B(16):{laugh} ja:: ano mattemasu ne? then well wait IP(Well then, I will wait for you to come.)

A(17):ee nijuuichi nichi ni,yes, 21 day on(Yes, on the 21st.)

186 Appendix IV

TC34A: M5(65) B: F9(43)B is A’s niece. A phoned B to say o-rei for smoked squid which B had sent toA as a seibo gift.

A(1):ho::nto are saikoo:[da yo]really that best COP IP(It’s the best really.)

B(2): [hontoo]ni? yokatta yokatta/first name/san mo really good good B’s husband’s name alsoyorokobu so shi tara::pleased so do if(Really <B’s husband’s name> should also be pleased to hear that.)

A(3):un? ojichan yo sorede mata shuryoo ga ookunaru kamoshirenai yo.yeah uncle IP and then again sake anount S increase perhaps IP(I may have to drink more sake for that.)

B(4):iyaa:: mo:: sokontoko wa moo nanitozo yoroshiku onegaishimasu yo.well really this part S really HUM please RF IP(Well, I politely ask you not to let it happen, really.)

TC35 (continued from TC34)A: F10 (59) B: F9 (43)The same situation as TC34, but A is B’s uncle’s wife.

A(1):yorokondetanodelighted(I was delighted.)

B(2):u::n yoka[tta]FB glad(I am glad.)

A(3):[un] obachan orei okurete go[men ne]well auntie return gift delayed AP IP

(I’m sorry I haven’t thanked you properly yet.)

B(4):[mo:: zen]zen na::ni=really not at all what(not at all.)

Appendix IV 187

A(5):=ano:: kaze hiite newell a cold caught IP(I caught a cold, you know.)

(........)

A(6):go gomen ne:: hontonima::: AP IP really(I’m really sorry.)

B(7):nani o nani o,what O what O(What is that for?)

A(8):nani nanimo yare nakuteany anything B give NEG(I haven’t given back anything.)

B(9):nani itteru no nani itteru no, (------) (Topic change)what saying IP what saying IP(What are you talking about,)

TC36A: M5(65) B: F11(67)B is A’s sister. After talking about the bankruptcy of a Japanese bank which might affect B’s son-in-law. A says thanks for salmon B has sent to A.

A(1):iya, ano shake oishikatta.well that salmon delicious(The salmon was delicious.)

B(2):oishikatta kai?delicious Q(Was it?)

A(3):oishikatta::delicious(It was delicious.)

188 Appendix IV

B(4):a- hon[to?] really(Really?)

A(5):[un,]yes(Yes.)

B(6):u::n?FB

A(7):/first name/ tachi mo yorokonde tabete na::: a:: oishii shake da to.A’s daughter’s name and others too glad eat IP delicious salmon COP Quo(<A’s daughter’s name> and others have enjoyed it, and they all said, ‘great salmon’.)

B(8):a- soo ka so[o ka] so Q so Q(Is that so.)

A(9):[un.]yes

TC37A: F1(35) B:F13 (50 ?)B phoned X in order to follow up her having left a bag of persimmons at X’s front door when X was out. B was particularly concerned that her leaving a bag of persimmons, though an expression of gratitude, might have been interpreted as rude. B ended up talking with X’s daughter-in-law, A, because X had not returned home.

B(15):[ano:: kyo:] toorigakarini kaki o okasete itadaitan desu kedo,=well today on my way persimmons O CAU left HUM B receive COP but(I left a bag of persimmons at the front door while you were out.)

A(16):=aa: itadakimashita(.) do:mo arigatoo gozaimasu, HUMB receive TF(Oh yes, we got them. Thank you very much.)

Appendix IV 189

B(17):irassharanai kara(.) shitsurei ka to [omottan desu kedo,]HON be NEG because rude Q Quo thought COP but(I thought it might be rude to just leave them when no one was home.)

A(18):[ieie tondemo gozaimase::n] itsumo chichi gano no HUM heavens no always Father S

osewani na[rimashite]T(Not at all, my father is always obliged to you for your help.)

B(19):[kochirakoso] osewani natte honto:ni=Rec T really(It’s I who am obliged to your father.)

A(20):=iie kochirakoso(.) kaki wa hahano daikoobutsu nanode kazokude no Rec persimmons S Mother’s favourite because all family

itadakimasu=HUMB receive(No! it’s my father. My mother also loves persimmons so we will enjoy them.)

B(21):=iya:: kochirakoso honto:ni arigatoo gozaimasu(.) no Rec really TF(No! Thank you.)

A(22):Ja: chichi ga kaerimashi tara mo:shitsutaemasuwell Father S returned when HUM tell(Well, I will pass on your message when he comes back.)

B(23):ah- soo desu ka domo arigatoo gozaimasu so COP Q TF(Thank you.)

A(24):kochirakoso arigatoo gozaimasu.=Rec TF(Thank you too.)

190 Appendix IV

B(25):=kochirakoso Rec(No! Thank you.)

A(26):ja- shitsurei[ itashima::su, AP (clo) HUM do(Goodbye, thank you.)

B(27):[doomogomenkudasa::i. AP(clo)

(Thank you. Goodbye.)

TC38A:F1(35) B:F14(30’s?)A is a customer and B is a customer service officer for a food manufacturer. A is inquiring about the ingredients of one of B’s food products on the telephone for her daughter who has a food allergy.

B(1):kooryookankei demo[chotto:: ] toiukoto desu ne,= flavourings even a little NOM COP IP(Even flavourings can be problematic, can’t they?)

A(2):[so:desu ne,]so COP IP(I am afraid so.)

=hai= (yes)

B(3):=wakarimashita, dewa soremoawasete kakunintotte mimasu= understood then with these check try(All right then, I will check all these things [with the laboratory.)

A(4):=hai(.) yoroshiku onegaiitashimasu.=Yes RF(yoroshiku onegaiitashimasu)

B(5):[hai] =kashikomarimashita=yes being HUM accepted

(certainly)

Appendix IV 191

A(6):=arigatoo gozai[mashita:].TF(Thank you very much.)

B(7):[kochirakoso] arigatoo gozaimasu.Rec TF(Thank you very much.)

192

Notes

1 Introduction

1. See Mills (2011) for her extensive discussion about post-modern or discursive researchers.

2. Watts (1989, 1992, 2003) uses ‘politic behaviour’ for the unmarked phenomena.3. Arundale (2009), a key progressive discursive researcher, claims that Goffman’s

notion of face is not compatible with the constructivist’s research paradigm, as it is a ‘rule-following’ and ‘social psychological’ model.

4. Conversational analysis (CA) is a qualitative social research approach which employs rigorous analysis of talk-in-interaction. Paltridge summarises the CA approach concisely as follows:

One of the aims of the conversation analyst is to avoid ‘a priori’ assump-tions or speculations about analytical categories in their data. Rather, they look for phenomena which regularly and systematically occur in the data and then make those the point of further investigation. In particular, they are interested in fine-tuned analysis of the sequential structure and coherence of conversations. (Paltridge 2000: 83)

5. Whether it is conscious or unconscious choice remains an empirical question.

2 Review of Data Elicitation Methods

1. Video-recorded role-plays will be used in Study 2 in Chapter 3.2. In a separate study, I interviewed 20 Japanese university students regarding

intercultural miscommunication. Ten months prior to the interview, these students had participated in an intensive language course in Melbourne, which involved a home stay programme. They reported that the host fami-lies gave them advice on what is expected from them, i.e. time for meals and so forth, on the very first day of the home stay programme. Eight students expressed experiencing inconvenience regarding the use of the shower; they were expected to use it promptly by their host families. One of the students was told that they could shower for no more than five minutes. Another stu-dent recollected a similar experience and irritably said that some members of the host family used the shower for more than 15 minutes. However, none of the students complained about this during their stay.

3 Revealing Patterns: Descriptive Empirical Norms (Studies 1 and 2)

1. One of the major concerns in the study of interlanguage pragmatic transfer has been ‘the influence of non-native language users’ linguistic and cultural

Notes 193

background on their performance of linguistic action in a second language’ (Maeshiba et al. 1996: 155). Researchers have attempted to characterise dif-ferent kinds of pragmatic transfers, i.e. sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic (Thomas 1983, Kasper 1992), and ‘to identify conditions for transfers to occur’ (Maeshiba et al. 1996: 156). These conditions may be partly attributed to learner-internal factors, which include the socio-psychological notion of divergence or convergence (Beebe 1981), attitudinal and motivational factors, the learners’ perceptions of L2 social norms (Robinson 1992), and their profi-ciency in the target language. There are also learner-external factors, such as the learners’ length of residency in the L2 speaking environment (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain 1986) and the particular learning context.

2. Discourse and pragmatic functions of wa (topic marker) and ga (subject marker) have been discussed by researchers such as Maynard (1980) and Clancy and Downing (1987). Maynard (1980) argues that wa functions as a ‘staging’ device, that is, marking ‘the phenomenon of who constantly remains on the stage as an important character’ (p. 106). Clancy and Downing (1987) iden-tify the function of wa as ‘a local cohesive device, linking textual elements of varying degrees of contrastivity’ (p. 46). In general, two main uses of wa (thematic and contrastive) have been recognised: marking a theme or topic of a sentence, marking given information; marking a contrastive element. Ga, in general, marks the subject of a sentence. According to Kuno (1973), in contrast to wa, ga marks the subject which conveys new information. It is important to note that wa and ga operate on different levels of discourse and meaning. Wa is often used as a topic marker, and ga as a subject marker (except when ga marks the object of a transitive stative verbal), but they have overlapping functions. Therefore I decided not to distinguish between the two and as such I mark them both as S (subject marker) even though they are used as a topic marker in some cases. Moreover, the description of grammati-cal functions in the transcriptions is not exhaustive.

3. Study 2 was published in my previous paper, Ohashi, J. (2010) Balancing obligations: bowing and linguistic features in thanking in Japanese. Journal of Politeness Research 6: 183–214.

4. Osewani narimashita (being looked after) and tasukarimashita (being helped) are both used to acknowledge one’s benefit/debt, and they are commonly used as thanking formulae. However, they need to be distinguished because the former was used almost always by the Guest, but the latter was likely to be used by the Host. Therefore, they are labelled as thanking types 1 and 2, respectively.

5. Actually, four out of eight occurrences of benefactive verbs came from the Guest (male: mid 30s) of Pair 3. After the role-play, he commented that he had had a very similar experience when he moved to Melbourne. He stayed at his senior colleague’s house for a week. He said that his use of honorific and humble polite forms, in G(5), oshiete itadaite, G(7), shite itadaite, tsukutte itadaite, and in G(11) osshatte itadakeru, might have been influenced by this experience. He was conscious of the degree of politeness but unaware of the frequent use of benefactive verbs highlighting his debt. This suggests that participants’ task familiarity and previous experiences may have some effect on how they perform such role-plays. In this particular case, the frequent use of polite expressions and benefactive verbs was observed.

194 Notes

6. ‘Delicious meal’ in this particular context is enough to imply H’s offer of a meal.

7. See Ohashi (2003) for a discussion of why asking for a favour can invoke debt and why the explicit acknowledgement of debt is common and thus considered to be polite in Japanese.

4 What Japanese Native Speakers Actually Do in Thanking Episodes in Naturally Occurring Telephone Conversations

1. For example, section 3.2.7 reports a case of a monetary compensation for the ease of completing the role-play task.

2. Study 3 is based on my previous paper, Ohashi, J. (2008) Linguistic rituals for thanking in Japanese: balancing obligations. Journal of Pragmatics 40: 2150–74.

3. The recent survey on seasonal gift-giving shows a decline in number of practitioners of gift-giving in Japan, and huge generational differences: 81.1 per cent of 20s (n = 200) and 57 per cent of 30s have never given seibo. On the other hand more than 70 per cent of both 40s and 50s send seibo. http://life.oricon.co.jp/81631/full/ sample = 1400 (20s, 30s, 40s, both male and female 200 each, 50s 100 each, 13/10/2010–25/10/2010). Accessed on 3/3/2011.

4. According to Yanagita (1964), arigatai (literal translation: rare, hard to come by, precious or grateful) was used as an expression uttered by the Japanese in religious exultation to extol God or Budda, but it became an expression of o-rei. Yanagita (1964: 17) explains how speech formulae expressing o-rei have been changing over a period of time. Up until Genroku period (around 1700), katajikenai (I am ashamed, lose face) which served as apology formula was commonly used in o-rei. Once a particular expression exclusively used from the lower to the higher-status person is adapted by the higher status when speaking to the lower, the lower finds the expression is not enough to express o-rei any longer. Consequently, the lower has to find other expres-sions. There were also regional variations of the expression of o-rei such as kanbun or kabun (literal meaning: treatment exceeding what one is worth) in the Shinshuu region, or utatei or otomashii (literal meaning: your treatment is meaningless as I am not worthy) in the Hokuriku region (Yanagita 1964). The etymological meaning of speech formulae such as these may not reflect the speaker meaning of present Japanese society in a certain context, but it may at least reveal how social norms and values are reflected in the use of the language and have changed over a period of time.

5. The head movements captured in Study 2 confirm the significance of rei in balancing acts in a thanking episode.

6. The transcriptions of the telephone conversations are presented in Appendix IV. A brief description of conversational participants’ age and gender, social relationship, and reasons for ‘thanking’ are given prior to each transcribed segment. The romanised Japanese Hepburn method of transcription is used. However, the overbar used in the Hepburn method, such as arigatô for a long vowel, is not used; instead, this is transcribed as arigatoo. Below the transcription, abbreviated marks indicating grammatical

Notes 195

functions are given together with a literal English translation for content words and some speech formulae (see Symbols and Abbreviations). These descriptions demonstrate what constitutes ‘propositional content’, which can be a subject of cross-cultural investigation in itself. An English trans-lation for the expected speaker meaning of each turn is also added in parentheses, but for some of these turns where the meaning is clear by the description of grammatical item and literal translation, English translations are omitted. Boldface is used for marking sections for discussion.

7. ‘TF + IP’ (thanking formulae + interactional particle) was not seen in the data elicited by the DCTs and the role-plays in the previous chapters. You can tell that A and B are in a familiar relationship because of the use of arigato rather than arigatoo gozaimasu, and the use of plain form in general. The addition of the interactional particle ne further confirms that they are very close. Although the investigation of interactional particles is outside the scope of this study, the count of the particles is included. In 28 conversational seg-ments, there are 54 occurrences of interactional particles such as yo, ne, sa, wa, and na. Ne occurred most frequently, 38 times, about 70 per cent of all the occurrences. Sa only occurred four times. These interactional particles (or final particles) are significant in spoken Japanese. They appeal to inter-personal feelings and encourage involvement of conversational participants (Maynard 1989), and they are quite an important marker of the intimacy of some of the conversations.

8. According to the statistics, women are more active in gift-giving and wives send seibo or chuugen on behalf of their husbands. For some, seibo is seen as an empty practice and economically burdensome (Asahi shimbun website, http://www.asahi.com/532/board/board001-70.html, accessed 23/2/1999).

9. The notion of the adjacency pair stems from conversation analysis (CA). The CA approach is distinct from speech act theory because CA is a sociological investigation (Heritage 1995). However, the notion of adjacency pairs illus-trates sequential rules of interactional acts, and thus it is useful in identifying speech acts of naturally occurring conversations. In relation to linguistic mark-edness, this notion of adjacency pair functions to indicate something expected or less expected in a conversation. Paired utterances such as question–answer, summons–answer, greeting–greeting, closing–closing, offer–acceptance, com-pliment–acceptance/rejection, and request–granting/denial, for example, have been identified as adjacency pairs (Levinson 1983, McLaughlin 1984). Adjacency pairs set up specific expectations and are thus useful and important in identifying speech acts and the meaning of utterances.

10. The etymological meaning of these apology formulae are noted for refer-ence only, as the speaker meaning may not reflect the historical meaning. Sumimasen literally means ‘this is not the end’ in a sense that ‘things can-not be finished (before I repay my debt)’. Ide (1998), for example, identifies seven communicative functions of sumimasen: sincere apology, quasi-thanks and apology, request maker, attention-getting device, leave-taking device, affirmative and conformational response, and reciprocal exchange of acknowledgement. Mooshiwakenai means ‘I have no excuse’ upon receiving a favour or trouble caused by the agent.

11. The part marked as /???/is a section that could not be transcribed due to the poor sound quality.

196 Notes

12. No disturbance or conflict is caused by this overlapping. Conversational overlaps in o-rei can only be justified if they are believed to be polite acts. According to Brown and Levinson (1987), the speech act of thanking is a threat to the speaker’s negative face, that is, ‘the speaker accepts debt, [and] humbles his own face’ (p. 67), and is also a threat to the hearer’s negative face for the hearer feels constrained to minimise the speaker’s debt. They did not explain why this should be the case. However, if the notion of debt–credit equilibrium is used, the mutual cooperation and involvement of both the speaker and the hearer can be explained.

5 Implications of the Studies in Relation to Teaching Japanese Language and Current Debate on Face and Politeness

1. What I mean by culture includes community-based micro-cultures.

197

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205

Subject Index

adjacency pairs 58–9, 61, 90, 195 n. 9see also conversational analysis (CA)

advertisements 79age 8, 17, 39, 51, 54, 66, 68, 75, 88,

103, 194 n. 6Anglo-centric theorisation 10–11, 78

see also English speakersanthropology 114apology formulae 43–4, 48–51, 52–3,

68, 81, 91, 96, 100–1, 105, 110, 126, 194 n. 4, 195 n. 10

o-rei, use in 91–4thanking formulae and 55–6see also role-play; sumimasen;

telephone conversationsapplied linguistics 78appreciation 1, 4, 5, 9, 74, 78, 81,

94, 111, 112, 130arigatoo 5, 42–4, 46, 48, 50–5, 58,

62–73, 81, 85–8, 93, 96–7, 105–6, 113, App. I–IV, 194 n. 6, 195 n. 7

prolongation of 82–4

balancing act 4, 9, 11, 19–20, 48–9, 61, 64, 74–6, 93–4, 122, 125–7, 131, 194 n. 5

balancing obligations see pedagogical implications

benefactive verbs 39–53, 59, 67, 68, 70, 74, 84, 102–11, 121, 126, 193 n. 5

o-rei, use in 84–91see also role-play

beneficiary/benefactor relations 2, 4, 7, 20, 39, 46, 50–3, 58, 60, 64, 68, 74, 80–2, 86, 88, 90–7, 102–4, 106, 108–9, 110, 113, 118, 120–1, 126, 129–31

benefit/debt 44, 56–7, 59, 74, 84, 90, 93, 96–7, 102–3, 105, 108–9, 113, 126, 193 n. 4

bowing 3, 4, 51, 53–5, 59, 62–6, 67–76, 81, 113, 121, 141, 156, 193 n. 3

see also extralinguistic features; gestures; head movements; role-play

bulge theory 100

Chinese languages 12, 78, 80, 91Chinese politeness phenomena 12cohesion 193 n. 2commodity economy 117communication strategies see data

elicitation methodscompliance/non-compliance 17, 20,

122, 126complimenting 25–6, 100–1,

120–1, 126, 195 n. 9complimenting-gladness 97–102,

103, 112, 126see also telephone conversations

conflict avoidance 9, 13, 80, 196 n. 12considerateness 59, 64, 76, 99, 105,

112, 119–25, 128–9see also pedagogical implications

consideration 13, 52, 58, 63, 77, 92, 96, 123, 126, 149, 161, 167, 169, 177, 178, 182

constructivism 74, 17, 192 n. 3convergence 73, 193 n. 1conversational analysis (CA) 15, 192

n. 4, 195 n. 9see also adjacency pairs

conversational implicature 15co-operative principle 6, 15, 130cost–benefit relations 6, 70cross-cultural pragmatics 2, 5–6, 8,

10, 13, 18, 21, 49, 81, 94, 106, 111, 117, 130, 195 n. 6

expression of 5see also culture specificity; data

elicitation methods; discourse completion task (DCT)

206 Subject Index

counter-gifts 114culture, definition of 196 n. 1culture-specificity 5–10, 26, 49, 75,

112, 116

data elicitation methods 3–4, 9, 19communication strategies 21–3cross-cultural pragmatics studies

23–4interlanguage studies 23–4review of 21–37, 192 nn. 1, 2see also discourse completion task

(DCT) debt–credit equilibrium 6, 11, 34,

60, 64–6, 68, 70, 74–6, 108–10, 112–13, 117–18, 120–1, 123, 125, 128, 196

balancing obligations on 101–4

non-observance of 97–102debt-sensitivity 10–11, 34

conversational formulae in o-rei 94–7

denial 43, 55–68, 74–5, 82–4, 90–3, 98–102, 103–4, 105, 109, 120–1, 126, 195 n. 9

see also role-playdirect object markers 41discernment politeness 12, 18, 19

see also wakimaediscourse completion task (DCT)

3–4, 5, 19, 24–37cross-cultural comparability 33–7,

38–51: beneficiary/benefactor marking 50–1;

‘computer’ situation 44–7; ‘cup noodles’ situation 40–4; ‘invitation’ situation 47–8; patterns of thanking 48–51

DCT vs DCT oral versions 29–30DCT vs role-play 31–3Japanese EFL learners,

misconceptions of 36–7responses to 132–40 (App. I)with rejoinders (hearer responses)

28–9see also data elicitation methods

divergence 106, 193 n. 1Dutch community 7

economic transactions 63, 116–18, 125

see also commodity economy; money, exchange of

economics 114empathy 123English

American 8–9, 25–6British 8–9L2 English learners 10L2 learners of Japanese 31–3as a lingua franca 10native speakers of (NSEs) 1, 4, 8,

19–20, 30, 34, 37, 38–9, 43, 44, 46, 50–1, 105–6

non-native learners of 5, 10, 30, 35–7

speech act verbs in 6, 10, 33–4‘thanking’ in 6, 10, 27translation ( Japanese–English) 41,

44, 45, 49, 51, 56, 66, 91, 108, 111, 128, 195 n. 6

see also Anglo-centric theorisationethnography 33etymology 194 n. 4, 195 n. 10evaluative labels 124, 128, 131exaltation 13expressiveness 53extralinguistic features 3, 14, 19, 51,

53–5, 76, 110, 114, 120, 123 see also bowing; gestures; head

movements; hand movements

face and politeness 11–19 current debate on 105–31as discursive struggle 14–15durability of face 16–19face co-constitutive theory 14,

126face, concept of 12face in interaction 2, 16–17, 128face, notion of 4, 15, 103–4face theory 2 face-threatening act (FTA) 9–10,

12, 14, 129face-work 14–15, 17, 20, 75, 106,

110, 122first-order politeness 15–16, 78,

111, 124

Subject Index 207

negative face 11–13, 196 n. 12positive face 11–13second-order politeness 15–16,

78, 111see also mutual face; pedagogical

implications; politeness theoryfavours 34, 42–3, 49, 51, 56–8, 67–8,

70, 75, 80, 82–4, 88, 90, 93, 98–9, 107, 109, 113, 118, 194 n. 7

see also role-playfluency 22, 53footing 119frame-based view 17, 119, 122, 131

gender 8, 54, 66, 68, 75, 195 n. 8gestures 4, 51–3, 67, 72–5, 144

see also extralinguistic features; hand movements; head movements

gift economy 113–19see also pedagogical implications

gift-giving 34, 78–9, 115–17, 124, 195 n. 8

seasonal 81–102, 194 n. 3see also money, exchange of;

telephone conversationsgift-returning 117gladness 44–7, 50–1, 67, 70, 74, 106,

120–1see also complimenting:

complimenting-gladnessgratitude 1–2, 4–5, 7, 11, 81, 91, 94,

108, 111, 113, 131, 167, 168DCT respondent expressions of 26debt of 37as a human virtue 7monetary gifts and 81native English speakers 8reciprocity and 7sentiment of 78spectrum of 9for spiritual fulfilment 7–8universal expression of 36verbalisation of 8, 112

Greek philosophy 7greetings 24, 79, 84, 86, 90, 92–3,

98, 121, 195 n. 9greetings cards 1

hand gestures 72–5, 144, 145, 152, 177

see also extralinguistic features; gestures

head movements 32, 52–4, 62–6, 65–6, 75, 141, 194 n. 5

see also bowing; extralinguistic features; gestures

hedging 31Hepburn method of transcription

194 n. 6see also transcription conventions

hinting 29, 33–4history (field) 111, 116history (relational) 118, 127honorific form 13, 56, 59, 70, 78,

81, 96, 107, 193 n. 5

ideology 35, 125illocutionary act/force 5, 22, 28–30,

41–2, 48, 60, 65indebtedness 5–8, 13, 26, 43, 66, 69,

74, 88, 91, 93, 99, 102, 112, 194 n. 7

indirectness 13interactional particles 195 n. 7intercultural miscommunication 192

n. 2interpersonal particle 84interpersonal relationships 4, 7, 11,

14–17, 77, 110–11, 118, 125–9, 131, 195 n. 7

intonation 53invitation 12, 32, 55, 66–76, 145

favours and 60–2see also role-play

Linguistic Politeness Research Group 2, 15

Marxism 117money, exchange of 36–7, 63–4,

75, 81, 84–7, 103, 149, 152–3, 163, 166–8, 171–2, 194 n. 1

see also gift-giving mutual face 2, 65, 75, 97, 103–4,

112–13, 117, 119–21, 125–30see also pedagogical implications

208 Subject Index

mutual obligation 54, 74–6, 122, 127, 129

see also role-play

natural conversational data 2–9, 14, 19, 23–4, 28–9, 31, 33, 41, 52–3, 64, 76, 195 n. 9

see also telephone conversationsnodding 62

see also head movementsnorm-driven politeness 17–18norms 2–3

notion of 16–19see also norm–driven politeness;

reciprocity; social norms

offering 12, 64, 75see also money, exchange of

o-rei no denwa 19, 80–1, 93, 103, 125–6

o-rei rituals 19–20, 67, 81–4, 93–4, 99, 101, 103–4, 110–11, 113, 118, 122, 125, 129–31, 186, 194 n. 4, 196 n. 12

apology formulae, use of 91–4benefactive verbs, use of 84–91debt-sensitive conversational

formulae 94–7overlapping features 111–12regional variations 194 n. 4status 194 n. 4

overlapping 66, 103–4, 193 n. 2, 196 n. 12

o-rei rituals 111–12thanking and o-rei 111–12see also pedagogical implications;

telephone conversations

pedagogical implications 105–31balancing obligations 109–10,

110–11, 119–25gift economy 113–19mutual face 112–13o-rei rituals 110–11reciprocity, norm of 113–19research findings and current issues

106–13suggestions 119–25teaching implications 106–9

thanking and o-rei, overlapping features of 111–12

theoretical evaluation 125–31pitch variation 53place, notion of 18, 19, 97, 110

see also tachibapoliteness theory 2, 12–16, 128

definitions 9–10rules 8as social norm/strategy 9–10see also face and politeness

‘politic’ behaviour 17–18, 192 n. 2political economy 117postmodernism 13, 75, 192 n. 1pragmatic transfers 21, 23, 26, 35–6,

38, 50–1, 106, 192–3 n. 1, 193 n. 1

promising 12, 26, 161public image 4, 77

reciprocators see role-playreciprocity 8, 20, 97, 105–6, 128,

130balancing obligations 119–25norm of 7, 113–19, 131On-reciprocity 34see also pedagogical implications

reductive paraphrase 6relational work 11, 14, 20, 65, 66,

74, 93–4, 97, 99, 102–4, 111, 119, 125–7, 129, 131

relevance theory 18relievers, see role-playreligious texts 7, 125, 194 n. 4repair work 13repetitions 31requests/requestive formulae 24–34,

42, 55, 60–2, 68–9, 75, 102, 149, 195 nn. 9, 10

rights, individual 65, 110–11, 125role-play 3–5, 8–9, 19, 21, 25, 30,

50–76, 77, 82–4, 91, 109, 113

benefactive verbs 56–8: guests and hosts 57–8

bowing 62–6DCT vs 31–3denial and self-denigration 58–9favour, requests for 60–2

Subject Index 209

invitation 60–2qualitative analysis of 66–74reciprocators 60relievers 60sequential organisation 51–8:

apology formulae 55–6; thanking formulae 55–6

transcriptions of 142–57 (App. III)see also mutual obligation

Roman philosophy 7

seibo 78–81, 88–90, 98, 175–6, 182, 186, 194 n. 3, 195 n. 8

self-denigration 55–60, 66, 68, 73–4, 80, 120, 123

see also role-playself-evaluation 112–13, 126self-image 4, 11–12, 112, 125, 129self-respect 59, 64, 76, 99, 105, 112,

119–25, 128–9see also pedagogical implications

semantic formulae 4, 25–6, 33, 36, 38–9, 49–51, 76

sequential organisation see role-playshops/retail environment 42, 79,

121smiling 123social acts 2social anthropology 114social class 17social disgrace 103–4social distance 4, 26–7, 100–103,

107, 120, 127, 130social expectations 8, 10, 20, 103,

126, 129social hierarchy 80, 118social interaction 17, 19, 77, 97,

105, 109, 119, 122–4, 127–31social norms 11, 17, 20, 30, 34–6,

75–8, 103, 110, 121, 125–8, 130, 193 n. 1, 194 n. 4

politeness as 9–10see also norm-driven politeness;

normssocial obligation 98, 111social practice 11, 131social psychology 74, 100, 103, 119,

127, 129, 192 n. 3, 193 n. 1social ranking 18

social relationship 3, 12, 116–20, 194 n. 6

see also interpersonal relationshipssocial roles 81, 97, 110, 118, 122,

125social science 2social ties 63, 97social value 6, 9, 15, 35, 127sociocultural values 10–11, 21, 37,

53sociology 7, 114, 118–19, 195 n. 9

see also conversation analysis (CA)solidarity 12–13speech act theory 2, 5, 13–15,

22–36, 38–44, 47–51, 60, 78, 81, 91–4, 106–7, 111–12, 195 n. 9, 196 n. 12

subject markers 41, 193 n. 2sumimasen 5, 7, 55, 68, 81, 137, 170,

195 n. 10see also apology formulae

symbolic repayment 64, 66, 81, 91, 93, 96, 111

tachiba 18, 19, 97, 109–10, 113, 125see also place

teaching Japanese language 20, 37, 39

see also English; pedagogical implications

telephone conversations 3, 5, 19, 77–104

apology formulae in o-rei, use of 91–4

arigatoo, prolongation of 82–4benefactive verbs in o-rei, use of

84–91complimenting-gladness 97–102cultural context (rei) 80–81cultural context (seibo) 78–80debt–credit equilibrium 102–4debt-sensitive formulae in o-rei, use

of 94–7gift-expressing gladness 97–102gift-giving season 81–104naturally occurring 78–104transcriptions of 158–91 (App. IV),

194 n. 6, 195 n. 11see also overlapping; topic change

210 Subject Index

‘thanking back’ 43, 47–51, 60, 63–5, 74, 105, 109

thanking definitions cross-cultural 9dictionary definition 6restorative function 6speech act 5–6

thanking formulae 55–8, 66–9, 71, 74, 94, 193 n. 4, 195 n. 7

see also role-playtokens 4, 55–6, 60, 69, 75–6, 86,

110, 113, 120, 123tone 53, 70topic change 88, 94, 102, 104,

121, 187see also telephone conversations

topic markers 41, 193 n. 2

tourism 1transcription conventions 82, 141

(App. II), 194–5 n. 6see also Hepburn method of

transcriptiontransfers see pragmatic transferstranslation issues see English turn-taking 24, 32

video recordings 4, 5, 19, 192 n. 1

see also role-playvisual information 4, 19, 51, 66volitional politeness 18

wakimae 17–19see also discernment

211

Author Index

Ammerlaan, T.and Kasper, G. et al. 22

Apte, M. 8–9, 111–12Arndt, H.

and Janney, R. 9Arundale, R. 14, 16–17, 126, 192 n. 3Aston, G. 13Austin, J. L. 2

Bach, K. 17Banno, E.

and Ikeda, Y. et al. 109Bardovi-Harlig, K. 35–6

and Hartford, B. 29Bargiela-Chiappini, F. 18, 110–12, 126

and Kádár, D. 11, 15and Haugh, M. 2, 10–11, 15

Baxter, L. A. 13Beebe, L. 193 n. 1

and Cummings, M. 24, 31, 33, 36, 39

and Takahashi, T. 22, 24, 34and Takahashi, T. et al. 26

Befu, H. 86, 116Blum-Kulka S.

and House, J. et al. 26, 27, 28Blum-Kulka, S. 24

and Olshtain, E. 26, 193 n. 1Bodman, J. see under Eisenstein, M.

and Bodman, J.Bongaerts, T.

and Poulisse, N. et al. 22Bousfield, D. 2, 15, 122

and Culpeper, J. et al. 122and Locher, M. 11, 15, 18, 129, 131

Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 2, 9–15, 34, 104,

116, 129, 130, 196 n. 12

Clancy, P. and Downing, P. 193 n. 2

Cohen, A. 24and Olshtain, E. 25, 26

Coulmas, F. 5–7, 10, 91, 93–4, 108, 111–12

Culpeper, J. and Bousfield, D. et al. 122

Cummings, M.and Beebe, L. 24, 31, 33, 36, 39

Dahl, M. and Kasper, G. 23–4, 32

Downing, P.and Clancy, P. 193 n. 2

Eelen, G. 2, 3, 10, 13, 15, 16, 110 Eisenstein, M.

and Bodman, J. 5, 8–10, 26, 33–4, 36–7, 81, 94, 111

Ember, C. and Ember, M. 114

Embree, E. 34Emmon, R. 7

Faerch, C. and Kasper, G. 21, 22

Fraser, B. 25, 64

Gagné, N. O. 34–5Gardner, R. 82Gass, S.

and Houck, N. 32, 53Geyer, N. 2, 15Giles, H.

and Smith, P. 74Goffman, E. 11–13, 15, 28, 59, 65,

76, 104, 112, 119, 122–3, 127–8, 192 n. 3

Golato, A. 24Gouldner, A.W. 118–19Gregory, C. A. 117Grice, H. P. 15, 130Gu, Y. 12, 80

Hall, J. A. and Knapp, M. L. 53

212 Author Index

Hanks, W. 120, 126Harris, S. 122Hartford, B.

and Bardovi-Harlig, K. 29Haugh, M. 18–19, 110

and Bargiela-Chiappini, F. 2, 10–11, 15

Haverkate, H. 6, 40, 64, 71, 94, 111Heritage, J. 195 n. 9Heylen, D. 53Hill, B.

and Ide, S. et al. 9, 12, 17Hill, T. 34Hinkel, E. 8, 9Houck, N.

and Gass, S. 32, 53House, J.

and Blum-Kulka S. et al. 26, 27, 28

Ide, R. 91, 195 n. 10Ide, S. 12, 17

and Hill, B. et al. 9, 12, 17Ikeda, Y.

and Banno, E. et al. 109Ikoma, K. 91Imai, T. 86Inoshita, S. 79Ito, K. 34

Janney, R.and Arndt, H. 9

Jary, M. 18Johnston, B.

and Kasper, G. et al. 29Jorden, E. 108Jucker, A. H. 35–6, 38

Kádár, D. and Bargiela-Chiappini, F. 11, 15and Mills, S. 2, 15

Kasper, G. 18, 22–3, 31, 193 n. 1and Ammerlaan, T. et al. 22and Dahl, M. 23–4, 32and Faerch, C. 21, 22and Johnston, B. et al. 29and Kellerman, E. 22

Kellerman, E. and Kasper, G. 22

Kendon, A. 53

Knapp, M. L. and Hall, J. A. 53

Koike, D. 22Kojima, S.

and Yamaguchi, M. 79Komter, A.E. 7, 113Kumatoridani, T. 91Kuno, S. 193 n. 2

Lakoff, R. T. 9Lave, J.

and Wenger, E. 119Lebra, T. 34, 64, 86, 115–18 Leech, G. N. 9, 10Levenston, E. 24Levinson, S. see under Brown, P. and

Levinson, S. Locher, M. 2, 14–15, 18

and Bousfield, D. 11, 15, 18, 129, 131

and Watts, R. 2, 11, 14, 18

Maeshiba, N. and Yoshinaga, N. et al. 193 n. 1

Malinowski, B. 114–15, 125Manes, J.

and Wolfson, N. 25Mao, L. R. 12, 116Marmor, T.

and Wolfson, N. et al. 33Matsumoto, Y. 12, 19Mauss, M. 114–15, 117, 125Maynard, S. 193 n. 2, 195 n. 7McClave, E. 53McLaughlin, M. L. 13, 195 n. 9Meier, A. J. 12, 13 Mills, S. 2, 13, 15, 128, 192 n. 1(Ch.1)

and Kádár, D. 2, 15Mitchell, C.

and Rintell, E. 30, 31Miyake, K. 91Murphy, R. 116–17, 119

Nagara, S. et al. 108Nihon Daijiten Kankookai 81

Obana, Y. 18O’Driscoll, J. 13Ohashi, J. 34, 60, 131, 193 n. 3, 194

n. 7, 194 n. 2

Author Index 213

Olshtain, E. and Blum-Kulka, S. 26, 193

n. 1and Cohen, A. 25, 26

Ono, R. and Rose, K. 24, 29, 33, 35

Otsubo, K. et al. 107

Paltridge, B. 192 n. 4Poulisse, N.

and Bongaerts, T. et al. 22

Ridley, M. 117Rintell, E.

and Mitchell, C. 30, 31Robinson, M. A. 193 n. 1Rose, K. 29, 33, 35

and Ono, R. 24, 29, 33, 35

Sacks, H. and Schegloff, E. A. et al. 82

Sasaki, M. 31Schegloff, E. A.

and Sacks, H. et al. 82Schiffrin, D. 28, 29Searle, J. R. 2, 5–6, 15, 81, 108Sifianou, M. 9, 127Smith, P.

and Giles, H. 74

Takahashi, T.and Beebe, L. 22, 24, 34et al. 26

Tannen, D. 119and Wallat, C. 119

Tarone, E. 22Terkourafi, M. 2–3, 17–18, 35, 75,

122, 129 Thomas, J. 193 n. 1

Visser, M. 7

Wallat, C.and Tannen, D. 119

Watts, R. 2, 10, 13–17, 19, 78, 128, 131, 192 n. 2 (Ch. 1)

and Locher, M. 2, 11, 14, 18Wenger, E. 119

and Lave, J. 119Wierzbicka, A. 6, 33, 116Wolfson, N. 25, 101, 130

and Manes, J. 25and Ma rmor, T. et al. 33

Yamaguchi, M. and Kojima, S. 78

Yanagita, K. 80, 194 n. 4Yoshinaga, N.

and Maeshiba, N. 193 n. 1