Appendix D_Timeline of historical events and engagement activities.pdf
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Transcript of Appendix D_Timeline of historical events and engagement activities.pdf
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The information was divided into Global, Level 1 and Level 2 events (Figure X). Global events were
defined as occurrences that are wide, far-reaching, national and possibly global in their nature and
have thus affected both study sites. The implementation of a new policy or the rainfall data are
examples of such an event. Level 1 events were more local in their impact and nature. Grey
literature was consulted as sources for Global as well as Level 1 events. The open/close status of
the respective estuary mouths are an example of a Level 1 event. Level 2 events were also events
that were local in their impact but were the events as reported by the stakeholders through the one-
on-one or group interviews or information gained during the workshops.
Wilderness Lakes Global events Swartvlei
Meta-identity
Level 2 (as reported by stakeholders)
Level 1 (Grey literature)
Date Year Date Level 1 (Grey literature)
Level 2 (as reported by stakeholders)
Meta-identity
1845
Gerbers bought the property from Duiwe River to right through to
Associations
Business
Charity organisation
Conservancy
Governmental departments
Informal groupings
Multiple stakeholder project
Learning/education
Spiritual groups
Sports club
Workshop
Important event as indicated by participants
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halfway Langvlei (I11)
1865
The property that Wilderness is standing on now was swapped for a piece of land in George 1
Feb 1869
"The Great fire" burned huge areas of natural forest 2. This followed a seven year drought and horse sickness 3
1874
Touwmond/Barbierskraal were sold for 225 pounds after liquidation to William Guest and James Thwaites 1;4
The Dumbletons moved into Fairy Knowe House 5
1876
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J.J. Hooper discovered a gold nugget in a dry tributary of the Karatara River 6
1877
Build farmhouse and farmed the area that are now called The Green (I11)
Sold Touwmond to George William Bennett for 500 pounds 4
Jan
1880
Government appointed a superintendent to take control and legalise forestry 7
Large forested areas around Karatara was cleared due to the gold rush 6
Families bought plots in Goudveld area to start prospecting for gold (I4)
First Anglo-Boer War 1880-1881 8;9
Krakatoa tsunami goes over Fairy Knowe dunes (WS, 2013)
South African Gold rush 8;9
1882
It was reported
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that gold prospecting started in the Karatara area 10
1883
By now the name "The Wilderness" was used on official notepapers from the Bennett's 4
She married his cousin before moving back to Liverpool (I11)
George William Bennett passes away and the property, 3 bedroom house, is let for holiday residents and farming while the widow moved back to England 11
Dec
1886
Around 1886 first and longest rainfall record in SA (Harkerville) (WS, 2013)
1894
John Barrington bought Lots A &
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B and renamed it Sedgefield 12
1899
Second Anglo-Boer war 1899-1902 9
1905
Started to run the old farmhouse as a guest house (I11)
Wilderness Estate Company bought Wilderness from the Bennett family for 10 000 pounds 13
The current road from Wilderness Heights were also build during this period 13
The Bennett farmhouse was converted to a guest house (Now the Karos hotel) 13
1910
Formation of Union of South Africa 8;9
1912
African
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National Congress (ANC) founded 9
1913
Land act: Prevented blacks from purchasing land 8;9
Start of woodcutters being relocated to Karatara (I15)
1914
First families moved from the lakes and forests to live in Hoekwil and Karatara (I5; I14; I15)
National Party founded 9
Farmland that are now Hoekwil was transferred to the Armsorg Kommitee of the local NG Kerk (I11)
1921
Development of Wilderness starts in the form of a better road surface
Participants grandfather use to farm with sweet
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for the current road and the building of a railway track 14
potato, beans, potatoes, pumpkins and corn (I16)
Owen Grant Found Wilderness LTD (WS, 2013)
Owen Grant laid out the plots for the houses. The border of the town ended at Duiwe River with the Gerbers farming on the floodplain on the other side of the river (I11)
1927
First bridge (railway) over Touw River Lagoon (WS, 2013)
Between 1927 and 1930 the last woodcutter licenses was received. The believe was that this white impoverished
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class needed to be rehabilitated 6
The bridge are the cause for the silting we see today (I11)
Movement of mouth restricted by bridge (I11)
1927/28 Building of railway through Wilderness - which was the only station between George and Knysna (WS, 2013) 15
Railway bridge over the Swartvlei is built (21)
The building of the bridge was the reason why the water in the lake area became fresh enough
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for animals to drink from. This is now reversing due to the heavy extraction of water from the rivers (I21)
1928
Wilderness hotel rebuilt in modern form (WS, 2013)
The rebuilding of the hotel seemed to have been due to the railway coming through Wilderness 15
1929
Dumbletons bought the land from the Gerbers (I11)
Dumbletons add to the guest house by building a private hotel: Fairy Knowe hotel 5
Sedgefield was proclaimed a town and managed by the Divisional Council of George 12
1930
Pirates Creek railway bridge blocks sagged during a flood (I12)
Flood 16 The foundation of the centre portion of the Swartvlei railway bridge is washed away,
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necessitating a rebuild with a slightly lowering of the foundation and additional concrete and rocks (I2)
Around this time plantations replaced indigenous forest as the main wood supplier 6
1931
1930s Owen Grant organised weekend away, where you can fly from JHB to George and take the train to Wilderness (I11)
National drought (WS, 2013)
Participants recall how they had to walk inland to collect water squeezing it from the clayey soil (I16)
There were severe flooding after the drought (I29)
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1932
Due to extensive flooding an yachting expedition from Knysna to Island Lake had to be abandoned 17
1935
Knysna sailors brought in five yacht via rail to sail at Island Lake 17
Sea Shore act 21 of 1935 18
1937
The Island was flooded that only a small part of it was showing (I21)
1943
61 Air School trained pilots for the second world war at the George airfield. They use to take their weekend pass going down to Fairy Knowe Hotel 19
1944
Mar Road bridge
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over Swartvlei completed 20
National Road Board breaches the Touw River mouth as their interim road caused the mouth to stay closed and the estuary water affected the farms 21
Apr
1946
Could jump off the railway bridge into deep water before the road bridge was build (I14)
Road bridge of N2 completed 20
Mar
The building of the bridges had an effect on the estuaries (I14)
Hoekwil church breaks away from the
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church in George (I14)
Sometime after 1946 a drawbridge was built over the Serpentine 22
1947
A Sunderland airplane landed on Swartvlei to survey the lake as a possible emergency stop for the Cape Town Durban route 5
1948
Leggatt family moves to Wilderness (I12)
PW Botha elected as MP for George constituency 20;23
Apartheid policy adopted by National Party 8;9
1950
Group Areas Act adopted
The Boshoff family used to
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(segregates black and white people) 8;9
visit Swartvlei for three weeks over December/January leaving Hoekwil with their ossewa. There used to be a lot of fishing in the lakes with five men having to set the treknet 24
1951
Touw river flooded and a 130 mm of rain was recorded and major damage was reported 25
Rained for eight days and Touw River flooded. Caught 12 streepsakke of fish 24
Jan
Landing stages/jetties washed away in the 1951 flood 26
Next three decades saw lots of
Participant remembers how they had
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development (I11)
to cross the Swartvlei estuary with an ox wagon before the N2 bridge were build (I21)
N2 completed 20 Apr Participants feel that the N2 is a shame and that it had a major influence on the area (I3; I6; I11; I12; I14; I18)
1952
First Wilderness Local area Board constituted 27
Another flood when the whole Island was covered by water (I21)
N2 officially opened 28
Jul
1954
First Interclub yacht race in Southern Cape at Swartvlei 17;29
George Lakes Yacht Club
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established 17
1955
George Lakes Yacht club purchased land on the banks of Swartvlei 17
1956
Wilderness sold to Dr Krynauw (WS, 2013)
Village Management Board was created 12
1958
Eastern Cape Yacht Racing Association Regatta were held at Swartvlei 17
Veld & Vlei Adventure School were established 17
1960
George Lakes Yacht club moves to Island Lake (I18)
A common sight at Island Lake was one of the Gerickes rowing a goat across the lake to the island where they allowed
International pressure against National Party government begins 9
Yacht club moves from Swartvlei to Island Lake 17;30
Caravan holidays were big in 1960's and 70's and there was six caravan parks in Sedgefield
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the animals to graze 17
and all of them made their profit over the three/four week Christmas/New year holiday (I3)
Coloured community, which up to know lived amongst the white's as 'bywoners' in Hoekwil, was moved to Touwsranten (I14)
Wilderness Lakes Management Board started administration of area 17
Railway was used as a commuter train during the 60s. There was not really alternative transport to George or Knysna (I18)
From 1960 to 70s development started on the dunes at Wilderness (I14)
1961
South Africa became a republic 8
Water gauge placed in Swartvlei (I29)
1962
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Participant told a story of how he survived as a child fishing in the lake after his mother abandoned them (I5)
1967
Dr. Chris Barnard performed first heart plant. He was a regular visitor to Wilderness 31
1968
32;33
Tarred Hoekwil bridge build over Serpentine 34
As a child the participant remember sitting under the bridge waiting for his white friends to return from
Wilderness beach zoned only for the use of whites 31
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the beach (I5)
There was a drought. You had to go in very deep into the lakes to find cool water. Fairy Knowe ended up laying pipes into the mountains for water (I5)
Jan Rainfall below 20mm for the month 31
Floodplain burned (I5)
Jan Water restrictions were in place 31
Jan Earthquake makes the mountains rumble 31
Mouth is torn open 31
Feb Southern Cape experience one of the worst tidal waves in history 31
Lakes Area Management Board
Jul Lakes placed under government
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manages lakes (I11)
protection 35
Dec Mouth breached at 0.804m 32
1969
Several people fell ill with stomach complaints after swimming in the lakes 35
Feb
10 Mar Mouth closed 32
18 Jun Mouth breached at 1.643m 32
15 Sep Mouth closed 32
04 Nov Mouth breached at 1.414m 32
03 Dec Mouth closed 32
30 Dec Mouth breached at 0.804m 32
1970
Lakes trust fight for the preservation of the lakes systems 36
Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970 18
Feb Anthrax outbreak at Ruigtevlei 36
Research station at Rondevlei established 35
Swartvlei used to be the prime sailing destination in the 70s and 80s to virtually no sailing
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today due to lack of access. People accessed the area through the then Pine Lake Marina caravan park (I18)
Around 3 million people in South Africa forcibly resettled 9
Dune adjacent to Swartvlei caravan park burned around the 1970s (I20)
21 Jan Mouth closed 32
03 Sep Mouth breached at 1.516m 32
1971
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971 18
12 May
Mouth closed 32
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10 Jul Mouth breached at 1.693m 32
1972
06 Apr Mouth closed 32
N2/7 re-alignment early 1970 (WS, 2013)
The new alignment of the N2 would pass by the George Lakes Yacht club clubhouse. Due to this reason any further improvements to the clubhouse were stopped 17
16 Aug Mouth breached at 1.566m 32
WRRA formed (WS, 2013)
1973
Seabird and Seals Protection Act 46 of 1973 18
Participant moved to Sedgefield (I16)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered species of Wild Fauna
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and Flora, 1973 18
02 May
Mouth closed 32
Flooding in Sedgefield (Oorstroming in Sedgefield) (WS, 2013)
1974
Sedgefield attained municipal status 12
19 Mar Mouth breached at 1.566m 32
22 Apr Mouth closed 32
01 Sep Mouth breached at 1.871m 32
1975
Lake Areas Development Act 39 of 1975 (repealed) 18;35
Expropriation Act 63 of 1975 18
Institute of Fresh water
During 1970s Rhodes
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studies (Rhodes University) established a research station at Swartvlei) 35
Limnology Department established a research base at Swartvlei (I18)
They dredged two channels to connect Rondevlei and Langvlei (I18)
George Divisional Council widened and deepened the channel between Island Lake and Upper-Langvlei 35
Lakes Areas Development Board minuted that they were initially only going to focus on the Wilderness Lakes. Plant encroachment, silting and the opening and closing of the mouth were the most important issues 37
There were fears that the main land and the island in Island Lake
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might connect due to siltation and reed encroachment (I18)
Up to 1975 the mouth was opened by the Duiweriver farmers once their lands flooded. This was also in conjunction with Claude Watney the owner of a caravan park (currently Pirates Creek) 37
Estuary mouth was opened by a local farmer when the water reached 1.7m as the septic tanks started to flood. The town clerk was notified but no other permission was given (I3)
Expropriation of the low lying lands was suggested 37
Up to this time period the mouth was opened by farmers and their workers. (I21)
15 May
Mouth closed 32
09 Sep Mouth breached at 1.999m 32
1976
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National Parks Act No 57 of 1976 (repealed) 18
05 Mar Mouth closed 32
10 Mar Mouth breached at 1.06m 32
24 Jun Mouth closed 32
05 Oct Mouth breached at 2.252m 32
1977
First South African Lake Area was proclaimed (mouth of Touw, Serpentine, Island Lake and Upper-Langvlei) 37
Opening of George Airport (previously known as PW Botha Airport) 38
21 Jul Mouth closed 32
28 Nov Mouth breached at 1.87m 32
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25 Dec Mouth closed 32
1978
Average temperature 16.6oC. Average rainfall 563.44mm (airport) 39
PW Botha became the Prime Minister of South Africa 23
Three properties were added to the Lake Area 37
March
03 Nov Mouth breached at 1.897m 32
1979
Average temperature 16.6oC. Average rainfall 583.44mm (airport) 39
Sedgefield gets electricity from the National grid
Holidaymakers attended ratepayers
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12 meetings once a year (December) and seemed to be very happy with the management of the town (I3)
Mouth closed 32 01 Jan
05 May
Mouth closed 32
27 Jun Mouth breached at 1.871m 32
Mouth open 32 01 Sep
Mouth closed 32 01 Oct
1980
The Serpentine was managed deliberately by manipulating the water levels by means of the sluice gates (I18)
Serpentine drawbridge destroyed and sluice gates installed by the Lakes Area Board 22
Average temperature 16.6oC. Average rainfall 631.21mm (airport) 39
People started discovering the Island in Sedgefield (I3)
The building (in 1940) as well as
07 Jul Mouth closed 32 Despite warnings that development
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upgrading of the N2 (1980) was bad for the system (I12)
should not take place below the 5m contour line, development on the Island started. Waterfront property sold for R6000.00 (I3)
Doubled the N2 across the mouth (I11)
CSIR science report on Swartvlei published around 1980 (WS, 2013)
This period of time was marked by intensive management of the system opening of the mouth as well as dredging and manipulation of the water level (I12; I18)
29 Oct Mouth breached at 1.82m 32
Around the 1980s John Hugh bought Pine Lake Marina. Also developed timeshare housing on the Island = 1st phase of development (I3)
I14 has been
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holidaying in the area and now owns a house at Myola Beach (I14)
Mouth open 32 02 Dec 02 Dec Mouth closed 32
Mouth closed 32 11 Dec
1981
Average temperature 16.2oC. Average rainfall not measured (airport) 39
Two volume report on the limnology of the Touw River floodplain presented to Coastal Lakes Working Group 40
Mouth open 32 25 Jan
26 Jan Mouth breached at 1.871m 32
Mouth closed 32 03 Mar
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Mouth open 32 26 Mar
1982
Average temperature 16.1oC. Average rainfall 714.44mm (airport) 39
N2 doubled, Station garden Wilderness halved (WS, 2013)
Mouth closed 32 18 Jul Carte Blanch story on Swartvlei mouth controversy around 1982 (WS, 2013)
Mouth open 32 15 Sep
1983
Average temperature not measured. Average rainfall not measured (airport) 39
Upper catchments of Swartvlei controlled by DEA. Surrounding areas of Swartvlei managed by Outeniqua Divisional Council. Eastern bank managed
Saasveld road tarred around 1983 - Blasting Kaaimans weir (WS, 2013)
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by Sedgefield Municipality 41
Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 18
Mouth closed 32 15 Mar
28 Mar Mouth closed 32
01 Apr National Parks Board takes over management of Wilderness Lake Area from Lakes Area Development Board 18
Management became formalised (I3; I6; I18)
Mouth open 32 25 Jul
27 Jul Mouth breached at 1.871m 32
1984
Average temperature 17.3oC. Average rainfall not measured (airport) 39
Mouth closed 32 01 Apr Participant
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bought timeshare on the Island (I29)
05 Sep Mouth closed 32
07 Sep Mouth breached at 0.982m 32
15 Dec Mouth closed 32
1985
Average temperature 17.4oC. Average rainfall 703.84mm (airport) 39
22 Jul Mouth breached at 1.897m 32
22 Sep Mouth closed 32
Mouth open 32 25 Oct
03 Nov Mouth breached at 1.975m 32
1986
Average temperature 17.3oC. Average rainfall 528.75mm (airport) 39
Mouth closed 32 08 Feb
01 Apr Mouth closed 32
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National Parks Board declare Swartvlei system and surrounding property as a National Lake Area 18
02 May
9 Jun Sedgefield lions established (WS, 2013)
10 Sep Mouth breached at 1.719m 32
17 Sep Mouth closed 32
15 Oct Mouth breached at 1.82m 32
1987
Average temperature 17.5oC. Average rainfall 594.34mm (airport) 39
01 Feb Mouth closed 32
Mouth open 32 15 Apr
23 Apr Mouth breached at 1.85m 32
04 Mouth closed 32
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May
Mouth closed 32 05 May
Mouth open 32 25 Sep 25 Sep Mouth breached at 1.795m 32
People were moved due to the declaration of the National Park. The beach was a whites only zone as well so the coloured children were only allowed to swim in the estuary (I5)
Nov Wilderness Lake Area and all state land falling within those boundaries were proclaimed as the Wilderness National Park 18
Wilderness Lakes National Park was declared (I11)
1988
Average temperature 17.1oC. Average rainfall 533.65mm
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(airport) 39
Mouth closed 32 01 Apr
22 Apr Mouth closed 32
1989
Average temperature 16.9oC. Average rainfall 681.46mm (airport) 39
In late 80s several boys were electrocuted when trying to gain access to Swartvlei via Bleshoender with their hobie cat (I3)
Environmental Conservation Act 73 of 1989 18
PW Botha retired from politics and came to live in his house in Wilderness De Anker 23
Mouth open 32 01 Nov
19 Oct Mouth breached at 1.85m 32
Mouth closed 32 20 Dec
1990
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Average temperature 16.8oC. Average rainfall 591.77mm (airport) 39
Another growth spurt of Sedgefield happened in the 1990's with the development of Groenvallei, Myoli Beach and Cola Beach (I3)
03 Mar Mouth closed 32
06 Jun Mouth breached at 2.1m 32
09 Jul Mouth closed 32
1991
Average temperature 17oC. Average rainfall 561.04mm (airport) 39
Physical Planning Act 125 of 1991 18
Convention of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,
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1991 18
17 Feb Mouth breached at 2.01m 32
Mouth open 32 20 Feb
Mouth closed 32 22 Mar
Pre-SANParks there were a very hands-on management style (I12; I18)
Apr Control of Rondevlei as well as the lands between Rondevlei and Swartvlei where moved from Cape Directorate of Nature and Environment Conservation to National Parks Board 18
06 Apr Mouth closed 32
Jun Serpentine, Eilandvlei, Langvlei and Rondevlei declared a RAMSAR site 18
Mouth open 32 30 Oct
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Mouth closed 32 22 Nov
Mouth open 32 05 Dec 05 Dec Mouth breached at 1.73m 32
29 Dec Mouth closed 32
Mouth closed 32 30 Dec
1992
Around this time the main engagement was around pollution of the Touw river (I6)
Average temperature 16.7oC. Average rainfall 892.54mm (airport) 39 725.5mm (Rondevlei) 32
Sparrie Barnard opened mouth (WS, 2013)
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 18
Mouth open 32 23 Jul
28 Jul Mouth breached at 1.9m 32
Mouth closed 32 23 Aug
Mouth open 32 16 Oct
1993
Foundation of WETA (WS, 2013)
Wilderness Eco-Tourism Association (WETA) was started by stakeholders 42
Average temperature 16.5oC. Average rainfall 869.96mm
Judy Dixon chairman of WESSA Sedgefield for 8 years (I17)
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(airport) 39; 824.6mm (Rondevlei) 32
Constantia Kloof approval (WS, 2013)
Participant remembers this as the first time she entertained a non-white person in her house (I17)
Participant I17 moved to the area
A participant that use to work for SANParks feared for his life, he believe because of the questions he asked of head office (I5)
Mouth closed 32 23 Jan
Mouth open 32 12 Mar
Mouth closed 32 26 Mar
27 Jul Mouth closed 32
Mouth open 32 23 Sep
24 Sep Mouth breached at 2m 32
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1994
Participant remembers the days when 10 guys walked behind the grader removing rocks from the culverts, etc. Now, 2012, it is just the driver (I12)
Average temperature 16.2oC. Average rainfall 618.22mm (airport) 39; 703mm (Rondevlei) 32
Saw a lot of changes in the demographics of the area with a lot of international interest in buying property (I11)
Apartheid ends with the ANC winning the first non-racial election 9
21 May
Mouth closed 32
Mouth closed 32 24 May
Mouth open 32 02 Aug
15 Aug Mouth breached at 2m 32
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Mouth closed 32 03 Oct
Mouth open 32 24 Dec
1995
First and only Municipal Council elected for Wilderness 43
Average temperature 16.5oC. Average rainfall 839.18mm (airport) 39; 710.65mm (Rondevlei) 32
Report done on the hydrological effect of the railway bridge (I3)
Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995 18
I17 did export protea farming until the export regulations demanded unsustainable farming methods in order to achieve the standards
Mouth closed 32 24 May
21 Jul Mouth closed 32
Mouth open 32 30 Nov 30 Nov Mouth breached at 2.02m 32
Workshop participant queried this date (WS, 2013)
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1996
Eden adventures was established (I12)
Average temperature 16.2oC. Average rainfall 818.61mm (airport) 39; 790.3mm (Rondevlei) 32
Enviro-garden started in Sedgefield under WESSA (I17)
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act No 108 of 1996 18
Richard from Elandskraal took over the chair of WESSA Sedgefield (I17)
A fire destroy some of the Southern Cape forest 2
Sedgefield WESSA integrated with WESSA George (I17)
The one foot of the railway bridge at Fairy Knowe washed away (I12)
Freesia Rock railway bridge pillar collapse 16
157mm (Rondevlei) of rain over three days 16
Water was a meter deep in the boat sheds at the George Lakes
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Yacht club with boats floating off their dollies 17
Mouth closed 32 30 Mar
27 Apr Mouth closed 32
Mouth open 32 22 Oct
23 Oct Mouth breached at 2.21m 32
3rd week of Nov fairly heavy rain & flooding (WS, 2013)
1997
Another big flood somewhere in 1997 (I12)
Wilderness Craft Market started on first Sunday of every month and a portion of the profit went to the Honorary rangers 44
Average temperature 16.2oC. Average rainfall 722.39mm (airport) 39; 515.95mm (Rondevlei) 32
97/98 Ban on building below 3m mandated by Sedgefield Municipality (WS, 2013)
KidBuddy, outdoor playground for children, started in the Island Lake floodplain 45
17 Jan 72.91ha of land in the Duiwe River
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catchment proclaimed as part of the Wilderness National Park. It was under control of Regional Services Council 18
Mouth closed 32 24 May
Mouth open 32 27 May
Mouth closed 32 06 Jul
30 Jul Mouth closed 32
Mouth open 32 26 Oct
Mouth closed 32 24 Nov
1998
Alternate route for N2 across Serpentine proposed 1998 2000 (WS, 2013)
Average temperature 16.2oC. Average rainfall 559.54mm (airport) 39; 522.4mm (Rondevlei) 32
No official deproclamation Rooti's
Marine Living Resources Act 18 of
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Route (WS, 2013)
1998 18
Farmer sells his land between Rondevlei and Langvlei to a developer that subdivided the land by end 2003 (I17)
National Water Act 36 of 1998 18
Montage Village approved despite all land below 3m around (WS, 2013)
National Forest Act 84 of 1998 18
Veld and Forest Fire Act 101 of 1998 18
National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 18
04 Feb Mouth breached at 1.58m 32
Mouth open 32 27 Mar
30 Mar Mouth closed 32
-
Mouth closed 32 09 Apr
Big fire on Wilderness Heights due to Berg Wind (WS, 2013)
Aug
1999
Average temperature 17.1oC. Average rainfall not recorded (airport) 39; 547.7mm (Rondevlei) 32
Mountain Club South Cape Sub-section was formed 46
National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999 18
Mouth open 32 19 Apr 19 Apr Mouth breached at 2.1m 32
Mouth closed 32 12 May
Mouth open 32 19 Oct
-
Mouth closed 32 07 Dec
2000
Change of park management 1989-2000 Paul Seaban (WS, 2013)
Average temperature 16.3oC. Average rainfall 663.65mm (airport) 39; 671.8mm (Rondevlei) 32
The Sedgefield Island Conservancy was formed in early 2000 (I23)
Mouth open 32 12 Jan
Mouth closed 32 17 Feb
Mouth open 32 03 Mar
30 May
Mouth closed 32
Mouth closed 32 01 Jun
Jul Student instructor of Outward Bound drowns in Swartvlei 47
Mouth open 32 13 Nov
Mouth closed 32 21 Dec
2001
-
Average temperature 16.9oC. Average rainfall 815.08mm (airport) 39; 584.2mm (Rondevlei) 32
Mouth open 32 01 Jan Southern Cape Weeds Forum was founded 48
01 Jan Mouth breached at 2m 32
Mouth closed 32 05 Feb
Mouth open 32 09 Feb
Mouth closed 32 28 Feb
02 Jul Mouth closed 32
05 Dec Mouth breached at 1.86m 32
2002
Average temperature not recorded. Average rainfall not recorded (airport) 39; 589.3mm (Rondevlei) 32
07 Feb Mouth closed 32
Mouth open 32 10 Sep 10 Sep Mouth breached
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at 2.15m 32
Mouth closed 32 02 Oct
26 Oct Mouth closed 32
2003
WALEAF formed (I7; WS, 2013)
Average temperature 17.1oC. Average rainfall 784.83mm (airport) 39; 678.7mm (Rondevlei) 32
National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003 18
Mar Water levels reached 3.2m in estuary 49
SANParks waited for the water to rise before opening the mouth and probably caused some houses to flood (I3)
Mouth open 32 25 Mar Huge storms were reported 50, 157mm (Rondevlei) of rain over 2 days 16
25 Mar Mouth breached at 2.95m 32
Lakes Road were flooded and the mouth was open
25 Mar 25 Mar Roads were flooded causing traffic delays 53
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and in full flood 51, campers had to be rescued from Ebb & Flow by the NSRI 52
and animals had to be brought to safety 51
E-coli results of Touw River published 54 due to concerns raised 55
08 Apr Sedgefield flood committee was established after the floods 49
WRRA community (50 people) beach clean-up around the mouth. Also took away the driftwood 56
22-Apr
Touwsranten housing issue discussed in an article as well as in letters to the editor 43;57-59
In a letter to the editor various authors complained about the cleaning of the driftwood off the beaches 42;58;60
May
Article about RAMSAR and the importance of RAMSAR 61
May
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May Start to pay for plastic shopping bags + 62
Jun New conservation fee and loyalty card system introduced for all National parks 63
New sewerage system for Wilderness is discussed 59
03-Jun
Mouth closed 32 17 Jun
Jun SANParks wins an tourism reward for ensuring that disabled persons can access parks 64
Access route from N2 to Ebb & Flow is paved 65
Jun
George Municipality declared as a
Jun
-
'Plaaslike owerheid' and ward committees 66
Leopard caught in a gin trap close to Wilderness 67
Jul
21 Aug Mouth closed 32
Oct Concerns were raised about the pollution levels in the Klein Wolwe River 68
Mouth breached at 2.06m 32
18 Oct
Mouth closed 32 16 Nov
2004
Ds Alwyn Burger starts as the church minister at Die Vleie (I14)
Average temperature 17.5oC. Average rainfall 738.06mm (airport) 39; 855.3mm (Rondevlei) 32
I3 moved to the area but has been holidaying here since the 1980s (I3)
The Wilderness Catchment Management Forum was very active
-
during 2004 to 2006 and they believe that the reason was the property boom in the area (I3)
Development moved away from caravan parks to houses (I3)
Jack Ruben was the chairman of the WLCMF (I3) +
Feb Poaching of prawns in Swartvlei reported 69
Pine Lake Marina used to be a caravan park but now has chalets for the last 25 years (I3)
Official opening of the new Eden Adventures offices 70
Feb
Mar Engagement process started on The Lakes Eco and Golf
Landowners surprised the developer with their level of
-
Resort 71 expertise. As the engagement process continued his act also became more polished (I17)
No action is being taken on the future of the Choo-tjoe. It does influence tourism (I12)
Outeniqua Choo-tjoe derails at the Rondevlei crossing. This was due to the subsidence of the track made worse by recent rain 72
Mar The closing of the Choo-Tjoe is very negative for the tourism of the area (I17; I18) -
Mar Negative reaction to the proposed The Lakes Eco and Golf Resort + 73
There was fight and offers of bribery. The stakeholders ended up making all the relevant results public (I17) +
19 Apr Mouth breached at 1.89m 32
May/July
Glossy insert (newsletter) of the proposed The Lakes Eco & Golf resort
It was the involvement of the people that stopped the development
-
74;75 from happening (I14) +
Jun/Jun/ Jul/Sept
More negative reaction to the proposed Lakes Eco & Golf Resort+ 76-86
Jul "Open day" held about Lakes Eco & Golf resort 76
Sep Upgrade of the N2 started 87
Sep/Nov
Stakeholders held a rally against the development at Swartvlei (Lakes Eco & Golf resort) and the completion of land claims 88
Mouth breached at 2.21m 32
07 Oct
Mouth closed 32 29 Oct
Milkwood village (mall) opened 89
Dec
??? 120mm rain that fell mostly in 2 hours. The water
22 Dec
-
entered through Hugo Leggatts' house and his floor collapsed into their garage 26
Mouth open 32 22 Dec
2005
Been holidaying in the area since 1980s and told a story about how they used to water ski on the serpentine during holiday (no time frame given) from Fairy Knowe under the bridge to estuary (I3)
Average temperature not recorded. Average rainfall not recorded (airport) 39; 619.8mm (Rondevlei) 32
Sedgefield was taken over by Knysna Municipalities (I10)
First working for water project initiated by WLCMF around 2005 Karatara
Feb Councillor comments about the false promises of developers 90
Montage Village was build (I10)
-
(WS, 2013)
Montage approved around 1999 (WS, 2013) -
Feb Proposed moratorium placed on golf development 91
Feb Glossy insert (newsletter) of the proposed The Lakes Eco & Golf resort 92
Mar/Aug/Oct
More negative reaction to the proposed Lakes Eco & Golf Resort 93-95
Mouth closed 32 18 May
Participant resign from Honorary Rangers after 10 years (I17)
Residents of Wilderness and Touwsranten started to complain about the quality of drinking water coming from the taps 96
Jun
15 Jun Mouth closed 32
New bird hide build close to the Fairy
Jun
-
Knowe hotel 97
Aug Train track between George and Knysna close - 98
Sept March organised against the proposed Lakes Eco & Golf estate 99
Sept False claims were made that SANParks supports the above mentioned development 100
Flood (WS, 2013)
Dec
2006
Participant started working for SANParks (I4)
Average temperature 16.3oC. Average rainfall 1067.76mm (airport) 39; 889.8mm (Rondevlei) 32
Dave Jones was the chairman of WLCMF (I3)
-
Citizens request the opening of the mouth due to perceived pollution but as the water level is not at the maximum height SANParks did not manually open the mouth 101
Feb
Mouth open 32 The mouth was breached 102
30 Apr
Participant is concerned on the actions that will be taken if e-coli readings is showing that there is danger (I12)
Despite reports of contamination the e-coli reading in the Touw river was acceptable 103
03 May
Mouth closed 32 08 May
19 May
Mouth breached at 1.85m 32
The feeling is that if the mouth was opened that there would have been
Mouth breached at 2.13m 32
01 Aug 01 Aug
Heavy rain in Karatara catchment. No property flooded as mouth was open 49
Heavy rain in Karatara catchment. No property flooded as mouth was
-
less damage (I27)
open (WS, 2013)
Floods (WS, 2013)
After the floods damage have been caused to the network that supplies Wilderness with drinking water 104
20 Sep Trucks had to take a 400km detour due to the damage that was done to the roads during the rain 49
Due to mismanagement of catchment the flood brought down silt and changed the course of the river. Sediment of 3m were deposited (I17)
Mouth closed 32 26 Oct
Oct PW Botha passes away 23
Choo-tjoe stops running (I12)
Nov The train tracks between George and Knysna are closed indefinitely 49;105
Feels that the closing of the Choo-tjoe was negative for the area (I17)
2007
Invasion of carp into lake system (WS, 2013)
Average temperature 16.7oC. Average rainfall not recorded
Ray Barrell was the chairman of WLCMF (I3)
-
(airport) 39; 959.7mm (Rondevlei) 32
Lakes Eco & Golf Resort proposing to pay for a desalination plant in Kleinkrans (this was never build) 106
Jack Ruben start Seven Passes Initiative (WS, 2013)
Apr Lakes & Eco golf estate application to develop denied 107
Mouth breached at 2.04m 32
05 Mar
Mouth closed 32 17 Mar
Apr Application for a march against the proposed Lakes Eco & Golf Resort was turned down by George Municipality 108
01 Jul Mouth closed - 32
Constantia Kloof Aug
-
conservancy registered 109
Floods coincided with spring tide (I27)
Mouth breached at 2.25m 32
22 Nov 22 Nov Mouth breached at 2m 32
400mm+ rain over 3 days, extensive flooding & damage communities cut off (WS, 2013)
Nov Montage Complex and Island Village flooded 49
Both Island Village and Montage Complex was flooded (both were developed even though reports warned against the development (I3; I10; I21)
Clothing items drifted out of tents in Swartvlei caravan park due to the flood but the water disappeared very fast (I19)
-
Nov NSRI evacuated people living near the lake. Roads were closed and people evacuated due to floods 110;111
SANParks waited for the water to rise before opening the mouth and probably caused some houses to flood (I3)
Campers at Swartvlei found several dead seahorses they believed washed out due to the flood (I22)
2008
Average temperature 16oC. Average rainfall 596.37mm (airport) 39; 446mm (Rondevlei) 32
Sedgefield ran out of water early 2008 (WS, 2013)
Mike Young was the chairman of WLCMF (I3)
-
Mouth closed 32 19 Apr
Highest water ever recorded at Eden Adventures and was due to debris that got stuck under Pirate's Creek bridge. 8 canoes washed away (I12)
Mouth breached at 2m 32
12 Nov
Mouth closed 32 22 Dec
2009
New protocol for opening mouth documented (WS, 2013)
Average temperature 16.4oC. Average rainfall 379.73mm (airport) 39; 370mm (Rondevlei) 32
Desalination plant was sponsored by National Government but pipeline had to be paid by local municipality (I3)
Feb Wilderness National Park becomes part of the newly proclaimed Garden
WLCMF entirely not involved with drought mitigations = a body not
-
Route National Park 18;112
involved with water issues (I3)
Water restrictions are in place for the drought +
Private home-owners drilled for own boreholes unlegislated (WS, 2013)
2009/10 drought = 1 out of 130 year drought (I1)
29 Oct A suggestion was tabled that George are be declared a disaster area 113. An application for R156 million sought for relief funding.
The eco-lakes project that got stopped was a positive for the system (I12)
From a management point of view the drought was a nightmare but valuable lessons were learned and various things
Weekly articles about the level of the dam and everyday actions/tips that can be taken to save water. People were extremely
Drinking water had to be trucked into Sedgefield - 114-117
Posters were up at the caravan park reminding tourists about the drought (I20)
-
needed to be put in place in a hurry (I1)
vigilant and reported any offenders
Water usage was 35 mega Lt and within 4/5 month the usage was down to 20 25 mega Lt a month awareness as well as strong arm tactics was used (I1)
Various steps were taken to ensure that publics buy-in. Punitive charges were levied, desalination plant were investigated as well as the recycling of waste water. +
Municipality discovered various leaks (I1)
Prayer meetings were held and at one prayer meeting George rugby stadium filled up 118
Desalination plant established at Myoli Beach 115
According to participant the desalination plant only started working once the drought was broken and they only used it for a very short time (I3) The feeling is that it is not working as it is damaging the
-
bech as well (I10) + &-
Due to changes in water usage water usage still down and municipality not receiving income in 2012 (I1)
Co-ordinator employed to run the drought awareness campaign 117
Oct Even after rain the level of the dam dropped 119;120
Even stricter water restrictions were put in place 120
The drought is seriously affecting the farmers 121
New Eco-estate launched on the current Fairy Knowe property 122
Oct
Nov George, Mossel Bay and Knysna
-
declared as Disaster areas and R53 million rand has been given for relief 123
Nov Drilling for water starts 124
Nov Treated sewerage water pipeline to Garden Route Dam approved 125
Dec Article informing anglers about the rules and regulations on fishing within a lake system 126
2010
Average temperature 16.2oC. Average rainfall 693.09mm (airport) 39
-
EIA confirmed the level at which the estuaries can be breached (I3)
05 Jan Mouth closed 32
07 Jan Mouth open 32
10 Jan Mouth closed 32
George Dam at its lowest due to drought. Successful borehole was sunk 127
Feb Farmers meet to discuss the water crises 114
Touw river dries up 128
Feb
Mar Article on the proposed plan for the Garden Route National Park 129
Feb Much needed
-
rain started falling 130
Apr Did a controlled burn around the dam to encourage run-off 131;132
Apr
Another increase in water tariffs - no notification given to ratepayers by municipality 133;134
May Problems experienced with wet runway at George airport. Planes had to be redirected. Concern was raised on the effect on tourism for the area 135 136. Airstrip was upgraded 137
-
Jun Soccer World cup came to SA 9;138
Mouth breached at 1.8m 32
11 Jul Road between Wilderness and Knysna closed due to flooding 139
Mouth closed 32 15 Jul
Nov Water restrictions may be lifted 140
05 Nov Mouth breached at 1.61m 32
06 Nov Mouth closed 32
10 Nov Mouth breached at 1.62m. Breached prematurely to reduce salt intrusion into Karatara River = water take-off point for Sedgefield 32
Nov First step taken towards the implementation of IRT bus
-
service for George Municipal area 141
Mouth breached at 2.13m 32
17 Dec
2011
Added 400 houses to Touwsranten which in a small way impacts negatively on the surrounding area (I14) -
Average temperature 16oC. Average rainfall 772.6mm (airport) 39
Added 30 more units to the retirement home in Hoekwil which in a small way impacts negatively on the surrounding area (I14)
Municipality received Blue
Mouth closed32 14 Jan
-
drop award as well as Platinum award (I1)
Participant had a big flood that came into the lower rooms of the house for the first time (I12)
Jan Richard Batson taken to court by SANParks after digging a trench in a protected area 142 (? Instead of +/-)
Before Richard Batson dug the trench a local fisherman cleaned out the debris out of the pipes (I18)
Wilderness Hotel/Karos closes (I11)
06 Feb Mouth closed 32
Apr Area lost the right to host the annual sevens world cup 143
Mouth breached at 2.12m 32
07 May
08 May
Mouth breached at 1.6m - It rose to 1.7m 32
May Area experienced a small earthquake 144
Mouth closed 32 30
-
May
PW Bothas farms sold on auction 145
Apr
1:100 year rainfall event. Recorded 135mm of rain in eight hours at Witfontein 146
07 Jun Storms was reported across most of the Western Cape 147
Mouth opened naturally after heavy rainfall 32
08 Jun
Highest flood ever at the at houses on edge of Touw river participants house, several canoes were lost and the George Yacht club storerooms got flooded (I12; I10; I11)
Wilderness Rest camp evacuated due to flooding 32;148
08 Jun All the houses around the participant flooded. Their house is luckily slightly on a hill (I10)
Mouth closed 32 24 Jun
Mouth breached at 1.91m 32
05 Jul
Houses are handed over to
Jul
-
Touwsranten residents 149
Jul Eden District elections 150
Residents engagement on noise of N2 (been going for 2 years) 151
Jul
Jul Suggestions made in a letter to change the railway to a cycle route 152
Jul Massive infrastructure damage due to flooding 153
Aug 14 children die en-route to their school in Rheenendal 154;155
Sep SA National Parks week launched at the Wilderness section of the GRNP 156
-
Mouth closed. Wash-over at high tide 32
10 Nov SANParks facilitated a meeting to introduce a proposal for a new hydrological study of the lakes(I29)
Mouth opened naturally at 2.14m after heavy rains 32
27 Nov
2012
Mouth closed 32 04 Jan
Jan An article on an innovative way of using the train tracks a bicycle 157
Mouth breached at 2.1m 32
14 Jul
Property owners demand action plan for river mouth 158
Denial by George municipality of e-coli issue in estuary (WS, 2013)
Aug The WKOD released the names of 27 schools that they will close at the end of the year. One of
Participant attended the participation round and was surprised at the amount of people that
-
them was the Rondevlei Primary School 159
send their children from Smutsville to Rondevlei as the believe is that they receive a better education there (I17, I18)
Yacht club helps SANParks against illegal fishing (I10)
The composition of the church have changed over time from predominantly Afrikaans to English 'inkommers' (I14)
Mouth closed 32 29 Aug Big hydrological study on the way (I3) - (only proposed)
2012 floods were managed acceptably. It was prepared and they could open it
Mouth breached at 1.95m in response to severe weather warning 32;160
17 Oct Swartvlei mouth open since May 2011 (WS, 2013; I29)
-
before any damage occurred (I10) = 130ml of rain
Wilderness beach first beach inside a National Park to gain Blue Flag status 161;162
Oct Queries are made in regards to the future of the railway line and the future of the Choo-Tjoe 163
Oct Current issues in Swartvlei is due to the development in the floodplain (I6)
Touwsranten Housing Project for 395 families completed 164
Very few birds noticed this year due to salinity of the water (I10)
Oct Interclub Yacht Club Regatta held at Swartvlei 29
Mouth closed overtopping on high tide 32
23 Nov
Level > 2000 e-coli reading at some places (WS, 2013)
Nov
SANParks Dec Youth national Sailing regatta
-
starts testing for e-coli at fortnightly basis. Results not shaded (WS, 2013) (? Instead of +/-)
sail regatta at Swartvlei 165
at Swartvlei All involved (WS, 2013)
2013
Mouth open 2.05m 32
3 Feb Jan Fishermen find 42m gill net in Swartvlei 166
Awareness raising on the rules and regulations around setting of snares 167
Feb Lakes Bird Club celebrates 25th anniversary 168
Public open day were held in connection with the traffic circle that will be built on the N2 at the Serpentine intersection 169. Promises of job opportunities were not kept and Touwsranten residents wanted
Feb Suggestions are made to convert the railway line into a cycle trail171
-
to block the N2 170.
WRRA hard at work facilitating Wilderness Improvement Plan 172
Feb
Mouth closed 32 21 Mar Mar Comments on proposal to fill landfill site along N2 173
Mar Construction on weir in Karatara River started 174-176
Mar Voortrekkers camp at Swartvlei 177
Complaint about the erosion and unsafe condition of the roads around Langvlei178
May Awareness raising on importance of FPA 179
Local family gets robbed on Kingfisher walking-trail 180
May
The Greater Wilderness Business Initiative (GWBI) was established 181-183
Apr U3A celebrates 10th anniversary 184
Apr Another Slow Fest success 185
WRRA entered Apr Apr Island Road
-
Wilderness in the Town of the Year competition 181;186
realigned due to erosion 187
Birding excursion organised by Lakes Bird Club at Wilderness National Park 188
May
Committee for the newly established Greater Wilderness Business Initiative (GWBI) was elected 189
May
June March against GMO trial crops 190
Two sporting events were successfully completed using access to private land, forestry land and conservation land 191;192
July Citizens respond to a request for clearing aliens made by SCLI 193
Residents at Rondevlei foil burglars attempt due to community actions 194
July
Plans are afoot to July
-
re-open the Karos Hotel 195
Various activities are offered at Hoekwil to raise funds for its 100 year celebration. One activity is collecting all the contact information of all ex-residents 196
July Voortrekkers camp at Swartvlei 197
July Sedgefield Ratepayers reported back on meeting with municipality raising issues of boreholes, alien vegetation and several issues with SANParks stretching back years 198. SANParks responded to the issues 199. An honorary ranger also responded to the way the first article was
-
written in a letter to the editor 200 There was a reply written by Sedge Ratepayers outlining the route they are taking going forward 201
Current families in Hoekwil is all inkommers (a change in demographics) (I14)
SANParks officials were confronted by 5 men wearing police uniforms 202
July July The Edge downsizing due to recession 203
July Speed limit on Island in limelight again with an equitable solution found 204. Letter to the editor a citizen raises concern that the conservancy wants to tar the roads on the Island 205. Conservancy
-
drafted a reply in a form of a letter to the editor 206
July Ruigtevlei weir gates set in place 207
July Birmingham youths spend time at Outward bound (Willow Point) interacting with Rondevlei School 208
Mouth open 2m 32 10 Aug GRNP roles out a plan to move away from tourism development and accommodation to adventure filled experiences 209
Aug Oom Sam passes away at age 72. The local councillor described him as the Nelson Mandela of Karatara 210
Wilderness Resort Hotel up sale on auction after being closed for several years 211 212
Aug New Registered Caretaker Campaign launched by
Aug Kiani Satu disaster and the management around it Clean-up after
-
Southern Cape Landowners Initiative 213
the Kiani Satu 214-216
Mouth close 32 16 Aug A report back on the improvements of proactive responses to disasters by Eden Disaster Management 217;218
16 Aug Mouth closed mechanically due to Kiani Satu 32
SANParks hosts a day for 100 youth during the free access to all initiative 219
Sept SANParks Week launched in September 220
Sept Reopening of the Swartvlei mouth are started 221
Wilderness beach will enjoy Blue Flag status again 222;223
Sept
Firefighters fight a fire on Lakeview Farm 224
Oct
George municipality most eco-friendly city in SA 225
Oct
Mouth breached at 2.2m 32
21 Oct
25 Oct Mouth breached
-
32
Reference list
1. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Peregrine Bertie Richardson. Wild News. 2003 3 June. 2. WALEAF. Penny wise and pound foolish. Wild News. 2005 1 June. 3. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 104. Wild News. 2007 22 August. 4. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: "The Wilderness" is born. Wild News. 2003 18 June. 5. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 36. Wild News. 2004 3 Nov. 6. Von Breitenbach F. Southern Cape indigenous forest management manual. Saasveld: Department of forestry; 1968. 7. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 81. Wild News. 2006 9 August. 8. Dates and events. Timeline of South Africa. 2012 [cited 2012 3 November]; Available from: http://www.history-timelines.org.uk/places-timelines/38-timeline-of-south-africa.htm. 9. BBC News Africa. South Africa profile. 2013 [cited 2013 21 October]; Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094918. 10. The George and Knysna Herald. Local and general - Gold. The George and Knysna Herald. 1882 8 February 1882. 11. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Death comes to the Wilderness. Wild News. 2003 2 July. 12. www.discover-Sedgefield-south-africa.com. Sedgefield - A short history. 2012; Available from: http://www.discover-sedgefield-south-africa.com/sedgefield-history.html. 13. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: The 20th century opens. Wild News. 2003 18 July. 14. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Development and Conservation in 1921. Wild News. 2003 8 Oct. 15. Leggatt H. The Wilderness - 85 years ago. Wild News. 2013 3 May. 16. Leggatt H. One good flood deserves another. Wild News. 2003 8 April. 17. Fraser MP. George Lakes Yacht Club: Logbook 1954-2004. Knysna: Knysna Press; 2004. 18. Russell IA, Randall RM, Cole N, Kraaij T, Kruger N. Garden Route National Park, Wilderness Coastal Area, State of knowledge report. South African National Parks. 2010. 19. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: World war 2 in the S. Cape. Wild News. 2004 25 Aug. 20. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 46. Wild News. 2005 23 March. 21. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 44. Wild News. 2005 23 Feb. 22. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 43. Wild News. 2005 9 Feb.
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23. Louise. The wild editor. Wild News. 2006 15 November. 24. Boshoff K. Die Boshoffs kom n lang pad saam met Hoekwil. Wild News. 2013 6 September. 25. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 49. Wild News. 2005 4 May. 26. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 41. Wild News. 2004 12 Jan. 27. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 48. Wild News. 2005 20 April. 28. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 47. Wild News. 2005 6 April. 29. The Edge. Successful interclub regatta at Swartvlei. The Edge. 2012 31 October. 30. www.discover-Sedgefield-south-africa.com. Swartvlei. 2012; Available from: http://www.discover-sedgefield-south-africa.com/floods.html. 31. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 56. Wild News. 2005 24 August. 32. Russell IA. Estuary openings. 2013. 33. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 55. Wild News. 2005 10 August. 34. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 54. Wild News. 2005 27 July. 35. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 59. Wild News. 2005 5 October. 36. George & Knysna Herald. George & Knysna Herald. 1970 20 February. 37. Leggatt H. The Wilderness story: Part 60. Wild News. 2005 19 October. 38. Africaspotter. George airport. 2007 [cited 2012]; Available from: http://africa.cwsurf.de/GeorgeGeneral.htm. 39. Tutiempo. Climate George Airport. 2012 [cited 2012 20 October]. 40. Allanson BR, Whitfield AK. The Limnology of the Touw River Floodplain. CSIR. 1983;Report No.:79. 41. Whitfield AK, Allanson BR, Heinecken TJE. Estuaries of the Cape, Report no. 22: Swartvlei (CMS 11). Stellenbosch: CSIR. 1983. 42. Leggatt C. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2003 6 May. 43. Smit D. From the councillors desk. Wild News. 2003 6 May. 44. Wild News. Wilderness Craft Market: within the sound of the sea. Wild News. 2003 18 June. 45. Kidbuddie. Exciting new attraction in Wilderness. Wild News. 2003 2 July. 46. Mountain Club. The Mountain Club of South Africa. Wild News. 2003 6 May. 47. Gifford G. Student instructor drowns in lagoon. IOL. 2000 9 July. 48. Veld & Flora. Jewels of the Garden Route. Veld & Flora. 2013 June:108-11. 49. www.discover-Sedgefield-south-africa.com. Sedgefield floods. 2012; Available from: http://www.discover-sedgefield-south-africa.com/floods.html. 50. Wild News. Wild weather hits Wilderness. Wild News. 2003 25 March. 51. Wild News. Wild weather hits: Damages running into millions of Rand. Wild News. 2003 25 March.
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52. Wild News. Ebb & Flow in the flow. Wild News. 2003 8 April. 53. Wild News. Bridge under water at entrance to The Island, Sedgefield. Wild News. 2003 25 March. 54. Kushke E. Quality of the Touw River. Wild News. 2003 8 April. 55. Louise. The Wild editorial. Wild News. 2003 25 March. 56. Hadley I. Community comes to the party. Wild News. 2003 22 April. 57. Leggatt M. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2003 6 May 58. Faulmann MA. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2003 6 May. 59. Morkel DW. From the councillors desk. Wild News. 2003 3 June. 60. Hawley T. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2003 6 May. 61. d'Oliveira O. The RAMSAR convention. Wild News. 2003 6 May. 62. Louise. The wild editorial. Wild News. 2003 20 May. 63. South African National Parks. SANParks to increase fees. Wild News. 2003 8 April. 64. SANParks. SANParks receives top award. Wild News. 2003 18 June. 65. SANParks. Poverty relief projects for Wilderness National Park. Wild News. 2003 2 July. 66. Smit D. From the councillors desk. Wild News. 2003 2 July. 67. Wild News. Leopard caught in trap at Kaaimans. Wilde News. 2003 2 July. 68. Wild News. Sewage dumping in the Klein Wolwe River. Wild News. 2003 8 Oct. 69. Wild News. Poaching in Swartvlei. Wild News. 2004 11 Feb. 70. Wild News. Milkwood village. Wild News. 2004 15 Dec. 71. Wild News. The Lakes Eco and Golf Reserve. Wild News. 2004 10 March. 72. Wild News. Off the rails. Wild News. 2004 10 March. 73. Vibert V. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2004 24 March. 74. The Lakes Eco & Golf resort. Newsletter. Wild News. 2004 19 May. 75. The Lakes Eco & Golf resort. Newsletter. Wild News. 2004 4 July. 76. WALEAF. WALEAF. Wild News. 2004 14 July. 77. Vallie. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2004 2 June. 78. Weinmann G. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2004 16 June. 79. Vibert V. WALEAF. Wild News. 2004 24 July. 80. Jenny. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2004 24 July. 81. WALEAF. Green mudslinging. Wild News. 2004 8 Sept. 82. Nattrass J. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2004 8 Sept. 83. Weinmann G. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2004 8 Sept.
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84. Vibert V. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2004 8 Sept. 85. Smith L. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2004 22 Sept. 86. Leff D. Letters to the editor: Loud bikes at Hoogekraal. Wild News. 2005 21 September. 87. Walsh P. WRRA Around the forum: N2 upgrade. Wild News. 2004 20 Oct. 88. Wild News. GOG! GOG! Wild News. 2005 21 September. 89. Wild News. Milkwood village. Wild News. 2005 30 June. 90. Simmons. From the councillors desk. Wild News. 2005 9 February. 91. WALEAF. Proposed moratoruim on golf developments. Wild News. 2005 9 Feb. 92. The Lakes Eco & Golf resort. Newsletter. Wild News. 2005 9 Feb. 93. WALEAF. WALEAF. Wild News. 2005 9 March. 94. WALEAF. Lakes Eco: fatal flaw in the public participation process. Wild News. 2005 10 Aug. 95. Wright G. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2005 19 October. 96. Lucas P. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2005 1 June. 97. Wild News. Twitchers get a new hide. Wild News. 2005 30 June. 98. Drummond R. Letters to the editor: Heritage line George Knysna. Wild News. 2005 24 August. 99. Bekker J. Alliance to protest against golf estate. IOL. 2005 19 September. 100. Gosling M. SANParks denies giving go-ahead for estate. IOL. 2005 9 September. 101. Wild News. Open wide, please. Wild News. 2006 8 February. 102. Wild News. Open at last. Wild News. 2006 3 May. 103. Sell S. W.R.R.A. report back. Wild News. 2006 3 May. 104. Wild News. Dam it all! What's happened to our water? Wild News. 2006 20 September. 105. Drummond R. Letters to the editor. Wild News. 2006 1 November. 106. Leff D. Kleinkrans desalination funded by Lakes Eco. Wild News. 2007 24 January. 107. Yeld J. Huge Garden Route development blocked. IOL. 2007 5 April. 108. Leff D. Gaurdians prohibited from marching on Freedom Day: George. Wild News. 2007 3 May. 109. Barnard Y. Constantia Kloof conservancy registered. Wild News. 2007 25 July. 110. Jooste B. Homes, cars lost in floods. IOL. 2007 24 November. 111. IOL. Heavy rains lash Cape. IOL. 2007 23 November. 112. Bekker J. History made as Garden Route National Park is proclaimed. CXpress. 2009 11 March. 113. Lourens P. Council debates water disaster. Goerge Herald. 2009 29 Oct. 114. Gunning E. Suid-Kaapse waterkrisis noodsaak beraad vandag. Die Burger. 2010 3 February.
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115. Department of Water Affairs. Reconciliation strategy for Sedgefield. 2010 [cited 2012 3 November]; Available from: http://www6.dwa.gov.za/iwrp/DSS/UserFiles/IWRP/Documents/WC_DC4_WC048_Sedgef_F.pdf. 116. The Water Wheel. Special award for Sedgefield project. The Water Wheel. 2010 November/December:8. 117. Oelofse N. R140m drought plan kicks in. IOL news. 2010. 118. S.A. weather and disaster information service. Full house expected at George rally to pray for rain. 2009 [3 November 2012]; Available from: http://saweatherobserver.blogspot.com/2009/10/full-house-expected-at-george-rally-to.html. 119. De Beer A. Help our water supply last. George Herald. 2009 22 October. 120. De Beer A. Cut back or pay double. George Herald. 2009 15 October. 121. October A. Landbou in S-Kaap veg om oorlewing. Die Burger. 2009 22 October. 122. De Beer A. New eco estate launched. George Herald. 2009 15 October. 123. Gunning E. George, Mosselbaai en Knysna rampgebiede weens droogte. Die Burger. 2009 12 November. 124. Gunning E. George kan tot tien boorgate kry as noodbron. Die Burger. 2010 18 January. 125. Gunning E. George verras met eenparige goedkeuring van pypleiding. Die Burger. 2009 14 November. 126. Naud P. Fishing in the estuaries. George Herald. 2009 3 December. 127. Gunning E. Vreugde loop in strome n water by George raakgeboor is. Die Burger. 2010 27 January. 128. Oelofse J. Crisis deepens as river stops flowing. 2010 [cited 2012 3 November]; Available from: http://saweatherobserver.blogspot.com/2010/02/drought-news-southern-cape_11.html. 129. Gunning E. Tuinroete Nasionale Park gaan grt word. Die Burger. 2010 8 March. 130. Steyn T. Ren bring verligting vir S-Kaapse dorpe. Die Burger. 2010 22 February. 131. Bird W. Controlled burning of catchment areas. George Herald. 2010 1 April. 132. Lourens P. ... after the fire, still awaiting rain. George Herald. 2010 1 April. 133. Botha Y. Ratepayers say decision was illegal. Goerge Herald. 2010 1 April. 134. Botha Y. No George Herald, no notification. Goerge Herald. 2010 1 April. 135. Gunning E. George se aanloopbaan weer te nat. Die Burger. 2010 3 May. 136. Kruger J. Nat weer laat George se lughawe sluit vir lugverkeer. Die Burger. 2010 21 February. 137. Gunning E. Alle vliegtuie kan George-lughawe nou in alle weerstoestande gebruik. Die Burger. 2010 28 May. 138. Gunning E. Geesdrif oor WB-trofee bring George tot stilstand. Die Burger. 2010 12 May. 139. Die Burger. Sneeu en ren wurg land. Die Burger. 2012 15 July. 140. Gunning E. Waterbeperkings in George dalk verlig en tariewe kan daal. Die Burger. 2010 3 November. 141. Gunning E. Groot planne vir vervoer in George. Die Burger. 2010 27 November. 142. Mare A. Wending in hofstryd oor Swartvlei. Die Burger. 2011 15 January. 143. Gunning E. George gaan ekonomies ly noudat hy sewes kwyt is. Die Burger. 2011 14 April.
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144. Kruger J. Suid-Kaap gons n die aarde bewe. Die Burger. 2011 15 May. 145. Kruger J. PW se houthuis haal R8 m. Die Burger. 2011 20 April. 146. Vermaak C. Extreme June weather 1:100 year event. George Herald. 2011 21 July 2011. 147. Die Burger. Storms laat Suid-Kaap steier. Die Burger. 2011 8 June. 148. South African National Parks. Wilderness Rest Camp closed evacuation in process2011. Available from: http://www.sanparks.org/about/news/default.php?id=1672. 149. Vermaak C. Nog nuwe huiseienaars by Touwsranten. George Herald. 2011 7 July 2011. 150. Vermaak C. Eden-distriksraad se wiele rol. George Herald. 2011 7 July 2011. 151. Lourens P. Traffic noise has Wilderness residents up in arms. George Herald. 2011 7 July 2011. 152. Lourens P. Wettest weather since 1970s. George Herald. 2011 14 July 2011. 153. Gunning E. Vloedskade kan R131m. oorskry. Die Burger. 2011 12 June. 154. Gunning E. Minister sluit sentrum op George waar rampbus toets geslaag het. Die Burger. 2011 14 September. 155. Gunning E. Oggend van smart. Die Burger. 2011 25 August. 156. Thakhuli R. Date set for 2011 SA National Parks Week 2011. Available from: http://www.sanparks.org/about/news/default.php?id=1710. 157. De Beer M. Trap-Net verskaf vervoer in die Suid-Kaap. Die Burger. 2012 10 January. 158. Wild News. Property owners want action plan for river mouth. Wild News. 2012 20 July. 159. Potgieter M, Pienaar M. Leerders huil oor skole wat moet sluit. Die Burger. 2012 17 October. 160. Kotze P. Touws River mouth breached again. SANParks Times. 2012 December. 161. SANParks Times. Nature's Valley and Wilderness honoured as SANPark's first Blue Flag beaches. SANParks Times. 2012 December. 162. Wilderness Ratepayers & Residents Association. November 2012 news update. The Edge. 2012 14 November 163. Gunning E. Lot van Choo-Tjoe-trein steeds onduidelik. Die Burger. 2012 5 October. 164. The Edge. Aurecon wins SAHF special merit award for Touwsranten housing project. The Edge. 2012 31 October. 165. The Edge. Youth nationals sail off to a flying start The Edge. 2012 12 December. 166. The Edge. Illegal netting on Swartvlei. The Edge. 2013 30 January. 167. Lourens P. Strik stropers aktief in Hoekwil. George Herald. 2013 14 February. 168. The Edge. Lakes Bird Club celebrates its 25th anniversary. The Edge. 2013 27 February. 169. De Beer A. Circle for Wilderness. George Herald. 2013 7 February. 170. Kirsten F. Unemployed attempt to block N2. George Herald. 2013 4 July. 171. Vermaak C. Outeniqua Cycleway - Transnet's call. George Herald. 2013 21 February. 172. Vermaak C. Going wild for improvements. George Herald. 2013 21 February.
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173. Van Wyk L. Notes from Council. Wild News. 2013 20 March. 174. The Edge. What's happening on the Karatara River? The Edge. 2013 27 March. 175. Sonnekus H. What's happening at Ruigtevlei. The Edge. 2013 22 May. 176. The Edge. New Karatara river weir. The Edge. 2013 11 September. 177. George Herald. Voortrekkers leer van doerie tyd. George Herald. 2013 14 March. 178. Lourens P. Langvlei lake pollution: where does the buck stop? George Herald. 2013 23 May. 179. Smetherham J. FPA could save landowners millions. George Herald. 2013 23 May. 180. Da Silva L. Drie vas na rooftog op wandelpad. Goerge Herald. 2013 23 May. 181. Milford J. Business initiative for Wilderness. Eden Express. 2013 17 April. 182. Vermaak C. Initiative to boost Wilderness. George Herald. 2013 25 April. 183. Wild News. Wilderness to launch business chamber. Wild News. 2013 20 March. 184. De Beer A. U3A George 10 years old. Mini Ads News. 2013 3 April. 185. Eden Express. Wet Slow Fest. Eden Express. 2013 3 April. 186. Vermaak C. Wilderness plays wild card. George Herald. 2013 25 April. 187. The Edge. Island road re-arranged. The Edge. 2013 10 April. 188. George Herald. Go birding on 4 May. George Herald. 2013 2 May 2013. 189. George Herald. Wilderness elects business leaders. George Herald. 2013 2 May 2013. 190. Falanga G. Free our food -now! Eden Express. 2013 26 June. 191. George Herald. X Lakes winter is here to stay. George Herald. 2013 25 July 2013. 192. George Herald. Local athletes dominate Big Tree Trail Run. George Herald. 2013 25 July 2013. 193. George Herald. Landowners clear land and create jobs. George Herald. 2013 18 July. 194. Da Silva L. United Rondevlei fights crime. George Herald. 2013 25 July 2013. 195. Lourens P. Moves afoot to re-open hotel. George Herald. 2013 25 July 2013. 196. Sonnekus H. Hoekwil (amper) 100 jaar oud. Eden Express. 2013 31 July 2013. 197. George Herald. 100'e Voortrekkers byeen vir kamp. George Herald. 2013 11 July. 198. The Edge. Sedge Ratepayers feedback meeting. The Edge. 2013 3 July. 199. The Edge. SANParks' response to Sedge Ratepayers. The Edge. 2013 17 July. 200. Nayler L. Letter to the editor. The Edge. 2013 17 July. 201. Sedge Ratepayers Committee. Letter to the editor. The Edge. 2013 31 July. 202. Association WRR. July 2013. The Edge. 2013 17 July. 203. Webb B. The Edge (lite). The Edge. 2013 31 July. 204. The Edge. Sign board. The Edge. 2013 17 July.
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205. Slightly Miffed Local Yokel. Letter to the editor. The Edge. 2013 31 July. 206. Purcell O. Letter to the editor. The Edge. 2013 14 August. 207. Sonnekus H. Gate tangoes with nature. Eden Express. 2013 3 July. 208. Edge T. Birmingham teens at outward bound. The Edge. 2013 31 July. 209. Erlank I. GRNP has adventurous plans. George Herald. 2013 8 August. 210. The Edge. Farewell Oom Sam. The Edge. 2013 14 August. 211. Lourens P. Part-sale of Wilderness Resort Hotel. George Herald. 2013 29 August. 212. George Herald. Auction of Wilderness Resort Hotel. George Herald. 2013 5 September. 213. George Herald. Registered caretaker initiative for landowners launched. George Herald. 2013 8 August. 214. Wild News. Oil spill into nature reserve. Wild News. 2013 16 August 2013. 215. The Edge. Still on the rocks but in the best hands. The Edge. 2013 14 August. 216. Sonnekus H, Falanga G. Rice carrier runs aground. Eden Express. 2013 14 August. 217. Lourens P. Eden Disaster Management: significant improvements. George Herald. 2013 15 August. 218. Mini Ads News. BAAM helps George weather a storm. Mini Ads News. 2013 18 September. 219. George Herald. Youth and conservation. George Herald. 2013 19 September 2013. 220. George Herald. SANParks Week: free entrance to park. George Herald. 2013 5 September. 221. George Herald. Swartvlei reopenend. George Herald. 2013 12 September. 222. George Herald. Wilderness will wave Blue Flag in summer. George Herald. 2013 12 September. 223. News MA. Wilderness will wave Blue Flag in summer. Mini Aads News. 2013 11 September. 224. Kirsten F. Firefighters have their hands full. George Herald. 2013 3 October. 225. De Beer A. Most eco-friendly city in SA. George Herald. 2013 3 October.