Appendix 2.1: Balaton Highlands and Bükk Mountains Investigated ...

University of Plymouth

PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk

04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection

2015

Palaeoecology of the late Permian mass

extinction and subsequent recovery

Foster, William J.

http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5467

Plymouth University

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Appendix 2.1: Balaton Highlands and Bükk Mountains Investigated sites.

The Permian-Triassic succession of Balaton Highlands comprises part of the ALCAPA

megaunit (Kóvacs and Haas, 2010) and is represented by Permian fluvial red sandstones

and Triassic shallow marine rocks. The Lower Triassic succession in the Balaton

Highlands is divided into four formations: the Kóveskál Dolomite Formation, Arács

Marl Formation, Hidegkút Formation and Csopak Marl Formation (Figure A2.1). These

formations paraconformably overlay the Permian Baltonfelvidék Formation and are

capped by the Middle Triassic Aszòfo Dolomite Formation (Haas et al., 2012). Field

visits (June 2012) to the Balaton Highlands (Figure A2.2) recorded 5m of the Kóveskál

Formation at Balatonfüred; 15m at Balataonálmadi; and 1m of the Csopak Marl

Formation at the Sóly section. Broglio Loriga et al. (1990) studied the biostratigraphy of

the entire succession, but their data, were acquired from a trench that is no longer

exposed (János Haas, pers. comm.) and their collections were not available for study

(Renato Posenato, pers. comm.).

The Bükk Mountains succession is composed of very low-grade metamorphosed,

shallow marine Upper Permian and deep marine Lower Triassic deposits and belongs to

the sheared MHMU (Haas et al., 2006). The Lower Triassic succession is represented

by the Gerennavár Limestone Formation and Ablakoskővölgy Formation (Figure A2.1).

These conformably overly the Changhsingian Nagyvisnyó Limestone Formation (Haas

et al., 2006; Sudar et al., 2008) and are overlain by the Middle Triassic Hámor Dolomite

Formation (Figure A2.1). In the Bükk Mountains exposures of undeformed Lower

Triassic strata are limited to the well-studied 4m thick Bálvány-North section; the 8m

thick Bálvány-East section; and an inaccessible 40m section at Gerennavár (Figure

A2.3). The 250m road-cut section at Lillafüred is tectonically deformed, thus unsuitable

for investigation (Hips and Pelikán, 2002; Figure A2.3).

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Figure A2.1: Formation subdivision of the Lower Triassic sequences of Hungary in the

Balaton Highlands (after Haas et al., 2012), Bükk Mountains (after Haas et al., 2007)

and Aggtelek-Rudabanya Mountains (after Hips, 1998). Vertical blank lines indicate an

unconformity.

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Figure A2.2: Locality maps of the study sites in Balaton Highlands Range. A) The

Transdanubian Mountain Range showing the surface extent of the Triassic formations

(after Haas and Budai, 1999). B) Balatonfüred road-cut. C) Balatonalmádi. D) Sóly.

Figure A2.3: Locality maps of the study sites in the Bükk Mountains. B) Study site

locations within the Bükk National Park. C) Permian/Triassic boundary sections:

Bálvány-North, Bálvány-East and Gerennavár. D) Lillafüred.

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Appendix 2.2: Polished slab taxonomy

Polished slab taxonomy

Specimens that could be confidently identified on bedding surfaces of carbonate and

sandstone beds were cut along the transverse and sagittal plane to reveal information on

the shell shape, thickness, composition and ornamentation when viewed in cross-

section. These features were then used to discriminate between different taxa observed

in the polished slab samples (Table A2.1). Sections of fossils that were only observed in

polished slab and not on bedding planes, at best, were only identifiable to genus-level,

e.g. Microconchus, based on observations of thin sections in previous Lower Triassic

studies (Table 1). Shell fragments observed in the polished slabs were identified as such

and not included in the analysis.

Using the polished technique does include some uncertainty as discriminating between

some species is not possible from a two-dimensional view, e.g. cf. Unionites fassaensis

and cf. Unionites canalensis. The specimens identified from the polished slab technique

were, therefore, identified to the lowest taxonomic level to which they could be

confidently assigned, e.g. Unionites only identified to genus-level in this study.

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Table A2.1: Classification of benthic fossil invertebrates in polished section from the Lower Triassic of the Aggtelek Karst.

Polished slab Description Remarks

Bivalve sp. A

Thin, slightly convex bivalve shell with

irregular spaced, large acute ribs. The ribs

are loosely packed along the shell.

This bivalve was not observed in the reference material, and bivalves with

large irregular spaced acute ribs are currently unreported from the Lower

Triassic of central Europe.

Bivalve sp. B

Thin, moderately convex, smooth bivalve

shell. The bivalve shell has three layers

with the middle layer being the thickest.

This bivalve morphology is similar to N. ovatus (see below), except that the

thickness of the outer layers of the shell is thicker.

Bivalve sp. C

Thin, moderately convex bivalve shell

with densely packed acute ribs.

This bivalve morphology is similar to Eurmophotis. The presence of acute ribs,

however, means that the morphology can be distinguished from Eumorphotis.

Another genus with densely packed acute ribs is Costatoria, however, Bivalve

sp. C occurs in the Tesero Member and Costatoria is not recorded until the

Campil Member. In addition, the shell thickness is thinner than observed for

Costatoria.

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Bivalve sp. D

A large bivalve shell, highly convex,

smooth, with a slightly variable size. Shell

structure consists of a single layer.

A reference sample was observed for this morphology, however, due to the

poor preservation this bivalve morphology cannot not be assigned to species,

genus or family-level. This morphology is similar to Unionites, but differs in

being more convex and having a single thin shell layer. A Unionites mode of

life, therefore, was also interpreted for this morphology.

Claraia clarai group

Thin bivalve shell, slightly convex, with

regularly spaced folds.

Indistinguishable from Claraia stachei in polished section but C. stachei has

not been recorded from the Aggtelek Karst and all specimens on the surfaces of

the polished slab samples were identifiable as C. clarai. These differ from

Scythentolium in having visible folds and possessing a thinner shell. Claraia

and the Pterinopectinidae possess thin shells with two shell layers: a calcitic

outer layer and aragonitic inner layer (Newell and Boyd, 1995; Carter, 1990).

In this study, these bivalve shells appear as moulds or casts.

Claraia aurita

Thin bivalve shell, slightly to moderately

convex, with no ornamentation.

In the polished slabs these shells are much larger (up to 30mm) and more

convex than cf. Unionites. Claraia aurita differs from C. wangi-griesbachi in

being significantly larger. This shell morphology is also similar to

Eumorphotis, however, in the bulk samples the stratigraphic ranges of C.

aurita, C. wangi-griesbachi and Eumorphotis do not overlap. In addition, this

shell morphology was only recorded in one polished slab sample that also had

C. aurita on the bedding plane.

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Claraia wangi-griesbachi


convex with no ornamentation.

In polished slab C. wangi-griesbachi is indistinguishable from C. aurita. The

ranges of these two species, however, have not been recorded to overlap in

Hungary or Italy. This morphology in the Mazzin Member, Italy, is, therefore,

assigned to C. wangi-griesbachi and in the Siusi Member to C. aurita.

Eumorphotis spp.


convex. Has a three-layered shell structure

with each layer being a similar thickness.

Ornamentation consists of rounded ribs, or

if the valve is cut along the sagittal planes

the valve appears smooth.

Eumorphotis is a diverse Lower Triassic genus and distinguishing between the

different species identified in central Europe using polished slabs is not

possible. Eumorphotis differs from Bakevellia in lacking a steeply sloping

anterior margin and from Scythentolium in having a thinner shell. Eumorphotis

has been variably placed within the Heteropectinidae (Hofmann et al., 2014),

Etheripectinidae (Posenato et al., 2005; Hautmann et al., 2011) and

Aviculopectinidae (Carter, 1990; Ros-Franch et al., 2014). The shell structure

differs from the calcitic shell structure of the Heteropectinidae figured by

Newell and Boyd (1995) and does not resemble any of the variable shell

structures of the genera in the Aviculopectinidae (Carter, 1990). The shell

structure of the Etheripectinidae has not been described and no comparison is

yet possible.

Scythentolium sp.

Relatively large bivalve shell, smooth,

slightly convex with a thick shell divided

into three layers with a thick middle layer

and thinner inner and outer layers.

These specimens and reference samples lack ornamentation of S. tirolicum

described by Wittenburg (1908). The smooth morphology and slightly

inequilateral shell is more similar to Scythentolium sp. A figured by Hofmann

et al. (2015a). The shell structure of entoliids is poorly known (Carter, 1990),

and the right and left valves have different microstructures. No differences

were observed in this study, which may indicate that only left valves were

recognised. The shell structure of Scythentolium has not previously been

described but the observed thick middle layer and thin outer layers correspond

to Group 1 of Mesozoic Entoliids (after Waller, 2006).

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Neoschizodus ovatus

Medium-sized bivalve shell, moderately

convex, smooth, with a thick shell

composed of three layers. The middle

layer is the thickest and the outer and

inner layer are very thin.

Distinguishing between N. laevigatus and N. ovatus is not possible in polished

section. N. laevigatus was, however, only recorded in hand specimens in the

Bódvaszilas Sandstone Formation. Neoschizodus specimens identified in

polished slabs are only from the Szin Marl Formation and are, therefore,

assigned to N. ovatus. In northern Italy, N. laevigatus was not observed in the

beds the have this morphology. The layered structure in the N. ovatus shells

corresponds to the prismato-nacreous shell structure known for the

Myophoriidae, Trigoniidae and Costatoriidae (Newell and Boyd, 1975). This

feature is rare but also occurs within the Pholadomyidae (Newell and Boyd,

1975), although no smooth Pholadomyidae have been reported from the

Aggtelek Karst.

Costatoria costata

Relatively small bivalve shell, moderately

convex, moderately thick shell with up to

8 unevenly spaced thick acute radial ribs.

Shell structure can be divided into three

layers the middle layer making up most of

the shell thickness, with the inner and

outer shell layer being very thin.

These shells differ to C. subrotunda in having a significantly higher number

and more densely packed ribs (Broglio Loriga and Posenato, 1986). In the

polished slabs fewer ribs were observed than in the mechanically disaggregated

samples. This discrepancy is likely due to the angle of polished surface not

being perfectly orientated along the transverse plane and, therefore, considered

to represent C. costata rather than another species. This shell form differs to

Eumorphotis in having acute instead of rounded ribbing, thicker shell, and with

a thicker middle shell layer.

cf. Unionites

A small bivalve shell, slightly convex,

smooth, with a variable size. Shell

structure consists of three layers, with the

middle layer differing to the outer layers.

The shells of cf. U. fassanesis and cf. U. canalensis are both smooth, slightly

convex with no distinguishing features between the two species in cross-

section. A more specific identification, therefore, was not possible in this

study. The specimens of cf. Unionites in this study differ to Neoschizodus in

having a thinner shell and are less convex.

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cf. Homomya sp.

Relatively small bivalve shell, moderately

convex, moderate shell thickness that is

divided into three layers. The outer layer

has rounded concentric ribbing.

Differs to N. ovatus in cross section by having a layered shell with the outer

layers being thicker and black, whereas, in N. ovatus the middle layer

comprises most of the shell thickness. In addition, the cf. Homomya specimens

are ornamented with fine concentric rounded ribs, whereas, N. ovatus has a

smooth shell. Pleuromya and Homomya have also been identified from the

Lower Triassic of central Europe (e.g. Neri and Posenato, 1985; Posenato,

2008).

Bakevellia spp.

Relatively large bivalve shell, highly

convex towards the anterior margin,

anterior margin almost becomes flat,

posterior margin gently sloping to almost

flat. When cut along the sagittal plane the

shell is highly convex at the dorsal margin

and is gently sloping towards the ventral

margin. Thick shell with thin outer layers.

These specimens have a characteristic shell form for bivalves with anterior and

posterior wings that readily differentiate this genus to others identified in this

study. Other Lower Triassic genera such as Pteria also have a similar shell

form. Pteria, however, was not observed in this study and these specimens are,

therefore, assigned to Bakevellia. The smooth sculpture is similar to the

reference samples of B. incurvata identified in this study and are, therefore,

assigned to this species.

Bakevellia with costae

Shell thick, highly convex towards the

anterior end with a small flat margin on

the anterior margin and a gently sloping

posterior margin. Ornamented with large

rounded ribs. Thick shell with only one

shell layer observed.

These shells are similar to B. incurvata except that they are ornamented with

rounded ribs. There a multiple species of Bakevellia from the Spathian that are

ornamented, e.g. B. exporecta and B. costata. Ornamented Bakevellia species

have not previously been identified from the Aggtelek Karst and, therefore,

these specimens are not assigned to species-level. The specimens differ to

Eumorphotis and Costatoria in having a distinct Bakevellid shell form. In

addition, from Costatoria by having rounded rather than acute ribs.

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Gastropod Indet sp.

High-spired gastropod, each successive

whorl rapidly increasing in size, large

rounded presumably spiral ribs on the

lower and upper parts of whorls. In the

middle part of whorls is a small

indentation which probably reflects a

narrow concave band. Layered shell

structure with two thin (black) outer shell

layers and a thick middle shell layer. Only

the outer two layers are ornamented.

These specimens are similar to the gastropod genus Worthenia, i.e. high-spired,

with collabral ornament and a concave band. Although Worthenia is a diverse

and abundant Lower Triassic genus, Worthenia however, has not yet been

observed from the Aggtelek Karst and there are also other Lower Triassic,

high-spired, ornamented gastropod genera that these specimens may belong to

(e.g. Eotomariidae). A more specific assignment of these specimens, therefore,

is not made.

Coelostylina werfensis

High-spired gastropod, whorls are evenly

rounded, smooth and rapidly increasing in

size. Thin shell with a layered shell

structure with the outer layers thinner than

the central layer.

Coelosytylina werfensis has previously been described as occurring with

‘Polygygrina gracilor’ and Pseudomurchisonia kokeni in the nearby Lower

Triassic Werfen Formation (Nützel and Schulbert, 2005). These specimens

differ to ‘Polygygrina gracilor’ in having a less elongated profile and by

having more rounded whorls, and to Pseudomurchisonia kokeni in lacking a

subsutural ramp. In addition, only Coelostylina werfensis has been identified in

the Aggtelek Karst, these specimens are considered to only represent

Coelostylina werfensis.

Allocosmia

High-spired gastropod, whorls are oval

shaped and slowly increase in size giving

an elongated profile. Thin, smooth shell.

Reference material for this morphology was not observed, but from the same

beds Posenato (1985) identified the high-spired gastropod Allocosmia which

has a similar elongated profile with oval-shaped whorls. These specimens

differ to high-spired gastropod sp. A with whorls increasing in size more

rapidly and differ to Polygyrina in a more elongated profile and less well

rounded whorls.

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Pseudomurchisonia kokeni

High-spired gastropod, whorls are

rounded, smooth and rapidly increasing in

size. When cut through near the

columnella subsutural ramps are observed

at the top the whorls. Shell thin divided

into two layers.

Pseudomurchisonia kokeni can be distinguished from Coelostylina werfensis

by the presence of subsutural ramps. When the whorls are cut, however, on the

outer side of the whorls they appear smooth and round thus indistinguishable

from C. werfensis. For the Werfen and Servino Formations were both taxa

have been reported the two

Murchisoniid with costae


rounded and rapidly increasing in size.

Thick three-layered shell structure. The

outer shell layer is ornamented with small

acute ribs.

Ornamented high-spired microgastropods have not been reported from the

Lower Triassic of Europe. The position of the costae appears to reflect spiral

costae similar to that observed in the Early Triassic species Coelostylina

costata. This morphology is easily distinguishable from other high-spired

gastropods identified in this study by the presence of acute ribs.

Polygyrina sp.


rounded and slowly increase in size giving


This species is also identified on the surface of bedding planes. The

morphology of Polygyrina sp. can be distinguished from Coelostylina as the

whorls are not observed to rapidly increase in size giving a more elongated

profile. Polygyrina gracilor has been identified from the Werfen Formation,

but has become a dustbin taxon for smooth high-spired gastropods, therefore,

these specimens are only identified to genus-level.

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High-spired gastropod sp. A

High-spired gastropod, whorls are oval

shaped and slowly increase in size giving


This gastropod morphology was not observed in the reference material and has

a similar morphology to Polygyrina sp. and Allcosmia sp. This morphology

differs to both these taxa, however, by having oval shaped whorls rather than

evenly rounded circular whorls. These specimens also differ to Polygyrina and

Allocosmia in having a more elongated profile.

High-spired gastropod transverse

Circular outline, smooth, with a hole in the

centre that is the columnella. A shell wall

transverse to the outer shell wall extends

the radius of the shell.

This gastropod morphology is undistinguishable between the unornamented

high-spired gastropod species. The size of transverse section is affected by the

species, but also by the position in the spire the gastropod is sectioned and,

therefore, size cannot be used to infer the taxonomic assignment.

cf. Worthenia

Low-spired gastropod, whorls are rounded

with a narrow concave bound in the upper

third of the whorl with acute ribs on each

side. Thin shell. Whorls rapidly increasing

in size.

Worthenia was not identified in bulk samples or on bedding planes in this

study but was previously identified from the Werfen Formation (Hofmann et

al., 2015). Worthenia figured by Hofmann et al. (2015) is characterised with

ornamentation similar to that described here. The specimens described by

Hofmann et al., however, are high-spired and, therefore these specimens are

left in open nomenclature.

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Bellerophontidae

Low-spired, planispiral gastropod, whorls

are well-rounded and smooth. Thin shell,

whorls rapidly increasing in size.

In the same beds poorly preserved bellerophontids can be observed which are

typically assigned to W. vaceki. The reference material, however, could not be

confidently assigned to a genus within the bellerophontidae.

Bellerophontidae with costae

Low-spired, planispiral gastropod, whorls

are well-rounded with small acute ribs.

Thin shell, whorls rapidly increasing in

size.

These specimens are similar to Bellerophontidae, however, they include small

acute ribs which supports their separation. Bellerophontidae with costae have

not previously been reported from Italy or Hungary and, therefore, not

identified beyond family-level.

Natiria costata

Medium-spired gastropod shell, only 1-2

whorls were observed in polished slab, the

smaller of the two whorls is more circular

whilst the larger whorl is arched around

the preceding whorl. Small, evenly spaced

fine ribs are observable on most

specimens around the edge of the whorls.

Thin shell consisting of a single layer.

A medium-spired gastropod shell in the Aggtelek Karst is unique to Natiria

costata and the ornamentation observed in polished section supports the

assignment to this species. In addition, from some of the same beds N. costata

were observed to be weathering out.

Gastropod sp.

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Planispiral gastropod shell with 2-4

whorls. The shell is smooth, thick and

divided into three-layers. The middle layer

is the thickest and differs to the inner and

outer layer.

No reference sample was observed. This morphology was only observed in the

upper part of the Bellerophon Formation and there is little literature on

gastropods from the Bellerophon Formation, therefore, a better taxonomic

assignment is not possible. This gastropod morphology differs to

Bellerophontidae identified from the Werfen Formation in having more whorls,

much larger and a different shell composition.

Microconchus

Planispiral Microconchid shell with one

flat side by its entire length. Shell wall

distinct and is layered. Three to five

connected circles with the inner whorl the

smallest and successive whorls getting

larger. Occasionally, these shells appear as

a shallow U-shape with a distinct shell

wall, when the polished slab cuts through

the outer whorl only. Not observed in

polished slab to have been encrusted on

anything.

Previous specimens with this morphology from the Aggtelek Karst have been

identified as the extant polychaete genus Spirorbis. These Lower Triassic

forms, however, have been shown to have a different microstructure that is

more comparable with Microconchids (Zaton et al., 2013). Different genera of

Microconchids have been distinguished previously from thin section for Lower

Triassic deposits (e.g. Yang et al., 2015). The forms recognised in this study

resemble the tightly coiled Lower Triassic species Microconchus utahensis and

Middle Triassic species M. valvatus, a distinction between the two species,

however, is not possible as the ornamentation was not observed. Other Lower

Triassic species, such as, Helicoconchus elongates and Microconchus

aberrans, differ in being helically coiled to erect which was not observed in

these specimens.

Dentaliidae Indet sp.

Circular tube, shell is made up of three

layers with the middle layer being the

thickest and the inner and outer layers

being very thin. The shell is ornamented

with 18 small acute ribs.

The only scaphopod genera to have previously been described from the Lower

Triassic are Plagioglypta (Nützel and Schulbert, 2005) and ?Laevidentalium

(Shigeta, 2009). Plagioglypta and ?Laevidentalium, however, are ornamented with

encircling fine threads that probably reflect growth lines, whereas, these specimens

are longitudinally ornamented with acute ribs. The specimens here appear to have

a dentaloid shell and longitudinal sculpture indicating that they are members of the

family Dentaliidae (Palmer, 1974). In addition the shell microstructure is similar to

that described for Dentalium (Majewske, 1974). The genus Dentalium, however,

has become a dustbin taxon for deep time scaphopods (Yochelson, 2011), these

specimens are, therefore, only identified to family level to avoid synonymy.

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cf. Plagioglypta

Circular, smooth shell. Shell is composed

of one layer. When cut along the sagittal

plane it appears as a small cone with small

rounded folds.

These specimens differs to Dentaliidae sp. in lacking acute ribs which are

visible in transverse section, and having small rounded folds when viewed

transversely. Small reference material appears to have the same morphology as

Plagioglypta identified from the western US (Nützel and Schulbert, 2005).

These specimens are les slender than the other Lower Triassic scaphopods

genus ?Laevidentalium.

Lingularia

Shell is small, straight, feebly convex and

smooth. Shell has five recognised layers.

Lingularia specimens were only identified in polished slabs in the Aggtelek Karst

and, therefore, a more specific identification could not be made. The multiple

layers of the shell probably correspond to the thin alternations of mineralised and

organic layers of lingulid shells (Iwata, 1981). Discriminating between L. yini and

L. borealis from the reference material was not possible. In addition, a large

number of Lower Triassic lingulid species have been described from central

Europe and species-level identifications are, therefore, not feasible.

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Rhynchonellid sp.

Slightly convex brachiopod shell. Smooth,

thin shell.

This brachiopod morphology is restricted to the Bellerophon Formation and is very

similar to Rhynchonellid species described from the Bellerophon Formation and

Tesero Member (Posenato, 2009). It differs to Brachiopod sp. in being less convex.

Brachiopod sp.

Highly convex, smooth shell, with three

layers. Only observed as disarticulated

shells.

As it was only observed as disarticulated shells it is unknown what the

morphology of the accompanying shell looks like.

Holocrinus

Only preserved as isolated ossicles. If an

ossicle is cut transverse to the polished

surface it has a pentagon shape and in

some specimens slightly rounded edges.

Centre of the ossicle has a small circular

central lumen, and five petal-like areola

areas between the tips of the pentagon and

the centre which are filled with the

surrounding matrix. Occasionally, the

grooves between the culminate can be

observed as small V shapes between the

areola areas. Along the sagittal plane the

The pentagonal shape and the observation of Holocrinus ossicles from the

same beds in the field suggest that these ossicles belong to Holocrinus. Other

crinoid genera from the Lower Triassic in the western Palaeotethys, including

the Aggtelek Karst, have not yet been recorded. Species-level identifications of

Holocrinus have not been made for specimens from central Europe although

previous authors (Hagdorn and Baumiller, 1996; Hagdorn, 2011) have

considered them to represent a separate species than those recorded in Japan

(Kashiyama and Oji, 2004) and the western US (Schubert et al., 1992). Other

Lower Triassic crinoid genera, i.e. Baudicrinus (Oji and Twitchett, 2015),

differ to these specimens as they have a circular, rather than pentagonal,

columnal ossicles.

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crinoid ossicles appear as rectangles with

rounded edges. In instances where the

ossicle was cut along the centre of the

ossicle the central lumen is visible.

Ophiuroidea

Only preserved as isolated ossicles.

Crescent to arched shape, generally with a

bilateral symmetry depending on where

the vertebrae have been cut by the

polished slab.

The only ophiuroid species to be identified from the Lower Triassic of the

western Palaeotethys is Praeaplocoma hessi (Mostler and Rossner, 1984;

Broglio Loriga and Cavicchi, 1972). This species, however, is unknown from

the Aggtelek Karst and without identification of body fossils assigning these

ophiuroids ossicles to a species is not possible.

Ostracod

When cut transversely, it has kidney-bean

shaped shell, with a smooth thin shell.

Along the sagittal plane the shell has an

arched shape with a smooth thin shell.

A diverse suite of ostracod species have been described from the Bellerophon

and Werfen formations. Distinguishing between the different ostracod to even

family level in the polished slabs, therefore, is not possible.

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cf. Porifera

Oval shaped with one end slightly tapered.

The shell is ornamented by ~15 acute ribs

that point towards the tapered end of the

oval. The shell has 3 layers, the outer layer

is thick and black and the middle layer is

thick and white, and the inner layer is a

thin black layer.

Sponges are rarely recorded from the Lower Triassic, and have not yet been

identified from the Lower Triassic of central Europe. The morphology,

however, is very similar to the Porifera, with what appears to be a porous shell

wall and the opening at the tapered end of the shell may reflect the osculum.

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Appendix 3.1: Height/Length plot of Claraia wangi-griesbachi and C. aurita

from the Lower Triassic of the Aggtelek Karst, Hungary and Dolomites,

Italy.

Figure A3.1: Measurements of Claraia wangi-griesbachi and C. aurita from the

Aggtelek Karst, Hungary, and the Dolomites, Italy.

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Appendix 3.2: Raw faunal counts from the Aggtelek Karst.

Sample Bakevellia

Bakevellia

cf.

in

cu

rvata

Cla

raia

au

rita

Cla

raia

cla

rai

Cla

raia

sp

.

Cla

raia

au

rita

wan

gi-

gri

esb

ach

i

Co

sta

tori

a c

osta

ta

Eu

mo

rph

oti

s

Eu

mo

rph

oti

s h

inn

itid

ea

Eu

mo

rph

oti

s k

ittl

i

Eu

mo

rph

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PQ-1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 105 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-4 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-5 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-10 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-15 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-16 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-17 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-18 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 22 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-19 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-20 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-21 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 11 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-23 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 10 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-25 0 0 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-27 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-28 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-29 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-30 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 7 33 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-31 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-33 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 22 51 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-34 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PQ-36(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-38(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-39(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PC-49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 13 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Balogh (1944) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PW-50 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PW-51 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 2 0 0

PW-52 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 1 0 0 0

PW-53 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 14 0 0 5 0 0 0

PW-54 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PW-55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0

PW-55(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 2 0 0 13 0 0

PW-56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 0 0 15 0 0

-353-

Sample Bakevellia

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PW-57 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 32 0 0

PW-57(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0PW-57(3) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0

PW-58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0

PW-58(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 23 0 0

PW-59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 30 0 0

PW-60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 24 0 0

PV-61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PV-62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

PV-63 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 0 1 0 0 0 0

PV-64 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 6 0 0 0 1

PV-65 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0

PV-66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

PV-67 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PV-68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

PV-69 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

SQ-70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 2 5 0 0

SQ-71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 12 3 0 0

SQ-72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SQ-73 0 2 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SN-74 10 0 0 0 0 0 23 10 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 1 4 0 0 0 1 1 6 0 0 9 14 0 0

-354-

Appendix 3.3: SIMPER analysis on biofacies from the Aggtelek Karst

Group A

Average similarity: 73.47

Species Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.%

?Unionites 9.23 68.78 4.84 93.62 93.62

Group B



?Unionites 4.3 26.5 ####### 67.96 67.96

Eumorphotis 5.37 12.49 ####### 32.04 100

Group C



Natiria costata 9.93 93.12 15.64 100 100

Group D



Natiria costata 7.58 35.73 11.06 44.31 44.31

Microconchida 4.22 15.85 3.42 19.66 63.97

Eumorphotis 3.36 12.56 2.05 15.57 79.54

Neoschizodus ovatus 1.99 8.71 4.92 10.8 90.34

Group E




Microconchida 4.28 16.63 2.52 30.4 77.27

Coelostylina werfensis 2.19 6.93 1.48 12.67 89.94

Natiria costata 1.51 2.58 0.51 4.72 94.66

-355-

Appendix 3.4: SIMPER analysis on biofacies from the Aggtelek Karst

Table A3.3: PERMANOVA pairwise test results between sub-stages.

Table A3.4: PERMDISP pairwise test results between sub-stages.

Term 'Stage'

Unique

Groups t P(perm) perms P(Monte Carlo)

Griesbachian, Dienerian 1.1768 0.272 927 0.277

Griesbachian, Smithian 2.1033 0.001 757 0.012

Griesbachian, Spathian 4.31 0.001 996 0.001

Dienerian, Smithian 2.4705 0.001 985 0.001

Dienerian, Spathian 6.3498 0.001 996 0.001

Smithian, Spathian 3.7977 0.001 997 0.001

PERMANOVA PAIR-WISE TESTS

DEVIATIONS FROM CENTROID

F: 17.327 df1: 3 df2: 41

P(perm): 0.001

PAIRWISE COMPARISONS

Groups t P(perm)

(Griesbachian,Dienerian) 0.89287 0.5

(Griesbachian,Smithian) 1.1208 0.401

(Griesbachian,Spathian) 4.6259 1.00E-03

(Dienerian,Smithian) 0.70099 0.596

(Dienerian,Spathian) 5.9951 1.00E-03

(Smithian,Spathian) 3.5396 5.00E-03

MEANS AND STANDARD ERRORS

Group Size Average SE

Griesbachian 6 14.544 2.6423

Dienerian 15 17.815 2.0504

Smithian 7 20.86 4.6778

Spathian 17 42.751 3.4584

-356-

Appendix 3.5: SIMPER analysis on ecofacies from the Aggtelek Karst

Group A


Mode of Life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.%

shallow infaunal, facultatively motile, suspension feeder 8.05 40.48 4.22 58.88 58.88

surficial, stationay, attached, suspension feeder 3.55 15.66 6.58 22.78 81.65

surficial, slow motile, grazer 2.31 6.27 0.9 9.12 90.78

Group B




shallow infaunal, facultatively motile, suspension feeder 6.52 38.52 4.56 45.83 100

Group C




Group D





surficial, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder 2.07 9.84 4.38 12.67 96.16

Group E



surficial, slow motile, grazer 9.93 93.12 15.64 100 100

Group F



surficial, slow motile, grazer 7.39 39.81 20.26 44.09 44.09



-357-

Appendix 4.1: Raw faunal data from the Dolomites

C-1

C-2

C-3

C-4

C-5

C-5

B

C-6

C-7

C-8

C-9

C-1

0

C-1

1

C-1

2

Brachiopod sp. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Rhynchonellid sp. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lingularia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

Lingularia borealis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lingularia yini 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bivalve sp. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bivalve sp. B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bivalve sp. C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bivalve sp. D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Avichlamys tellinii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bakevellia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bakevellia c.f. incurvata/albertii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bakevellia exporecta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Claraia (c.f. clarai and c.f. stachei) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Claraia aurita 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Claraia clarai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Claraia stachei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Claraia wangi-griesbachi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Costatoria costata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Eumorphotis 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 6 1 1

Eumorphotis multiformis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Neoschizodus laevigatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Neoschizodus ovatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

Scythentolium tirolicum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Unionites spp. 47 1 0 1 124 0 0 2 0 11 3 9 0

Unionites canalensis 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Unionites fassaensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Holocrinus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ophiuroidea 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 54 20 29

Plagioglypta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

High-spired gastropod transverse. 12 0 0 0 11 0 0 8 0 50 31 5 4

Allcosmia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Coelosytilina werfensis 28 0 0 0 21 0 0 45 0 169 156 11 5

Polygyrina sp. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 20 12 4 0

High-spied gastropod sp. A 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0

c.f. Worthenia 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

Murchisoniina w ith costae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bellerophontidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bellerophontidae w ith costae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Werfenella rectostata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Natiria costata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

gastropod sp. A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ostracod 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Microconch 21 0 0 0 3 0 0 145 0 81 55 7 5

MNI 155 1 4 2 164 1 1 205 1 373 318 59 44

-358-

C-1

3

C-1

4

C-1

5

C-1

6

C-1

8

C-1

7

C-1

9

C-2

0

C-2

1

C-2

3

C-2

3B

C-2

4

C-2

5

C-2

2

C-2

7

C-2

8

C-2

6

C-2

9

C-3

0

C-3

1

C-3

2

C-3

3

C-3

3

C-3

4

C-3

5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 7 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 1 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 23 20 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 61 0 35 12 0 1 1 20 34 0 3 0 0 11 0 0 0 5 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 1 0 0 14 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 71 12 0 3 15 0 9 270

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 3

2 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 348 23

145 301 0 0 36 0 0 1 0 58 362 23 14 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

17 6 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

21 18 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 39 9 0 101 0 38 7 0 0 26 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

28 61 0 0 34 0 38 40 0 6 0 5 9 0 13 25 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 12

233 390 2 1 188 7 122 62 1 166 364 89 80 3 24 58 2 88 12 4 3 53 20 357 324

-359-

C-3

6

C-3

7

C-3

8

C-3

9

U-1

U-2

U-3

U-4

U-5

U-6

U-6

B

U-6

B

U-7

B

U-8

U-9

U-7

U-1

0

U-1

1B

U-1

1

U-1

2

U-1

3

U-1

4

U-1

5

U-1

6

U-1

7

U-1

8

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 2 4 26 4 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

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-371-

Appendix 4.2: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on

alpha diversity between the different members of the Werfen Formation.

Table A4.1: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on species richness

between the different members of the Werfen Formation. GO = Gastropod Oolite. The

Andraz Member is excluded as no samples were retrieved from this member.

Table A4.2: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on Simpson Diversity



Table A4.3: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on functional richness



Table A4.4: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on Simpson functional

diversity between the different members of the Werfen Formation. GO = Gastropod Oolite.

The Andraz Member is excluded as no samples were retrieved from this member.

Mazzin Siusi GO Campil Val Badia Cencenighe San lucano

Tesero 0.74 0.44 1.00 0.08 0.19 0.47 0.54

Mazzin <0.01 0.17 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.47

Siusi 0.06 <0.01 0.07 0.44 0.77

GO <0.01 0.40 0.89

Campil <0.01 0.16

Val Badia 0.34

Cencenighe 1.00

Mazzin Siusi GO Campil Val Badia Cencenighe San lucano

Tesero 0.67 0.94 0.27 0.90 0.78 0.78 0.54

Mazzin 0.03 0.73 0.04 0.05 0.22 0.35

Siusi 0.02 0.24 0.46 0.46 0.17

GO 0.01 0.03 0.13 0.37

Campil 0.62 0.07 0.18

Val Badia 0.35 0.14

Cencenighe 0.12

Tesero Mazzin Siusi GO Campil Val Badia Cencenighe San Lucano

Tesero 0.79 0.23 0.50 0.08 0.26 0.37 1.00

Mazzin 0.01 0.99 <0.01 0.04 0.15 0.56

Siusi 0.01 0.15 0.61 0.44 0.25

GO <0.01 0.04 0.20 0.26

Campil 0.50 0.06 0.15

Val Badia 0.37 0.27

Cencenighe 0.27

San Lucano

Tesero Mazzin Siusi GO Campil Val Badia Cencenighe San Lucano

Tesero 0.22 0.12 0.06 0.16 0.05 0.05 0.03 1.00

Mazzin 0.67 0.79 0.27 0.69 0.52 0.27 0.48

Siusi 0.26 0.59 0.19 0.53 0.62 0.19

GO 0.12 0.48 0.98 0.68 0.14

Campil 0.03 0.25 0.20 0.21

Val Badia 0.61 0.11 0.17

Cencenighe 0.94 0.14

San Lucano 0.12

-372-


alpha diversity between the sedimentary facies of the Werfen Formation.


between the different sedimentary facies.

Table A4.6: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on Simpson diversity

between the different sedimentary facies.

Mid-shelf Oolitic shoal Inner shelf Peritidal

Outer shelf 0.60 0.24 0.59 0.48

Mid-shelf 0.28 0.93 0.36

Oolitic shoal 0.43 0.13

Inner ramp 0.40

Mid-shelf Oolitic shoal Inner shelf Peritidal

Outer shelf 0.20 0.02 0.04 0.91

Mid-shelf 0.16 0.15 0.40


Inner ramp 0.09

-373-


alpha diversity between the sedimentary facies within each Lower Triassic

sub-stage.


between the different sedimentary facies within the A) Griesbachian, B) Dienerian, C)

Smithian and D) Spathian.

A) Griesbachian

B) Dienerian

C) Smithian

D) Spathian

Oolitic shoal Mid-shelf Outer shelf


Mid-shelf 0.09

Peritidal Inner shelf Oolitic shoal Mid-shelf

Peritidal 0.13 0.72 0.91

Inner shelf 0.49 <0.01

Oolitic shoal 0.39

Inner shelf Mid-shelf

Inner shelf 0.14

Mid-shelf

Inner shelf shoal Mid-shelf

Inner shelf 0.83 0.93

shoal 0.03

Mid-shelf

-374-

Table A4.8: Results of the Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparisons on Simpson Diversity

richness between the different sedimentary facies within the A) Griesbachian, B)

Dienerian, C) Smithian and D) Spathian.

A) Griesbachian

B) Dienerian

C) Smithian

D) Spathian

Shoal Mid-shelf Outer shelf

Shoal 0.87 0.14

Mid-shelf 0.01

Outer shelf

Peritidal Inner shelf Shoal Mid-shelf

Peritidal 0.09 0.22 0.79


Shoal 0.09

Mid-shelf

Inner shelf Mid-shelf

Inner shelf 0.96

Mid-shelf

Peritidal Inner shelf Shoal Mid-shelf

Peritidal 0.85 0.23 0.93


Shoal 0.33

Mid-shelf

-375-

Appendix 4.5: SIMPER analysis on biofacies from the Werfen Formation.

Group A

Less than 2 samples in group


Bivalve sp. A 58.75 58.75

Bellerophontidae 41.25 100

Group B



Ostracoda 9.83 81.97 41.19 95.28 95.28

Group C



Claraia aurita 9.75 86.09 6.75 99.05 99.05

Group D



Claraia clarai 9.32 68.59 4.76 100 100

Group E



Plagioglypta 74.51 74.51

Unionites 23.53 98.04

Group F




Claraia clarai 38.71 96.77

Group G



Ostracoda 5.9 27.7 7.92 44.61 44.61

Unionites 5.06 18.86 2.11 30.38 74.98

Micoconchida 2.61 5.85 0.76 9.42 84.4

-376-

Group H



Bellerophontidae 7.94 40.74 10.66 60.44 60.44

Coelystilina werfensis 3.44 15.69 8.07 23.28 83.72

Group I




Microconchida 18.18 63.63

Coelostylina werfensis 9.09 72.72

Murchisoniina with costae 9.09 81.81

Group J



Unionites 9.78 85.5 8.32 98.15 98.15

Group K



Unionites 9.27 61.01 ####### 67.96 67.96

Ostracoda 2.45 14.38 ####### 16.02 83.98

Group L




Unionites 3.94 13.7 2.98 21.81 47.56


Microconchida 2.43 7.68 1.82 12.22 75.11

Claraia clarai 3.03 5.68 0.62 9.05 84.16

Group M



Unionites 5.07 21.31 9.49 36.76 36.76

Claraia clarai 3 12.22 40.54 21.08 57.83

Micoconchida 4.31 9.66 0.58 16.66 74.49

Polygyrina gracilor 3.9 7.91 0.58 13.65 88.14

-377-

Group N



Unionites 6.94 33.69 8.41 45.78 45.78

Claraia aurita 5.6 24.66 3.6 33.51 79.29

Microconch 2.8 11.68 9.49 15.86 95.16

Group O



Unionites 7.5 38.46 4.16 56.69 56.69


Microconch 3.17 11 1.16 16.21 94.24

Group P




Group Q



Lingularia 54.43 54.43


Group R



Microconchida 7.48 40.82 4.18 56.44 56.44

Claraia aurita 5.68 28.09 3.22 38.84 95.28

Group S



Microconchida 7.88 40.89 2.94 60.44 60.44


Group T



Natiria costata 6.22 25.92 1.67 44 44

Micoconchida 4.19 14.91 1.99 25.31 69.31

Eumorphotis 3.65 10.39 1.08 17.64 86.95

-378-

Group U



Neoschizodus ovatus 46.43 46.63

Scythentolium 28.57 75


Group V



Eumorphotis 6.67 33.75 3.88 48.72 48.72


Group W



Bakevellia 42.86 42.86


Eumorphotis 10.71 82.14

Group X




Microconchida 2.37 8.23 1.12 11.82 87.14

-379-

Appendix 4.6: PERMANOVA pairwise test results.

PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Member'

Unique

Groups t P(perm) perms P(MC)

Campil Member, Val Badia Member 3.4529 0.001 994 0.001

Campil Member, Cencenighe Member 4.5194 0.001 999 0.001

Campil Member, Tesero Oolite Member 3.1943 0.022 45 0.001

Campil Member, Mazzin Member 2.9325 0.001 999 0.001

Campil Member, Siusi Member 2.5603 0.001 999 0.001

Campil Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 1.3623 0.17 998 0.153

Campil Member, Bellerophon Formation 4.5694 0.02 45 0.001

Campil Member, San Lucano Member 2.9566 0.117 9 0.001

Val Badia Member, Cencenighe Member 4.0359 0.001 999 0.001

Val Badia Member, Tesero Oolite Member 2.9482 0.008 91 0.002

Val Badia Member, Mazzin Member 4.0617 0.001 999 0.001

Val Badia Member, Siusi Member 4.8914 0.001 999 0.001

Val Badia Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 4.0192 0.001 998 0.001

Val Badia Member, Bellerophon Formation 3.5355 0.016 91 0.001

Val Badia Member, San Lucano Member 2.3071 0.08 13 0.006

Cencenighe Member, Tesero Oolite Member 2.9414 0.006 228 0.001

Cencenighe Member, Mazzin Member 5.4845 0.001 999 0.001

Cencenighe Member, Siusi Member 6.6027 0.001 999 0.001

Cencenighe Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 5.5176 0.001 999 0.001

Cencenighe Member, Bellerophon Formation 3.3682 0.005 227 0.001

Cencenighe Member, San Lucano Member 0.8448 0.543 21 0.536

Tesero Oolite Member, Mazzin Member 2.2341 0.002 413 0.001

Tesero Oolite Member, Siusi Member 2.2849 0.004 816 0.005

Tesero Oolite Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 2.5024 0.002 264 0.002

Tesero Oolite Member, Bellerophon Formation 3.0686 0.332 2 0.048

Tesero Oolite Member, San Lucano Member 1.8001 0.326 2 0.262

Mazzin Member, Siusi Member 4.4237 0.001 999 0.001

Mazzin Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 3.2978 0.001 998 0.001

Mazzin Member, Bellerophon Formation 2.2586 0.001 431 0.006

Mazzin Member, San Lucano Member 1.6867 0.021 32 0.047

Siusi Member, Gastropod Oolite Member 2.9119 0.001 999 0.001

Siusi Member, Bellerophon Formation 2.9497 0.001 818 0.001

Siusi Member, San Lucano Member 1.9457 0.011 74 0.01

Gastropod Oolite Member, Bellerophon Formation 3.0523 0.002 266 0.001

Gastropod Oolite Member, San Lucano Member 1.9888 0.043 23 0.026

Bellerophon Formation, San Lucano Member 11.035 0.309 2 0.042

-380-

Appendix 4.7: SIMPER analysis on biofacies from the Werfen Formation.

Group A



Bivalve sp. A 73.81 73.81

Bellerophontidae 26.19 100

Group B



Neoschizodus laevigatus 96.97 96.97

Group C



Bakevellia 43.39 43.39


Scythentolium 18.86 90.55

Group D



Bakevellia 10 100 ####### 100 100

Group E



Holocrinus 55.56 55.56


Group F



Holocrinus 9.62 74.85 10.12 92.83 92.83

-381-

Group G




Eumorphotis 5.71 27.14 2.23 40.07 91.01

Group H




Holocrinus 3.13 15.74 7.35 20.94 90.75

Group I



Holocrinus 6.98 34.01 6.82 48.1 48.1


Scythentolium tirolicum 1.79 4.4 0.89 6.22 91.81

Group J



Lingularia 9.08 61.15 ####### 100 100

Group K



Claraia aurita 88.97 88.97

Group L



Claraia aurita 9.91 94.41 11.53 100 100

Group M



Claraia aurita 7.4 42.01 11.69 56.36 56.36

Microconchida 5.84 30.73 4.37 41.23 97.6

-382-

Group N



Claraia clarai 9.01 55.7 3.79 81.95 81.95

Ophiuroidea 2.11 4.62 0.61 6.8 88.75


Group O



Ostracoda 9.86 82.9 23.05 96.19 96.19

Group P



Ostracoda 7.24 33.22 ####### 41.62 41.62

Coelystilina werfensis 4.65 18.65 ####### 23.37 64.99

Unionites 3.68 14.83 ####### 18.59 83.58

Microconchida 2.56 6.12 ####### 7.66 91.24

Group Q



Plagioglypta 61.29 61.29


Group R



Unionites 7.18 36.28 8.47 48.47 48.47

Claraia aurita 5.8 26.89 3.73 35.91 84.38

Microconch 2.06 8.9 10.18 11.89 96.27

Group S



Unionites 9.14 55.01 15.25 67.14 67.14


Claraia clarai 1.89 7.22 1.07 8.81 94.66

Group T



Unionites 9.79 85.95 8.29 98.64 98.64

-383-

Group U



Unionites 8.46 51.13 9.72 65.17 65.17

Micoconchida 4.06 21.92 4.26 27.94 93.1

Group V



Unionites 7.7 45.19 20.82 67.68 67.68

Claraia clarai 4.74 21.58 2.13 32.32 100

Group W



Microconchida 5.58 24.09 ####### 32.29 32.29

Unionites 5.3 22.72 ####### 30.44 62.73

Ostracoda 3.39 14.91 ####### 19.97 82.7

Group X



Unionites 7.46 40.19 23.12 56.94 56.94

Ostracoda 5.28 25.58 4.36 36.23 93.18

Group Y



Claraia clarai 5.9 21.33 2.63 29.91 29.91

Unionites 4.53 17.79 6.9 24.95 54.86


Microconchida 2.24 8.08 4.74 11.34 83.06

Group Z




Unionites 4.74 25.6 19.39 30.48 87.18

Group AA



Unionites 6.9 32.43 5.54 40.69 40.69


Claraia clarai 2.53 9.44 2.17 11.84 85.14

-384-

Group AB



Unionites 5.94 23.03 4.79 32.45 32.45



Microconchida 2.59 9.03 3.1 12.73 81.58

Group AC





Unionites 3.92 9.38 0.58 15.04 94.86

Group AD



Natiria costata 8.66 51.01 10.82 63.82 63.82

Ophiuroidea 4.09 18.7 6.4 23.39 87.22

Group AE



Ophiuroidea 6.46 26.89 2.57 49.08 49.08

Microconchida 2.8 8.58 1.24 15.66 64.74

Eumorphotis 3.29 7.78 0.85 14.19 78.93


Group AF




Group AG




Microconch 3.59 12.26 1.73 18.83 67.58

Polygrina gracilor 2.86 11.09 4.83 17.04 84.62

Group AH



Microconchida 8.12 44.67 3.75 64.93 64.93

Unionites 3.12 11.32 1.26 16.45 81.38

-385-

Appendix 4.8: Two-way PERMANOVA results from the Werfen Formation.

Griesbachian

Unique


Mid-shelf, Shoal 1.738 0.021 999 0.029

Mid-shelf Outer shelf 1.4517 0.103 999 0.116

Shoal, Outer shelf 1.5021 0.103 960 0.102

Dienerian

Unique


Mid-shelf, Inner shelf 3.9071 0.001 999 0.001

Mid-shelf, Shoal 1.1362 0.273 994 0.289

Mid-shelf, Peritidal 2.0072 0.016 953 0.015

Inner shelf, Shoal 1.7468 0.048 713 0.057

Inner shelf, Peritidal 2.9809 0.002 457 0.003

Shoal, Peritidal 1.8219 0.03 35 0.084

Smithian

Unique



Spathian

Unique



Mid-shelf, Oolitic shelf 5.5528 0.001 997 0.001

Inner shelf, Shoal 2.575 0.006 987 0.007

-386-

Appendix 5.1: Raw fossil counts from the Servino Formation.

cf.

Ba

ke

ve

llia

Co

sta

tori

a c

os

tata

cf.

Eu

mo

rph

oti

s

Eu

mo

rph

oti

s m

ult

ifo

rmis

Ne

os

ch

izo

du

s s

p.

Ne

os

ch

izo

du

s la

ev

iga

tus

Ne

os

ch

izo

du

s o

va

tus

cf.

Sc

yth

en

toliu

m

cf.

Pro

my

alin

a

Un

ion

ite

s

Un

ion

ite

s c

an

ale

ns

is

Un

ion

ite

s f

as

sa

en

sis

Biv

alv

e In

de

term

ina

te A

Biv

alv

e In

de

term

ina

te B

Eu

mo

rph

oti

s c

f. t

elle

ri

Op

hiu

roid

ea

Lin

gu

lari

a

Ho

loc

rin

us

Mic

rog

as

tro

po

d t

ran

sv

ers

e

Co

elo

sty

lin

a w

erf

en

sis

Po

lyg

rin

a g

rac

ilo

r

Mic

rog

as

tro

po

d In

de

t.

cf.

Allc

os

mia

Na

tiri

a c

os

tata

Mic

roc

on

ch

ida

Os

tra

co

da

CD-01 1 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 5 0

CD-02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-03 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-04 0 0 118 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 227 0 0 0 0 37 0

CD-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 4 22 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-06 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 5 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-07 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 179 0 1 0 0

CD-08 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0

CD-09 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 122 562 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-10 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 211 353 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-11 0 0 4 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 215 769 0 0 0 0 1 0

CD-12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 391 1078 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-13 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 54 0 0 0 0 1 0

CD-16 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 334 0 0 70 991 0 0 0 0 5 0

CD-17 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 89 0 0 0 0 237 0

CD-19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 27 0

CD-20 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 35

CD-21 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

CD-23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 0

CD-25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 0 0 0 19 0 18 0

CD-26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1471 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

CD-27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0

CD-28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

CD-29 0 0 0 0 0 0 288 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 1 6 20 0 0 0 0 2 0

CD-30 0 3 0 0 0 0 376 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 1 1 14 27 0 0 0 0 2 0

CD-31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CD-32 0 11 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 214 0 0 7 2 0 0 0 2 0 0

CD-33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-34 0 19 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0

CD-35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 0 0

CD-37 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 122 0 0

CD-38 10 0 28 0 0 0 38 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 23 0 0

CD-39 0 1 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CD-41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 105 0 0

CD-42 0 1 1 0 0 0 203 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0

CD-43 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 45 0 0

CD-44 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 77 0 0

MR-01 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 127 199 6 0 0 0 7 0

MR-02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 10 0 0 0 0 1 9

MR-03 1 0 182 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0

MR-04 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MR-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

MR-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 64 1 0 0 0 3 0

MR-07 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 138 549 0 0 0 0 0 0

MR-08 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 211 842 0 0 0 0 0 0

MR-09 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 249 903 0 0 0 0 0 0

MR-10 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 396 0 0 0 0 2 0

MR-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 199 601 0 0 0 0 3 0

MR-12 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

MR-13 0 2 11 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 194 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 2 0

-387-

Appendix 5.2: SIMPER analysis on biofacies from the Servino Formation.

Group A



Unionites 7.48 41.07 2.94 90.36 90.36

Group B



Natiria costata 60.87 60.87


Group C




Group D




Group E



Natiria costata 10 100 ####### 100 100

Group F



Natiria costata 8.44 43.36 83.11 65.53 65.53


Ophiuroidea 1.72 7.84 4.77 11.85 90.08

Group G



Micoconchida 8.27 53.21 5.57 100 100

Group H




Ostracoda 42.86 90.47

-388-

Group I




Lingularia 38.89 100

Group J




cf. Eumorphotis 18.15 87

Group K




Group L




Group M




Group N



Coelostylina werfensis 9.96 89.63 25.08 95.36 95.36

Group O




Group P



Neoschizodus ovatus 9.23 57.62 ####### 61.58 61.58

Coelostylina werfensis 3.47 21.6 ####### 23.09 84.67

Group Q



cf. Eumorphotis 6.37 22.19 ####### 42.77 42.77

Neoschizodus ovatus 4.6 19.5 ####### 37.59 80.37

-389-


Table A5.1: PERMANOVA pairwise tests between the members of the Servino

Formation.

Table A5.2: PERMANOVA pairwise tests between the facies of the Servino

Formation.

PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Member'

Unique


Ca'San Marco, Gastopod Oolite 0.78983 0.667 703 0.578

Ca'San Marco, Acquaseria 1.2604 0.144 428 0.214

Ca'San Marco, "Myophoria beds" 1.8478 0.009 844 0.019

Gastropd Oolite, Acquaseria 0.69369 0.711 995 0.645

Gastropod Oolite, "Myophoria Beds" 2.8845 0.001 998 0.001

Acquaseria, "Myophoria Beds" 3.1728 0.001 996 0.001

PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Facies'

Unique


Inner Shelf, Shoal 2.0154 0.009 999 0.007

Inner Shelf, Inner Shelf (s) 0.82872 0.663 716 0.608

Inner Shelf, Marine Sabkha 0.92335 0.592 78 0.527

Inner Shelf, Mid-shelf 1.549 0.035 907 0.065

Inner Shelf, Distal mid-shelf 1.5856 0.009 67 0.049

Shoal, Inner Shelf (s) 1.2124 0.171 905 0.213

Shoal, Marine Sabkha 2.6 0.014 136 0.005

Shoal, Mid-shelf 3.2029 0.001 965 0.002

Shoal, Distal mid-shelf 3.1626 0.008 121 0.001

Inner Shelf (s), Marine Sabkha 1.2931 0.204 15 0.257

Inner Shelf (s), Mid-shelf 2.1285 0.027 126 0.012

Inner Shelf (s), Outer shelf 2.204 0.078 11 0.045

Marine Sabkha, Mid-shelf 1.4185 0.138 21 0.173

Marine Sabkha, Outer shelf 1.9319 0.337 2 0.19

Mid-shelf, Outer shelf 1.1603 0.244 11 0.309

-390-

Appendix 5.4: SIMPER analysis on ecofacies from the Servino Formation.

Group A


Mode of life Av.Abund Av.Sim Sim/SD Contrib% Cum.%

Epifaunal, slow-moving, grazer 10 100 ####### 100 100

Group B



Epifaunal, slow-moving, grazer 9.72 69.44 ####### 78.35 78.35

infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 0.99 6.4 ####### 7.22 85.56

Group C



Epifaunal, slow-moving, grazer 7.78 42.03 4.3 60.88 60.88

epifaunal, stationary, attached, suspension feeder 3.51 11.89 1.07 17.22 78.1

infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 3.38 9.99 0.96 14.47 92.57

Group D



infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 42.37 42.37

epifaunal, slow-moving, surface deposit feeder 30.51 72.88

epifaunal, stationary, attached, suspension feeder 27.12 100

Group E




Group F



infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 10 100 ####### 100 100

Group G




epifaunal, stationary, attached, suspension feeder 22.22 90.12

Group H



infaunal, facultative motile, unattached, suspension feeder 9.25 59.6 ####### 61.7 61.7

epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder. 3.47 22.23 ####### 23.01 84.72

Group I



epifaunal, stationary, attached, suspension feeder 7.82 48.24 4.06 70.75 70.75

epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder. 4.92 19.45 1.08 28.53 99.27

Group J



epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder. 47.62 47.62

epifaunal, slow-moving, surface deposit feeder 42.86 90.48

-391-

Group K



epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder. 61.11 61.11

infaunal, facultatively motile attached, suspension feeder 38.89 100

Group L



epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder. 9.95 89.12 22.34 93.72 93.72

Group M



epifaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder 9.22 63.71 18.17 71.8 71.8

infaunal, facultatively motile, unattached, suspension feeder 3.6 23.51 44.65 26.5 98.3

-392-


Table A5.3: PERMANOVA pairwise tests between the members of the Servino

Formation.

Table A5.4: PERMANOVA pairwise tests between the facies of the Servino

Formation.

PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Member'

Unique


Ca'san Marco, Gastropod Oolite 1.0501 0.354 907 0.36

Ca'San Marco, Acquaseria 1.1993 0.189 707 0.238

Ca'San Marco, "Myophoria beds" 1.3258 0.161 946 0.185

Gastropod Oolite, Acquaseria 0.25853 0.904 990 0.919

Gastropod Oolite, "Myophoria beds" 3.3098 0.001 998 0.001

Acquaseria, "Myophoria beds" 3.2633 0.001 997 0.001

PAIR-WISE TESTS

Term 'Facies'

Unique


Inner Shelf, Shoal 1.4598 0.116 997 0.114

Inner Shelf, Inner Shelf (s) 0.50993 0.891 642 0.859

Inner Shelf, Marine Sabkha 1.1474 0.296 78 0.279

Inner Shelf, Mid-shelf 2.0033 0.01 837 0.009

Inner Shelf, Outer shelf 2.1704 0.016 67 0.011

Shoal, Inner Shelf (s) 8.85E-02 0.976 888 0.975

Shoal, Marine Sabkha 2.4672 0.019 135 0.01

Shoal, Mid-shelf 3.3581 0.001 963 0.001

Shoal, Distal mid-shelf 3.3438 0.007 121 0.001

Inner Shelf (s), Marine Sabkha 1.3055 0.186 15 0.243

Inner Shelf (s), Mid-shelf 2.0042 0.051 91 0.038

Inner Shelf (s), Outer shelf 2.2221 0.064 11 0.029

Marine Sabkha, Mid-shelf 1.1664 0.378 21 0.299

Marine Sabkha,Outer shelf 2.0118 0.321 2 0.176

Mid-shelf, Outer shelf 1.3323 0.259 11 0.241

-393-

Appendix 5.6: Species range data from the western Palaeotethyan region. C1

= pre-Hindeodus praeparvus Conodont Zone; C2 = H. praeparvus Conodont Zone; T1

= Claraia wangi-griesbachi s.l. Bivalve Zone; T2 = C. clarai Bivalve Zone; T3 = C.

aurita s.l. and Eumorphotis multiforms Bivalve Zones; T4 = E. hinnitidea Bivalve Zone;

T5 = E. kittli Bivalve Zone; T6 = E. telleri Bivalve Zone; T7 = Tirolites carniolicus

Ammonoid Zone.

Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia borealis - - 1 1 1 1 - - -

Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia cf. smirnovae 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia polaris - - - - 1 - - - -

Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia sp. - - 1 - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia sp. A - - 1 - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia tennuisma - - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

Brachiopoda Lingulata Lingulida Lingulidae Lingularia yini - - 1 1 - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Araxathyris? protea 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicania aeqalotis 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicania haueri 1 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicania megalotis 1 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicania merlai - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicania triangularis 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicothyris laterosulcata - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Comelicothyris recticardinis - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Janiceps aquilina 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Janiceps cadorica - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Janiceps papilio - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Janiceps peracuta - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Septospirigerella sp. - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Athyrididae Spirigerella teseroi - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Athyridida Neoretziidae Hustedia sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Orthetetida Derbyidae Derbyia regis 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Orthida Rhipidomellidae Rhipidomella sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Rhynchonellida Pontisiidae Prelissorhynchia sp. 0 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Spiriferida Ambocoeliidae Crurithyris extima - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Spiriferida Ambocoeliidae Orbicoelia dolomitensis - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Spiriferida Ambocoeliidae Orbicoelia tschernyschewi - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Rhynchonellata Spiriferinida Reticulariinidae Reticulariina cf. netchaewi 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthetetida Derbyidae Diplanus dilatus 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthetetida Schubertellidae Goniarina subulata 0 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthetetida Schuchertellidae Teserina nerii - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthotetida Meekellidae Ombonia tirolensis 1 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthotetida Meekellidae Orthothetina ladina 1 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthotetida Schuchertellidae Sreptorhynchus sp. - 1 - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Strophomenata Orthotetida Schuchertellidae Tropidelasma ptomatis 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Strophomenata Productida Productellidae Haydenella sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Brachiopoda Strophomenata Productida Productellidae Spinomarginifera sp. 0 1 - - - - - - -

Cnidaria Anthozoa - - Waagenophylum indicum 1 - - - - - - - -

Cnidaria Anthozoa Stauriida Hapsiphyllidae Neozaphrentis permicus 1 - - - - - - - -

Cnidaria Anthozoa Stauriida Metriophyllidae Asserculinia sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Cnidaria Anthozoa Stauriida Pentaphyllidae Pentaphyllum leptoconicum 1 - - - - - - - -

Echinodermata Crinoidea Isocrinida Holocrinidae Holocrinus sp. - - - - - - 1 1 1

Echinodermata Crinoidea ossicles 1 1 - - - - - - -

Echinodermata Echinoidea Cidaroida Miocidaridae ?Miocidaris sp. - 1 - - - - - - -

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Praeplocoma hessi - - - - - - 1 1 -

Echinodermata Ophiuroidea ossicles - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Cardiida Kalenteridae Stutchburia sp. A 0 0 0 0 1 - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Cardiida Permophoridae Permophorus sp. 0 0 1 0 1 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Cardiida Permophorinae Permophorus jacobi 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Myalinida Myalinidae cf. Promyalina n/a - 1 - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Myalinida Myalinidae Promyalina eduliformis - - - - - - - 1 0

Mollusca Bivalvia Myalinida Myalinidae Promyalina vetusta - - - - - 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreida Bakevelliidae Hoernesia sp. - - - - - - - 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreida Pteriidae Pteria cf. ussurica - - 1 0 1 - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida - cf. Leptochondria sp. - 1 - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida - Leptochondria albertii - - - - - - 1 1 1

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Aviculopectinidae Indet sp. 1 1 - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Aviculopectinidae Pseudomonotis "loczyi" - - - - - 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Entolium discites - - - - - 1 1 1 0

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Entolium microtis - - - - - 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Entolium piriformis - 1 - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Entolium sp. - - - - 1 1 0 1 0

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Indet sp. 1 1 - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Pernopecten latangulatus - 1 - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Pernopecten tirolensis 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Scythentolium eurasiaticum - - - - - 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Scythentolium sp. A - - - - - 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Entoliidae Scythentolium tirolicum - - - - - - 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis beneckei - - - - - - - 1 0

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis cf. beneckei - - - - - 1 0 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis cf. gronensis - - - - - - 1 - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis cf. hinnitidea - - - 1 1 1 1 - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis cf. kittli - - - - - - 1 - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis hinnitidea - - - - 1 1 1 1 -

-394-

Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis kittli - - - - - - 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis lorigae - 1 - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis multiformis - - - 1 1 1 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis praecurrens 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis reticulata - - - - - - 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis sp. A - - 1 1 - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis striatocostata 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis telleri - - - - - - 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis tenuistriata - - - - - - - 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Heteropectinidae Eumorphotis venetiana - - - - - 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pseudomonotidae Pseudomonotis loczkoi - - - - - 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia aurita - - - 1 1 - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia clarai - - 1 1 1 - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia dalpiazi - - - - 1 - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia intermedia - - - - 1 - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia stachei - - - 1 1 - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pectinida Pterinopectinidae Claraia wangi-griesbachi - - 1 - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pholadida Pleuromyidae Pleuromya elongata - - - 1 1 1 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pholadomyida Edmondiidae Edmondia dubia 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pholadomyoidea Pholadomyidae "Homomya" sp. - - - - - - - 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida - Avichlamys csopakensis - - - - - - 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida - Avichlamys sp. - - - - - - 1 - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida - Avichlamys tellenii - - - - - - 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida - Avichlamys voelseckhofensis - - - - - - 1 - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia albertii - - - - - - 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. binneyi 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. ceratophaga 0 1 - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. costata - - - - - - 1 1 1

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. incurvata - - - - - - 1 0 1

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. ladina - - - - - - - 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. mytiloids - - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia cf. socialis - - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia costata - - - - - - 1 1 0

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia exporecta - - - - - 1 1 1 1

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia incurvata - - - - - - 1 1 1

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia ladina - - - - - - - 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Bakevellia pannonica - - - - - 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Towapteria scythica - 1 1 - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Bakevelliidae Towapteria wahneri 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Costatoria costata - - - - - - 1 1 1

Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Costatoria subrotunda - - - - - 1 1 - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus elongatus - - - - 1 - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus laevigatus - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus orbicularis - - - 1 0 0 0 0 0

Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus ovatus - - 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus planus - - - - - 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Myophoriidae Neoschizodus praeorbicularis - - - - 1 1 - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Trigoniida Schizodidae Schizodus sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Unionoida Anthracosiidae Unionites canalensis - - - 1 1 1 1 1 -

Mollusca Bivalvia Unionoida Anthracosiidae Unionites cf. canalensis - - 1 - - - - - -

Mollusca Bivalvia Unionoida Anthracosiidae Unionites fassaensis - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticidae "Polinices" subtilistriata - - - - - - 1 - -

Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticopsidae Naticopsis arctica - - - - - 1 - - -

Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticopsidae Naticopsis depressa 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticopsidae Naticopsis gaillardoti - - - - - - 1 1 1

Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticopsidae Naticopsis pusioncoia 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Gastropoda - Naticopsidae Naticopsis sp. - 1 0 0 1 - - - -

Mollusca Gastropoda - Polygyrinidae "Polygygrina" gracilor - - 1 0 1 1 0 1 -

Mollusca Gastropoda - Pseudozygopleuridae Pseudozygopleura sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Gastropoda - Purpurinidae Werfenella rectostata - - - - - - 1 1 1

Mollusca Gastropoda Archaeogastropoda - Trachynerita sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Mollusca Gastropoda Bellerophontida Euphemitidae Bellerophon sp. 1 1 - - - - - - -

Mollusca Gastropoda Bellerophontida Euphemitidae Warthia vaceki 1 1 1 1 1 - - - -

Mollusca Gastropoda Euomphalina Craspedostomatidae Natiria costata - - - - - - 1 1 1

Mollusca Gastropoda Euomphalina Craspedostomatidae Natiria semicostata - - - - - - 1 - -

Mollusca Gastropoda Murchisoniina Coelostylinidae Coelostylina werfensis - 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

Mollusca Gastropoda Murchisoniina Coelostylinidae Omphaloptycha sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mollusca Gastropoda Murchisoniina Lophospiridae Worthenia sp. A - - - - - 1 1 - -

Mollusca Gastropoda Murchisoniina Murchisoniidae Pseudomurchisonia kokeni - - - - 1 - - - -

Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa - Allocosmia sp. - - - - - - 1 1 -

Mollusca Gastropoda Bellerophontidae Indet sp. A - - 1 0 1 - - - -

Mollusca Scaphopoda Dentaliida Dentaliidae Plagioglypta sp. - - - - 1 - - - -

Mollusca Tentaculita Microconchida - Indet sp. - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mollusca Tentaculita Microconchida - Microconchus phycataena - - 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

Mollusca Tentaculita Microconchida - Microconchus valvata - - 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

Porifera Calcarea - - Paruvanella minima 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Agelasidae Intrasporeocoeliidae Intrasporeocoelia hubeiensis 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Agelasidae Maeandrostiidae Meandrostia sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Agelasidae Preperonidellidae Precorynella sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Agelasidae Virgolidae Virgola sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Epipolasida Heliospongiidae Coelocladia sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Tabulospongida - Spherolichaetetes sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Colospongiidae Platythalamiella newelli 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Colospongiidae Subascosymplegma sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Cystothalamiinae Discosiphonella mammilosa 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Cystothalamiinae Discosiphonella sp. A 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Cystothalamiinae Discosiphonella sp. B 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Sebargasiinae Amblysiphonella sp. 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Solenolmiidae Preverticillites cf. columnella 1 - - - - - - - -

Porifera Demospongea Vaceletida Tebagathalamiidae Graminospongia girtyi 1 - - - - - - - -

-859-

Appendix 7.3: Extended Methods

The databases were constructed from data downloaded from the PaleoDB (last downloaded on

February 2nd

2015). In addition to taxonomic information, palaeolatitudinal and

palaeolongitudinal coordinates were downloaded (based on rotation protocols provided by

Christopher R. Scotese: The Paleomap project, <www.scotese.com>, which is built into the

PaleoDB). Stratigraphic, lithological and environmental data were also downloaded.

Vetting of the data follows (Miller and Foote, 2009); taxonomically uncertain or questionable

occurrences of genera, as marked in the PBDB by the qualifiers “aff”, “cf.”, “ex.gr”, “sensu

lato”, “?” “[quotation marks]”, and “informal” were excluded. Form taxa, ichnogenera and

higher taxonomic names that appeared in the genus field were excluded. Latest synonymies and

re-identifications (i.e. Hautmann et al., 2012) were used where possible following the Treatise

on Invertebrate Palaeontology and the PaleoDB. Additionally, in a few cases where taxa were

incorrectly incorporated into the PaleoDB were corrected. If stage designations were not

available occurrences were excluded. If stage but not sub-stage designations were available for

the Triassic intervals the genus in question was considered to have occurred in all related sub-

stages. Using the ecological categories and definitions for tiering, motility and feeding of

(Bambach et al., 2007), each genus was assigned to a bin in the ecospace model. Modes of life

were inferred by using data from extant relatives, previous publications and functional

morphology and relate to functional lifestyle from a taxon’s adult stage.

Binomial standard error bars in Fig. 1 represent one standard error either side of the observed

value √[𝑝(1−𝑝)

𝑛] (Buzas (1990) see also Raup et al. (1991)), where 𝑛 = number of indivduals

before the extinction and 𝑝 = the number of individuals that crossed the P/Tr boundary.

934

Appendix 7.5: Highlighted changes to the results between Chapter 7 and

Foster and Twitchett (2014).

Figure A7.1: Figure 7.1 with changes in extinction rates with Foster and Twitchett

(2014) highlighted. Increases in extinction rates are highlighted in blue and decreases

highlighted in red. These changes, however, do not affect the observed trends.

935

Figure A7.2: Figure 7.2 with changes in extinction rates with Foster and Twitchett

(2014) highlighted. Increases in modes of life and generic richness are highlighted in

blue and decreases highlighted in red. These changes, however, do not affect the

observed trends.

936

Figure A7.3: Figure 7.4 with changes in the results with Foster and Twitchett

(2014) highlighted. Increases in modes of life and green coefficient values are

highlighted in blue and decreases highlighted in red. These changes, however, do not

affect the observed trends.

Appendix 2.1: Balaton Highlands and Bükk Mountains Investigated ...

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