Animal source food: hazards don’t always translate into risks
APPENDIX 1 Animal Health Hazards Associated with Imported...
Transcript of APPENDIX 1 Animal Health Hazards Associated with Imported...
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
APPENDIX 1 Animal Health Hazards
Associated with Imported Animals
NOTE: Hazard identification tables are derived using the criteria stated under ImportRisk Analysis Process (page 22).
Index
Bovine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Bulls destined for artificial insemination centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Ovine and Caprine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Rams destined for artificial insemination centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Bucks destined for artificial insemination centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Bison, Buffalo, Yak, Wisent, Musk Ox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Swine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Boars destined for artificial insemination centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Wild Swine and Peccaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Equine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Wild Equids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Ratites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Bees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Cervids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Wild Cervids, Antelope & Pronghorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40New World Camelids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Old World Camelids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Elephants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Giraffe and Okapi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Hippopotami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Rhinoceros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Tapirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Procyonids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Edentata and Aardvarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Insectivora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Marsupials & Monotremes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Non - human Primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Wild Canids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Non - Domestic Felines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Lagomorphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Wild Rodents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Bats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
APPENDIX 2
Animal Health Hazards Associated with Imported Animal Products
NOTE: Hazard identification tables are derived using the criteria stated under ImportRisk Analysis Process (page 22).
Index
Bovine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Hazards associated with imported Bovine Meat and Edible Offal . . . . . . . . . . 1Hazards associated with imported Bovine Dairy Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Hazards associated with imported Bovine Hides and Skins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Hazards associated with imported Bovine Meat, Bone and Blood Meal . . . . . . 2
Ovine and Caprine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Hazards associated with imported Ovine and Caprine Meat and Edible Offal . 3Hazards associated with imported Ovine and Caprine Milk and Milk Products . 3Hazards associated with imported Ovine and Caprine Fleece and Wool . . . . . 3Hazards associated with imported Ovine and Caprine Meat, Bone
and Blood Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Swine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Hazards associated with imported Swine Meat and Edible Offal . . . . . . . . . . . 5Hazards associated with imported Swine Meat, Bone and Blood Meal . . . . . . 5
Equine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Cervine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Hazards associated with imported Cervine Meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Hazards associated with imported Poultry Meat, Edible Offal and Eggs . . . . . 6
Lagomorphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Hazards associated with imported Lagomorph Meat and Edible Offal . . . . . . . 7
Bees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Hazards associated with imported Honey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Hazards associated with imported Pollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Ratites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Hazards associated with imported Ratite Meat and Edible Offal . . . . . . . . . . . 8Hazards associated with imported Ratite Egg Shells, Feathers
and Raw Hides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
APPENDIX 3
Animal Health HazardsAssociated with Imported Germplasm
NOTE: Hazard identification tables are derived using the criteria stated under ImportRisk Analysis Process (page 22).
Index
Bovine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Hazards associated with imported Bovine Semen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Hazards associated with imported Bovine Embryos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2And additionally, for In Vitro Fertilized Bovine Embryos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Swine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Hazards associated with imported Semen of Swine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Hazards associated with imported Embryos of Swine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Ovine and Caprine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Hazards associated with imported Ovine and Caprine Semen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Hazards associated with imported Ovine and Caprine Embryos . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Equine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Hazards associated with imported Equine Semen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Hazards associated with imported Poultry Semen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Hazards associated with imported Poultry Hatching Eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Cervids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Hazards associated with imported Cervids Semen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Hazards associated with imported Cervids Embryos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Bovine
Hazards associated with imported Bovine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT ANDMOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus O Virus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne
clovenhoofedanimals
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus New JerseyVirus Indiana
A020 parts of Central and SouthAmerica, USA
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,horses,donkey,swine,camelids
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East andtropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle,buffalo,swine, otherruminants(mild)
CONTAGIOUSBOVINEPLEUROPNEU-MONIA
Mycoplasmamycoides (SC)
A060 Eastern Europe, Asia,Africa, parts of WesternEurope
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle
LUMPY SKINDISEASE
Capripoxvirus A070 sub-Saharan Africa,Egypt, Israel, Kenya
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,camelids
RIFT VALLEYFEVER
phlebovirus A080 Southern and CentralAfrica
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne(mosquitoes)
cattle, sheep,humans
BLUETONGUE orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria,Turkey, Pakistan, India,Portugal, Spain, Peru,Greek Islands, Australia,South and CentralAmerica, USA, Canada
vector-borne ruminants
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep (goats,horses,camelids,humans)
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’sdisease)
herpesvirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across allcontinents with theexception of Australia
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne,vector-borne
cattle, sheep,goats,horses, dogs,cats, fur-bearingspecies(swinesecondaryhosts)
ECHINOCOCCO-SIS/HYDATIDOSIS
Echinococcusgranulosus
B053 worldwide(uncommon in NorthAmerica, Scandinavia, Iceland, New Zealand,Tasmania)
direct humans,ruminants
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Hazards associated with imported Bovine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
HEARTWATER(cowdriosis)
Cowdriaruminantium(rickettsia)
B055 Africa, Madagascar, partsof West Indies
vector-borne ruminants
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
L pomon,L. Canicola,L grippotyphosa, L.Ictero-hermmohagiiae, L hardjo
B056 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
warm-bloodedanimals
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forsome island countries
direct(biting)
warm-bloodedanimals
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyiahominivorax andChrysomyiabezziana
B060 tropical and subtropicalAfrica, Asia, Central andSouth America
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
ANAPLASMOSIS Anaplasmamarginale(rickettsia)
B101 South Africa, Australia,Russia, South America,USA
vector-borne ruminants
BABESIOSIS Babesia bovis (B. argentina, B. berbera, B. bigemina, B. major, B. divergens)
B102 B. bigemina: SouthAmerica, West Indies,Australia, AfricaB. bovis :South andCentral America,Australia, Asia, SouthernEurope, AfricaB. divergens: North-westEurope, Spain, Eire, UKB. berbera: MediterraneanEurope, North AfricaB. major: UK, Europe
vector-borne ruminants
BOVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella abortus B103 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
CYSTICERCOSIS Cysticercus bovis B106 worldwide vehicle-borne cattle,reindeer,humans
THEILERIASIS Theileriaparva (East Coastfever)T. mutansT. orientalisT. taurotragiT. buffeliT. annulata ( MediterranneanCoast Fever)
B111 parva: Africamutans: Africaorientalis: all continentstaurotragi: Africabuffeli: Australiaannulata: Mediterranean
vector-borne(T. mutanstransmitted byAmblyomma spponly)
ruminants,Europeanhare
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Hazards associated with imported Bovine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
TRYPANOSOMIA-SIS
Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease - Centraland South America
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbiologicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
BOVINESPONGIFORMENCEPHALOP-ATHY(BSE)
prion B115 UK, Switzerland, Ireland,France, Portugal
vehicle-borne cattle, kudu,cheetahs,sheep?
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonaspseudomallei
C613 Australia, Papua-NewGuinea
direct dogs, cats,domesticlivestock,rodents,rabbits,pigeons,humans
FILARIASIS Parafilaria bovicolaElaephora poeli
C622 Sweden, France, EasternEurope, Asia, South Africa
vector-borne cattle
BOVINEEPHEMERALFEVER
bovine ephemeralvirus
- Africa, Australia, Asia vector-borne ruminants
AINO VIRUSINFECTION
rhabdovirus - Africa, Asia, East Indies,Australia
vector-borne cattle, buffalo
BOVINEPETECHIALFEVER
Ehrlichia ondiri - Kenya vector-borne cattle
AKABANEDISEASE
bunyavirus - Australia, Israel, Japan,Korea, Kenya
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats(seriologicalevidence inhorses,buffalo, deerand dogs)
BESNOITIOSIS Besnoitia besnoiti (protozoan)
- tropical and subtropicalareas - world
vector-borne,vehicle-borne
cattle, goats,cervids(caribou inparticular)
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Hazards associated with imported Bovine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
EPIZOOTICHAEMORRHAGICDISEASE
orbivirus - North America, Africa,Australia, perhapsCaribbean
vector-borne deer, cattle,sheep con-troversial,camelids
IBARAKI DISEASE orbivirus - Japan vector-borne cattle
MALIGNANTCATARRHALFEVER
alcephalineherpesvirus 1
- Africa, United States,Canada, Australia, NewZealand, Europe,Scandinavia, East Indies
direct cattle,farmed deerreservoir infree livingruminants
TICK-BORNEFEVER
Cytoecetesphagocytophila(rickettsia)
- UK, Scandinavia,Switzerland, Spain
vector-borne sheep, cattle,deer, goats
WESSELSBRONDISEASE
group Barboviruses
- Southern Africa vector-borne cattle, sheep
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- worldwide direct
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, some maybe vehicle-borne
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Additional hazards for imported Bulls destined for artificialinsemination centres
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
LEPTOSPIROSIS L pomon,L. Canicola,L grippotyphosa, L.Ictero-hermmohagiiae, L hardjo
B056 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
warm-bloodedanimals
PARATUBERCU-LOSIS(Johne’s disease)
Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis
B059 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
BOVINE GENITALCAMPYLOBAC-TERIOSIS
Campylobacterfoetus var.venerealis
B104 worldwide direct cattle
ENZOOTICBOVINELEUCOSIS
retrovirus B108 North and South America,parts of Europe
direct, vehicle-borne (possiblyvector-borne)
cattle
INFECTIOUSBOVINE RHINO-TRACHEITIS /INFECTIOUSPUSTULARVULVOVAGINITIS
bovine herpesvirus1
B110 worldwide direct cattle
TRICHOMONIA-SIS
Trichomonasfoetus
B112 worldwide direct (venereal) cattle
BOVINE VIRALDIARRHOEA /MUCOSALDISEASE
togavirus C652 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
cattle, sheep
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis (C618), clostridial infections (C616), bovine malignant catarrh (B114), coccidiosis (C620),dermatophilosis (B107), distomatosis (C621), haemorrhagic septicemia (B109), listeriosis (C611), other pasteurelloses (C617),Q fever (B057), salmonellosis - intestinal (C619), toxoplasmosis (C612), vibrionic dysentery (C653), and warblefly infestation(C654).
Other diseases not considered as hazards:eperythrozoonosis.
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Ovine and Caprineboth domestic and wild
Hazards associated with imported Ovine / Caprine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, vehicle-borne, airborne
clovenhoofedanimals
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine, (milddisease insmallruminants)
PESTE DES PETITSRUMINANTS
morbillivirus A050 West and sub-Saharan Africa,Arabian peninsula,India, Asia, Pakistan
direct sheep, goats,cervids
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 Southern and CentralAfrica
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne(mosquitoes)
cattle, sheep,goats,humans, wildherbivores,monkeys,rodents
BLUETONGUE orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria,Turkey, Pakistan,India, Portugal, Spain,Peru, Greek Islands,Australia, South andCentral America,USA, Canada
vector-borne ruminants
SHEEP AND GOATPOX
poxvirus A100 North and East Africa,Middle East, India,Asia, Iberianpeninsula
direct sheep, goats
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep, (goats,horses,camelids,humans)
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
herpesvirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across allcontinents with theexception of Australia
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne,vector-borne
cattle, sheep,goats,horses, dogs,cats, fur-bearingspecies(swine aresecondaryhosts)
ECHINOCOCCOSIS /HYDATIDOSIS
Echinococcusgranulosus
B053 worldwide(uncommon in NorthAmerica,Scandinavia, Iceland,New Zealand,Tasmania)
direct humans,ruminants
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Hazards associated with imported Ovine / Caprine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
HEARTWATER ORCOWDRIOSIS
Cowdriaruminantium(rickettsia)
B055 Africa, Madagascar,parts of West Indies
vector-borne ruminants
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
L pomon,L. Canicola,L grippotyphosa, L.Ictero-hermmohagiiae, L hardjo
B056 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
warm-bloodedanimals
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forsome island countries
direct (biting) warm-bloodedanimals
SCREW-WORM(myiosis)
Cochliomyiahominivorax andChrysomyiabezziana
B060 tropical andsubtropical areas ofAfrica, Asia, Centraland South America
vector-borne warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
ANAPLASMOSIS Anaplasma ovis(rickettsia)
B101 widespread in Africa,sporadic in EasternEurope, USA, Argentina, Lebanon,Israel, Jordan, Iran
vector-borne ruminants
BOVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella abortus B103 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
THEILERIOSIS Theileria lestoquardi(was hirci)
B111 North Africa, MiddleEast, India, Sudan
vector-borne sheep, goats
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease - T.cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne(tsetse flies -Glossina spp.All Naganaorganismsbiologicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
BOVINESPONGIFORMENCEPHALOPATHY(BSE)
prion B115 UK, Switzerlan,Ireland, France,Portugal
vehicle-born,direct?
cattle, kudu,cheetahs,sheep?
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Hazards associated with imported Ovine / Caprine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
CAPRINE AND OVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella melitensis B152 Africa, Europe, Israel,USA
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep, goats,camelids
CONTAGIOUSAGALACTIA
Mycoplasmaagalactiae
B154 Europe, Balkans,Africa, Asia
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep, goats
CONTAGIOUSCAPRINEPLEUROPNEUMONIA
Mycoplasmamycoides capri, M.mycoides mycoides(LC), M. mycoidescapricolum
B155 North Africa, Spain,Mediterranean litoral,Asia Minor, India
direct goats,camelids
NAIROBI SHEEPDISEASE
bunyaviridae B158 East and CentralAfrica
vector-borne sheep, goats
SALMONELLOSIS Salmonella abortusovis
B159 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
sheep,humans
SCRAPIE prion B160 Europe, India, Northand Central America, Iceland, Israel, Japan
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep, goats
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonaspseudomallei
C613 Australia, Papua NewGuinea
direct dogs, cats,domesticlivestock,rodents,rabbits,pigeons,humans
FILARIASIS Elaeophoraschneideri
C622 North and CentralEurope, NewZealand, parts ofRussia, parts of NorthAmerica
vector-borne (biting flies)
mule deer(reservoirhost),moose,caribou,reindeer,wapiti, whitetail deer,sheep
SHEEP MANGE (scab) Psoroptes ovis C706 Parts of Europe,Middle East, Africa,South America
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep, goats,cattle,horses,camelids,rabbits
BESNOITIOSIS Besnoitia besnoiti (protozoan)
- tropical andsubtropical areas -world
vector-borne,vehicle-borne
cattle, goats,cervids(caribou inparticular)
AKABANE DISEASE bunyavirus - Australia, Israel,Japan, Korea, Kenya
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats(seriologicalevidence inhorses,buffalo, deerand dogs)
12
Hazards associated with imported Ovine / Caprine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
LOUPING ILL(ovine encephalomyelitis)
flavivirus - UK, Ireland, Norway,Spain, Bulgaria,Turkey
vector-borne(ticks)
sheep, cattle,horses, deer,dogs,humans;wildlifereservoirsincludecervidsrodents andred grouse
EPIZOOTICHAEMORRHAGICDISEASE
orbivirus - North America, Africa,Australia, perhapsCaribbean
vector-borne deer, cattle,sheepcontrover-sial, camelids
MURRURRUNDIDISEASE (segmentalaxonopathy)
inheriteddegenerativedisease
- Australia direct (vertical) sheep
TICK-BORNE FEVER Cytoecetesphagocytophila(rickettsial)
- UK, Ireland,Scandinavia,Switzerland, Spain
vector-borne sheep, cattle,deer, goats
BORNA DISEASE unclassified RNAvirus
- Germany, Switzerland(may be morewidespread than yetreported)
direct, vehicle-borne
horses,sheep,camelids
WESSELSBRONDISEASE
group B arboviruses - South Africa,Zimbabwe,Mozambique
vector-borne cattle, sheep
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods (foreign)
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
13
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Additional hazards for imported Rams destined for artificialinsemination centres
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
L pomon, L. sejroe, L. Canicola,L grippotyphosa, L.Ictero-hermmohagiiae, L hardjo
B056 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
warm-bloodedanimals
PARATUBERCULOSIS(Johne’s disease)
Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis
B059 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
OVINE EPDIDYMITIS Brucella ovis B115 Australia, NewZealnd, UnitedStates, SouthAmerica, CentralAsia, South Afticaand Europe
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep (ramsmore thanewes)
MAEDI-VISNA lentivirus B161 North America,India, Middle East,Russia, parts ofEurope, Africa
direct sheep(goats)
Additional hazards for imported Bucks destined for artificialinsemination centres
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
L pomon, L. sejroe, L. Canicola,L grippotyphosa, L.Ictero-hermmohagiiae, L hardjo
B056 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
warm-bloodedanimals
PARATUBERCULOSIS(Johne’s disease)
Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis
B059 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
CAPRINE ARTHRITIS-ENCEPHALITIS
lentivirus B153 worldwide, patchy direct goats
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis (C618), border disease, dermatophilosis (B107), bovine malignant catarrh (B114), clostridial infections (C616),coccidiosis (C620), caseous lymphadenitis (C705), contagious ophthalmia (C703), contagious pustular dermatitis (C701),distomatosis (liver fluke, C621), enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE, ovine chlamydiosis, B156), enterotoxaemia (C704), footrot(C702), haemorrhagic septicemia (B109), listeriosis (C611), pasteurellosis (C617), pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte,B157), Q fever (B057), salmonellosis - intestinal (C619) and toxoplasmosis (C612).
14
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Bison, Buffalo, Yak, Wisent, Musk Ox
Hazards associated with imported Bison, Buffalo, Yak, Wisent, Musk Ox
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne
clovenhoofedanimals
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus New JerseyVirus Indiana
A020 parts of Central andSouth America, USA
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
bovine,horses,donkeys,swine,camelids
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East andtropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle,buffalo,swine, otherruminants(mild)
CONTAGIOUSBOVINEPLEUROPNEUMONIA
Mycoplasmamycoides (SC)
A060 Eastern Europe, Asia,Africa, parts ofWestern Europe
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE Capripoxvirus A070 sub-Saharan Africa,Egypt, Israel, Kenya
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,camelids
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 Southern and CentralAfrica
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle, sheep,humans,goats, wildherbivores,monkeys,rodents
BLUETONGUE orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria,Turkey, Pakistan,India, Portugal, Spain,Peru, Greek Isalnds,Australia, South andCentral America,USA, Canada
vector-borne ruminants
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep(goats,horses,camelids,humans)
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
herpesvirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across allcontinents with theexception of Australia
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle, sheep,goats,horses, cats,dogs, fur-bearingspecies(swine aresecondaryhosts)
ECHINOCOCCOSIS /HYDATIDOSIS
Echinococcusgranulosus
B053 worldwide(uncommon in NorthAmerica,Scandinavia, Iceland,New Zealand,Tasmania)
direct humans,ruminants
15
Hazards associated with imported Bison, Buffalo, Yak, Wisent, Musk Ox
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
HEARTWATER(cowdriosis)
Cowdriaruminantium(rickettsia)
B055 Africa, Madagascar,parts of West Indies
vector-borne ruminantsand wildlifereservoirs
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forFinland, Norway,Sweden, Japan, UK,Ireland, Uruguay,Australia, NewZealand
direct (biting) warm-bloodedanimals
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyiahominivorax andChrysomyiabezziana
B060 tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia,Central and SouthAmerica, USA
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
ANAPLASMOSIS Anaplasmamarginale, centrale(rickettsia)
B101 South Africa,Australia, Russia,South America, USA
vector-borne ruminants
BABESIOSIS Babesia bovis(B. argentina,B. berbera,B. bigemina,B. major,B. divergens)
B102 B. bigemina: SouthAmerica, West Indies,Australia, AfricaB. bovis :South andCentral America,Australia, Asia,Southern Europe,AfricaB. divergens: North-west Europe, Spain,Eire, UKB. berbera:MediterraneanEurope, North AfricaB. major: UK, Europe
vector-borne ruminants
BOVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella abortus B103 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
CYSTICERCOSIS Cysticercus bovis B106 worldwide vehicle-borne cattle,reindeer,humans
THEILERIASIS Theileriaparva (East Coastfever)T. mutans,orientalis,taurotragi, buffeli,lawrenci, barnetti.T. annulata(MediterranneanCoast Fever)
B111 parva: Africamutans: Africaorientalis: allcontinentstaurotragi: Africabuffeli: Australiaannulata:Mediterranean
vector-borne(T. mutanstransmitted byAmblyomma spponly)
ruminants,Europeanhare
16
Hazards associated with imported Bison, Buffalo, Yak, Wisent, Musk Ox
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbiologicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
BOVINESPONGIFORMENCEPHALOPATHY(BSE)
prion B115 UK, Switzerland,Ireland, France,Portugal
vehicle-borne cattle, kudu,cheetahs,sheep?
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonaspseudomallei
C613 Australia, Papua-New Guinea
direct dogs, cats,domesticlivestock,rodents,rabbits,pigeons,humans
FILARIASIS Parafilaria bovicolaElaephora poeliSetaria cervi
C622 Sweden, France,Eastern Europe, Asia,South Africa
vector-borne cattle, buffalo
BOVINE EPHEMERALFEVER
bovine ephemeralvirus
- Africa, Australia vector-borne ruminants
AINO VIRUSINFECTION
rhabdovirus - Africa, Asia, EastIndies, Australia
vector-borne sheep, cattle,goats, manywildlifespeciesincludingbuffalo
BOVINE PETECHIALFEVER
Ehrlichia ondiri - Kenya vector-borne cattle
AKABANE DISEASE bunyavirus - Australia, Israel,Japan, Korea, Kenya
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats(seriologicalevidence inhorses,buffalo, deerand dogs)
EPIZOOTICHAEMORRHAGICDISEASE
orbivirus - North America, Africa,Australia, perhapsCaribbean
vector-borne deer, cattle,sheep con-troversial, camelids
17
Hazards associated with imported Bison, Buffalo, Yak, Wisent, Musk Ox
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
IBARAKI DISEASE orbivirus - Japan vector-borne cattle
TICK-BORNE FEVER Cytoecetesphagocytophila(rickettsia)
- UK, Scandinavia,Switzerland, Spain
vector-borne sheep, cattle,deer, goats
WESSELSBRONDISEASE
group Barboviruses
- Southern Africa vector-borne cattle, sheep
SARCOSPORIDIOSIS(Besnoitia andSarcocystis spp.)
Besnoitia besnoitiSarcocystisfusiformis andbuffalonis
- tropical andsubtropical areas -world
vector-borne,vehicle-borne
cattle, goats,cervids
TISSUE WORM Elaphostrongyluscervi
- Norway, Sweden vector-borne(molluscs)
cervids,camelids
SCHISTOSOMIASIS Schistosoma bovisS. mattheeiS. japonicumS. nasalisS. spindale
- S. bovis - Africa,Middle East, Asia,Southern EuropeS. mattheei - AfricaS. japonicum - FarEastS. nasalis - India,Pakistan, SE AsiaS.spindale - Far East
via snailintermediate host
ruminantsand humans(S. japoni-cum - mostdomesticanimals andhumans)
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- worldwide direct
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, some maybe vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canadae:actinomycosis (C618), bovine malignant catarrh (B114), clostridial infections (C616), coccidiosis (C620),dermatophilosis (B107), distomatosis (C621), leptospirosis, listeriosis (C611), other pasteurelloses (C617), Parelaphostrongylustenuis (except for importation into the Provinces of British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan), Q fever (B057), salmonellosis- intestinal (C619), toxoplasmosis (C612), vibrionic dysentery (C653), and warblefly infestation (C654).
Diseases not considered as hazards are:eperythrozoonosis, haemorrhagic septicemia (B109)
18
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Swine
Hazards associated with imported Swine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, vehicle-borne, airborne
clovenhoofedanimals
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus IndianaVirus New Jersey
A020 USA, Central andSouth America
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne(mosquitoes,biting flies)
cattle,horses,donkeys,swine,camelids
SWINE VESICULARDISEASE
enterovirus A030 parts of Europe andJapan
direct, vehicle-borne
swine
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine, (milddisease insmallruminants)
AFRICAN SWINEFEVER
arbovirus A120 Africa, parts ofEurope
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
swine
HOG CHOLERA(classical swine fever)
pestivirus A130 South and CentralAmerica, Africa, Asia,parts of Europe
direct, vehicle-borne
swine
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep,(goats,horses,camelids,humans)
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
herpesvirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across allcontinents with theexception of Australia
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne,vector-borne
cattle, sheep,goats,horses, dogs,cats, fur-bearingspecies(swine aresecondaryhosts)
ECHINOCOCCOSIS / HYDATIDOSIS
Echinococcusgranulosus
B053 worldwide(uncommon in NorthAmerica,Scandinavia, Iceland,New Zealand,Tasmania)
direct humans,ruminants
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
L pomon,L. Canicola,L grippotyphosa, L.Ictero-hermmohagiiae, L hardjo
B056 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
warm-bloodedanimals
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forsome island countries
direct (biting) warm-bloodedanimals
19
Hazards associated with imported Swine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyiahominivorax andChrysomyiabezziana
B060 tropical andsubtropical Africa,Asia, Central andSouth America
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS Brucella abortus B103 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine, humans
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies- Glossina spp.All Naganaorganisms bio-logically vectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
CYSTICERCOSIS Cysticercuscellulosae
B252 worldwide direct humans, swine
PORCINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella suis B253 Europe, SouthAmerica, Africa, India,Central andSoutheast Asia, Australia, PacificIslands
direct, vehicle-borne
swine
TRICHINELLOSIS Trichinella spiralis B255 worldwide vehicle-borne warm-bloodedanimals
ENTEROVIRUSENCEPHALOMYELITIS
enterovirusTeschen virus
B256 worldwide direct swine
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonaspseudomallei
C613 Australia, Papua NewGuinea
direct, vehicle-borne
dogs, cats,domesticlivestock,rodents,rabbits,pigeons,humans
FILARIASIS Suifilaria suis C622 South Africa vector-borne swine
NIPAH VIRUS paramyxovirus - Malaysia direct swine,humans
20
Hazards associated with imported Swine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Additional hazards for imported Boars destined for artificialinsemination centres
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
LEPTOSPIROSIS L pomon, L.sejroe, L. Canicola,Lgrippotyphosa,L. Ictero-hermmohagiiae, L hardjo
B056 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
warm-bloodedanimals
TRANSMISSIBLEGASTROENTERITIS(TGE)
coronavirus B254 all major swine producingareas
direct, vehicle-borne, perhapsvector-borne(mechanically)
swine
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis (C618), atrophic rhinitis (B251), clostridial infections (C616), coccidiosis (C620), haemorrhagic septicemia(B109), multisystemic wasting disease, pasteurellosis (C617), porcine reproductive/respiratory syndrome (B257), Q fever(B057), salmonellosis - intestinal (C619), swine erysipelas (C801), and toxoplasmosis (C612).
21
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Wild Swine and Peccaries
Hazards associated with importation of Wild Swine and Peccaries
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, vehicle-borne, airborne
clovenhoofedanimals
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus IndianaVirus New Jersey
A020 USA, Central andSouth America
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne(mosquitoes,biting flies)
cattle,horses,donkeys,swine,camelids
SWINE VESICULARDISEASE
enterovirus A030 parts of Europe,Japan
direct, vehicle-borne
swine
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine, (milddisease insmallruminants)
AFRICAN SWINEFEVER
arbovirus A120 Africa, parts ofEurope
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
swine, butpeccariesare resistant
HOG CHOLERA(classical swine fever)
pestivirus A130 South and CentralAmerica, Africa,Asia, parts ofEurope
direct, vehicle-borne
swine
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep,(goats,horses,camelids,humans)
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
herpesvirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across allcontinents with theexception ofAustralia
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne,vector-borne
cattle, sheep,goats,horses, dogs,cats, fur-bearingspecies(swine aresecondaryhosts)
ECHINOCOCCOSIS /HYDATIDOSIS
Echinococcusgranulosus
B053 worldwide(uncommon in NorthAmerica,Scandinavia,Iceland, NewZealand, Tasmania)
direct humans,ruminants
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, exceptfor some islandcountries
direct (biting) warm-bloodedanimals
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyiahominivorax andChrysomyiabezziana
B060 tropical andsubtropical Africa,Asia, Central andSouth America
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS Brucella abortus B103 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
22
Hazards associated with importation of Wild Swine and Peccaries
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine, humans
THEILERIASIS Theileriaparva (East Coastfever)T. mutansT. orientalisT. taurotragiT. buffeliT. annulata(MediterranneanCoast Fever)
B111 parva: Africamutans: Africaorientalis: allcontinentstaurotragi: Africabuffeli: Australiaannulata:Mediterranean
vector-borne(T. mutanstransmitted byAmblyomma spponly)
ruminants,Europeanhare
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa,South America, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies- Glossina spp.All Naganaorganisms bio-logically vectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
JAPANESEENCEPHALITIS
flavivirus B212 Malaysia, Japan,Eastern SovietUnion, Korea,China, Taiwan, thePhilippines,Indonesia,Singapore, HongKong, Vietnam,Laos, Bangladesh,Nepal, Thailand,Burma, Sri Lanka,India, the PacificIslands
vector-borne(mosquitoes)
humans,horses,swine, cattle,sheep, goats,rabbits, rats,pigeons,dogs, ducks,chickens,wild birds,reptiles
CYSTICERCOSIS Cysticercuscellulosae
B252 worldwide direct humans,swine
PORCINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella suis B253 Europe, SouthAmerica, Africa,India, Central andSoutheast Asia, Australia, PacificIslands
direct, vehicle-borne
swine
TRICHINELLOSIS Trichinella spiralis B255 worldwide vehicle-borne warm-bloodedanimals
ENTEROVIRUSENCEPHALOMYELITIS
enterovirusTeschen virus
B256 worldwide direct swine
23
Hazards associated with importation of Wild Swine and Peccaries
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonaspseudomallei
C613 Australia, PapuaNew Guinea
direct, vehicle-borne
dogs, cats,domesticlivestock,rodents,rabbits,pigeons,humans
FILARIASIS Suifilaria suis C622 South Africa vector-borne swine
BESNOITIOSIS Besnoitia besnoiti,bennetti
- France, Israel,Korea, Russia,Africa, Portugal,Venezuela
vehicle-borne,vector-borne
cattle,horses,zebras,donkeys,mule, goats,carnivoresare naturalhost
VENEZUELAN EQUINEENCEPHALOMYELITIS
alphavirus - South and CentralAmerica, USA
vector-borne(arthropods)
horses,humans,camelids(asympto-matic in wildswine)
BABESIOSIS Babesia spp,includingB.trautmanni
- B. trautmanni -swine babesiosis,Russia, Africa
vector-borne ruminantsand swine
NIPAH VIRUS paramyxovirus - Malaysia direct swine,humans
AKABANE DISEASE bunyavirus - Australia, Israel,Japan, Korea, Kenya
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats(seriologicalevidence inhorses,buffalo, deerand dogs)
AINO VIRUSINFECTION
rhabdovirus - Africa, Asia, EastIndies, Australia
vector-borne cattle,buffalo,asymptoma-tic in wildsuidae
SWINE INFLUENZA(foreign strains)
orthomyxovirus - worldwide direct swine(avians,humans)
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis (C618), atrophic rhinitis (B251), bordetellosis, clostridial infections (C616), coccidiosis (C620), corynebacterialinfections, Glassers’ disease, haemorrhagic septicemia (B109), leptospirosis (endemic serovars), listeriosis, multisystemicwasting disease, necrobacillosis, pasteurellosis (C617), porcine reproductive/respiratory syndrome (B257), Q fever (B057), salmonellosis - intestinal (C619), swine erysipelas (C801), and toxoplasmosis (C612).
Diseases not considered as hazards:echinococcosis, foreign serovars of leptospira
24
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Equine
Hazards associated with imported Equine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus IndianaVirus New Jersey
A020 USA, Central andSouth America
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,horses,donkeys,swine,camelids
AFRICAN HORSESICKNESS
orbivirus A110 Africa, Spain,Portugal
vector-borne horses,mules,donkeys
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borne experi-imentally)
cattle,sheep(goats,horses,camelids,humans)
HYDATIDOSIS /ECHINOCOCCOSIS
Echinococcusgranulosus
B053 worldwide(uncommon in NorthAmerica,Scandinavia, Iceland,New Zealand,Tasmania)
direct humans,ruminants,horses
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
L pomon,L. Canicola,L grippotyphosa, L.Ictero-hermmohagiiae, L hardjo
B056 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
warm-bloodedanimals
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forsome island countries
direct (biting) warm-bloodedanimals
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyiahominivorax andChrysomyiabezziana
B060 tropical andsubtropical areas ofAfrica, Asia, Centraland South America
direct warm-bloodedanimalsand birds
BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS Brucella abortus B103 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
CONTAGIOUS EQUINEMETRITIS
Haemophilus (nowTaylorella)equigenitalis
B201 Morocco, Japan, partsof Europe
direct (venereal) horses
DOURINE Trypanosomaequiperdum
B202 Africa, Asia, SouthAmerica, parts ofRussia, Burma
direct (venereal),vector born
horses,donkeys
EPIZOOTICLYMPHANGITIS(pseudoglanders, equineblastomycosis, equinehistoplasmosis)
Histoplasmafarciminosum
B203 Asia, Africa, theMediterranean littoral
direct, vehicle-borne
horses
EQUINE INFECTIOUSANAEMIA
retroviridae B205 worldwide direct, vector-borne, vehicle-borne
horses
25
Hazards associated with imported Equine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
EQUINEPIROPLASMOSIS(BABESIOSIS)
Babesia(Piroplasma) equiand caballi
B207 Southern Europe,Asia, Americas,Russia
vector-borne horses
GLANDERS Actinobacillusmallei
B209 Eastern Europe, Asia,North Africa, parts ofChina and Mongolia
vehicle-borne(ingested)
humans,smallcarnivores,equids
JAPANESEENCEPHALITIS
flavivirus B212 Malaysia, Japan,Eastern Soviet Union,Korea, China,Taiwan, thePhilippines,Indonesia, Singapore,Hong Kong, Vietnam,Laos, Bangladesh,Nepal, Thailand,Burma, Sri Lanka,India, the PacificIslands
vector-borne(mosquitoes)
humans,horses,swine,cattle,sheep,goats,rabbits,rats,pigeons,dogs,ducks,chickens,wild birds,reptiles
HORSE MANGE Psoroptes equi B213 Great Britain direct, vehicle-borne
horses,donkeys,mules
SURRA and MURRINA Trypanosomaevansi andequinum
B215 Africa, north of theTsetse belt, MiddleEast, Asia, Centraland South America
vector-borne camelids,horses,buffalo,cattle
VENEZUELAN EQUINEENCEPHALOMYELITIS
alphavirus B216 South and CentralAmerica, USA
vector-borne(arthropods)
horses,humans,camelids
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonasmallei
C613 Australia, Papua NewGuinea
direct cats, dogs,humans,rabbits,pigeons,farmanimals
FILARIASIS Elaeophora bohmiParafilariamultipapillosa
C622 parts of Europe,China, SouthAmerica, North Africa
vector-borne (biting flies)
horses
SALMONELLOSIS Salmonella abortusequi
C754 rare direct, vehicle-borne
horses
BORNA DISEASE unclassified RNAvirus
- Germany, Switzerland(may be morewidespread than yetreported)
direct, vehicle-borne
horses,sheep,camelids
WEST NILE FEVER West Nile virus - FrenchMediterranean,Morocco
vector-borne humans,horses
HENDRA VIRUS paramyxovirus - Australia direct humans,horses,cats, gineapigs(reservoir inbats andrabbits)
26
Hazards associated with imported Equine
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:dermatophilosis (B107), equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac Fever), clostridial infections (C616), eastern and westernequine encephalitis (B204), equine coital exanthema (genital horsepox C751), equine influenza (B206), equine rhinopneumonitis(B208), equine viral arteritis (B211), haemorrhagic septicemia (B109), Q fever (B057), listeriosis (C611), paratuberculosis(B059), toxoplasmosis (C612), salmonellosis - intestinal (C619), and strangles (C753).
Other diseases not considered as hazards:horse pox (B210) and ulcerative lymphangitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) (C752).
27
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Wild EquidsZebra (Grant’s, Grevy”s, mountain and Burchell’s),
Przewalski’s horse (Mongolian wild horse), wild ass, wildhorse
Hazards associated with Wild Equids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus IndianaVirus New Jersey
A020 USA, Central andSouth America
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,horses,donkeys,swine,camelids
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle,buffalo,swine, otherruminants(mild),perissodac-tylae (odd-toedungulates)
AFRICAN HORSESICKNESS
orbivirus A110 Africa, Spain, Portugal direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,horses,donkeys,swine,camelids,zebras(asympto-matic)
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep,goats,horses,camelids,humans,elephants,hippos,rhinos
ECHINOCOCCOSIS /HYDATIDOSIS
Echinococcusgranulosus
B053 worldwide (uncommonin North America,Scandinavia, Iceland,New Zealand,Tasmania)
direct humans,ruminants,horses
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide except forsome island countries
direct (biting) warm-bloodedanimals
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyahominivorax,Chrysomyiabezziana
B060,B061
tropical and subtropicalAfrica, Asia, Centraland South America
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
28
Hazards associated with Wild Equids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies- Glossina spp.All Naganaorganisms bio-logically vectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
DOURINE Trypanosomaequiperdum
B202 Africa, Asia, SouthAmerica, parts ofRussia, Burma
direct (venereal),vectored
horses,donkeys
EPIZOOTICLYMPHANGITIS(pseudoglandersequine blastomycosis,equine histoplasmosis)
Histoplasmafarciminosum
B203 Asia, Africa,Mediterranean littoral
direct, vehicle-borne
horses
EQUINE INFECTIOUSANAEMIA
retroviridae B205 worldwide direct, vector-borne, vehicle-borne
horses
GLANDERS Actinobacillusmallei
B209 Eastern Europe, Asia,North Africa, parts ofChina and Mongolia
vehicle-borne(ingested)
humans,smallcarnivores,equids
JAPANESEENCEPHALITIS
flavivirus B212 Malaysia, Japan,Eastern Soviet Union,Korea, China, Taiwan,the Philippines,Indonesia, Singapore,Hong Kong, Vietnam,Laos, Bangladesh,Nepal, Thailand,Burma, Sri Lanka,India, the PacificIslands
vector-borne(mosquito)
humans,horses,swine, cattle,sheep, goats,rabbits, rats,pigeons,dogs, ducks,chickens,wild birds,reptiles
SURRA and MURRINA Trypanosomaevansi andequinum
B215 Africa, north of theTsetse belt, MiddleEast, Asia, Central andSouth America
vector-borne camelids, horses,buffalo, cattle
VENEZUELANEQUINEENCEPHALITIS
alphavirus B216 South and CentralAmerica, USA
vector-borne(arthropods)
horses,camelid,humans
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonasmallei
C613 tropics, subtropics direct multiplemammalianand avianspecies
29
Hazards associated with Wild Equids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumbovis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
BESNOITIOSIS Besnoitiabesnoiti, bennetti
- France, Israel, Korea,Russia, Africa,Portugal, Venezuela
vehicle-borne,vector-borne
cattle,horses,zebras,donkeys,mule, goats,(carnivoresare naturalhosts)
PIROPLASMOSIS(babesiosis)
Babesia equi, B.caballi
- Southern Europe,Russia, Africa, Asia,Americas
vector-borne perissodac-tylae
THEILERIASIS Theileria parvaspp. (East Coastfever)T. mutans,orientalis,taurotragi, buffeli,annulata(MediterraneanCoast Fever)
- parva, mutans,taurotragi - Africa
buffeli - Australia
annulata - Asia, mid-East, Mediterranean
orientalis - worldwide
vector-borne ruminants,Europeanhare
BORNA DISEASE unclassified RNAvirus
- Germany, Switzerland(may be morewidespread than yetreported)
direct, vehicle-borne
horses,sheep,camelids
WEST NILE FEVER West Nile virus - Morocco, FrenchMediterranean
vector-borne horses,humans
HENDRA VIRUS paramyxovirus - Australia direct humans,horses, cats,ginea pigs(reservoir inbats andrabbits)
AKABANE DISEASE bunyavirus - Australia, Israel, Japan,Korea, Kenya
vector-borne cattle, sheep, goats(seriologicalevidence inhorses,buffalo, deerand dogs)
AINO VIRUSINFECTION
rhabdovirus - Africa, Asia, EastIndies, Australia
vector-borne cattle, buffalo
MANGE Psoroptes ovis - parts of Europe, MiddleEast, Africa, SouthAmerica
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep,horses,goats,camelids,cattle, rabbits
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
30
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis, clostridial infections, colibacillosis, corynebacterial infections, equine encephalomyelitis, EE & WEE, equineinfluenza, equine viral rhinopneumonitis, equine viral arteritis, leptospirosis, necrobacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis(intestinal), staphylococcal infections, streptococcal infections
Other diseases not considered as hazards:brucellosis, contagious equine metritis, foot and mouth disease, rift valley fever
31
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Poultry
Hazards associated with imported Poultry
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOWL PLAGUE(Highly pathogenicavian influenza)
orthomyxovirustype A
A150 worldwide direct, indirect avians
NEWCASTLEDISEASE
paramyxovirustype 1
A160 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne, airborne
avians
AVIANTUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumavium
B303 worldwide direct all speciesof birds,rabbits andswine
DUCK HEPATITIS duck hepatitisvirus
B304 worldwide direct waterfowl
FOWL TYPHOID Salmonellagallinarum
B308 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
chickens,turkeys
PULLORUM DISEASE Salmonellapullorum
B313 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
chickens,turkeys
AVIANSPIROCHAETOSIS
Borreliaanserina
C854 warm areas(Southern USA)
direct, vector-borne (tick vector -Argas persicus)
avians
GOOSE PARVOVIRUSINFECTION(Derzsy’s disease)
parvovirus - all major goose-farmingareas (Europe, Russia,Israel, Far East)
direct, vehicle-borne
geese andMuscovyducks
TURKEY VIRALRHINOTRACHEITIS /
SWOLLEN HEADDISEASE (chickens)
pneumovirus - widespread in most majorpoultry-rearing area,
except North America
direct, (vehicle-borne and air-
borne highly likelybut currentlyunproven)
turkeys,chickens,
guineafowl,pheasants
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths(foreign)
- direct, some maybe vehicle-borne
32
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:avian chlamydiosis (B312), avian encephalomyelitis (C853), avian leukosis (C856), avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasmagallisepticum) (B311), avian tuberculosis (B303), coccidiosis (C620), duck virus enteritis (B305), fowl cholera (B306), fowl pox(B307), infectious bronchitis (B301), infectious bursal disease (B309), infectious laryngotracheitis (B302), and Marek’s disease(B310).
33
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Ratites
Hazards associated with imported Ratites
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 Southern and CentralAfrica
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne(mosquitoes)
cattle, sheep,humans(ratites mayserve as areservoirhost)
FOWL PLAGUE(highly pathogenic avianinfluenza)
orthomyxovirus type A
A150 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
avians
NEWCASTLE DISEASE paramyxovirus type 1
A160 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne, air-borne
avians
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne(experimentally,vector-borne)
cattle, sheep,(goats,horses,humans,ostrich)
HEARTWATER(Cowdriosis)
Cowdriaruminantium(rickettsia)
B055 Africa, parts of WestIndies, Madagascar
vector-borne(ticks)
ruminants(found inostrich bloodsamples)
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans(bird)
VENEZUELAN EQUINEENCEPHALOMYELITIS
alphavirus B216 South and CentralAmerica, USA
vector-borne(arthropods)
horses,humans(Eastern EEcausespathology inostriches)
AVIAN TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumavium
B303 worldwide direct all species ofbirds, rabbitsand swine
FOWL TYPHOID Salmonellagallinarum
B308 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
avians
PULLORUM DISEASE Salmonellapullorum
B313 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
avians
WESSELSBRONDISEASE
Group B arbovirus - South Africa,Zimbabwe,Mozambique
vector-borne sheep, cattle,humans(ratites mayact asvectors)
CRIMEAN-CONGOHAEMORRHAGICFEVER
bunyavirus - South Africa vector-borne(ticks)
humans,ruminants,avians(poultry andostriches)
BORNA DISEASE unclassified RNAvirus
- Germany, Switzerland(may be morewidespread than yetreported)
direct, vehicle-borne
horses,sheep(ostrich inIsrael)
34
Hazards associated with imported Ratites
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
AEGYPTIANELLOSIS Aegyptia pullorum(rickettsia)
- South Africa vector-borne(ticks)
avians
VERMINOUSGASTRITIS (wireworm)
Libyostrongylusdouglassi(nematode)
- South Africa,Australia, USA
vehicle-borne ratites
VERMINOUSENCEPHALITIS
Chandlerellaquiscali(nematode)
- South Africa, USA vector-borne(Culicoides)
emu,grackles,starlings
SALMONELLAENTERIDITIS
S. enteritidis phagetype 4
- worldwide verticaltransmission
public healthsignificancebecausenon-hostadapted
CESTODEINFESTATION
Huottuyniastruthionus
- Africa, South America vehicle-borne ostrich, rhea
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:avian chlamydiosis (B312), dermatophilosis (B107), coccidiosis (C620), and fowl pox (B307).
35
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Bees
Hazards associated with imported Bees
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
VARROASIS Varroa jacobsoni B455 Asia, Eastern Europe,South America, UK
direct bees
AFRICANISATION genetics of Africanbee species
- Central and SouthAmerica, Africa, USA
direct bees
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:acariasis of bees (B451), American foulbrood (B452), European foulbrood (B453), and nosemosis (B454).
36
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Cervids
Hazards associated with imported Cervids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus AVirus OVirus CVirus SAT 1Virus SAT 2Virus SAT 3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America andEurope
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne
clovenhoofedanimals
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus New JerseyVirus Indiana
A020 Central and SouthAmerica, USA
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,horses,swine, deer,camelids
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine
PESTE DES PETITSRUMINANTS
morbillivirus A050 West and sub-SaharanAfrica, Arabianpeninsula, India, Asia,Pakistan
direct sheep, goats,cervids
BLUETONGUE orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria,Turkey, Pakistan, India,Portugal, Spain, Peru,Greek Islands, Australia,South and CentralAmerica, USA, Canada
vector-borne ruminants
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
ruminants(goats,horses,camelids,humans)
HEARTWATER(cowdriosis)
Cowdriaruminantium(Rickettsia)
B055 Africa, Madagascar,parts of West Indies
vector-borne ruminants
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
L pomon,L. Canicola,L grippotyphosa,L. Ictero-hermmohagiiae, L hardjo
B056 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
warm-bloodedanimals
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forsome island countries
direct (biting) warm-bloodedanimals
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyiahominivorax andChrysomyiabezziana
B060 tropical and subtropicalAfrica, Asia, North andSouth America
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
ANAPLASMOSIS Anaplasmamarginale(Rickettsia)
B101 South Africa, Australia,USA, South America,Russia
vector-borne ruminants
37
Hazards associated with imported Cervids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
BABESIOSIS Babesia bovis (B. argentina,B. berbera, B. bigemina,B. major, B. divergens)
B102 B. bigemina: SouthAmerica, West Indies,Australia, AfricaB. bovis :South andCentral America,Australia, Asia, SouthernEuropeB. divergens: North-westEurope, Spain, Eire, UKB. bovis: Europe, SouthAmerica, AfricaB. berbera:Mediterranean Europe,North AfricaB. major: UK, Europe
vector-borne ruminants
BOVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella abortus B103 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
BRUCELLOSIS Brucella rangiferi - worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
reindeer,caribou
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
THEILERIOSIS(turning sickness indeer)
Theileria taurotragi, cervi,arestotalis,tarandi, mutans,annulata, parva,lawrenci, barnetti
B111 Africa vector-borne wild cervids,cattle
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbiologicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals(kudu knownto be one ofthe wildlifereservoirs)
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
SURRA Trypanosomaevansi
B215 Africa, South America,Asia
mechanicallyvector-borne (flies)
horses,ruminants,elephants,swine
38
Hazards associated with imported Cervids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
PORCINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucellasuisbiovar 4 and5
B253 USA, Northern Europe,Russia
direct, vehicle-borne
swine,caribou,reindeer,moose
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonaspseudomallei
C613 Australia, Papua NewGuinea
direct dogs, cats,domesticlivestock,rabbits,rodents,pigeons,humans
FILARIASIS Elaeophoraschneideri
C622 North and CentralEurope, New Zealand,parts of Russia
vector-borne (bitingflies)
mule deer(reservoirhost),moose,caribou,reindeer,wapiti, whitetail deer,sheep
HERPES VIRUSOFCERVIDS
CHV-1 (related toBHV-1)
- Scotland, European wildpopulations
direct red deer, roedeer,chamois,reindeer, ibex
MALIGNANTCATARRHAL FEVER
alcephalineherpesvirus 1
- Africa, United States,Canada, Australia, NewZealand, Europe,Scandinavia, East Indies
direct cattle,farmed deerreservoir infree livingruminants
TICK-BORNE FEVER Cytoecetesphagocytophila
- UK, Ireland, Scandinavia,Spain, Switzerland
vector-borne sheep, cattle,deer, goats
TISSUE WORM Elaphostrongy-lus cervi
- Norway, Sweden vector-borne(molluscs)
cervids,camelids
CHRONIC WASTINGDISEASE OF DEER(transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy)
unknown - USA wild and farmedcervids, zoo animalselsewhere
direct mule deer,RockyMountain elk,antelopes,wapiti, white-tailed deer
EPIZOOTICHAEMORRHAGICDISEASE
orbivirus - North America, Africa,Australia, perhapsCaribbean
vector-borne deer (mainlywhite-tailed),cattle, sheepcontrover-sial, camelids
BESNOITIOSIS Besnoitiabesnoiti,B. tarandi
- worldwide, sub-polar andtropical-subtropical
vector-borne,vehicle-borne
cattle, goats,cervids (B.tarandi incaribou inparticular)
LOUPING ILL flavivirus - UK, Ireland, Norway,Spain, Bulgaria, Turkey
vector-borne (ticks) sheep(ruminants,horses,swine,rodents, wildbirds)humans
39
Hazards associated with imported Cervids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths(foreign)
- direct, some maybe vehicle-borne
40
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Additional Hazards associated with Wild Cervids, Antelope& Pronghorn
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOST RANGE
LUMPY SKINDISEASE
Capripoxvirus A070 sub-Saharan Africa,Egypt, Israel, Kenya
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,camelids,experimentallyinfects impala
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
herpesvirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across allcontinents with theexception of Australia
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne,vector-borne
cattle, sheep,goats, horses,dogs, cats, fur-bearingspecies(swine aresecondaryhosts)
NAIROBI SHEEPDISEASE
bunyaviridae B158 East and Central Africa vector-borne sheep, goats,blue duikers
CYTAUXZOONOSIS(protozoan)
Cytauxzoonsylvicapri, C.strepsocerosi,C. taurotrugi
- Africa vector-borne giraffes, kudu,eland, duikers
AKABANE DISEASE bunyavirus - Australia, Israel, Japan,Korea, Kenya
vector-borne cattle, sheep, goats(seriologicalevidence inhorses,buffalo, deerand dogs)
BOVINEEPHEMERAL FEVER
bovineephemeral virus
- Africa, Australia, Asia vector-borne ruminants
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:bovine virus diarrhoea (C652), dermatophilosis (B107), eperythrozoonosis, haemorrhagic septicemia (B109), infectious bovinerhinotracheitis (B110), lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), malignant catarrhal fever (OHV2), paratuberculosis (Johnes diseaseB059), tularaemia (B352), Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (except for importation into the Provinces of British Columbia, Alberta andSaskatchewan) and warble fly infestation (Hypoderma diana) (C654).
Other diseases not considered as hazards:alpaca fever (streptococcus zooepidemicus), aspergillosis, candidiasis, colibacillosis, cryptococcosis, mucormycosis,necrobacillosis, nocardiosis, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
41
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
New World Camelids - Llamas &Alpacas
Hazards associated with imported New World Camelids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, air-borne,vehicle-borne
clovenhoofedanimals
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus New JerseyVirus Indiana
A020 parts of Central andSouth America, USA
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,horses, deer,swine,camelids
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,and tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE Capripoxvirus A070 sub-Saharan Africa,Egypt, Israel, Kenya
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,camelids
BLUETONGUE orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria,Turkey, Pakistan,India, Portugal, Spain,Peru, Greek Islands,Australia, South andCentral America,USA, Canada
vector-borne ruminants
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep,(goats,horses,humans,camelids)
ECHINOCOCCOSIS /HYDATIDOSIS
Echinococcusgranulosus
B053 worldwide (butuncommoon in NorthAmerica,Scandinavia, Iceland,New Zealand,Tasmania)
direct humans,ruminants
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
L pomon,L. Canicola,L grippotyphosa, L.Ictero-hermmohagiiae, L hardjo
B056 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
warm-bloodedanimals
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forsome island countries
direct (biting) warm-bloodedanimals
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyiahominivorax andChrysomyiabezziana
B060 tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia,Central and SouthAmerica
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
42
Hazards associated with imported New World Camelids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
BABESIOSIS Babesia bovisB.argentina,B.berbera,B.bigemina,B.major,B.divergens)
B102 B.bigemina: SouthAmerica, West Indies,Australia, AfricaB.bovis: South andCentral America,Africa, Australia, Asia,Southern EuropeB.divergens;Northwest Europe,Spain, Eire, UKB.berbera:MediterraneanEurope, North AfricaB.major: UK, Europe
vector-borne(arthropods)
ruminants
BOVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella abortus B103 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
THEILERIASIS Theileriaparva (East Coastfever)T. mutansT. orientalisT. taurotragiT. buffeliT. annulata(MediterranneanCoast Fever)
B111 parva: Africamutans: Africaorientalis: allcontinentstaurotragi: Africabuffeli: Australiaannulata:Mediterranean
vector-borne(T. mutanstransmitted byAmblyomma spponly)
ruminants,Europeanhare
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies- Glossina spp.All Naganaorganisms bio-logically vectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
CAPRINE AND OVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella melitensis B152 Africa, Europe, Israel,USA
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep, goats,camelids
CONTAGIOUSCAPRINEPLEUROPNEUMONIA
Mycoplasmamycoides capri,M. mycoidesmycoides (LC),M. mycoidescapricolum
B155 North Africa, Spain,Mediterranean litoral,Asia Minor, India
direct goats,camelids
43
Hazards associated with imported New World Camelids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
MANGE Psoroptes ovis B213 parts of Europe,Middle East, Africa,South America
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep,horses,goats, cattle,rabbits,camelid
VENEZUELANEQUINEENCEPHALOMYELITIS
alphavirus B216 South and CentralAmerica, USA
vector-borne(arthropods)
horses,humans,camelids
EPIZOOTICHAEMORRHAGICDISEASE
orbivirus - North America, Africa,Australia, perhapsCaribbean
vector-borne deer (mainlywhite-tailed),cattle, sheepcontrover-sial, camelids
BORNA DISEASE unclassified RNAvirus
- Germany, Switzerland(may be morewidespread than yetreported)
direct, vehicle-borne
horses,sheep,camelids
BOVINE EPHEMERALFEVER
bovine ephemeralvirus
- Africa, Australia, Asia vector-borne cattle,buffalo,camelids
CAMELPOX orthopoxvirus - India, Pakistan,Afghanistan, Iran,Russia, Middle East,North and East Africa
direct camelids,rabbits
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, some maybe vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis (C618), caseous lymphadenitis (Corynebacterium streptococcus C705), clostridial infections (C616), coccidiosis(C620), haemorrhagic septicemia (B109), paratuberculosis (Johnes disease B059), Q fever (B057),listeriosis(C611),toxoplasmosis (C612), bovine virus diarrhoea/mucosal disease (C652), and warble fly infestation (Hypoderma diana) (C654).
Other diseases not considered as hazards:alpaca fever (Streptococcus zooepidemicus), aspergillosis, candidiasis, colibacillosis, cryptococcosis, mucormycosis,necrobacillosis, nocardiosis, and Parelaphostrongylus tenuis.
44
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Old World Camelids
Hazards associated with Bactrian Camels and Dromedaries
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus O Virus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne
clovenhoofedanimals
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus New JerseyVirus Indiana
A020 parts of Central andSouth America, USA
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,horses,donkeys,swine,camelids
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East andtropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle,buffalo,swine, otherruminants(mild)
CONTAGIOUSBOVINEPLEUROPNEUMONIA
Mycoplasmamycoides (SC)
A060 Eastern Europe, Asia,Africa, parts ofWestern Europe
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE Capripoxvirus A070 sub-Saharan Africa,Egypt, Israel, Kenya
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,camelids
BLUETONGUE orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria,Turkey, Pakistan,India, Portugal, Spain,Peru, Greek Islands,Australia, South andCentral America,USA, Canada
vector-borne ruminants
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borne experi-mentally)
cattle, sheep (goats,horses,camelids,humans)
ECHINOCOCCOSIS /HYDATIDOSIS
Echinococcusgranulosus
B053 worldwide (butuncommoon in NorthAmerica,Scandinavia, Iceland,New Zealand,Tasmania)
direct humans,ruminants
HEARTWATER ORCOWDRIOSIS
Cowdriaruminantium(rickettsia)
B055 Africa, Madagascar,parts of West Indies
vector-borne ruminants
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forsome island countries
direct (biting) warm-bloodedanimals
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyiahominivorax andChrysomyiabezziana
B060 tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia,Central and SouthAmerica
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
ANAPLASMOSIS Anaplasmamarginale(rickettsia)
B101 South Africa,Australia, Russia,South America, USA
vector-borne ruminants
45
Hazards associated with Bactrian Camels and Dromedaries
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
BABESIOSIS Babesia bovisB.argentina,B.berbera,B.bigemina,B.major,B.divergens)
B102 B.bigemina: SouthAmerica, West Indies,Australia, AfricaB.bovis: South andCentral America,Africa, Australia, Asia,Southern EuropeB.divergens;Northwest Europe,Spain, Eire, UKB.berbera:MediterraneanEurope, North AfricaB.major: UK, Europe
vector-borne(arthropods)
ruminants
BOVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella abortus B103 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
THEILERIASIS Theileriaparva (East Coastfever)T. mutansT. orientalisT. taurotragiT. buffeliT. annulata(MediterranneanCoast Fever)
B111 parva: Africamutans: Africaorientalis: allcontinentstaurotragi: Africabuffeli: Australiaannulata:Mediterranean
vector-borne(T. mutanstransmitted byAmblyomma spponly)
ruminants,Europeanhare
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies- Glossina spp.All Naganaorganisms bio-logically vectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
CAPRINE AND OVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella melitensis B152 Africa, Europe, Israel,USA
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep, goats,camelids
CONTAGIOUSCAPRINEPLEUROPNEUMONIA
Mycoplasmamycoides capri, M.mycoidesmycoides (LC),M. mycoidescapricolum
B155 North Africa, Spain,Mediterranean litoral,Asia Minor, India
direct goats,camelids
46
Hazards associated with Bactrian Camels and Dromedaries
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
MANGE Psoroptes ovis B213 parts of Europe,Middle East, Africa,South America
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep,horses,goats,camelids,cattle, rabbits
EPIZOOTICHAEMORRHAGICDISEASE
orbivirus - North America, Africa,Australia, perhapsCaribbean
vector-borne deer (mainlywhite-tailed),cattle, sheepcontrover-sial, camelids
AFRICAN HORSESICKNESS
orbivirus - Africa, Spain,Portugal
vector-borne horses,mule,donkeys,camel
GLANDERS Actinobacillusmallei
- Eastern Europe, Asia,North Africa, parts ofChina & Mongolia
vehicle-borne(ingested)
humans,smallcarnivores,equids,camels
WESSELSBRONDISEASE
group Barboviruses
- Southern Africa vector-borne cattle, sheep,camelids
IBARAKI DISEASE orbivirus - Japan vector-borne cattle
AKABANE DISEASE bunyavirus - Australia, Israel,Japan, Korea, Kenya
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats(seriologicalevidence inhorses,buffalo, deerand dogs)
AINO VIRUSINFECTION
rhabdovirus - Africa, Asia, EastIndies, Australia
vector-borne ruminants
BORNA DISEASE unclassified RNAvirus
- Germany, Switzerland(may be morewidespread than yetreported)
direct, vehicle-borne
horses,sheep,camelids
BOVINE EPHEMERALFEVER
bovine ephemeralvirus
- Africa, Australia, Asia vector-borne cattle,buffalo,camelids
CAMELPOX orthopoxvirus - India, Pakistan,Afghanistan, Iran,Russia, Middle East,North and East Africa
direct camelids,rabbits
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastrointestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, some maybe vehicle-borne
47
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:bovine virus diarrhoea (C652), dermatophilosis (B107), eperythrozoonosis, haemorrhagic septicemia (B109), infectious bovinerhinotracheitis (B110), lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), malignant catarrhal fever (OHV2), paratuberculosis (Johnes diseaseB059), tularaemia (B352), Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (except for importation into the Provinces of British Columbia, Alberta andSaskatchewan) and warble fly infestation (Hypoderma diana) (C654).
Diseases not considered as hazards:Elaphostrongylus cervi
48
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Elephants
Hazards associated with Elephants
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT 1Virus SAT 2Virus SAT 3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne
clovenhoofedanimals
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle,buffalo,swine, otherruminants(mild),perissodac-tylae (odd-toedungulates)
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 Southern and CentralAfrica
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne(mosquitoes)
cattle, sheep,goats,humans, wildherbivores,monkeys,rodents
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep,goats,horses,camelids,humans,elephants,hippos,rhinos
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyahominivorax,Chrysomyiabezziana
B060,B061
tropical and subtropicalAfrica, Asia, Central andSouth America
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbiologicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
49
Hazards associated with Elephants
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
AINO VIRUSINFECTION
rhabdovirus - Africa, Asia, East Indies,Australia
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats, manywildlifespeciesincludingbuffalo
AKABANE DISEASE bunyavirus - Australia, Israel, Japan,Korea, Kenya
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats(seriologicalevidence inhorses,buffalo, deerand dogs)
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonasmallei
- tropics, subtropics direct multiplemammalianand avianspecies
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumtuberculosis var.bovis andhominis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
BABESIOSIS Babesiabigemina
- Central and SouthAmerica, West Indies,Asia, Australia, SouthernEurope
vector-borne ruminants
PIROPLASMOSIS(babesiosis)
Babesia spp. - Southern Europe, Africa,Asia, Americas
vector-borne perissodac-tylae
THEILERIASIS Theileria parvaspp. (East Coastfever)T. mutans,orientalis,taurotragi, buffeli,annulata(MediterraneanCoast Fever)
- parva, mutans, taurotragi- Africa
buffeli - Australia
annulata - Asia, mid-East, Mediterranean
orientalis - worldwide
vector-borne ruminants,Europeanhare
VENEZUELANEQUINEENCEPHALITIS
alphavirus - South and CentralAmerica, USA
vector-borne(arthropods)
horses,camelid,elephants,humans
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis, clostridial infections, colibacillosis, eastern and western equine encephalitides, leptospirosis, listeriosis, pasteurelloses, intestinal salmonellosis
Other diseases not considered as hazards:borna disease, brucellosis (B103), contagious equine metritis (B201), elephant poxvirus, epizootic lymphangitis, equineinfectious anaemia, glanders (B209), rabies (B058), biologically-vectored Trypanosoma spp., vesicular stomatitis (A020).
50
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Giraffe and Okapi
Hazards associated with imported Giraffe and Okapi
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT 1Virus SAT 2Virus SAT 3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne
clovenhoofedanimals
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle,buffalo,swine, otherruminants(mild),perissodac-tylae (odd-toedungulates)
LUMPY SKINDISEASE
Capripoxvirus A070 sub-Saharan Africa,Egypt, Israel, Kenya
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle,camelids, ?giraffes
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep,goats,horses,camelids,humans,elephants,hippos,rhinos
HEARTWATER(cowdriosis)
Cowdriaruminantium(rickettsia)
B055 Africa, Madagascar,parts of West Indies
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats,antelopes,many wildlifereservoirspecies
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyahominivorax,Chrysomyiabezziana
B060,B061
tropical and subtropicalAfrica, Asia, Centraland South America
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
ANAPLASMOSIS Anaplasmamarginale(rickettsia)
B101 South Africa, Australia,Russia, South America,USA
vector-borne ruminants,giraffes,buffalo,wildebeest
51
Hazards associated with imported Giraffe and Okapi
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbiologicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
AKABANE DISEASE bunyavirus - Australia, Israel, Japan,Korea, Kenya
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats(seriologicalevidence inhorses,buffalo, deerand dogs)
AINO VIRUSINFECTION
rhabdovirus - Africa, Asia, EastIndies, Australia
vector-borne cattle,buffalo,wildlifespecies
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonasmallei
- tropics, subtropics direct multiplemammalianand avianspecies
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumhominis, bovis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
CYTAUXZOONOSIS(protozoan)
Cytauxzoonsylvicapri, C.strepsocerosi, C.taurotrugi
- Africa vector-borne giraffes,kudu, eland,duikers
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis, clostridial infections, colibacillosis, corynebacterial infections, necrobacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis(intestinal), staphylococcal infections, streptococcal infectionsOther diseases not considered as hazards:Aujeszky’s disease, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease, rabies, vesicular stomatitis
52
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Hippopotami
Hazards associated with Hippopotami
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOST RANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT 1Virus SAT 2Virus SAT 3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne
cloven hoofedanimals
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus IndianaVirus New Jersey
A020 USA, Central andSouth America
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
cattle, horses,donkeys,swine, camelid
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle, buffalo,swine, otherruminants(mild),perissodac-tylae (odd-toedungulates)
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 Southern and CentralAfrica
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne(mosquitoes)
cattle, sheep,humans.hippopotamiantibody-positive
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep,goats, horses,camelids,humans,elephants,hippos, rhinos
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies- Glossina spp.All Naganaorganisms bio-logically vectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids, swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoir hosts
BOVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella abortus - worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine, horses
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumhominis, bovis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
53
Hazards associated with Hippopotami
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOST RANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
AKABANE DISEASE bunyavirus - Australia, Israel, Japan,Korea, Kenya
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats(seriologi-cal evidencein horses,buffalo, deerand dogs)
AINO VIRUSINFECTION
rhabdovirus - Africa, Asia, EastIndies, Australia
vector-borne cattle, buffalo
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonasmallei
- tropics, subtropics direct multiplemammalianand avianspecies
PIROPLASMOSIS(babesiosis)
Babesia spp. - Southern Europe,Africa, Asia, Americas
vector-borne perissodac-tylae
THEILERIASIS Theileria parvaspp. (East Coastfever)T. mutans,orientalis,taurotragi, buffeli,annulata(MediterraneanCoast Fever)
- parva, mutans,taurotragi - Africa
buffeli - Australia
annulata - Asia, mid-East, Mediterranean
orientalis - worldwide
vector-borne ruminants,European hare
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis, clostridial infections, colibacillosis, corynebacterial infections, necrobacillosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis(intestinal), staphylococcal infections, streptococcal infections
Other diseases not considered as hazards:african horse sickness, borna disease, contagious equine metritis, dourine, epizootic lymphangitis, equine infectious anaemia,glanders, melioidosis, rabies, rift valley fever, screwworm, west nile fever
54
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Rhinoceros
Hazards associated with Rhinoceros
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle,buffalo,swine, otherruminants(mild),perissodac-tylae (odd-toedungulates)
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 Africa direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne(mosquitoes)
cattle, sheep,goats,humanssubclinical inmultipleother species
BLUETONGUE orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria,Turkey, Pakistan, India,Portugal, Spain, Peru,Greek Islands, Australia,South and CentralAmerica, USA, Canada
vector-borne ruminants
AFRICAN HORSESICKNESS
orbivirus A110 Africa, Spain, Portugal vector-borne equines,otherperissodac-tylae
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep,goats,horses,camelids,humans,elephants,hippos,rhinos
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyahominivorax,Chrysomyiabezziana
B060,B061
tropical and subtropicalAfrica, Asia, Central andSouth America
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbiologicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
55
Hazards associated with Rhinoceros
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
HEARTWATER(cowdriosis)
Cowdriaruminantium(rickettsia)
- Africa, Madagascar,parts of West Indies
vector-borne cattle, sheep,goats,antelopes,leopardstortoises,helmetedguinea fowl
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumbovis, hominis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
BABESIOSIS Babesiabigemina
- Central and SouthAmerica, West Indies,Asia, Australia, SouthernEurope
vector-borne ruminants
PIROPLASMOSIS(babesiosis)
Babesia equi,caballi
- Southern Europe,Russia, Africa, Asia,Americas
vector-borne perissodac-tylae
THEILERIASIS Theileria parvaspp.T. mutans,orientalis,taurotragi, buffeli,annulata
- parva, mutans, taurotragi- Africa
buffeli - Australia
annulata - Asia, mid-East, Mediterranean
orientalis - worldwide
vector-borne ruminants,Europeanhare
FILARIASIS Stephanofilariaspp - dinniki,stilesi,assamensis,zaheerei, kaeli,okinawaensis
- Africa - dinnikiUSA, Russia - stilesiAsia - assamensisIndia, Far East - zaheeri,kaeli, okinawaensis
vector-borne cattle,buffalo,rhinos
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis, clostridial infections, colibacillosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, pasteurelloses, intestinal salmonellosis
Other diseases not considered as hazards:akabane, bovine ephemeral fever, borna disease, brucellosis, dourine, elephant poxvirus, epizootic lymphangitis, equineinfluenza, foot and mouth disease, glanders, rabies, lumpy skin disease, vesicular stomatitis, Trypanosoma brucei andcongolense, venezuelan equine encephalitis, wesselsbron disease, west nile fever
56
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Tapirs
Hazards associated with Tapirs
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT 1Virus SAT 2Virus SAT 3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne
clovenhoofedanimals
VESICULARSTOMATITIS
Virus IndianaVirus New Jersey
A020 USA, Central and SouthAmerica
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne (biting flies,mosquitoes)
cattle,horses,donkeys,swine,camelids
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East,tropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle,buffalo,swine, otherruminants(mild),perissodac-tylae (odd-toedungulates)
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borneexperimentally)
cattle, sheep,goats,horses,camelids,humans,elephants,hippos,rhinos
SCREW-WORM Cochliomyiahominivorax,Chrysomyabezziana
B060,B061
tropical and subtropicalAfrica, Asia, Central andSouth America
direct warm-bloodedanimals andbirds
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbio- logicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
MURRINA Trypanosomaequinum
- Africa, north of theTsetse belt, Middle East,Asia, Central and SouthAmerica
vector-borne camelids,horses,buffalo,cattle, tapir
57
Hazards associated with Tapirs
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonaspseudomallei
- tropics and sub-tropics direct, vehicle-borne
wide range ofmamma- lianspecies andbirds
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumhominis, bovis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans,perissodac-tylae (odd-toedungulates)
PIROPLASMOSIS(babesiosis)
Babesia equi andcaballi
- Southern Europe, Africa,Asia, Americas
vector-borne perissodac-tylae
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis, clostridial infections, colibacillosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, pasteurelloses, intestinal salmonellosis
Other diseases not considered as hazards:borna disease, elephant poxvirus, epizootic lymphangitis, equine infectious anaemia, rabies, theileriasis
58
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Procyonidsraccoons, pandas, coatis, cacomistles (ring-tailed cat)
Hazards associated with imported Procyonids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOST RANGE
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borneexperimentally
ungulates,humans, wildcarnivores,ranched foxes
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
herpesvirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across allcontinents with theexception ofAustralia
direct cattle, sheep,goats, horses,felidae, fur-bearing species(swine), foxes,jackals, domesticdogs
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, exceptfor some islandcountries
direct warm-bloodedanimals
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa,South America,Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbiologicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanically vector-borne)
Chagas disease -mechanically vector-borne
Nagana - warm-blooded animals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids, swine,elephants
Chagas disease -humans, swine,dogs, cats, widevariety of wildlife reservoirsincluding lesserpandas
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumhominis, bovis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne ruminants, swine,humans,carnivores
TRICHINELLOSIS Trichinellaspiralis
- worldwide(temperate zones)
vehicle-borne warm-bloodedanimals
TULARAEMIA Francisellatularensis
- North America,Eurasia
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
small mammals,sheep, deer
TRANSMISSIBLE MINKENCEPHALOPATHY(TSE)
prion - follows scrapie andBSE distributions
vehicle-borne farmed mink,raccoons
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Hazards associated with imported Procyonids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOST RANGE
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:canine distemper, canine infectious hepatitis (fox encephalitis), dermatophilosis, giant kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale),infectious feline panleucopaenia, leptospirosis, listeriosis, pasteurellosis, pseudotuberculosis, Q fever, salmonellosis,toxoplasmosis, Tyzzer’s disease
60
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Edentata and Aardvarksincludes Anteaters, Armadillos, and Sloths
Hazards associated with imported Edentates and Aardvarks
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus O Virus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne
clovenhoofedanimals,armadillos
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East andtropical Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle,buffalo,swine, otherruminants(mild) -armadillosplays anunknown role
AFRICAN SWINEFEVER
arbovirus A120 Africa, parts of Europe direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
swinearmadillosplays anunknown role
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borneexperimentally
cattle, sheep(camelid,goats, horse,humans,hare,anteaters)
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide except someisland countries
direct warm-bloodedanimals
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbio- logicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, dogs, cats, widevariety of wildreservoirincludingarmadillos
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Hazards associated with imported Edentates and Aardvarks
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumbovis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans,carnivores,edentates
MANGE Psoroptes,Sarcoptes
- parts of Europe, Africa,Middle East, SouthAmerica
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep, goats,cattle,horses,rabbits,camelid,edentata
LEPROSY Mycobacteriumleprae
- Southern USA (Texas, Louisiana)
direct, vehicle-borne
humans,armadillos
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths(foreign)
- worldwide direct, some maybe vehicle-borne
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- worldwide direct
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:intestinal salmonellosis, leptospirosis, staphylococcosis
Other diseases not considered as hazardous:adiaspiromycosis
62
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
InsectivoraTenrecs, Hedgehogs, Shrews and Moles
Hazards associated with imported Insectivora
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
direct, air-borne,vehicle-borne
clovenhoofedanimals,hedgehogs
TULARAEMIA Francisellatularensis
- North America, Eurasia direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
ruminants,swine,humans,carnivores
LYMPHOCYTICCHORIOMENINGITISVIRUS
arenavirus - direct, vertically-transmitted,vector-borne
rodents,swine, dogs,humans,primates,(rabbits,horses,chickens)East Africanhedgehogs,moles
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:bordetellosis, coccidiosis, leptospirosis, pasteurellosis, Q fever, intestinal salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis
Other diseases not considered as hazards:adiaspiromycosis
63
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Marsupials & MonotremesIncludes Kangaroos, Koalas, Wombats, Wallabys, Duck-
Billed Platypus, Spiny Anteaters, Echidnas, Cuscuss,Bandicoots, Tasmanian Devils, Opossums
Hazards associated with imported Marsupials and Monotremes
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forFinland, Norway,Sweden, Japan, UK,Ireland, Uruguay,Australia, New Zealand
direct (biting) warm-bloodedanimals
BOVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella abortus B103 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbiologicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,dogs, cats,swine, widevariety ofwildlife reservoirincludingopossums
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonaspseudomallei
C613 Australia, Papua-NewGuinea
direct dogs, cats,domesticlivestock,rodents,rabbits,pigeons,humans
TULARAEMIA Francisellatularensis
- North America, Eurasia direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
smallmammals,sheep, deer
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Hazards associated with imported Marsupials and Monotremes
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
TYPHUS ANDMURINE TYPHUS
Rickettsiaprowazekii, typhi
- Eastern USA(prowazekii), worldwide(typhi, mooseri)
vector-borne humans,opossum,rats, cats,flyingsquirrels
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:actinomycosis, bordetellosis, candidiasis, coccidiomycosis, coccidiosis, colibacillosis, corynebacteriosis, diplococcosis,eperythrozoonosis, erysipelas, haemobartonellosis, heartworm, histoplasmosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, necrobacillosis,nocardiosis, pasteurellosis, pseudomoniasis, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, salmonellosis, staphylococcosis,streptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, vibriosis (campylobacteriosis)
Other diseases not considered as hazards:arbovirus (marsupials and monotremes suspected to act a silent carriers), Besnoitiosis, relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis)
65
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Non - human PrimatesRISK ASSESSMENT RESPONSIBILITY LIES WITH HEALTH CANADA DUE TO THE OVERRIDING IMPORTANCE OFZOONOTIC ASPECTS OF IMPORTATION OF THESE ANIMALS. UNTIL THE HEALTH CANADA ASSESSMENT ISCOMPLETE, IMPORTATION OF NON-HUMAN PRIMATES DESTINED FOR NON-ZOO AND NON-RESEARCH FACILITIES ISPROHIBITED. THIS INCLUDES CIRCUS IMPORTATIONS. CFIA IMPOSES OIE IMPORT CONDITIONS WHEN IMPORTATIONIS PERMITTED.
Hazards associated with imported Non - Human Primates
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 Southern and CentralAfrica
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne(mosquitoes)
cattle, sheep,goatshumans, wildherbivores,monkeys,rodents
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s Disease)
herpesvirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across allcontinents with theexception of Australia
direct, airborne,vehicle-borne,vector-borne
cattle, sheep,goats,horses, dogs,cats, fur-bearingspecies(swinesecondaryhosts)
ECHINOCOCCOSIS Echinococcusgranulosus
B053 worldwide (uncommon inNorth America,Scandinavia, Iceland,New Zealand,Tasmania)
direct humans,ruminants
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forsome island countries
direct(biting)
warm-bloodedanimals
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Trypanosomarhodesiense,gambiense
Chagas disease -T. cruzi (zoonotic)
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies- Glossina spp.All Naganaorganisms bio-logically vectored,
Trypanosoma -biologicallyvector-borne (T.Rhdesiense,gambiense)mechanicallyvectored (T.Cruzi)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
TULARAEMIA Francisellatularensis
B352 North America, Eurasia direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne (ticks,tabanid flies,mosquitoes)
smallmammals,sheep, deer
66
Hazards associated with imported Non - Human Primates
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
MELIOIDOSIS Pseudomonaspseudomallei
C613 Australia, Papua NewGuinea
direct dogs, cats,domesticlivestock,rabbits,rodents,pigeons,humans
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumbovis, hominis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,primates
KURU(TSE)
prion - New Guinea vehicle-borne chimpanzee,humans
VENEZUELANEQUINEENCEPHALITIS
alphavirus - South and CentralAmerica, USA
vector-borne(arthropods)
horses,camelid,humans
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- worldwide direct
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- worldwide direct, some maybe vehicle-borne
Zoonotic Hazards associated with imported Non-Human Primates
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
HUMANIMMUNODEFICIENCYVIRUS (AIDS)
HIV - worldwide direct humans,primates
HERPES BENCEPHALITIS(Herpes virus B)
herpesvirussimiae
- Asia, Africa direct humans,rabbits, OldWorldprimates
MONKEYPOX monkeypox virus - Africa direct humans,primates,giantanteater
SMALLPOX variola virus - primate populations direct primates andhumans
YELLOW FEVER flavivirus - Africa, South America vector-borne,rarely direct
all primatesincludinghumans
KYASANUR FORESTVIRUS DISEASE
flavivirus - India vector-borne primates,humans,rodents arereservoirspecies
EBOLA filovirus - Africa direct, vector-borne?
primates,humans
67
Zoonotic Hazards associated with imported Non-Human Primates
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
MENGO VIRUS(encphalomyocarditisvirus)
enterovirus - Africa, South America direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne
rodents(reservoir),lagomorphsswine,mongoose,primates andhumans
MARBURG VIRUS(green monkey virus)
rhabdovirus - Africa unknown - direct, plus ?
Old Worldmonkeys,humans
LYMPHOCYTICCHORIOMENGITISVIRUS (lcm virus)
arenavirus - direct, verticallytransmitted,vector-borne
rodents(reservoirhost), swine,dogs,primates,humans(rabbits,horses andchickensconsidereddead-endhosts)
LASSA FEVER arenavirus - Africa direct humans,primates
BUBONIC PLAGUE Yersinia(Pasteurella)pestis
- uncontrolled wildrodents populations, most continents
vector-borne(rat-> flea)
multiplespeciesincludingsimians andhumans
RELAPSING FEVER Borreliarecurrentis,venezuelensis
- B. recurrentis - AfricaB. venezuelensis -South America
vector-borne primates,humans
Diseases not considered as hazards:bordetellosis, campylobacteriosis, chickenpox virus, chlamydiosis, coccidiomycosis, colibacillosis, corynebacterial infections,cryptococcosis, diplococcosis, eastern and western equine encephalitis virus, enterovirus and rhinovirus (human ‘colds’ and‘flu’) erysipelas infection, glanders, hepatitis virus A and B (human hepatits), hepatitis A and B viruses, herpes simplex virus(‘cold sores’ in man), histoplasmosis, intestinal salmonellosis, klebsiella infection, leptospirosis, listeriosis, mange (Sarcoptesscabei), moniliasis, mumps virus, mycoplasma pneumonia, nocardiosis, pasteurellosis, Plasmodium spp. (Malaria),pneumocystis infection, poliomyelitis viruses I, II and III, pseudomonas infections, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsiarickettsi), rubella virus (German measles), rubeola virus (measles), schistosomiasis, shigellosis, staphylococcosis,streptococcosis, streptothricosis (Dermatophilus congolensis), tanapox virus, Yabavirus
68
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Wild CanidsWolf, Coyote, Jackals, Dingo, Foxes, Raccoon Dog,
Bushdog, Small-Eared Dog, African Hunting Dog
Hazards associated with imported Wild Canids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borneexperimentally
ungulates,humans, wildcarnivores,ranchedfoxes
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
herpesvirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across allcontinents with theexception of Australia
direct cattle, sheep,goats,horses,felidae, fur-bearingspecies(swine),foxes,jackals,domesticdogs
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forsome island countries
direct warm-bloodedanimals
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
T. evansi - North Africa,Middle East, Asia, FarEast, Central and SouthAmerica
Trypanosoma cruzzi -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies- Glossina spp.All Naganaorganisms bio-logically vectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
mechanicallyvector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
T. evansi -warm-bloodedanimals
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, dogs,cats, widevariety ofwildlifereservoirsincludingfoxes
BRUCELLOSIS Brucella abortus,suis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses, dogs,wolf, foxes,jackals
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumhominis, bovis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans,carnivores
TRICHINELLOSIS Trichinellaspiralis
- worldwide (temperatezones)
vehicle-borne warm-bloodedanimals
69
Hazards associated with imported Wild Canids
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
BESNOITIOSIS Besnoitiabesnoiti, bennetti
- France, Israel, Korea,Russia, Africa, Portugal,Venezuela
vehicle-borne,vector-borne
cattle,horses,zebras,donkeys,mule, goats,carnivoresare naturalhost
SALMONPOISONING
Neorickettsiahelminthoeca
- West coast USA vector-borne(trematode, witha snail intermedi-ate host)
arctic red fox,coyote,domesticdogs
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:babesiosis, canine parvovirus, canine parainfluenza, canine eherlichiosis, coccidiosis, Dioctophyma renale (giant kidney worm),distemper, giardiasis, heartworm, infectious canine hepatitis (fox encephalitis), leptospirosis, listeriosis, lungworm,pseudotuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, Tyzzer’s disease
70
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Non - Domestic Felines
Hazards associated with Non-Domestic Felines
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne (vector-borne experimen-tally)
ungulates,horses,humans, bigcats - Africanlions,cougars,cheetahs,lynx,leopards,tigers
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forFinland, Norway,Sweden, Japan, UK,Ireland, Uruguay,Australia, New Zealand
direct (biting,saliva)
warm-bloodedanimals
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
B105 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans, bigcats
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
T. evansi - North Africa,Middle East, Asia, FarEast, Central andSouth America
T. cruzi Central andSouth America
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbiologicallyvectored,
vector-borne
mechanicallyvector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
horses,camel,ruminants,deer, swine,elephants,dogs, cats alldomesticanimals aresusceptible
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, dogs,cats, widerange of wildreservoirhosts
FELINESPONGIFORMENCEPHALOPATHY(Same prion as BSE)
prion - UK, Switzerland,Ireland, France,Portugal (BSE, domes-tic cat FSE); zoopopulation of cheetahin Germany, England(FSE)
vehicle-borne FSE indomesticcats,cheetahs
TRICHINELLOSIS Trichinella spiralis - worldwide (temperatezones)
vehicle-borne warm-bloodedanimals
71
Hazards associated with Non-Domestic Felines
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
BESNOITIOSIS Besnoitia besnoiti,bennetti
- France, Israel, Korea,Russia, Africa,Portugal, Venezuela
vehicle-borne,vector-borne
cattle,horses,zebras,donkeys,mule, goats,carnivoresare naturalhost
CYTAUXZOONOSIS(protozoan,Theileriidae)
Cytauxzoon felis - USA (SE, mid-west,Gulf Coast)
vector-borne bobcat(reservoirhost),domesticcats, tigers,cheetahs,cougars,panther
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:clostridial infections, coccidiosis, cryptococcosis (C.neoformans), enterotoxaemia, feline calicivirus, feline infectious anaemia,feline infectious peritonitis, feline panleukopaenia, feline viral rhinotracheitis, leptospirosis (L. ballum, pomona, grippotyphosa),listeriosis, mycoplasmosis (M. laidlawi, leonis), pasteurellosis, salmonellosis (S. anatum,bredeney,california, newport, saint-paul)
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Lagomorphs
Hazards associated with imported Lagomorphs
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
MYXOMATOSIS poxvirus B351 Europe, Western USA,Australia
direct, vector-borne domesticrabbits,Europeanwild rabbits(Oryctolaguscuniculus)
TULARAEMIA Francisellatularensis
B352 North America, Eurasia direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne (ticks,tabanid flies,mosquitoes)
smallmammals,sheep, deer
VIRALHAEMORRHAGICDISEASE OFRABBITS
parvovirus B353 Europe, Mexico, China,Korea, Australia, Bosnia,Herzegovina
direct, vehicle-borne
rabbits
MANGE Psoroptes ovis C706 parts of Eurpoe, MiddleEast, Africa, SouthAmerica
direct, vehicle-borne
sheep,horses,goats, cattle,rabbits,camelids
HENDRA VIRUS paramyxovirus - Australia direct humans,horses, cats,guinea pigs(reservoir inbats andrabbits)
CAMELPOX orthopoxvirus - India, Pakistan,Afghanistan, Iran, Russia,Middle East, North andEast Africa
direct camelids,rabbits
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Wild Rodents
Hazards associated with imported Wild Rodents
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOST RANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia,parts of SouthAmerica
direct, vehicle-borne, airborne
cloven hoofedanimals, porcupine
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 Central andSouth Africa
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle, sheep, goats,humans, wildherbivores, someprimates, rodents
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne experi-mentally
cattle, sheep,(camelid, goats,horses, humans)hares via vector
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
herpesvirus-Iporcine
B052 patchy acrossall continentswith the excep-tion of Australia
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle, sheep, goats,horses, dogs, cats,rat, mice, porcupine,hare, rabbits,muskrat, woodchuck
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa,South America,Asia
Chagas disease- Central andSouth America,Africa
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies- Glossina spp.All Naganaorganisms bio-logically vectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -(via arthropodvector faeces)
Nagana - warm-blooded animals
Surra-equine,camelid, ruminants,cervids, swine,elephants
Chagas disease -humans, swine,dogs, cats, widevariety of wildreservoir includingrodents
MYXOMATOSIS poxvirus B351 Europe,Western USA,Australia
direct, vector-borne
domestic rabbits,European wildrabbits (Oryctolaguscuniculus)
TULARAEMIA Francisellatularensis
B352 North America,Eurasia
direct, vehicle-borne, vector-borne (ticks,tabanid flies,mosquitoes)
small mammals,sheep, deer
LOUPING ILL(ovineencephalomyelitis)
flavivirus - UK, Ireland,Norway, Spain,Bulgaria, Turkey
vector-borne(ticks)
sheep, cattle,horses, deer, dogs,humans; wildlifereservoirs includecervids rodents andred grouse
TRICHINELLOSIS Trichinella spiralis - worldwide vehicle-borne warm-bloodedanimals
74
Hazards associated with imported Wild Rodents
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOST RANGE
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
BRUCELLOSIS Brucellosisserovars
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants, swine,horses, humans,hare, mice, rabbits,rat
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacteriumbovis, avium,hominis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants, swine,humans, mice, rat,rabbits
LYMPHOCYTICCHORIOMENINGITISVIRUS (LCM)
arenavirus - direct, verticallytransmitted,vector-borne
rodents (reservoirhosts), swine, dogs,primates, humans(rabbits, horses,chickens are dead-end hosts)
ECTROMELIA(mousepox)
poxvirus - direct mice
SYLVATIC PLAGUE Yersinia(Pasteurella)pestis
- endemic in NewWorld wildrodentpopulationsincluding USA
vector-borne(rat-> flea)
multiple speciesincluding simiansand humans
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- worldwide direct
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- worldwide direct, some maybe vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:bordetellosis, chlamydiosis, clostridial infections, coccidiosis, colibacillosis, corynebacterial infection, eperythrozoonosis,erysipelas, giardiasis, haaemophilus infection, haemobartonellosis, haemorrhagic septicaemia, histoplasmosis, intestinalsalmonellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, necrobacillosis, nosematosis, pasteurellosis, pseudomonas infection,pseudotuberculosis, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, streptobacillosis, streptococcosis, streptothricosis, toxoplasmosis,
Other diseases not considered as hazards:babesiosis, besnoitiosis, fibromatosis (rabbit, hare and squirrel viruses), myiaisis, rabies
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Bats
Hazards associated with imported Bats
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s Disease)
herpesirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across allcontinents with theexception of Australia
direct, vehicle-borne
cattle, sheep,goats,horses, dogs,cats, fur-bearingspecies
RABIES rhabdovirus B058 worldwide, except forsome island countries
direct warm-bloodedanimalsincludingvampire bats
TRYPANOSOMIASIS Nagana -Trypanosomabrucei, T. congolense, T. simiae,T.suis,T.uniforme,T. vivax
Surra - T. evansi
Chagas disease -T. cruzi
B113 Nagana - Africa
Surra - Africa, SouthAmerica, Asia
Chagas disease -Central and SouthAmerica
Nagana - vector-borne (tsetse flies -Glossina spp. AllNagana organismsbiologicallyvectored,
Surra - mechanicallyvector-borne)
Chagas disease -vector-borne
Nagana -warm-bloodedanimals
Surra-equine,camelid,ruminants,cervids,swine,elephants
Chagasdisease -humans,swine, cats,dogs, widevariety of wildreservoirhosts
HENDRA VIRUS paramyxovirus - Australia direct humans,horses, cats,ginea pigs(reservoir inbats andrabbits)
BOVINEBRUCELLOSIS
Brucella abortus - worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,horses,chiropters
BOVINETUBERCULOSIS
Mycobacteriumbovis
- worldwide direct, vehicle-borne
ruminants,swine,humans, bats
RELAPSING FEVER(SPIROCHAETOSIS)
Borrelia species - distribution matchesthat of vectors
vector-borne vertebrates
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Hazards associated with imported Bats
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION MODE OFTRANSMISSION
HOSTRANGE
Ticks and otherintegumentaryarthropods(foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Integumentaryrespiratory andgastro-intestinalhelminths (foreign)
- direct, vehicle-borne
Diseases not considered as hazards due to their presence in Canada:coibacillosis, eastern equine encephalitis, histoplasmosis, leptospirosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis (intestinal), shigellosis,staphylococcosis, streptococcosis, toxoplasmosis
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
APPENDIX 2
Animal Health Hazards Associated with Imported Animal Products
NOTE: Hazard identification tables are derived using the criteria stated under ImportRisk Analysis Process (page 25).
Bovine
Hazards associated with imported Bovine Meat andEdible Offal
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts of SouthAmerica
swine
BOVINESPONGIFORMENCEPHALOPATHY(BSE)
prion B115 UK, Switzerland, France,Ireland, Portugal
some species of captive wildcarnivores, humans?
Hazards associated with imported Bovine DairyProducts
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT ANDMOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts of SouthAmerica
swine
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Hazards associated with imported Bovine Hides and Skins
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT ANDMOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
cloven-hoofed animals
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide humans
Hazards associated with imported Bovine Meat, Bone and Blood Meal
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT AND MOUTHDISEASE (FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
cloven-hoofed animals
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide cattle, sheep, goats, horses,humans (dogs, swine)
BOVINESPONGIFORMENCEPHALOPATHY(BSE)
prion B115 UK, Switzerland, France,Ireland, Portugal
cattle, some species of captive wildcarnivores and ruminants, humans?
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Ovine and Caprine
Hazards associated with imported Ovine and CaprineMeat and Edible Offal
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT ANDMOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
swine
Hazards associated with importedOvine and Caprine Milk and Milk Products
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT ANDMOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
swine
Hazards associated with importedOvine and Caprine Fleece and Wool
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT ANDMOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
cloven-hoofed animals
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide humans
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Hazards associated with imported Ovine and CaprineMeat, Bone and Blood Meal
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT ANDMOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT 1Virus SAT 2Virus SAT 3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
cloven-hoofed animals
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide humans, cattle, sheep, goats,horses (swine, dogs)
SCRAPIE prion B160 Europe, India, North andCentral America, Iceland
sheep and goats(possibly causes BSE in cattle)
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Swine
Hazards associated with importedSwineMeat and Edible Offal
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT ANDMOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT 1Virus SAT 2Virus SAT 3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
swine
SWINEVESICULARDISEASE
enterovirus A030 parts of Europe swine
AFRICAN SWINEFEVER
arbovirus A120 Africa, regions of Europe swine
HOG CHOLERA pestivirus A130 parts of - Africa, Southand Central America,Asia, and Europe
swine
Hazards associated with imported SwineMeat, Bone and Blood Meal
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT ANDMOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT 1Virus SAT 2Virus SAT 3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
cloven-hoofed animals
SWINEVESICULARDISEASE
enterovirus A030 parts of Europe swine
AFRICAN SWINEFEVER
arbovirus A120 Africa, regions of Europe swine
HOG CHOLERA pestivirus A130 parts of - Africa, Southand Central America, Asiaand Europe
swine
ANTHRAX Bacillus anthracis B051 worldwide humans, cattle, sheep, goats,horses (dogs, swine)
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
EquineNo animal health hazards are associated with imported meat and edible offal of equines.
Cervine
Hazards associated with imported Cervine Meat
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
FOOT ANDMOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts ofSouth America
swine
CHRONICWASTINGDISEASE OFDEER(transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy)
unknown - USA, zoo animals mule deer, Rocky mountain elk,antelopes, wapiti, white-tailed deer,plus unknown - omnivores?
TISSUE WORM Elaphostrongyluscervi
- Norway, Sweden pluck infective via molluscintermediate host
E cervi - stage I larvae in lungs -> coughed out, mollusc ->larval maturation -> infective adult -> deer musculature.Hence, meat per se is not a source of infection for other deer, but lung tissue presents a risk if discarded.
Poultry
Hazards associated with imported PoultryMeat, Edible Offal and Eggs
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
NEWCASTLEDISEASE
paramyxovirus type1
A160 worldwide birds
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Lagomorphs
Hazards associated with imported LagomorphMeat and Edible Offal
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
TULARAEMIA Francisellatularensis
B352 North America, Eurasia small mammals, sheep, deer
VIRALHAEMORRHAGICDISEASE OFRABBITS
parvovirus B353 Europe, Mexico, China,Korea, Australia, Bosnia,Herzegovina
rabbits
Bees
Hazards associated with imported Honey
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
AMERICANFOULBROOD
Bacillus larvae B452 worldwide bees
EUROPEANFOULBROOD
Melissococcuspluton
B453 worldwide bees
Hazards associated with imported Pollen
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
ACARIASIS(honeybee trachealmite HBTM)
Acarapis woodi B451 worldwide bees
AMERICANFOULBROOD
Bacillus larvae B452 worldwide bees
EUROPEANFOULBROOD
Melissococcuspluton
B453 worldwide bees
VARROASIS(Asian mite)
Varroa jacobsoni B455 worldwide bees
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Ratites
Hazards associated with imported RatiteMeat and Edible Offal
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
NEWCASTLEDISEASE
paramyxovirus type1
A160 worldwide birds
Hazards associated with imported RatiteEgg Shells, Feathers and Raw Hides
DISEASE AGENT OIELIST
DISTRIBUTION TARGET HOST RANGE
NEWCASTLEDISEASE
paramyxovirus 1 A160 worldwide birds
1
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
APPENDIX 3
Animal Health HazardsAssociated with Imported Germplasm
NOTE: Hazard identification tables are derived using the criteria stated under Import Risk Analysis Process (page25).
Bovine
Hazards associated with imported Bovine Semen
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts of South America
VESICULAR STOMATITIS Virus New JerseyVirus Indiana
A020 Central and South America, USA
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East, tropical Africa
CONTAGIOUS BOVINEPLEUROPNEUMONIA
Mycoplasma mycoides (SC) A060 Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, partsof Western Europe
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE capripoxvirus A070 sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, Israel,Kenya
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 South and Central Africa
BLUETONGUE orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria, Turkey,Pakistan, India, Portugal, Spain,Peru, Greek Islands, Australia,South and Central America, USA
LEPTOSPIROSIS (foreignserovars)
Leptospira serovars (foreign) B056 worldwide
PARATUBERCULOSIS(Johnes’ disease)
Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis
B059 worldwide
BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS Brucella abortus B103 worldwide
BOVINE GENITALCAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
Campylobacter fetus var.venerealis
B104 worldwide
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium bovis B105 worldwide
ENZOOTIC BOVINELEUCOSIS
retrovirus B108 North and South America, parts ofEurope
INFECTIOUS BOVINERHINOTRACHEITIS /INFECTIOUS PUSTULARVULVOVAGINITIS
herpesvirus B110 worldwide
TRICHOMONIASIS Trichomonas fetus B112 worldwide
BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHOEA /MUCOSAL DISEASE
togavirus C652 worldwide
2
Hazards associated with imported Bovine Semen
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER rhabdovirus - Africa, Australia
EPIZOOTIC HAEMORRHAGICDISEASE
orbivirus - North America, Africa, Australia,perhaps Caribbean
Hazards associated with imported Bovine Embryos
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
VESICULAR STOMATITIS virus New Jersyvirus Indiana
A020 Central and South America, USA
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East, tropical Africa
CONTAGIOUS BOVINEPLEUROPNEUMONIA
Mycoplasma mycoides (SC) A060 Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, partsof Western Europe
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE Capripoxvirus A070 sus-Saharan Africa, Egypt, Israel,Kenya
LEPTOSPIROSIS (foreignserovars)
Leptospira (foreign serovars) B056 worldwide
PARATUBERCULOSIS(Johnes’ disease)
Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis
B059 worldwide
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium bovis B105 worldwide
INFECTIOUS BOVINERHINOTRACHEITIS /INFECTIOUS PUSTULARVULVOVAGINITIS
herpesvirus (BHV1) B110 worldwide
NOTE: HAZARD REMOVED BYTRYPSIN TREATMENT
TRICHOMONIASIS Trichomonas fetus B112 worldwide
BOVINE SPONGIFORMENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE)
prion B115 UK, Oman, Ireland Switzerland,France, Portugal
BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHOEA /MUCOSAL DISEASE
togavirus C652 worldwide
AKABANE bunyavirus - Australia, Israel, Japan, Korea,Kenya
And additionally, for In Vitro Fertilized Bovine Embryos
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
INFECTIOUS BOVINERHINOTRACHEITIS /INFECTIOUS PUSTULARVULVOVAGINITIS
herpesvirus (BHV1) B110 worldwideNOTE: TREATMENT WITHTRYPSIN NOT GUARANTEEDEFFECTIVE
3
And additionally, for In Vitro Fertilized Bovine Embryos
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Essentially all animal healthhazards associated with theimportation of live bovineanimals
See table entitled “Hazardsassociated with importedbovine” in Appendix 1.
Swine
Hazards associated with imported Semen of Swine
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus AVirus OVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts of South America
VESICULAR STOMATITIS virus New Jerseyvirus Indiana
A020 Central and South America, USA
SWINE VESICULAR DISEASE enterovirus A030 parts of Europe, Japan
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER arbovirus A120 Africa, parts of Europe
HOG CHOLERA(Classical swine fever)
pestivirus A130 parts of Africa, South and CentralAmerica, Asia, and Europe
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
porcine herpes virus 1 B052 patchy across all continents with theexception of AustraliaNOTE: THIS HAZARD REMOVEDBY TRYPSIN TREATMENT
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
Leptospira serovars B056 worldwide
TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium tuberculosis B105 worldwide
PORCINE BRUCELLOSIS Brucella suis B253 Europe, South America, Africa,India, Central and Southeast Asia,Australia, Pacific Islands
ENTEROVIRUSENCEPHALOMYELITIS(Teschen disease)
enterovirus 1 B256 worldwide
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Hazards associated with imported Embryos of Swine
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus AVirus OVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts of South America
VESICULAR STOMATITIS Virus IndianaVirus New Jersey
A020 Central and South America, USA
SWINE VESICULAR DISEASE enterovirus A030 parts of Europe, Japan
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER arbovirus A120 Africa, parts of Europe
HOG CHOLERA(Classical swine fever)
pestivirus A130 South and Central America, Africa,Asia, parts of Europe
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
herpesvirus-1porcine
B052 patchy across all continents with theexception of AustraliaNOTE: THIS HAZARD REMOVEDBY TRYPSIN TREATMENT
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
Leptospira serovars B056 worldwide
ENTEROVIRUSENCEPHALOMYELITIS(Teschen disease)
enterovirus B256 worldwide
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Ovine and Caprine
Hazards associated with imported Ovine and Caprine Semen
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus AVirus OVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts of South America,parts of Europe
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East, tropical Africa
PESTE DES PETITSRUMINANTS
morbillivirus A050 West and sub-Saharan Africa,Arabian peninsula, India, Pakistan,Asia
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 Southern and Central Africa
BLUETONGUE orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria, Turkey,Pakistan, India, Portugal, Spain,Peru, Greek Islands, Australia,South and Central America, USA
SHEEP AND GOAT POX poxvirus A100 North and East Africa, Middle East,India, Asia, Iberian peninsula
PSEUDORABIES(Aujeszky’s disease)
herpes virus-1porcine
B052 patchy across all continents with theexception of Australia
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
Leptospira serovars B056 worldwide
PARATUBERCULOSIS (Johnes’disease)
Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis
B059 worldwide
BRUCELLOSIS - BOVINE andBRUCELLOSIS - CAPRINE ANDOVINE
Brucella abortus andBrucella ovisBrucella melitensis
B103B152
worldwide andAfrica, Europe, Israel, USA
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium bovis B105 worldwide
CAPRINE ARTHRITIS-ENCEPHALTIS
lentivirus B153 major goats-producing regions
CONTAGIOUS CAPRINEPLEUROPNEUMONIA
Mycoplasma mycoides capri,M. mycoides mycoides (LC),M. mycoides capricolum
B155 North Africa, Spain, Mediterraneanlitoral, Asia, India
PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS(Jaagsiekte)
retrovirus B157 worldwide
NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE bunyavirus B158 Central Africa
SCRAPIE prion B160 Europe, India, North and CentralAmerica, Iceland
MAEDI-VISNA lentivirus B161 parts of North America, Europe,Africa
EPIZOOTIC HAEMORRHAGICDISEASE
orbivirus - North America, Africa, Australia,perhaps Caribbean
WESSELSBRON DISEASE group B arbovirus - South Africa, Zimbabwe,Mozambique
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Hazards associated with imported Ovine and Caprine Embryos
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus AVirus OVirus CVirus SAT1Virus SAT2Virus SAT3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts of South America,parts of Europe
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East, tropical Africa
PESTE DES PETITSRUMINANTS
morbillivirus A050 West and sub-Saharan Africa,Arabian peninsula, India, Pakistan,Asia
RIFT VALLEY FEVER phlebovirus A080 Southern and Central Africa
BLUETONGUE(Hazard in goats, not in sheep)
orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria, Turkey,Pakistan, India, Portugal, Spain,Peru, Greek Islands, Australia,South and Central America, USA
SHEEP AND GOAT POX poxvirus A100 North and East Africa, Middle East,India, Asia, Iberian peninsula
PARATUBERCULOSIS(Johnes’ disease)
Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis
B059 worldwide
BRUCELLOSIS - BOVINE andBRUCELLOSIS - CAPRINE ANDOVINE
Brucella abortus andBrucella ovisBrucella melitensis
B103
B152
worldwide
Africa, Europe, Israel, USA
CAPRINE ARTHRITISENCEPHALITIS
lentivirus B153 major goat-producing regions
CONTAGIOUS CAPRINEPLEUROPNEUMONIA
Mycoplasma mycoides capri,M. mycoides mycoides (LC),M. mycoides capricolum
B155 North Africa, Spain, Meditarraneanlitoral, Asia, India
PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS(Jaagsiekte)
retrovirus B157 worldwide
SCRAPIE prion B160 Europe, India, North and CentralAmerica, Iceland
MAEDI-VISNA lentivirus B161 North America, Europe, Africa
EPIZOOTIC HAEMORRHAGICDISEASE
orbivirus - North America, Africa, Australia,perhaps Caribbean
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Equine
Hazards associated with imported Equine Semen
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
VESICULAR STOMATITIS Virus IndianaVirus New Jersey
A020 USA, Central and South America
AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS orbivirus A110 Africa, Spain, Portugal
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
Leptospira -foreign serovars
B056 worldwide
CONTAGIOUS EQUINEMETRITIS
Taylorella (was Haemophilus)equigenitalis
B201 Morocco, Japan, parts of Europe
DOURINE Trypanosoma equiperdum B202 Africa, Asia, America, parts ofRussia
EQUINE INFECTIOUSANAEMIA
retrovirus B205 worldwide
GLANDERS Actinobacillus mallei B209 Eastern Europe, Asia, North Africa,parts of China and Mongolia
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS flavivirus B212 Malaysia, Japan, Eastern SovietUnion, Korea, China, Taiwan, thePhilippines, Indonesia, Singapore,Hong Kong, Vietnam, Laos,Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand,Burma, Sri Lanka, India, the PacificIslands
VENEZUELAN EQUINEENCEPHALOMYELITIS
alphavirus B216 South and Central America, USA
EQUINE COITAL EXANTHEMA equine herpes virus 3 C751 worldwide
WEST NILE FEVER West Nile Fever virus - French Mediterranean
BORNA DISEASE unclassified RNA virus - Germany, Switzerland (plus othersperhaps)
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Poultry
Hazards associated with imported Poultry Semen
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
FOWL PLAGUE(highly pathogenic avianinfluenza)
orthomyxovirus type A A150 worldwide
NEWCASTLE DISEASE paramyxovirus type 1 A160 worldwide
DUCK VIRUS ENTERITIS(duck plague)
herpesvirus B305 Netherlands, China, France,Belgium, India, England, Canada
FOWL TYPHOID Salmonella gallinarum B308 worldwide
PULLORUM DISEASE Salmonella pullorum B313 worldwide
AVIAN SPIROCHAETOSIS Borrelia anserina C854 tropics and sub-tropics, SouthwestUSA
GOOSE PARVOVIRUSINFECTION(Derzsy’s disease)
parvovirus - major goose-producing areas
TURKEY VIRALRHINOTRACHEITIS,SWOLLEN HEAD SYNDROME
pneumovirus - widespread in major poultry-producing regions
Hazards associated with imported Poultry Hatching Eggs
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
FOWL PLAGUE(highly pathogenic avianinfluenza)
orthomyxovirus type A A150 worldwide
NEWCASTLE DISEASE paramyxovirus type 1 A160 worldwide
DUCK VIRUS ENTERITIS(duck plague)
herpesvirus B305 Netherlands, China, France,Belgium, India, England, Canada
FOWL TYPHOID Salmonella gallinarum B308 worldwide
PULLORUM DISEASE Salmonella pullorum B313 worldwide
AVIAN SPIROCHAETOSIS Borrelia anserina C854 tropics and sub-tropics, SouthwestUSA
GOOSE PARVOVIRUSINFECTION(Derzsy’s disease)
parvovirus - major goose-producing areas
EGG DROP SYNDROME adenovirus 127 - widespread in major poultry-producing regions
TURKEY VIRALRHINOTRACHEITIS,SWOLLEN HEAD SYNDROME
pneumovirus - widespread in major poultry-producing regions
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
Cervids
Hazards associated with imported Cervids Semen
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE(FMD)
Virus OVirus AVirus CVirus SAT 1Virus SAT 2Virus SAT 3
A010 Africa, Asia, parts of South America
VESICULAR STOMATITIS Virus New JerseyVirus Indiana
A020 Central and South America, USA
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East, tropical Africa
BLUETONGUE orbivirus A090 Africa, Israel, Syria, Turkey,Pakistan, India, Portugal, Spain,Peru, Greek Islands, Australia,South and Central America, USA
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
Leptospira serovars (foreign) B056 worldwide
BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS Brucella abortus B103 worldwide
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium bovis B105 worldwide
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASEOF DEER(transmissible spongiformencephalopathy)
unknown - USA, zoo animals
EPIZOOTIC HAEMORRHAGICDISEASE
orbivirus - North America, Africa, Australia,perhaps Caribbean
HERPES VIRUS OF Cervids HCV-1 (related to BHV-1) - Scotland, European wild populations
Hazards associated with imported Cervids Embryos
DISEASE AGENT OIE LIST DISTRIBUTION
VESICULAR STOMATITIS Virus New JerseyVirus Indiana
A020 Central and South America, USA
RINDERPEST morbillivirus A040 Asia, Middle East, tropical Africa
LEPTOSPIROSIS(foreign serovars)
Leptospira - foreign serovars B056 worldwide
PARATUBERCULOSIS(Johnes disease)
Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis
B059 worldwide
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium bovis B105 worldwide
HERPES VIRUS OF Cervids HCV-1 (related to BHV-1) - Scotland, European wild populations
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASEOF DEER(transmissible spongiformencephalopathy)
unknown - USA, zoo animals
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Animal Health and Production Risk Analysis Framework - October 2001
APPENDIX 4
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures of the
World Trade Organization
April 15, 1994
Members,
Reaffirming that no Member should be prevented from adopting or enforcing measures necessary toprotect human, animal or plant life or health, subject to the requirement that these measures are not applied in amanner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between Members where thesame conditions prevail or a disguised restriction on international trade;
Desiring to improve the human health, animal health and phytosanitary situation in all Members;
Noting that sanitary and phytosanitary measures are often applied on the basis of bilateralagreements or protocols;
Desiring the establishment of a multilateral framework of rules and disciplines to guide thedevelopment, adoption and enforcement of sanitary and phytosanitary measures in order to minimize their negativeeffects on trade;
Recognizing the important contribution that international standards, guidelines andrecommendations can make in this regard;
Desiring to further the use of harmonized sanitary and phytosanitary measures betweenMembers, on the basis of international standards, guidelines and recommendations developed by the relevantinternational organizations, including the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the International Office of Epizootics, andthe relevant international and regional organizations operating within the framework of the International PlantProtection Convention, without requiring Members to change their appropriate level of protection of human, animal orplant life or health;
Recognizing that developing country Members may encounter special difficulties in complyingwith the sanitary or phytosanitary measures of importing Members, and as a consequence in access to markets, andalso in the formulation and application of sanitary or phytosanitary measures in their own territories, and desiring toassist them in their endeavors in this regard;
Desiring therefore to elaborate rules for the application of the provisions of GATT 1994 whichrelate to the use of sanitary or phytosanitary measures, in particular the provisions of Article XX(b)1;
Hereby agree as follows:
________________________________1 In this Agreement, reference to Article XX(b) includes also the chapeau of that Article.
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Article 1
General Provisions
1. This Agreement applies to all sanitary and phytosanitary measures which may, directly or indirectly, affectinternational trade. Such measures shall be developed and applied in accordance with the provisions ofthis Agreement.
2. For the purposes of this Agreement, the definitions provided in Annex A shall apply.
3. The annexes are an integral part of this Agreement.
4. Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the rights of Members under the Agreement on Technical Barriersto Trade with respect to measures not within the scope of this Agreement.
Article 2
Basic Rights and Obligations
1. Members have the right to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures necessary for the protection ofhuman, animal or plant life or health, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with the provisionsof this Agreement.
2. Members shall ensure that any sanitary or phytosanitary measure is applied only to the extent necessaryto protect human, animal or plant life or health, is based on scientific principles and is not maintainedwithout sufficient scientific evidence, except as provided for in paragraph 7 of Article 5.
3. Members shall ensure that their sanitary and phytosanitary measures do not arbitrarily or unjustifiablydiscriminate between Members where identical or similar conditions prevail, including between their ownterritory and that of other Members. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures shall not be applied in a mannerwhich would constitute a disguised restriction on international trade.
4. Sanitary or phytosanitary measures which conform to the relevant provisions of this Agreement shall bepresumed to be in accordance with the obligations of the Members under the provisions of GATT 1994which relate to the use of sanitary or phytosanitary measures, in particular the provisions of Article XX(b).
Article 3
Harmonization
1. To harmonize sanitary and phytosanitary measures on as wide a basis as possible, Members shall basetheir sanitary or phytosanitary measures on international standards, guidelines or recommendations,where they exist, except as otherwise provided for in this Agreement, and in particular in paragraph 3.
2. Sanitary or phytosanitary measures which conform to international standards, guidelines orrecommendations shall be deemed to be necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, andpresumed to be consistent with the relevant provisions of this Agreement and of GATT 1994.
3. Members may introduce or maintain sanitary or phytosanitary measures which result in a higher level ofsanitary or phytosanitary protection than would be achieved by measures based on the relevantinternational standards, guidelines or recommendations, if there is a scientific justification, or as aconsequence of the level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection a Member determines to be appropriate inaccordance with the relevant provisions of paragraphs 1 through 8 of Article 5.2 Notwithstanding theabove, all measures which result in a level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection different from that whichwould be achieved by measures based on international standards, guidelines or recommendations shallnot be inconsistent with any other provision of this Agreement.
4. Members shall play a full part, within the limits of their resources, in the relevant internationalorganizations and their subsidiary bodies, in particular the Codex Alimentarius Commission, theInternational Office of Epizootics, and the international and regional organizations operating within theframework of the International Plant Protection Convention, to promote within these organizations thedevelopment and periodic review of standards, guidelines and recommendations with respect to allaspects of sanitary and phytosanitary measures.
5. The Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures provided for in paragraphs I and 4 of Article 12(referred to in this Agreement as the "Committee") shall develop a procedure to monitor the process ofinternational harmonization and coordinate efforts in this regard with the relevant internationalorganizations.
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Article 4
Equivalence
1. Members shall accept the sanitary or phytosanitary measures of other Members as equivalent. even ifthese measures differ from their own or from those used by other Members trading in the same product, ifthe exporting Member objectively demonstrates to the importing Member that its measures achieve theimporting Member's appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection. For this purpose, reasonableaccess shall be given, upon request, to the importing Member for inspection, testing and other relevantprocedures.
2. Members shall, upon request, enter into consultations with the aim of achieving bilateral and multilateralagreements on recognition of the equivalence of specified sanitary or phytosanitary measures.
Article 5
Assessment of Risk and Determination of the Appropriate Levelof Sanitary or Phytosanitary Protection
1. Members shall ensure that their sanitary or phytosanitary measures are based on an assessment, asappropriate to the circumstances, of the risks to human, animal or plant life or health, taking into accountrisk assessment techniques developed by the relevant international organizations.
2. In the assessment of risks, Members shall take into account available scientific evidence; relevantprocesses and production methods; relevant inspection, sampling and testing methods; prevalence ofspecific diseases or pests; existence of pest- or disease-free areas; relevant ecological and environmentalconditions; and quarantine or other treatment.
3. In assessing the risk to animal or plant life or health and determining the measure to be applied forachieving the appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection from such risk, Members shall takeinto account as relevant economic factors: the potential damage in terms of loss of production or sales inthe event of the entry, establishment or spread of a pest or disease; the costs of control or eradication inthe territory of the importing Member; and the relative cost-effectiveness of alternative approaches tolimiting risks.
4. Members should, when determining the appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection, take intoaccount the objective of minimizing negative trade effects.
________________________________2 For the purposes of paragraph 3 of Article 3, there is a scientific justification if, on the basis of an
examination and evaluation of available scientific information in conformity, with the relevant provisions ofthis Agreement, a Member determines that the relevant international standards, guidelines orrecommendations are not sufficient to achieve its appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection.
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5. With the objective of achieving consistency in the application of the concept of appropriate level ofsanitary or phytosanitary protection against risks to human life or health, or to animal and plant life orhealth, each Member shall avoid arbitrary or unjustifiable distinctions in the levels it considers to beappropriate in different situations, if such distinctions result in discrimination or a disguised restriction oninternational trade. Members shall cooperate in the Committee, in accordance with paragraphs 1, 2 and 3of Article 12, to develop guidelines to further the practical implementation of this provision. In developingthe guidelines, the Committee shall take into account all relevant factors, including the exceptionalcharacter of human health risks to which people voluntarily expose themselves.
6. Without prejudice to paragraph 2 of Article 3, when establishing or maintaining sanitary or phytosanitarymeasures to achieve the appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection, Members shall ensurethat such measures are not more trade-restrictive than required to achieve their appropriate level ofsanitary or phytosanitary protection, taking into account technical and economic feasibility.3
7. In cases where relevant scientific evidence is insufficient, a Member may provisionally adopt sanitary orphytosanitary measures on the basis of available pertinent information, including that from the relevantinternational organizations as well as from sanitary or phytosanitary measures applied by other Members.In such circumstances, Members shall seek to obtain the additional information necessary for a moreobjective assessment of risk and review the sanitary or phytosanitary measure accordingly within areasonable period of time.
8. When a Member has reason to believe that a specific sanitary or phytosanitary measure introduced ormaintained by another Member is constraining, or has the potential to constrain, its exports and themeasure is not based on the relevant international standards, guidelines or recommendations, or suchstandards, guidelines or recommendations do not exist, an explanation of the reasons for such sanitary orphytosanitary measure may be requested and shall be provided by the Member maintaining the measure.
Article 6
Adaptation to Regional Conditions, Including Pest- or Disease-Free Areasand Areas of Low Pest or Disease Prevalence
1. Members shall ensure that their sanitary or phytosanitary measures are adapted to the sanitary orphytosanitary characteristics of the area - whether all of a country, part of a country, or all or parts ofseveral countries - from which the product originated and to which the product is destined. In assessingthe sanitary or phytosanitary characteristics of a region, Members shall take into account, inter alia, thelevel of prevalence of specific diseases or pests, the existence of eradication or control programmes, andappropriate criteria or guidelines which may be developed by the relevant international organizations.
2. Members shall, in particular, recognize the concepts of pest- or disease-free areas and areas of low pestor disease prevalence. Determination of such areas shall be based on factors such as geography,ecosystems, epidemiological surveillance, and the effectiveness of sanitary or phytosanitary controls.
3. Exporting Members claiming that areas within their territories are pest- or disease-free areas or areas oflow pest or disease prevalence shall provide the necessary evidence thereof in order to objectivelydemonstrate to the importing Member that such areas are, and are likely to remain, pest or disease-freeareas or areas of low pest or disease prevalence, respectively. For this purpose, reasonable access shallbe given, upon request, to the importing Member for inspection, testing and other relevant procedures.
________________________________3 For purposes of paragraph 6 of Article 5, a measure is not more trade-restrictive than required unless
there is another measure, reasonably available taking into account technical and economic feasibility, thatachieves the appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection and is significantly less restrictive totrade.
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Article 7
Transparency
Members shall notify changes in their sanitary or phytosanitary measures and shall provide information ontheir sanitary or phytosanitary measures in accordance with the provisions of Annex B.
Article 8
Control, Inspection and Approval Procedures
Members shall observe the provisions of Annex C in the operation of control, inspection and approvalprocedures, including national systems for approving the use of additives or for establishing tolerances forcontaminants in foods, beverages or feedstuffs, and otherwise ensure that their procedures are notinconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement.
Article 9
Technical Assistance
1. Members agree to facilitate the provision of technical assistance to other Members, especially developingcountry Members, either bilaterally or through the appropriate international organizations. Such assistancemay be, inter alia, in the areas of processing technologies, research and infrastructure, including in theestablishment of national regulatory bodies, and may take the form of advice, credits, donations andgrants, including for the purpose of seeking technical expertise, training and equipment to allow suchcountries to adjust to, and comply with, sanitary or phytosanitary measures necessary to achieve theappropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection in their export markets.
2. Where substantial investments are required in order for an exporting developing country Member to fulfilthe sanitary or phytosanitary requirements of an importing Member, the latter shall consider providingsuch technical assistance as will permit the developing country Member to maintain and expand itsmarket access opportunities for the product involved.
Article 10
Special and Differential Treatment
1. In the preparation and application of sanitary or phytosanitary measures, Members shall take account ofthe special needs of developing country Members, and in particular of the least-developed countryMembers.
2. Where the appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection allows scope for the phasedintroduction of new sanitary or phytosanitary measures, longer time-frames for compliance should beaccorded on products of interest to developing country Members so as to maintain opportunities for theirexports.
3. With a view to ensuring that developing country Members are able to comply with the provisions of thisAgreement, the Committee is enabled to grant to such countries, upon request, specified, time limitedexceptions in whole or in part from obligations under this Agreement, taking into account their financial,trade and development needs.
4. Members should encourage and facilitate the active participation of developing country Members in therelevant international organizations.
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Article 11
Consultations and Dispute Settlement
1. The provisions of Articles XXII and XXIII of GATT 1994 as elaborated and applied by the DisputeSettlement Understanding shall apply to consultations and the settlement of disputes under thisAgreement, except as otherwise specifically provided herein.
2. In a dispute under this Agreement involving scientific or technical issues, a panel should seek advice fromexperts chosen by the panel in consultation with the parties to the dispute. To this end, the panel may,when it deems it appropriate, establish an advisory technical experts group, or consult the relevantinternational organizations, at the request of either party to the dispute or on its own initiative.
3. Nothing in this Agreement shall impair the rights of Members under other international agreements,including the right to resort to the good offices or dispute settlement mechanisms of other internationalorganizations or established under any international agreement.
Article 12
Administration
1. A Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures is hereby established to provide a regular forum forconsultations. It shall carry out the functions necessary to implement the provisions of this Agreement andthe furtherance of its objectives, in particular with respect to harmonization. The Committee shall reach itsdecisions by consensus.
2. The Committee shall encourage and facilitate ad hoc consultations or negotiations among Members onspecific sanitary or phytosanitary issues. The Committee shall encourage the use of internationalstandards, guidelines or recommendations by all Members and, in this regard, shall sponsor technicalconsultation and study with the objective of increasing coordination and integration between internationaland national systems and approaches for approving the use of food additives or for establishingtolerances for contaminants in foods, beverages or feedstuffs.
3. The Committee shall maintain close contact with the relevant international organizations in the field ofsanitary and phytosanitary protection, especially with the Codex Alimentarius Commission, theInternational Office of Epizootics, and the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, withthe objective of securing the best available scientific and technical advice for the administration of thisAgreement and in order to ensure that unnecessary duplication of effort is avoided.
4. The Committee shall develop a procedure to monitor the process of international harmonization and theuse of international standards, guidelines or recommendations. For this purpose, the Committee should,in conjunction with the relevant international organizations, establish a list of international standards,guidelines or recommendations relating to sanitary or phytosanitary measures which the Committeedetermines to have a major trade impact. The list should include an indication by Members of thoseinternational standards, guidelines or recommendations which they apply as conditions for import or onthe basis of which imported products conforming to these standards can enjoy access to their markets.For those cases in which a Member does not apply an international standard, guideline orrecommendation as a condition for import, the Member should provide an indication of the reasontherefor, and, in particular, whether it considers that the standard is not stringent enough to provide theappropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection. If a Member revises its position, following itsindication of the use of a standard, guideline or recommendation as a condition for import, it shouldprovide an explanation for its change and so inform the Secretariat as well as the relevant internationalorganizations, unless such notification and explanation is given according to the procedures of Annex B.
5. In order to avoid unnecessary duplication, the Committee may decide, as appropriate, to use theinformation generated by the procedures, particularly for notification, which are in operation in the relevantinternational organizations.
6. The Committee may, on the basis of an initiative from one of the Members, through appropriate channelsinvite the relevant international organizations or their subsidiary bodies to examine specific matters withrespect to a particular standard, guideline or recommendation, including the basis of explanations for non-use given according to paragraph 4.
7. The Committee shall review the operation and implementation of this Agreement three years after the dateof entry into force of the WTO Agreement, and thereafter as the need arises. Where appropriate, theCommittee may submit to the Council for Trade in Goods proposals to amend the text of this Agreementhaving regard, inter alia, to the experience gained in its implementation.
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Article 13
Implementation
Members are fully responsible under this Agreement for the observance of all obligations set forth herein.Members shall formulate and implement positive measures and mechanisms in support of the observance of theprovisions of this Agreement by other than central government bodies. Members shall take such reasonablemeasures as may be available to them to ensure that non-governmental entities within their territories, as well asregional bodies in which relevant entities within their territories are members, comply with the relevant provisions ofthis Agreement. In addition, Members shall not take measures which have the effect of, directly or indirectly,requiring or encouraging such regional or non-governmental entities, or local governmental bodies, to act in amanner inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement. Members shall ensure that they rely on the services ofnon-governmental entities for implementing sanitary or phytosanitary measures only if these entities comply with theprovisions of this Agreement.
Article 14
Final Provisions
The least-developed country Members may delay application of the provisions of this Agreement for aperiod of five years following the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement with respect to their sanitary orphytosanitary measures affecting importation or imported products. Other developing country Members may delayapplication of the provisions of this Agreement, other than paragraph 8 of Article 5 and Article 7, for two yearsfollowing the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement with respect to their existing sanitary or phytosanitarymeasures affecting importation or imported products, where such application is prevented by a lack of technicalexpertise, technical infrastructure or resources.
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ANNEX A
DEFINITIONS4
1. Sanitary or phytosanitary measure - Any measure applied:
(a) to protect animal or plant life or health within the territory of the Member from risks arising from the entry,establishment or spread of pests, diseases, disease-carrying organisms or disease-causing organisms;
(b) to protect human or animal life or health within the territory of the Member from risks arising fromadditives, contaminants, toxins or disease-causing organisms in foods, beverages or feedstuffs;
(c) to protect human life or health within the territory of the Member from risks arising from diseases carriedby animals, plants or products thereof, or from the entry, establishment or spread of pests; or
(d) to prevent or limit other damage within the territory of the Member from the entry, establishment or spreadof pests.
Sanitary or phytosanitary measures include all relevant laws, decrees, regulations, requirements and proceduresincluding, inter alia, end product criteria; processes and production methods; testing, inspection, certification andapproval procedures; quarantine treatments including relevant requirements associated with the transport of animalsor plants, or with the materials necessary for their survival during transport; provisions on relevant statisticalmethods, sampling procedures and methods of risk assessment; and packaging and labeling requirements directlyrelated to food safety.
2. Harmonization - The establishment, recognition and application of common sanitary and phytosanitarymeasures by different Members.
3. International standards, guidelines and recommendations
(a) for food safety, the standards, guidelines and recommendations established by the Codex AlimentariusCommission relating to food additives, veterinary drug and pesticide residues, contaminants, methods ofanalysis and sampling, and codes and guidelines of hygienic practice;
(b) for animal health and zoonoses, the standards, guidelines and recommendations developed under theauspices of the International Office of Epizootics;
(c) for plant health, the international standards, guidelines and recommendations developed under theauspices of the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention in cooperation with regionalorganizations operating within the framework of the International Plant Protection Convention; and
(d) for matters not covered by the above organizations, appropriate standards, guidelines andrecommendations promulgated by other relevant international organizations open for membership to allMembers, as identified by the Committee.
4. Risk assessment - The evaluation of the likelihood of entry, establishment or spread of a pest or diseasewithin the territory of an importing Member according to the sanitary or phytosanitary measures whichmight be applied, and of the associated potential biological and economic consequences; or the evaluationof the potential for adverse effects on human or animal health arising from the presence of additives,contaminants, toxins or disease-causing organisms in food, beverages or feedstuffs.
5. Appropriate level of sanitary, or phytosanitary protection - The level of protection deemed appropriate bythe Member establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary measure to protect human, animal or plant life orhealth within its territory.
NOTE: Many Members otherwise refer to this concept as the "acceptable level of risk".
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6. Pest- or disease-free area - An area, whether all of a country, part of a country, or all or parts of severalcountries, as identified by the competent authorities, in which a specific pest or disease does not occur.
NOTE: A pest- or disease-free area may surround, be surrounded by, or be adjacent to an area - whether within partof a country or in a geographic region which includes parts of or all of several countries - in which a specificpest or disease is known to occur but is subject to regional control measures such as the establishment ofprotection, surveillance and buffer zones which will confine or eradicate the pest or disease in question.
7. Area of lowpest or disease prevalence - An area, whether all of a country, part of a country, or all or parts ofseveral countries, as identified by the competent authorities, in which a specific pest or disease occurs at lowlevels and which is subject to effective surveillance, control or eradication measures.
________________________________4 For the purpose of these definitions, "animal" includes fish and wild fauna; "plant" includes forests and wild
flora; “pests" include weeds, and "contaminants" include pesticide and veterinary drug residues andextraneous matter.
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ANNEX B
TRANSPARENCY OF SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY REGULATIONS
Publication of regulations
1. Members shall ensure that all sanitary and phytosanitary regulations5 which have been adopted are publishedpromptly in such a manner as to enable interested Members to become acquainted with them.
2. Except in urgent circumstances, Members shall allow a reasonable interval between the publication of asanitary or phytosanitary regulation and its entry into force in order to allow time for producers in exportingMembers, and particularly in developing country Members, to adapt their products and methods of productionto the requirements of the importing Member.
Enquiry points
3. Each Member shall ensure that one enquiry point exists which is responsible for the provision of answers toall reasonable questions from interested Members as well as for the provision of relevant documentsregarding:
(a) any sanitary or phytosanitary regulations adopted or proposed within its territory;
(b) any control and inspection procedures, production and quarantine treatment, pesticide tolerance and foodadditive approval procedures, which are operated within its territory;
(c) risk assessment procedures, factors taken into consideration, as well as the determination of the appropriatelevel of sanitary or phytosanitary protection;
(d) the membership and participation of the Member, or of relevant bodies within its territory, in international andregional sanitary and phytosanitary organizations and systems, as well as in bilateral and multilateralagreements and arrangements within the scope of this Agreement, and the texts of such agreements andarrangements.
4. Members shall ensure that where copies of documents are requested by interested Members, they aresupplied at the same price (if any), apart from the cost of delivery, as to the nationals6 of the Memberconcerned.
Notification procedures
5. Whenever an international standard, guideline or recommendation does not exist or the content of a proposedsanitary or phytosanitary regulation is not substantially the same as the content of an international standard,guideline or recommendation, and if the regulation may have a significant effect on trade of other Members,Members shall:
(a) publish a notice at an early stage in such a manner as to enable interested Members to become acquaintedwith the proposal to introduce a particular regulation;
(b) notify other Members, through the Secretariat, of the products to be covered by the regulation together witha brief indication of the objective and rationale of the proposed regulation. Such notifications shall take placeat an early stage, when amendments can still be introduced and comments taken into account;
(c) provide upon request to other Members copies of the proposed regulation and, whenever possible, identifythe parts which in substance deviate from international standards, guidelines or recommendations;
(d) without discrimination, allow reasonable time for other Members to make comments in writing, discuss thesecomments upon request, and take the comments and the results of the discussions into account.
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6. However, where urgent problems of health protection arise or threaten to arise for a Member, that Membermay omit such of the steps enumerated in paragraph 5 of this Annex as it finds necessary, provided that theMember:
(a) immediately notifies other Members, through the Secretariat, of the particular regulation and the productscovered, with a brief indication of the objective and the rationale of the regulation, including the nature of theurgent problem(s);
(b) provides, upon request, copies of the regulation to other Members;
(c) allows other Members to make comments in writing, discusses these comments upon request, and takes thecomments and the results of the discussions into account.
7. Notifications to the Secretariat shall be in English, French or Spanish.
8. Developed country Members shall, if requested by other Members, provide copies of the documents or, incase of voluminous documents, summaries of the documents covered by a specific notification in English,French or Spanish.
9. The Secretariat shall promptly circulate copies of the notification to all Members and interested internationalorganizations and draw the attention of developing country Members to any notifications relating to productsof particular interest to them.
10. Members shall designate a single central government authority as responsible for the implementation, on thenational level, of the provisions concerning notification procedures according to paragraphs 5, 6, 7 and 8 ofthis Annex.
General reservations
11. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring:
(a) the provision of particulars or copies of drafts or the publication of texts other than in the language of theMember except as stated in paragraph 8 of this Annex; or
(b) Members to disclose confidential information which would impede enforcement of sanitary or phytosanitarylegislation or which would prejudice the legitimate commercial interests of particular enterprises.
________________________________5 Sanitary and phytosanitary measures such as laws, decrees or ordinances which are applicable generally.
6 When "nationals" are referred to in this Agreement, the term shall be deemed. in the case of a separatecustoms territory Member of the WTO, to mean persons, natural or legal, who are domiciled or who have areal and effective industrial or commercial establishment in that customs territory.
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ANNEX C
CONTROL, INSPECTION AND APPROVAL PROCEDURES7
1. Members shall ensure, with respect to any procedure to check and ensure the fulfilment of sanitary orphytosanitary measures, that:
(a) such procedures are undertaken and completed without undue delay and in no less favourable manner forimported products than for like domestic products;
(b) the standard processing period of each procedure is published or that the anticipated processing period iscommunicated to the applicant upon request; when receiving an application, the competent body promptlyexamines the completeness of the documentation and informs the applicant in a precise and completemanner of all deficiencies; the competent body transmits as soon as possible the results of the procedure ina precise and complete manner to the applicant so that corrective action may be taken if necessary; evenwhen the application has deficiencies, the competent body proceeds as far as practicable with the procedureif the applicant so requests; and that upon request, the applicant is informed of the stage of the procedure,with any delay being explained;
(c) information requirements are limited to what is necessary for appropriate control, inspection and approvalprocedures, including for approval of the use of additives or for the establishment of tolerances forcontaminants in food, beverages or feedstuffs;
(d) the confidentiality of information about imported products arising from or supplied in connection with control,inspection and approval is respected in a way no less favourable than for domestic products and in such amanner that legitimate commercial interests are protected;
(e) any requirements for control, inspection and approval of individual specimens of a product are limited to whatis reasonable and necessary;
(f) any fees imposed for the procedures on imported products are equitable in relation to any fees charged onlike domestic products or products originating in any other Member and should be no higher than the actualcost of the service;
(g) the same criteria should be used in the siting of facilities used in the procedures and the selection of samplesof imported products as for domestic products so as to minimize the inconvenience to applicants, importers,exporters or their agents;
(h) whenever specifications of a product are changed subsequent to its control and inspection in light of theapplicable regulations, the procedure for the modified product is limited to what is necessary to determinewhether adequate confidence exists that the product still meets the regulations concerned; and
(i) a procedure exists to review complaints concerning the operation of such procedures and to take correctiveaction when a complaint is justified.
Where an importing Member operates a system for the approval of the use of food additives or for theestablishment of tolerances for contaminants in food, beverages or feedstuffs which prohibits or restrictsaccess to its domestic markets for products based on the absence of an approval, the importing Member shallconsider the use of a relevant international standard as the basis for access until a final determination ismade.
2. Where a sanitary or phytosanitary measure specifies control at the level of production, the Member in whoseterritory the production takes place shall provide the necessary assistance to facilitate such control and thework of the controlling authorities.
3. Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent Members from carrying out reasonable inspection within their ownterritories.
________________________________7 Control, inspection and approval procedures include, inter alia, procedures for sampling, testing and
certification.