Appendices I-V- Glossary, Contributors, Reviewers, Acronyms, Per Missions

8/3/2019 Appendices I-V- Glossary, Contributors, Reviewers, Acronyms, Per Missions

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AcclimatisationThe physiological adaptation to climatic variations.

Active layerThe top layer of soil or rock in permafrost that is subjected toseasonal freezing and thawing.

AdaptabilitySee adaptive capacity .

AdaptationAdjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual orexpected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harmor exploits beneficial opportunities. Various types of adaptationcan be distinguished, including anticipatory, autonomous andplanned adaptation:

Anticipatory adaptation Adaptation that takes place be-fore impacts of climate change are observed. Also re-ferred to as proactive adaptation.

Autonomous adaptation Adaptation that does not consti-tute a conscious response to climatic stimuli but istriggered by ecological changes in natural systemsand by market or welfare changes in human systems .Also referred to as spontaneous adaptation.

Planned adaptation Adaptation that is the result of a de-liberate policy decision, based on an awareness thatconditions have changed or are about to change and

that action is required to return to, maintain, orachieve a desired state.

Adaptation assessmentThe practice of identifying options to adapt to climate changeand evaluating them in terms of criteria such as availability, ben-efits, costs, effectiveness, efficiency and feasibility.

Adaptation benefitsThe avoided damage costs or the accrued benefits following theadoption and implementation of adaptation measures.

Adaptation costsCosts of planning, preparing for, facilitating, and implementingadaptation measures, including transition costs.

Adaptive capacity (in relation to climate change impacts)The ability of a system to adjust to climate change (includingclimate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages,to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the conse-quences.

AerosolsA collection of air-borne solid or liquid particles, with a typicalsize between 0.01 and 10 m, that reside in the atmosphere forat least several hours. Aerosols may be of either natural or an-thropogenic origin.Aerosols may influence climate in two ways:directly through scattering and absorbing radiation, and indi-rectly through acting as condensation nuclei for cloud formationor modifying the optical properties and lifetime of clouds.

AfforestationDirect human-induced conversion of land that has not beenforested for a period of at least 50 years to forested land throughplanting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natu-ral seed sources. See also reforestation and deforestation . For adiscussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation , reforestation and deforestation , see the IPCC SpecialReport on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (IPCC,

2000).

Aggregate impactsTotal impacts integrated across sectors and/or regions. The ag-gregation of impacts requires knowledge of (or assumptionsabout) the relative importance of impacts in different sectors andregions. Measures of aggregate impacts include, for example,the total number of people affected, or the total economic costs.

AlbedoThe fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface or object,often expressed as a percentage. Snow-covered surfaces have a

Appendix I: Glossary

Notes:1. This glossary defines some specific terms as the lead authors intend them to be interpreted in the context of this Report.2. Words in italic indicate that the following term is also contained in this glossary.


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westward across the entire extent of Russia to the EuropeanPlain. The climate is continental, with long, very cold winters(up to 6 months with mean temperatures below freezing), andshort, cool summers (50 to 100 frost-free days). Precipitation in-creases during summer months, although annual precipitation isstill small. Low evaporation rates can make this a humid cli-mate. See taiga .

BreakwaterA hard engineering structure built in the sea which, by breakingwaves, protects a harbour, anchorage, beach or shore area. Abreakwater can be attached to the coast or lie offshore.

C 3 plantsPlants that produce a three-carbon compound during photosyn-thesis , including most trees and agricultural crops such as rice,wheat, soybeans, potatoes and vegetables.

C 4 plantsPlants, mainly of tropical origin, that produce a four-carbon com-pound during photosynthesis , including many grasses and theagri-culturally important crops maize, sugar cane, millet and sorghum.

Calcareous organismsA large and diverse group of organisms, many marine, that usecalcite or aragonite to form shells or skeletons. See calcite ,aragonite and ocean acidification .

CalciteA calcium carbonate (limestone) mineral, used by shell- orskeleton-forming, calcifying organisms such as foraminifera,some macroalgae, lobsters, crabs, sea urchins and starfish. Cal-cite is less sensitive to ocean acidification than aragonite , alsoused by many marine organisms. See also aragonite and oceanacidification .

Capacity buildingIn the context of climate change , capacity building is develop-ing the technical skills and institutional capabilities in develop-ing countries and economies in transition to enable theirparticipation in all aspects of adaptation to, mitigation of, and re-search on climate change , and in the implementation of theKyoto Mechanisms, etc.

Carbon cycleThe term used to describe the flow of carbon (in various forms,

e.g., carbon dioxide ) through the atmosphere , ocean, terrestrialbiosphere and lithosphere.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2)A naturally occurring gas fixed by photosynthesis into organicmatter. A by-product of fossil fuel combustion and biomassburning, it is also emitted from land-use changes and other in-dustrial processes. It is the principal anthropogenic greenhousegas that affects the Earths radiative balance. It is the referencegas against which other greenhouse gases are measured, thushaving a Global Warming Potential of 1.

Carbon dioxide fertilisationThe stimulation of plant photosynthesis due to elevated CO 2concentrations, leading to either enhanced productivity and/orefficiency of primary production . In general, C 3 plants show alarger response to elevated CO 2 than C 4 plants .

Carbon sequestrationThe process of increasing the carbon content of a reservoir /pool

other than the atmosphere .

CatchmentAn area that collects and drains rainwater.

CDM (Clean Development Mechanism)The CDM allows greenhouse gas emission reduction projectsto take place in countries that have no emission targets under theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol , yet are signatories.

Chagas diseaseA parasitic disease caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi and trans-mitted by triatomine bugs in theAmericas, with two clinical pe-riods: acute (fever, swelling of the spleen, oedemas) and chronic(digestive syndrome, potentially fatal heart condition).

CholeraA water-borne intestinal infection caused by a bacterium ( Vib-rio cholerae ) that results in frequent watery stools, cramping ab-dominal pain, and eventual collapse from dehydration andshock.

ClimateClimate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the averageweather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description interms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over aperiod of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. These quantities are most often surface variables such astemperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense isthe state, including a statistical description, of the climate sys-tem . The classical period of time is 30 years, as defined by theWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO).

Climate changeClimate change refers to any change in climate over time,whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activ-ity. This usage differs from that in the United Nations Frame-

work Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) , which definesclimate change as: a change of climate which is attributed di-rectly or indirectly to human activity that alters the compositionof the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural cli-mate variability observed over comparable time periods. Seealso climate variability .

Climate change commitmentDue to the thermal inertia of the ocean and slow processes in thebiosphere , the cryosphere and land surfaces, the climate wouldcontinue to change even if the atmospheric composition washeld fixed at todays values. Past change in atmospheric com-


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position leads to a committed climate change which continuesfor as long as a radiative imbalance persists and until all com-ponents of the climate system have adjusted to a new state. Thefurther change in temperature after the composition of the at-mosphere is held constant is referred to as the committed warm-ing or warming commitment. Climate change commitmentincludes other future changes, for example in the hydrologicalcycle, in extreme weather events , and in sea-level rise .

Climate modelA numerical representation of the climate system based on thephysical, chemical, and biological properties of its components,their interactions and feedback processes, and accounting for allor some of its known properties. The climate system can be rep-resented by models of varying complexity (i.e., for any one com-ponent or combination of components a hierarchy of models canbe identified, differing in such aspects as the number of spatialdimensions, the extent to which physical, chemical, or biologi-cal processes are explicitly represented, or the level at whichempirical parameterisations are involved. Coupled atmosphere /ocean/sea-ice General Circulation Models (AOGCMs)provide a comprehensive representation of the climate system.More complex models include active chemistry and biology. Cli-mate models are applied, as a research tool, to study and simu-late the climate, but also for operational purposes, includingmonthly, seasonal, and interannual climate predictions .

Climate predictionA climate prediction or climate forecast is the result of an at-tempt to produce an estimate of the actual evolution of the cli-mate in the future, e.g., at seasonal, interannual or long-termtime scales. See also climate projection and climate (change)scenario .

Climate projectionThe calculated response of the climate system to emissions orconcentration scenarios of greenhouse gases and aerosols , orradiative forcing scenarios , often based on simulations by cli-mate models . Climate projections are distinguished from climate predictions , in that the former critically depend on the emis-sions/concentration/ radiative forcing scenario used, and there-fore on highly uncertain assumptions of future socio-economicand technological development.

Climate (change) scenarioA plausible and often simplified representation of the future cli-

mate , based on an internally consistent set of climatological re-lationships and assumptions of radiative forcing , typicallyconstructed for explicit use as input to climate change impactmodels. A climate change scenario is the difference between aclimate scenario and the current climate.

Climate sensitivityThe equilibrium temperature rise that would occur for a dou-bling of CO 2 concentration above pre-industrial levels.

Climate systemThe climate system is defined by the dynamics and interactions

of five major components: atmosphere , hydrosphere, cryosphere , land surface, and biosphere . Climate system dynamicsare driven by both internal and external forcing, such as volcaniceruptions, solar variations, or human-induced modifications tothe planetary radiative balance, for instance via anthropogenicemissions of greenhouse gases and/or land-use changes.

Climate threshold

The point at which external forcing of the climate system , suchas the increasing atmospheric concentration of greenhousegases , triggers a significant climatic or environmental eventwhich is considered unalterable, or recoverable only on verylong time-scales, such as widespread bleaching of corals or acollapse of oceanic circulation systems.

Climate variabilityClimate variability refers to variations in the mean state andother statistics (such as standard deviations, statistics of ex-tremes, etc.) of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales be-yond that of individual weather events. Variability may be dueto natural internal processes within the climate system (internalvariability ), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic externalforcing (external variability). See also climate change .

CO2

fertilisationSee carbon dioxide fertilisation .

Coastal squeezeThe squeeze of coastal ecosystems (e.g., salt marshes, man-groves and mud and sand flats) between rising sea levels andnaturally or artificially fixed shorelines, including hard engi-neering defences (see Chapter 6).

CoccolithophoresSingle-celled microscopic phytoplankton algae which constructshell-like structures from calcite (a form of calcium carbonate).See also calcite and ocean acidification .

Committed to extinctionThis term describes a species with dwindling population that isin the process of inescapably becoming extinct in the absenceof human intervention. See also extinction .

Communicable diseaseAn infectious disease caused by transmission of an infective bi-ological agent (virus, bacterium, protozoan, or multicellular

macroparasite).

ConfidenceIn this Report, the level of confidence in a statement is expressedusing a standard terminology defined in the Introduction. Seealso uncertainty .

Control runA model run carried out to provide a baseline for comparisonwith climate-change experiments. The control run uses constantvalues for the radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases and an-thropogenic aerosols appropriate to pre-industrial conditions.


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CoralThe term coral has several meanings, but is usually the com-mon name for the Order Scleractinia , all members of which havehard limestone skeletons, and which are divided into reef-build-ing and non-reef-building, or cold- and warm-water corals.

Coral bleachingThe paling in colour which results if a coral loses its symbiotic,

energy-providing, organisms.

Coral reefsRock-like limestone (calcium carbonate) structures built bycorals along ocean coasts (fringing reefs) or on top of shallow,submerged banks or shelves (barrier reefs, atolls), most con-spicuous in tropical and sub-tropical oceans.

CryosphereThe component of the climate system consisting of all snow andice (including permafrost ) on and beneath the surface of theEarth and ocean.

CryptogamsAn outdated but still-used term, denoting a group of diverse andtaxonomically unrelated organisms, including fungi and lowerplants such as algae , lichens, hornworts, liverworts, mosses andferns.

DeforestationNatural or anthropogenic process that converts forest land tonon-forest. See afforestation and reforestation.

Dengue feverAn infectious viral disease spread by mosquitoes, often calledbreakbone fever because it is characterised by severe pain in the joints and back. Subsequent infections of the virus may lead todengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome(DSS), which may be fatal.

DesertA region of very low rainfall, where very low is widely ac-cepted to be


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Ecophysiological processIndividual organisms respond to environmental variability, suchas climate change , through ecophysiological processes whichoperate continuously, generally at a microscopic or sub-organscale. Ecophysiological mechanisms underpin individual or-ganisms tolerance to environmental stress, and comprise abroad range of responses defining the absolute tolerance limitsof individuals to environmental conditions. Ecophysiological re-

sponses may scale up to control species geographic ranges.

EcosystemThe interactive system formed from all living organisms andtheir abiotic (physical and chemical) environment within a givenarea. Ecosystems cover a hierarchy of spatial scales and cancomprise the entire globe, biomes at the continental scale orsmall, well-circumscribed systems such as a small pond.

Ecosystem approachThe ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated man-agement of land, water and living resources that promotes con-servation and sustainable use in an equitable way.An ecosystemapproach is based on the application of appropriate scientificmethodologies focused on levels of biological organisation,which encompass the essential structure, processes, functionsand interactions among organisms and their environment. Itrecognises that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an in-tegral component of many ecosystems . The ecosystem approachrequires adaptive management to deal with the complex and dy-namic nature of ecosystems and the absence of complete knowl-edge or understanding of their functioning. Priority targets areconservation of biodiversity and of the ecosystem structure andfunctioning, in order to maintain ecosystem services.

Ecosystem servicesEcological processes or functions having monetary or non-mon-etary value to individuals or society at large. There are (i) sup-porting services such as productivity or biodiversitymaintenance, (ii) provisioning services such as food, fibre, orfish, (iii) regulating services such as climate regulation or car-bon sequestration , and (iv) cultural services such as tourism orspiritual and aesthetic appreciation.

EcotoneTransition area between adjacent ecological communities (e.g.,between forests and grasslands).

El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)El Nio, in its original sense, is a warm-water current that period-ically flows along the coast of Ecuador and Peru, disrupting thelocal fishery. This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuation of the inter-tropical surface pressure pattern and circulation in the In-dian and Pacific Oceans, called theSouthern Oscillation.This cou-pled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon is collectively known as ElNio-Southern Oscillation. During an El Nio event, the prevail-ing trade winds weaken and the equatorial countercurrent strength-ens, causing warm surface waters in the Indonesian area to floweastward to overlie the cold waters of the Peru current. This eventhas great impact on the wind, sea surface temperature, and precip-

itation patterns in the tropical Pacific. It has climatic effectsthroughout the Pacific region and in many other parts of the world.The opposite of an El Nio event is called La Nia .

Emissions scenarioA plausible representation of the future development of emis-sions of substances that are potentially radiatively active (e.g.,greenhouse gases , aerosols ), based on a coherent and internally

consistent set of assumptions about driving forces (such as de-mographic and socio-economic development, technologicalchange) and their key relationships. In 1992, the IPCC presenteda set of emissions scenarios that were used as a basis for the cli-mate projections in the Second Assessment Report. These emis-sions scenarios are referred to as the IS92 scenarios . In the IPCCSpecial Report on Emissions Scenarios ( SRES ) (Nakienovi etal., 2000), new emissions scenarios the so-called SRES sce-narios were published.

EndemicRestricted or peculiar to a locality or region. With regard tohuman health, endemic can refer to a disease or agent presentor usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at alltimes.

EnsembleA group of parallel model simulations used for climate projec-tions . Variation of the results across the ensemble members givesan estimate of uncertainty . Ensembles made with the samemodel but different initial conditions only characterise the un-certainty associated with internal climate variability , whereasmulti-model ensembles including simulations by several modelsalso include the impact of model differences.

EpidemicOccurring suddenly in incidence rates clearly in excess of nor-mal expectancy, applied especially to infectious diseases butmay also refer to any disease, injury, or other health-relatedevent occurring in such outbreaks.

ErosionThe process of removal and transport of soil and rock by weath-ering, mass wasting, and the action of streams, glaciers , waves,winds and underground water.

Eustatic sea-level riseSee sea-level rise .

EutrophicationThe process by which a body of water (often shallow) becomes(either naturally or by pollution) rich in dissolved nutrients, witha seasonal deficiency in dissolved oxygen.

EvaporationThe transition process from liquid to gaseous state.

EvapotranspirationThe combined process of water evaporation from the Earthssurface and transpiration from vegetation.


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ExternalitiesOccur when a change in the production or consumption of oneindividual or firm affects indirectly the well-being of another in-dividual or firm. Externalities can be positive or negative. Theimpacts of pollution on ecosystems , water courses or air qual-ity represent classic cases of negative externality.

Extinction

The global disappearance of an entire species.

ExtirpationThe disappearance of a species from part of its range; local ex-tinction .

Extreme weather eventAn event that is rare within its statistical reference distributionat a particular place. Definitions of rare vary, but an extremeweather event would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10thor 90th percentile. By definition, the characteristics of what iscalled extreme weathermay vary from place to place. Extremeweather events may typically include floods and droughts .

FeedbackAn interaction mechanism between processes is called a feed-back. When the result of an initial process triggers changes in asecond process and that in turn influences the initial one. A pos-itive feedback intensifies the original process, and a negativefeedback reduces it.

Food chainThe chain of trophic relationships formed if several species feedon each other. See food web and trophic level .

Food securityA situation that exists when people have secure access to suffi-cient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth, de-velopment and an active and healthy life. Food insecurity maybe caused by the unavailability of food, insufficient purchasingpower, inappropriate distribution, or inadequate use of food atthe household level.

Food webThe network of trophic relationships within an ecological com-munity involving several interconnected food chains .

Forecast

See climate prediction and climate projection .

Forest limit/lineThe upper elevational or latitudinal limit beyond which naturaltree regeneration cannot develop into a closed forest stand. It istypically at a lower elevation or more distant from the poles thanthe tree line .

Freshwater lensA lenticular fresh groundwater body that underlies an oceanicisland. It is underlain by saline water.

Functional extinctionThis term defines a species which has lost its capacity to persistand to recover because its populations have declined to below aminimum size. See committed to extinction .

General Circulation Model (GCM)See climate model .

GeneralistA species that can tolerate a wide range of environmental con-ditions.

GlacierA mass of land ice flowing downhill (by internal deformationand sliding at the base) and constrained by the surrounding to-pography (e.g., the sides of a valley or surrounding peaks). Aglacier is maintained by accumulation of snow at high altitudes,balanced by melting at low altitudes or discharge into the sea.

GlobalisationThe growing integration and interdependence of countriesworldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, free international cap-ital flows, and the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology, information and culture.

Greenhouse effectThe process in which the absorption of infrared radiation by theatmosphere warms the Earth.In common parlance, the term greenhouse effect may be usedto refer either to the natural greenhouse effect, due to naturallyoccurring greenhouse gases , or to the enhanced ( anthropogenic )greenhouse effect, which results from gases emitted as a resultof human activities.

Greenhouse gasGreenhouse gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere , both natural and anthropogenic , that absorb and emit ra-diation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infraredradiation emitted by the Earths surface, the atmosphere, andclouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect . Water vapour(H 2O), carbon dioxide (CO 2), nitrous oxide (N 2O), methane(CH 4) and ozone (O3) are the primary greenhouse gases in theEarths atmosphere. As well as CO 2, N2O, and CH 4, the KyotoProtocol deals with the greenhouse gases sulphur hexafluoride(SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs).

Gross Domestic ProductGross Domestic Product (GDP) is the monetary value of allgoods and services produced within a nation.

Gross National ProductGross National Product (GNP) is the monetary value of all goodsand services produced in a nations economy, including incomegenerated abroad by domestic residents, but without incomegenerated by foreigners.


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Gross primary productionThe total carbon fixed by plant through photosynthesis .

Groundwater rechargeThe process by which external water is added to the zone of sat-uration of an aquifer , either directly into a formation or indi-rectly by way of another formation.

GroyneA low, narrow jetty, usually extending roughly perpendicular tothe shoreline, designed to protect the shore from erosion by cur-rents, tides or waves, by trapping sand for the purpose of re-plenishing or making a beach.

HabitatThe locality or natural home in which a particular plant, animal,or group of closely associated organisms lives.

HantavirusA virus in the family Bunyaviridae that causes a type of haem-orrhagic fever. It is thought that humans catch the disease mainlyfrom infected rodents, either through direct contact with the an-imals or by inhaling or ingesting dust that contains aerosolisedviral particles from their dried urine and other secretions.

Heat islandAn urban area characterised by ambient temperatures higherthan those of the surrounding non-urban area. The cause is ahigher absorption of solar energy by materials of the urban fab-ric such as asphalt.

HerbaceousFlowering, non-woody.

Human systemAny system in which human organisations play a major role.Often, but not always, the term is synonymous with society orsocial system e.g., agricultural system, political system, tech-nological system, economic system; all are human systems inthe sense applied in the AR4.

Hydrographic eventsEvents that alter the state or current of waters in oceans, riversor lakes.

Hydrological systems

The systems involved in movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth, including both the hydrologic cycleand water resources.

HypolimneticReferring to the part of a lake below the thermocline made up of water that is stagnant and of essentially uniform temperature ex-cept during the period of overturn.

Hypoxic eventsEvents that lead to a deficiency of oxygen.

Ice capA dome-shaped ice mass covering a highland area that is con-siderably smaller in extent than an ice sheet .

Ice sheetA mass of land ice that is sufficiently deep to cover most of theunderlying bedrock topography. An ice sheet flows outwardsfrom a high central plateau with a small average surface slope.

The margins slope steeply, and the ice is discharged through fast-flowing ice streams or outlet glaciers , in some cases into the seaor into ice shelves floating on the sea. There are only two largeice sheets in the modern world on Greenland and Antarctica,the Antarctic ice sheet being divided into east and west by theTransantarctic Mountains; during glacial periods there were oth-ers.

Ice shelf A floating ice sheet of considerable thickness attached to a coast(usually of great horizontal extent with a level or gently undu-lating surface); often a seaward extension of ice sheets. Nearlyall ice shelves are in Antarctica.

(climate change) Impact assessmentThe practice of identifying and evaluating, in monetary and/ornon-monetary terms, the effects of climate change on naturaland human systems .

(climate change) ImpactsThe effects of climate change on natural and human systems .Depending on the consideration of adaptation , one can distin-guish between potential impacts and residual impacts:

Potential impacts : all impacts that may occur given a pro- jected change in climate, without considering adaptation.

Residual impacts : the impacts of climate change that wouldoccur after adaptation. See also aggregate impacts , mar-ket impacts , and non-market impacts .

Indigenous peoplesNo internationally accepted definition of indigenous peoples ex-ists. Common characteristics often applied under internationallaw, and by United Nations agencies to distinguish indigenouspeoples include: residence within or attachment to geographi-cally distinct traditional habitats , ancestral territories, and theirnatural resources; maintenance of cultural and social identities,and social, economic, cultural and political institutions separatefrom mainstream or dominant societies and cultures; descent

from population groups present in a given area, most frequentlybefore modern states or territories were created and current bor-ders defined; and self-identification as being part of a distinctindigenous cultural group, and the desire to preserve that cul-tural identity.

Industrial revolutionA period of rapid industrial growth with far-reaching social andeconomic consequences, beginning in England during the sec-ond half of the 18th century and spreading to Europe and laterto other countries including the USA. The industrial revolutionmarks the beginning of a strong increase in combustion of fos-


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sil fuels and related emissions of carbon dioxide . In the AR4,the term pre-industrial refers, somewhat arbitrarily, to the pe-riod before 1750.

Infectious diseaseAny disease caused by microbial agents that can be transmittedfrom one person to another or from animals to people. This mayoccur by direct physical contact, by handling of an object that

has picked up infective organisms, through a disease carrier, viacontaminated water, or by the spread of infected dropletscoughed or exhaled into the air.

InfrastructureThe basic equipment, utilities, productive enterprises, installa-tions and services essential for the development, operation andgrowth of an organisation, city or nation.

Integrated assessmentAn interdisciplinary process of combining, interpreting andcommunicating knowledge from diverse scientific disciplinesso that all relevant aspects of a complex societal issue can beevaluated and considered for the benefit of decision-making.

Integrated water resources management (IWRM)The prevailing concept for water management which, however,has not been defined unambiguously. IWRM is based on fourprinciples that were formulated by the International Conferenceon Water and the Environment in Dublin, 1992: (1) fresh wateris a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, de-velopment and the environment; (2) water development andmanagement should be based on a participatory approach, in-volving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels; (3)women play a central part in the provision, management andsafeguarding of water; (4) water has an economic value in all itscompeting uses and should be recognised as an economic good.

Invasive species and invasive alien species (IAS)A species aggressively expanding its range and population den-sity into a region in which it is not native, often through out-competing or otherwise dominating native species.

Irrigation water-use efficiencyIrrigation water-use efficiency is the amount of biomass or seedyield produced per unit irrigation water applied, typically about1 tonne of dry matter per 100 mm water applied.

IsohyetA line on a map connecting locations that receive the sameamount of rainfall.

Joint attributionInvolves both attribution of observed changes to regional cli-mate change and attribution of a measurable portion of eitherregional climate change or the associated observed changes inthe system to anthropogenic causes, beyond natural variability.This process involves statistically linking climate-change simu-lations from climate models with the observed responses in thenatural or managed system. Confidence in joint attribution state-

ments must be lower than the confidence in either of the indi-vidual attribution steps alone due to the combination of two sep-arate statistical assessments.

Keystone speciesA species that has a central servicing role affecting many otherorganisms and whose demise is likely to result in the loss of anumber of species and lead to major changes in ecosystem func-

tion.

Kyoto ProtocolThe Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the Third Session of theConference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework Con-vention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan.It contains legally binding commitments, in addition to those in-cluded in the UNFCCC. Countries included in Annex B of theProtocol (most member countries of the Organisation for Eco-nomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and those witheconomies in transition) agreed to reduce their anthropogenicgreenhouse gas emissions (CO 2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, andSF6) by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period2008 to 2012. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 Feb-ruary 2005.

La NiaSee El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) .

LandslideA mass of material that has slipped downhill by gravity, often as-sisted by water when the material is saturated; the rapid move-ment of a mass of soil, rock or debris down a slope.

Large-scale singularitiesAbrupt and dramatic changes in the state of given systems, inresponse to gradual changes in driving forces. For example, agradual increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrationsmay lead to such large-scale singularities as slowdown or col-lapse of the thermohaline circulation or collapse of the WestAntarctic ice sheet . The occurrence, magnitude, and timing of large-scale singularities are difficult to predict.

Last Glacial MaximumThe Last Glacial Maximum refers to the time of maximum ex-tent of the ice sheets during the last glaciation, approximately21,000 years ago.

LeachingThe removal of soil elements or applied chemicals by watermovement through the soil.

Leaf area index (LAI)The ratio between the total leaf surface area of a plant and theground area covered by its leaves.

LegumePlants that fix nitrogen from the air through a symbiotic rela-tionship with bacteria in their soil and root systems (e.g., soy-bean, peas, beans, lucerne, clovers).


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LikelihoodThe likelihood of an occurrence, an outcome or a result, wherethis can be estimated probabilistically, is expressed in this Reportusing a standard terminology, defined in the Introduction. Seealso uncertainty and confidence .

LimnologyStudy of lakes and their biota .

Littoral zoneA coastal region; the zone between high and low watermarks.

Malaria Endemic or epidemic parasitic disease caused by species of thegenus Plasmodium (Protozoa) and transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles ; produces bouts of high fever and systemicdisorders, affects about 300 million and kills approximately2 million people worldwide every year.

Market impacts Impacts that can be quantified in monetary terms, and directlyaffect Gross Domestic Product e.g., changes in the price of agricultural inputs and/or goods. See also non-market impacts .

MeningitisInflammation of the meninges (part of the covering of the brain),usually caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi.

Meridional overturning circulation (MOC)See thermohaline circulation (THC).

MicroclimateLocal climate at or near the Earths surface. See also climate .

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)A list of ten goals, including eradicating extreme poverty andhunger, improving maternal health, and ensuring environmentalsustainability, adopted in 2000 by the UN General Assembly,i.e., 191 States, to be reached by 2015. The MDGs commit theinternational community to an expanded vision of development,and have been commonly accepted as a framework for measur-ing development progress.

MiresPeat -accumulating wetlands . See bog .

MitigationAn anthropogenic intervention to reduce the anthropogenic forc-ing of the climate system ; it includes strategies to reduce green-house gas sources and emissions and enhancing greenhouse gassinks .

Mixed layerThe upper region of the ocean, well mixed by interaction withthe overlying atmosphere .

MonsoonA monsoon is a tropical and sub-tropical seasonal reversal in

both the surface winds and associated precipitation.

MontaneThe biogeographic zone made up of relatively moist, cool up-land slopes below the sub-alpine zone that is characterised bythe presence of mixed deciduous at lower and coniferous ever-green forests at higher elevations.

MorbidityRate of occurrence of disease or other health disorders within apopulation, taking account of the age-specific morbidity rates.Morbidity indicators include chronic disease incidence/preva-lence, rates of hospitalisation, primary care consultations, dis-ability-days (i.e., days of absence from work), and prevalenceof symptoms.

MorphologyThe form and structure of an organism or land-form, or any of its parts.

MortalityRateof occurrence of death within a population; calculation of mor-tality takes account of age-specific death rates, and can thus yieldmeasures of life expectancy and the extent of premature death.

Net biome production (NBP)Net biome production is the net ecosystem production (NEP)minus carbon losses resulting from disturbances such as fire orinsect defoliation.

Net ecosystem production (NEP)Net ecosystem production is the difference between net primary production (NPP) and heterotrophic respiration (mostly de-composition of dead organic matter) of that ecosystem over thesame area (see also net biome production (NBP ).

Net primary production (NPP)Net primary production is the gross primary production minusautotrophic respiration , i.e., the sum of metabolic processes forplant growth and maintenance, over the same area.

Nitrogen oxides (NO x)Any of several oxides of nitrogen.

No regrets policyA policy that would generate net social and/or economic bene-

fits irrespective of whether or not anthropogenic climate changeoccurs.

Non-linearityA process is called non-linear when there is no simple propor-tional relation between cause and effect.

Non-market impacts Impacts that affect ecosystems or human welfare , but that arenot easily expressed in monetary terms, e.g., an increased risk of premature death, or increases in the number of people at risk of hunger. See also market impacts .


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Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI)A satellite-based remotely sensed measure of the greennessof the vegetation cover.

North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) consists of opposing vari-ations of barometric pressure near Iceland and near the Azores.It is the dominant mode of winter climate variability in the North

Atlantic region.

Ocean acidificationIncreased concentrations of CO 2 in sea water causing a measur-able increase in acidity (i.e., a reduction in ocean pH). This maylead to reduced calcification rates of calcifying organisms suchas corals , molluscs, algae and crustacea.

Ombrotrophic bogAn acidic peat -accumulating wetland that is rainwater (insteadof groundwater) fed and thus particularly poor in nutrients.

Opportunity costsThe cost of an economic activity forgone through the choice of another activity.

OzoneThe triatomic form of oxygen (O 3), a gaseous atmospheric con-stituent. In the troposphere , it is created both naturally and byphotochemical reactions involving gases resulting from humanactivities ( photochemical smog ). In high concentrations, tro-pospheric ozone can be harmful to many living organisms. Tro-pospheric ozone acts as a greenhouse gas . In the stratosphere ,ozone is created by the interaction between solar ultraviolet ra-diation and molecular oxygen (O 2). Depletion of stratosphericozone, due to chemical reactions that may be enhanced by cli-mate change , results in an increased ground-level flux of ultra-violet (UV) B radiation.

Paludificationhe process of transforming land into a wetland such as a marsh,a swamp or a bog .

ParticulatesVery small solid exhaust particles emitted during the combustionof fossil and biomass fuels. Particulates may consist of a widevariety of substances. Of greatest concern for health are partic-ulates of less than or equal to 10 nm in diameter, usually desig-

nated as PM 10.

PeatPeat is formed from dead plants, typically Sphagnum mosses,which are only partially decomposed due to the permanent sub-mergence in water and the presence of conserving substancessuch as humic acids.

PeatlandTypically a wetland such as a mire slowly accumulating peat .

Pelagic communityThe community of organisms living in the open waters of a river,a lake or an ocean (in contrast to benthic communities living onor near the bottom of a water body).

PermafrostPerennially frozen ground that occurs where the temperature re-mains below 0C for several years.

PhenologyThe study of natural phenomena that recur periodically (e.g., de-velopment stages, migration) and their relation to climate andseasonal changes.

Photochemical smogA mix of photochemical oxidant air pollutants produced by thereaction of sunlight with primary air pollutants, especially hy-drocarbons.

PhotosynthesisThe synthesis by plants, algae and some bacteria of sugar fromsunlight, carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen as the wasteproduct. See also carbon dioxide fertilisation , C 3 plants and C 4 plants .

PhysiographicOf, relating to, or employing a description of nature or naturalphenomena.

PhytoplanktonThe plant forms of plankton . Phytoplankton are the dominantplants in the sea, and are the basis of the entire marine food webThese single-celled organisms are the principal agents of pho-tosynthetic carbon fixation in the ocean. See also zooplankton .

PlanktonMicroscopic aquatic organisms that drift or swim weakly. Seealso phytoplankton and zooplankton .

Plant functional type (PFT)An idealised vegetation class typically used in dynamic globalvegetation models (DGVM) .

PolynyaAreas of permanently unfrozen sea water resulting from warmerlocal water currents in otherwise sea-ice covered oceans. They

are biological hotspots, since they serve as breathing holes orrefuges for marine mammals such as whales and seals, and fish-hunting birds.

Population systemAn ecological system (not ecosystem ) determined by the dy-namics of a particular vagile species that typically cuts acrossseveral ecological communities and even entire biomes . An ex-ample is migratory birds that seasonally inhabit forests as wellas grasslands and visit wetlands on their migratory routes.


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Potential productionEstimated crop productivity under non-limiting soil, nutrient andwater conditions.

Pre-industrialSee industrial revolution .

Primary production

All forms of production accomplished by plants, also called pri-mary producers. See GPP , NPP , NEP and NBP .

ProjectionThe potential evolution of a quality or set of quantities, oftencomputed with the aid of a model. Projections are distinguishedfrom predictions in order to emphasise that projections involveassumptions concerning, for example, future socio-economicand technological developments, that may or may not be realised and are therefore subject to substantial uncertainty . See alsoclimate projection and climate prediction .

PteropodsPlanktonic, small marine snails with swimming organs resem-bling wings.

Pure rate of time preferenceThe degree to which consumption now is preferred to con-sumption one year later, with prices and incomes held constant,which is one component of the discount rate .

Radiative forcingRadiative forcing is the change in the net vertical irradiance (ex-pressed in Watts per square metre; Wm 2) at the tropopause dueto an internal or external change in the forcing of the climatesystem , such as a change in the concentration of CO

2or the out-

put of the Sun.

RangelandUnmanaged grasslands, shrublands, savannas and tundra .

RecalcitrantRecalcitrant organic material or recalcitrant carbon stocks resistdecomposition.

Reference scenarioSee baseline/reference .

ReforestationPlanting of forests on lands that have previously containedforests but that have been converted to some other use. For adiscussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation , reforestation and deforestation , see the IPCC SpecialReport on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (IPCC,2000).

Reids paradoxThis refers to the apparent contradiction between inferences of high plant migration rates as suggested in the palaeo-record (par-ticularly after the last Ice Age), and the low potential rates of

migration that can be inferred through studying the seed disper-sal of the plants involved, e.g., in wind-tunnel experiments.

ReinsuranceThe transfer of a portion of primary insurance risks to a sec-ondary tier of insurers (reinsurers); essentially insurance for in-surers.

Relative sea-level riseSee sea-level rise .

ReservoirA component of the climate system , other than the atmosphere ,that has the capacity to store, accumulate or release a substanceof concern (e.g., carbon or a greenhouse gas ). Oceans, soils, andforests are examples of carbon reservoirs. The term also meansan artificial or natural storage place for water, such as a lake,pond or aquifer , from which the water may be withdrawn forsuch purposes as irrigation or water supply.

ResilienceThe ability of a social or ecological system to absorb distur-bances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organisation, and the capacityto adapt to stress and change.

RespirationThe process whereby living organisms convert organic matterto carbon dioxide , releasing energy and consuming oxygen.

RiparianRelating to or living or located on the bank of a natural water-course (such as a river) or sometimes of a lake or a tidewater.

River dischargeWater flow within a river channel, for example expressed inm3/s. A synonym for streamflow .

Runoff That part of precipitation that does not evaporate and is not tran-spired .

SalinisationThe accumulation of salts in soils.

Salt-water intrusion / encroachment

Displacement of fresh surface water or groundwater by the ad-vance of salt water due to its greater density. This usually oc-curs in coastal and estuarine areas due to reducing land-basedinfluence (e.g., either from reduced runoff and associatedgroundwater recharge , or from excessive water withdrawalsfrom aquifers ) or increasing marine influence (e.g., relative sea-level rise ).

SavannaTropical or sub-tropical grassland or woodland biomes with scat-tered shrubs, individual trees or a very open canopy of trees, allcharacterised by a dry (arid, semi-arid or semi-humid) climate .


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ScenarioA plausible and often simplified description of how the futuremay develop, based on a coherent and internally consistent setof assumptions about driving forces and key relationships. Sce-narios may be derived from projections , but are often based onadditional information from other sources, sometimes combinedwith a narrative storyline. See also climate (change) scenario ,emissions scenario and SRES.

Sea-ice biomeThe biome formed by all marine organisms living within or onthe floating sea ice (frozen sea water) of the polar oceans.)

Sea-level riseAn increase in the mean level of the ocean. Eustatic sea-levelrise is a change in global average sea level brought about by anincrease in the volume of the world ocean. Relative sea-levelrise occurs where there is a local increase in the level of theocean relative to the land, which might be due to ocean riseand/or land level subsidence. In areas subject to rapid land-leveluplift, relative sea level can fall.

Sea wallA human-made wall or embankment along a shore to preventwave erosion .

Semi-arid regionsRegions of moderately low rainfall, which are not highly pro-ductive and are usually classified as rangelands . Moderatelylow is widely accepted as between 100 and 250 mm precipita-tion per year. See also arid region .

SensitivitySensitivity is the degree to which a system is affected, either ad-versely or beneficially, by climate variability or change. The ef-fect may be direct (e.g., a change in crop yield in response to achange in the mean, range or variability of temperature) or in-direct (e.g., damages caused by an increase in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea-level rise ).

SequestrationSee carbon sequestration .

SilvicultureCultivation, development and care of forests.

SinkAny process, activity, or mechanism that removes a greenhousegas , an aerosol , or a precursor of a greenhouse gas or aerosolfrom the atmosphere .

Snow water equivalentThe equivalent volume/mass of water that would be produced if a particular body of snow or ice was melted.

SnowpackA seasonal accumulation of slow-melting snow.

Social cost of carbonThe value of the climate change impacts from 1 tonne of car-bon emitted today as CO 2, aggregated over time and discountedback to the present day; sometimes also expressed as value pertonne of carbon dioxide .

Socio-economic scenariosScenarios concerning future conditions in terms of population,

Gross Domestic Product and other socio-economic factors rel-evant to understanding the implications of climate change . SeeSRES (source: Chapter 6).

SRESThe storylines and associated population, GDP and emissionsscenarios associated with the Special Report on Emissions Sce-narios (SRES) (Nakienovi et al., 2000), and the resulting cli-mate change and sea-level rise scenarios . Four families of socio-economic scenario (A1, A2, B1 and B2) represent differ-ent world futures in two distinct dimensions: a focus on eco-nomic versus environmental concerns, and global versusregional development patterns.

StakeholderA person or an organisation that has a legitimate interest in aproject or entity, or would be affected by a particular action orpolicy.

StockSee reservoir .

StratosphereHighly stratified region of atmosphere above the troposphereextending from about 10 km (ranging from 9 km in high lati-tudes to 16 km in the tropics) to about 50 km.

StreamflowWater flow within a river channel, for example, expressed inm3/s. A synonym for river discharge .

Sub-alpineThe biogeographic zone below the tree line and above the mon-tane zone that is characterised by the presence of coniferous for-est and trees.

SucculentSucculent plants, e.g., cactuses, possessing organs that store

water, thus facilitating survival during drought conditions.

Surface runoff The water that travels over the land surface to the nearest surfacestream; runoff of a drainage basin that has not passed beneath thesurface since precipitation.

Sustainable developmentDevelopment that meets the cultural, social, political and eco-nomic needs of the present generation without compromisingthe ability of future generations to meet their own needs.


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TaigaThenorthernmost belt of boreal forest adjacent to theArctic tundra.

Thermal expansionIn connection with sea-level rise , this refers to the increase involume (and decrease in density) that results from warmingwater. A warming of the ocean leads to an expansion of theocean volume and hence an increase in sea level.

ThermoclineThe region in the worlds ocean, typically at a depth of 1 km,where temperature decreases rapidly with depth and whichmarks the boundary between the surface and the ocean.

Thermohaline circulation (THC)Large-scale, density-driven circulation in the ocean, caused bydifferences in temperature and salinity. In the North Atlantic, thethermohaline circulation consists of warm surface water flowingnorthward and cold deepwater flowing southward, resulting in anet poleward transport of heat. The surface water sinks in highlyrestricted regions located in high latitudes. Also called merid-ional overturning circulation (MOC) .

ThermokarstA ragged landscape full of shallow pits, hummocks and depres-sions often filled with water (ponds), which results from thaw-ing of ground ice or permafrost . Thermokarst processes are theprocesses driven by warming that lead to the formation of thermokarst.

ThresholdThe level of magnitude of a system process at which sudden orrapid change occurs. A point or level at which new propertiesemerge in an ecological, economic or other system, invalidatingpredictions based on mathematical relationships that apply atlower levels.

TranspirationThe evaporation of water vapour from the surfaces of leavesthrough stomata.

Tree lineThe upper limit of tree growth in mountains or high latitudes. Itis more elevated or more poleward than the forest line .

Trophic level

The position that an organism occupies in a food chain .

Trophic relationshipThe ecological relationship which results when one species feedson another.

TroposphereThe lowest part of the atmosphere from the surface to about10 km in altitude in mid-latitudes (ranging from 9 km in highlatitudes to 16 km in the tropics on average) where clouds andweather phenomena occur. In the troposphere, temperaturesgenerally decrease with height.

TsunamiA large wave produced by a submarine earthquake, landslide orvolcanic eruption.

TundraA treeless, level, or gently undulating plain characteristic of theArctic and sub-Arctic regions characterised by low temperaturesand short growing seasons.

UncertaintyAn expression of the degree to which a value (e.g., the futurestate of the climate system ) is unknown. Uncertainty can resultfrom lack of information or from disagreement about what isknown or even knowable. It may have many types of sources,from quantifiable errors in the data to ambiguously defined con-cepts or terminology, or uncertain projections of human behav-iour. Uncertainty can therefore be represented by quantitativemeasures (e.g., a range of values calculated by various models)or by qualitative statements (e.g., reflecting the judgement of ateam of experts). See also confidence and likelihood .

UndernutritionThe temporary or chronic state resulting from intake of lowerthan recommended daily dietary energy and/or protein require-ments, through either insufficient food intake, poor absorption,and/or poor biological use of nutrients consumed.

UngulateA hoofed, typically herbivorous, quadruped mammal (includingruminants, swine, camel, hippopotamus, horse, rhinoceros andelephant).

United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC)The Convention was adopted on 9 May 1992, in New York, andsigned at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro by more than150 countries and the European Community. Its ultimate objec-tive is the stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in theatmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system . It contains com-mitments for all Parties. Under the Convention, Parties includedin Annex I aim to return greenhouse gas emissions not controlledby the Montreal Protocol to 1990 levels by the year 2000. TheConvention entered in force in March 1994. See also Kyoto Pro-tocol .

Upwelling regionA region of an ocean where cold, typically nutrient-rich waters-from the bottom of the ocean surface.

UrbanisationThe conversion of land from a natural state or managed naturalstate (such as agriculture) to cities; a process driven by net rural-to-urban migration through which an increasing percentage of the population in any nation or region come to live in settlementsthat are defined as urban centres.


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VagileAble to migrate.

Vascular plantsHigher plants with vascular, i.e., sap-transporting, tissues.

VectorA blood-sucking organism, such as an insect, that transmits a

pathogen from one host to another. See also vector-borne dis-eases .

Vector-borne diseasesDisease that are transmitted between hosts by a vector organism(such as a mosquito or tick); e.g., malaria , dengue fever andleishmaniasis.

VernalisationThe biological requirements of certain crops, such as winter ce-reals, which need periods of extreme cold temperatures beforeemergence and/or during early vegetative stages, in order toflower and produce seeds. By extension, the act or process of hastening the flowering and fruiting of plants by treating seeds,bulbs or seedlings with cold temperatures, so as to induce ashortening of the vegetative period.

VulnerabilityVulnerability is the degree to which a system is susceptible to,and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change , in-cluding climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a func-tion of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change andvariation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity , and itsadaptive capacity.

Water consumptionAmount of extracted water irretrievably lost during its use (byevaporation and goods production). Water consumption is equalto water withdrawal minus return flow.

Water productivityThe ratio of crop seed produced per unit water applied. In thecase of irrigation, see irrigation water-use efficiency . For rain-fed crops, water productivity is typically 1 t/100 mm.

Water stressA country is water-stressed if the available freshwater supplyrelative to water withdrawals acts as an important constraint on

development. Withdrawals exceeding 20% of renewable watersupply have been used as an indicator of water stress. A crop iswater-stressed if soil-available water, and thus actual evapo-transpiration , is less than potential evapotranspiration demands.

Water-use efficiencyCarbon gain in photosynthesis per unit water lost in evapotran-spiration . It can be expressed on a short-term basis as the ratioof photosynthetic carbon gain per unit transpirational water loss,or on a seasonal basis as the ratio of net primary production oragricultural yield to the amount of available water.

Welfare

An economic term used to describe the state of well-being of humans on an individual or collective basis. The constituents of well-being are commonly considered to include materials to sat-isfy basic needs, freedom and choice, health, good social rela-tions, and security.

WetlandA transitional, regularly waterlogged area of poorly drainedsoils, often between an aquatic and a terrestrial ecosystem , fedfrom rain, surface water or groundwater. Wetlands are charac-terised by a prevalence of vegetation adapted for life in saturatedsoil conditions.

YedomaAncient organic material trapped in permafrost that is hardly de-composed.

ZoonosesDiseases and infections which are naturally transmitted betweenvertebrate animals and people.

ZooplanktonThe animal forms of plankton . They consume phytoplankton orother zooplankton.

ReferencesIPCC, 2000: Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry: A Spe-

cial Report of the IPCC , R.T. Watson, I.R. Noble, B. Bolin,N.H. Ravindranath, D.J. Verardo and D.J. Dokken, Eds., Cam-bridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, 377 pp.

Nakienovi, N., J. Alcamo, G. Davis, B. de Vries, J. Fenhann,S. Gaffin, K. Gregory, A. Grbler, T.Y. Jung, T. Kram, E.L. LaRovere, L. Michaelis, S. Mori, T. Morita, W. Pepper, H.Pitcher, L. Price, K. Raihi, A. Roehrl, H.-H. Rogner, A.Sankovski, M. Schlesinger, P. Shukla, S. Smith, R. Swart, S.

van Rooijen, N. Victor and Z. Dadi, 2000: EmissionsScenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, and New York, 599 pp.


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Burch, SarahUniversity of British ColumbiaCanada

Burkett, VirginiaUS Geological SurveyUSA

Burton, IanUniversity of TorontoCanada

Cairncross, SandyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineUK

Callaghan, TerryRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences/Abisko ScientificResearchSweden/UK

Canadell, JosepGCTE International Project OfficeAustralia

Canziani, OsvaldoIPCC Working Group II Co-chair Argentina

Carter, TimothyFinnish Environment InstituteFinland

Casassa, GinoCentro de Estudios CientificosChile

Cayan, DanUniversity of California, San DiegoUSA

Ceron, Jean-PaulUniversit de LimogesFrance

Chambers, Lynda

Bureau of Meteorology Research CentreAustralia

Chhetri, NetraArizona State UniversityUSA/Nepal

Christensen, TorbenLund UniversitySweden

Clot, BernardMeteoSwissSwitzerland

Codignotto, JorgeCiudad UniversitariaArgentina

Cohen, StewartUniversity of British ColumbiaCanada

Coleman, AnthonyInsurance Australia GroupAustralia

Conde, CeciliaUniversidad Nacional Autnoma de MxicoMexico

Confalonieri, Ulisses National School of Public HealthBrazil

Corfee-Morlot, JanOECD Environment DirectorateFrance

Corobov, RomanRegionicaMoldova

Ct, IsabelleSimon Fraser UniversityCanada

Craig, PatriciaThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUSA

Cranage, JudithThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUSA

Cruz, Rex Victor University of the Philippines at Los Baos

The Philippines

Cruz Choque, DavidMinistry of Sustainable DevelopmentBolivia

de AlbaAlcaraz, EdmundoUniversidad Nacional Autnoma de MxicoMexico

Appendix II: Contributors to the IPCC WGII Fourth Assessment Report

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de Chazal, JacquelineUniversit catholique de LouvainBelgium

de Ronde, JohnDelft HydraulicsThe Netherlands

Demuth, Mike Natural Resources CanadaCanada

Denton, FatimaInternational Development Research CentreSenegal/The Gambia

des Clers, SophieUniversity College LondonUK

Devoy, RobertUniversity College Cork Ireland

Dikinya, OagileUniversity of Western AustraliaAustralia

Dlugolecki, Andrew F.ConsultantUK

Dll, PetraUniversity of FrankfurtGermany

Downing, ThomasStockholm Environment InstituteUK

Dube, PaulineUniversity of BotswanaBotswana

Dubois, GhislainEnvironnement Conseil (TEC)

France

Dunn, Matt National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research New Zealand

Dyurgerov, Mark University of ColoradoUSA

Easterling, WilliamThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUSA

Ebi, KristieExponentUSA

Edwards, MartinSir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean ScienceUK

Emori, Seita National Institute for Environmental StudiesJapan

Enright, BrennaUniversity of TorontoCanada

Estrada, FranciscoUniversidad Nacional Autnoma de MxicoMexico

Estrella, NicoleTechnical University of MunichGermany

Falloon, PeteMet Office Hadley CentreUK

Fan, DaiduTongji UniversityChina

Fankhauser, SamuelEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentUK/Switzerland

Field, Christopher Carnegie Institution of WashingtonUSA

Finkel, AdamWoodrow Wilson School, Princeton University

USA

Fischlin,AndreasTerrestrial Systems Ecology Group ETH, ZrichSwitzerland

Fitzharris, Blair University of Otago New Zealand


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Forbes, DonaldBedford Institute of OceanographyCanada

Ford, JamesMcGill UniversityCanada

Francou, BernardInstitut de Recherche pour le DveloppementFrance

Furgal, Christopher Trent UniversityCanada

Fssel, Hans-MartinPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchGermany

Gay Garcia, CarlosUniversidad NacionalAutnoma de MxicoMexico

Giannakopoulos, Christos National Observatory of AthensGreece

Gigli, SimoneOECD/Germany

Gimnez, Juan CarlosUniversidad de Buenos AiresArgentina

Githeko, AndrewKenya Medical Research InstituteKenya

Githendu, MukiriMinistry of Research and TechnologyKenya

Gopal, BrijJawaharlal Nehru UniversityIndia

Gornitz, VivienColumbia UniversityUSA

Gossling, StefanLund UniversitySweden

Graham, PhilSwedish Meteorological and Hydrological InstituteSweden

Green, DonnaCSIROAustralia

Guisan, AntoineConservatoire et Jardin botaniques de GenveSwitzerland

Gyalistras, DimitriosTerrestrial Systems Ecology Group ETH, ZrichSwitzerland

Haeberli, WilfreidUniversity of Zrich-IrchelSwitzerland

Hales, SimonUniversity of Otago New Zealand

Hall, Jim Newcastle UniversityUK

Hallegatte, StephaneStanford UniversityUSA/France

Hamlet, AlanUniversity of WashingtonUSA

Hanson, Clair IPCC Working Group II TSU, Met Office Hadley CentreUK

Harasawa, Hideo National Institute for Environmental StudiesJapan

Harvey, NicholasUniversity of AdelaideAustralia

Hauengue, MariaMinistry of Health

Mozambique

Hay, JohnThe University of Waikato New Zealand

Hemming, DeborahMet Office Hadley CentreUK


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Henderson, Roderick National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research New Zealand

Hennessy, KevinCSIROAustralia

Henshaw, AnneBowdoin CollegeUSA

Hilmi, KarimInstitut National de Recherche HalieutiqueMorocco

Hobday, Alistair CSIROAustralia

Hoegh-Guldberg, OveThe University of QueenslandAustralia

Honda,YasushiUniversity of TsukubaJapan

Hope, Christopher University of CambridgeUK

Howden, Mark Bureau of Rural Sciences, Agriculture, Fisheries and ForestryAustralia

Hughes, TerenceJames Cook UniversityAustralia

Hughes, LesleyMacquarie UniversityAustralia

Huq, SaleemulInternational Institute for Environment and Development

UK/Bangladesh

Hutton, GuySwiss Tropical Institute, BaselSwitzerland/UK

Iglesias, AnaCiudad UniversitariaSpain

Imeson, AntonCommission on Geomorphological Response to EnvironmentalChangeThe Netherlands

Islam, SirajulUniversity of ChittagongBangladesh

Jafari, MostafaMeteorological OrganizationIran

Janetos, TonyThe H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and theEnvironmentUSA

Jeppesen, Erik National Environmental Research InstituteDenmark

Jett-Nantel, SimonOECD/Canada

Jimenez, Blanca ElenaUniversidad Nacional Autnoma de MxicoMexico

Jones, Roger CSIROAustralia

Jones, GregorySouthern Oregon UniversityUSA

Ju, HuiChinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceChina

Kabat, PavelInternational Secretariat for Dialogue on Water and ClimateThe Netherlands

Kajfe-Bogataj, Lucka

University of LjubljanaSlovenia

Kandlikar, MilindHarvard UniversityUSA/Canada

Kapshe, ManmohanMaulana Azad National Institute of TechnologyIndia


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Karoly, DavidUniversity of MelbourneAustralia/USA

Kaser, GeorgInstitut fr Geographie, University of Innsbruck Austria

Keller, KlausThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUSA/Germany

Kenny, GavinEarthwise Consulting New Zealand

Killmann, Wulf Food andAgriculture Organization/Italy

King, Darren National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research New Zealand

Kirilenko, AndreiUniversity of North DakotaUSA/Russia

Kjellstrom, TordUniversity of Auckland New Zealand/Sweden

Klein, RichardStockholm Environment InstituteSweden/The Netherlands

Krner, ChristianUniversity of BaselSwitzerland

Kovacs, PaulInstitute for Catastrophic Loss ReductionCanada

Kovats, SariLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineUK

Kundzewicz, ZbigniewPolish Academy of SciencesPoland

Lakyda, Petro National Agrarian University of UkraineUkraine

Lal, MurariCESDACIndia

Lam, JosephCity University of Hong KongChina

Lasco, RodelUniversity of the PhilippinesThe Philippines

Leemans, Rik University of WageningenThe Netherlands

Lefale, PenehuroWorld Meteorological Organization/Samoa

Lemos, Maria-CarmenUniversity of MichiganUSA/Brazil

Lewis, NancyUniversity of HawaiiUSA

Li, ShuangchengPeking UniversityChina

Li, CongxianTongji UniversityChina

Lien, Tran VietInstitute of Meteorology and HydrologyVietnam

Lin, ErdaChinese Academy of Agricultural ScienceChina

Liu, ChunzhenChina Water Information CentreChina

Liverman, DianaOxford UniversityUK

Lorenzoni, IreneUniversity of East AngliaUK

Love, Geoff Bureau of MeteorologyAustralia

Lowe, JasonMet Office Hadley CentreUK


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Lu, XianfuUNDP-GEF/China

Lucht, WolfgangPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchGermany

Lunn, Nick

Environment CanadaCanada

Ma, ZhuguoChinese Academy of SciencesChina

MacMynowski, DenaStanford Institute for International StudiesUSA

Mader, TerryUniversity of NebraskaUSA

Magadza, Christopher University of ZimbabweZimbabwe

Magrin, GracielaInstituto Nacional de Tecnologia AgropecuariaArgentina

Major, DavidColumbia UniversityUSA

Malone, ElizabethJoint Global Change Research InstituteUSA

Mann, SusanThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUSA

Marchant, HarveyThe Australian National UniversityAustralia

Marengo, JosCPTEC/INPEBrazil

Markandya, AnilThe World Bank/UK

Martin, EricMto-France, CNRM/CENFrance

Mastrandrea, MichaelStanford UniversityUSA

Mata, Luis Jose Nord-Sd Zentrum fr EntwicklungsforschungGermany/Venezuela

McGregor, GlennKings College, LondonUK

McInnes, KathleenCSIROAustralia

McLean, Roger University of New South WalesAustralia

Mearns, Linda National Center for Atmospheric ResearchUSA

Medany, MahmoudThe Central Laboratory for Agricultural ClimateEgypt

Menne, BettinaWHO Regional Office for Europe/Germany

Menzel, AnnetteTechnical University of MunichGermany

Midgley, Guy National Botanical InstituteSouthAfrica

Miller, Kathleen National Center for Atmospheric ResearchUSA

Mills, ScottUniversity of MontanaUSA

Mills, EvanLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryUSA

Mimura, NobuoIbaraki UniversityJapan

Minns, Charles KennethFisheries and Oceans CanadaCanada


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Mirza, Monirul Qader Environment CanadaCanada/Bangladesh

Misselhorn,AlisonUniversity of the WitwatersrandSouthAfrica

Morellato, PatriciaUniversidade Estadual PaulistaBrazil

Moreno, Ana RosaUniversidad NacionalAutnoma de MxicoMexico

Moreno, JosUniversidad de Castilla-La ManchaSpain

Morton, JohnUniversity of GreenwichUK

Mortsch, LindaEnvironment CanadaCanada

Moser, SusanneUnion of Concerned ScientistsUSA

Moulik, Tushar ERM India PvtIndia

Muir-Wood, RobertRisk Management SolutionsUK

Nagy, GustavoUniversidad de la RepblicaUruguay

Nakalevu, TaitoSouth Pacific Regional Environment Programme

Fiji

Nearing, Mark Southwest Watershed Research Center USA

Neilson, RonUS Department of AgricultureUSA

Nelson, Frederick University of DelawareUSA

Neofotis, Peter Columbia Earth InstituteUSA

Niang, IsabelleUniversity of Dakar Senegal

Nicholls, RobertUniversity of SouthamptonUK

Ninh, Nguyen HuuCentre for Environment Research, Education and DevelopmentVietnam

Nobre, CarlosCPTEC-INPEBrazil

Novky, BelSzent Istvn UniversityHungary

Nurse, LeonardUniversity of the West IndesBarbados

Nuttall, Mark University of AlbertaCanada/UK

Nyong,AnthonyInternational Development Research CentreKenya/Nigeria

OBrien, KarenCICERO Norway

ONeill, BrianIIASA/USA

OReilly, CatherineBard CollegeUSA

Obioh, ImohObafemi Awolowo University Nigeria

Ogbonna, AnthonyHeriot-Watt UniversityUK


893


26/70

Oki, TaikanUniversity of TokyoJapan

Olesen, JrgenDanish Institute of Agricultural SciencesDenmark

Oppenheimer, MichaelPrinceton UniversityUSA

Osman, BalgisHigher Council for Environment and Natural ResourcesSudan

Ouaga, Hubert NDjafaCentre Rgional AGRHYMET Niger

Palmer, GiannaWesleyan UniversityUSA

Palutikof, JeanIPCC Working Group II TSU, Met Office Hadley CentreUK

Parish, FaizalGlobal Environment CentreMalaysia

Parry, MartinIPCC Working Group II Co-chair, Met Office HadleyCentre/Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College,University of LondonUK

Patt,AnthonyBoston UniversityUSA/IIASA

Patwardhan,AnandIndian Institute of TechnologyIndia

Patz, JonathanUniversity of WisconsinUSA

Payet, RolphMinistry of Industries and International BusinessSeychelles

Pearce, TristanUniversity of GuelphCanada

Pcheux, MartinUniversit Paris VIFrance

Penny, Guy National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research New Zealand

Perez, RosaPhilippineAtmospheric, Geophysical and AstronomicalServices AdministrationThe Philippines

Pfeiffer, Christopher The Pennsylvania State UniversityUSA

Pfister, ChristianUniversitt BernSwitzerland

Pittock, BarrieCSIROAustralia

Price, Jeff American Bird ConservancyUSA

Prowse, Terry National Water Research Institute at NHRCCanada

Prudhomme, ChristelCentre for Ecology and Hydrology at WallingfordUK

Pulhin, JuanUniversity of the PhilippinesThe Philippines

Pulwarty, Roger NOAA/CIRES/Climate Diagnostics Center USA/Trinidad and Tobago

Ragoonaden, Sachooda

Consultant to Indian Ocean CommissionMauritius

Rahman, AtiqBangladesh Centre for Advanced StudiesBangladesh

Rawlins, SamuelRetiredTrinidad and Tobago


894


27/70

Reeder, TimEnvironment Agency, Thames RegionUK

Reist, JamesFisheries and Oceans CanadaCanada

Revich, BorisRussian Academy of SciencesRussia

Richels, RichardElectric Power Research InstituteUSA

Robinson, JohnUniversity of British ColumbiaCanada

Rodo, Xavier University of BarcelonaSpain

Rodriguez Acevedo, RafaelUniversidad Simn Bolvar Venezuela

Romero Lankao, Patricia National Center for Atmospheric ResearchUSA/Mexico

Root, TerryStanford UniversityUSA

Rose, GeorgeMemorial University of NewfoundlandCanada

Rosenzweig, CynthiaGoddard Institute for Space StudiesUSA

Rounsevell, Mark Universit catholique de Louvain

Belgium

Running, SteveUniversity of MontanaUSA

Ruosteenoja, KimmoFinnish Meteorological InstituteFinland

Rupp-Armstrong, SusanneUniversity of SouthamptonUK

Sailor, DavidPortland State UniversityUSA

Saito, Yoshiki National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnologyJapan

Salinger, Jim National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research New Zealand

Saunders, Mark University College LondonUK

Schmidhuber, Josef Food andAgriculture Organization/Italy

Schneider, StephenStanford UniversityUSA

Schulze, RolandUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalSouthAfrica

Scott, MichaelBattelle Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryUSA

Scott, DanielEnvironment CanadaCanada

Sedjo, Roger Resources for the FutureUSA

Seguin, Bernard National Institute for Agricultural Research

France

Sem, GrahamUNFCCC Secretariat/Papua New Guinea

Semenov, SergueiInstitute of Global Climate and EcologyRussia

Sen, ZekaiIstanbul Technical UniversityTurkey


895


28/70

Sharma, Ashok Halcrow Consulting IndiaIndia

Shiklomanov, Igor State Hydrological InstituteRussia

Shreshtha,ArunGovernment of Nepal Nepal

Shukla, PriyadarshiIndian Institute of ManagementIndia

Shvidenko, AnatolyIIASA/Russia

Smit, BarryUniversity of GuelphCanada

Smith, Kirk University of CaliforniaUSA

Smith, JoelStratus ConsultingUSA

Solecki, WilliamHunter College, City University of New York USA

Soussana, Jean-Francois National Institute for Agricultural ResearchFrance

Sparks, TimCentre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks WoodUK

Spencer, TomUniversity of CambridgeUK

Stone, JohnIPCC Working Group II Vice-chair Canada

Studd, KateCatholic Agency for Overseas DevelopmentUK

Suarez, AvelinoCuban Environment AgencyCuba

Sweeney, John National University of IrelandIreland

Tabo, RamadjitaICRISAT/Chad

Takahashi, Kiyoshi

National Institute for Environmental Studies,Japan

Tarazona, JuanUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosPeru

Taylor, AnnaStockholm Environment InstituteUK/South Africa

Tebaldi, Claudia National Center for Atmospheric SciencesUSA

Thayyen, RenojWadia Institute of Himalayan GeologyIndia

Thomson, MadeleineColumbia UniversityUSA/UK

Thuiller, WilfredLaboratoire dEcologie Alpine UMR-CNRSFrance

Tirado, ChristinaSpain

Todorov,Alexander Princeton UniversityUSA/Bulgaria

Tol, RichardEconomic and Social Research InstituteIreland/The Netherlands

Toth, FerencInternational Atomic Energy Authority/Hungary

Travasso, MariaINTAArgentina

Tryjanowski, Piotr Adam Mickiewicz UniversityPoland


896


29/70

Tubiello, FrancescoColumbia UniversityUSA/IIASA/Italy

Turley, CarolPlymouth Marine LaboratoryUK

van de Giesen, Nick Delft University of TechnologyThe Netherlands

van Minnen, JelleRIVMThe Netherlands

van Schaik, Henk UNESCO Co-operative Programme on Water and ClimateThe Netherlands

van Vuuren, Detlef Netherlands EnvironmentAssessment AgencyThe Netherlands

van Ypersele, Jean-PascalUniversit catholique de LouvainBelgium

Vandenberghe, Jef Vrije UniversityThe Netherlands

Vaughan, DavidBritish Antarctic SurveyUK

Velichko, AndreiInstitute of Geography, Russian Academy of SciencesRussia

Vicarelli, MartaColumbia UniversityUSA/Italy

Vilhjalmsson, Hjalmar Marine Research Institute

Iceland

Villamizar, AliciaUniversidad Smon Bolvar Venezuela

Vincent, KatherineUniversity of East AngliaUK

Viner, DavidUniversity of East AngliaUK

Vogel, ColeenUniversity of the WitwatersrandSouthAfrica

Walsh, JohnUniversity of AlaskaUSA

Wandel, JohannaUniversity of GuelphCanada

Warren, RachelTyndall Centre for Climate Change ResearchUK

Warrick, RichardUniversity of Waikato New Zealand

Washington, RichardOxford UniversityUK/South Africa

Watkiss, PaulPaul Watkiss AssociatesUK

Wiegandt, EllenGraduate Institute of International StudiesSwitzerland

Wilbanks, TomOak Ridge National LaboratoryUSA

Wilby, RobertKings College LondonUK

Wolf, TanjaWHO Regional Office for Europe/Germany

Wolf, JohannaUniversity of East AngliaUK/Germany

Wong, Poh Poh National University of SingaporeSingapore

Woodroffe, ColinUniversity of WollongongAustralia


897


30/70


898

Woodruff, RosalieAustralian National UniversityAustralia

Woodward, Alistair University of Auckland New Zealand

Wrona, Fred National Water Research InstituteCanada

Wu, QigangTexas A&M UniversityUSA/China

Wu, ShaohongChinese Academy of SciencesChina

Yamin, FarhanaUniversity of SussexUK

Yanda, PiusUniversity of Dar-es-SalaamTanzania

Yohe, GaryWesleyan UniversityUSA

Zapata-Marti, RicardoUN Economic Commission for Latin American and theCaribbean (ECLAC)/Mexico

Zhang, QiaominSouth China Sea Institute of OceanologyChina

Ziervogel, GinaUniversity of Cape TownSouthAfrica

Zurek, MonikaFood and Agriculture Organization/Germany


31/70

899

Note: International organisations listed at the end.

ALGERIA

Tabet Aoul, MahiAssociation pour la Recherche pour le Climat etlEnvironnement (ARCE)

ARGENTINA

Barros, Vincente RicardoCiudad Universitaria

Bischoff, SusanaCiudad Universitaria

Camilloni, Ins AngelaCiudad Universitaria

Canziani, Osvaldo F.IPCC Working Group II Co-chair

Carbajo, AnibalUniversidad de Buenos Aires

Codignotto, Jorge O.Ciudad Universitaria

Comesaa, Claudia MariaMinisterio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Internacional yCulto

Curto, Susana I.National Academy of Medicine

Devia, LeilaNational Institute of Industrial Technology

Kokot, RobertoUniversidad de Buenos Aires

Murgida, Ana MariaUniversity of Beunos Aires

Neiff, Juan J.Centro de Ecologa Aplicada del Litoral

Perez Harguindeguy, NataliaInstituto Mulitidisciplinario de Biologa Vegetal (UNC-CONICET)

Rusticucci, MatildeUniversidad de Buenos Aires

Solman, SilvinaCiudad Universitaria

Travasso, Maria I.INTA

Usunoff, EduardoInstituto de Hidrologie de Llanuras

Vinocur, MartaUniversidad Nacional de Ro Cuarto

Wehbe, MnicaUniversidad Nacional de Ro Cuarto

AUSTRALIA

Anderson, RodDepartment of Sustainability and Environment

Ash,Andrew

CSIROBaird, MarkUniversity of New South Wales

Barnett, JonThe University of Melbourne

Beer, TomCSIRO

Appendix III: Reviewers of the IPCC WGIIFourth Assessment Report


32/70

Beggs, PaulMacquarie University

Boyle, SharonPlanning Institute of Australia

Brunskill, GreggAustralian Institute of Marine Science

Chambers, LyndaBureau of Meteorology Research Centre

Churchman, SusanDepartment of Environment and Heritage South

Cleland, SamBureau of Meteorology

Cocklin, ChrisMonash University

Coleman, AnthonyInsurance Australia Group

Collins, DeanBureau of Meteorology

Crimp, StevenQueensland Centre for ClimateApplications

Curran, BethBureau of Meteorology

Dunlop, MichaelCSIRO

Edwards, SpencerDepartment of Environment and Heritage

Farquhar, GrahamAustralian National University

Garnham, JohnDepartment of Primary Industries

Gifford, Roger M.

CSIROGitay, HabibaAustralian National University

Grace, Peter R.Queensland University of Technology

Green, DonnaCSIRO

Harvey, NicholasUniversity of Adelaide

Hayman, PeterSouth Australian Research and Development Institute

Higgins, JohnAustralian Greenhouse Office

Hoy, RichardElectricity SupplyAssociation of Australia

Hughes, LesleyMacquarie University

Jones, DavidNational Climate Centre

Jones, RogerCSIRO

Kay, RobertCoastal Zone Management (Australia) Pty Ltd

Kellow, AynsleyUniversity of Tasmania

Kininmonth, BillAustralasian Climate Research

Kjellstrom, TordUniversity of Auckland

Lough, JaniceAustralian Institute of Marine Science

Lyne, VincentCSIRO

Manton, MichaelMonash University

Marshall, PaulGreat Barrier Reef Marine ParkAuthority

McKibbin, Warwick

Australian National UniversityMcNeil, BenUniversity of New South Wales

Meinke, HolgerGovernment of Queensland

Nicholls, NevilleBureau of Meteorology Research Centre

Appendix III: Reviewers of the IPCC WGII Fourth Assessment Report

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33/70


34/70

Halloy, StephanUniversidad Mayor de San Andrs

Marbaix, PhilippeUniversit catholique de Louvain

Vanderstraeten, MartineFederal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs

Verhasselt, YolaRoyalAcademy of Overseas Sciences

BENIN

Boko, MichelUniversite de Bourgogne

Oyede, Lucien MarcUniversit dAbomey-Calavi

Vissin, Expdit WilfridUniversit dAbomey-Calavi

Yabi, Ibourama FideleUniversit dAbomey-Calavi

BHUTAN

Namgyel, ThinleyNational Environment Commission

BOLIVIA

Gonzales, JavierPrograma Nacional de Cambios Climticos

Paz, OscarNational Climate Change Programme

BOTSWANA

Dube, Pauline O.

University of Botswana

BRAZIL

Ambrizzi, TercioInstitute ofAstronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences USP

Ca

Appendices I-V- Glossary, Contributors, Reviewers, Acronyms, Per Missions

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Transcript of Appendices I-V- Glossary, Contributors, Reviewers, Acronyms, Per Missions