APL16 Holocene Paleoenvironmental Evolotion of a Perimarine Fluviatile Area

7/22/2019 APL16 Holocene Paleoenvironmental Evolotion of a Perimarine Fluviatile Area

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_cu nrg rgnjo`f n kumm vgrsoc` ck tdos lcca, kcr krgg!

Zdos lcca os pnrt ck tdg Uojgstc`g g-molrnry wdgrg bcst ck cur

pulmoentoc`s nrg kummy neegssolmg kcr krgg. Kcr neegss tc bcrg

krgg lccas vosot9 www.sojgstc`g.ecb/molrnry

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[osot tdg Uojgstc`g g-molrnry tc jcw`mcnj bcst ck cur g-lccas kcr

c`my ₭ :,78. Kcr tdos boòbnm kgg ycu womm rgegovg n kummy kuètoc`nm

XJK n`j ly jco`f sc, ycu dgmp tc aggp cur molrnry ru`ò`f.

www.sojgstc`g.ecb/molrnry



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Zdos pnpgr crofo`nmmy nppgnrgj o` >?4> ns n Xd. J. tdgsos,

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o` n`y kcrb cr ly n`y bgn`s, bgedn`oenm, pdctcecpyo`f, rgecrjo`f, cr ctdgrwosg, wotdcut tdg procr wrottg`

pgrbossoc` ck tdg ecpyrofdt cw`gr.

Xro`tgj o` tdg @gtdgrmn`js.



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@gcmotdoe ceeupntoc` c` n sbnmm sn`jy cutercp o` tdg bojjmg ck tdg \do`g-jgmtn pgnt jostroet.

Zdos sotg nppgnrgj tc lg uòqug n`j egrtno`my jgsgrvgj bcrg tdn` supgrkoeonm nredngcmcfoenm nt-

tg`toc`. Zdg sbnmm gmgvntoc` os mcenmmy a`cw` ns "Dnzg`jcà" ( 2 Dnrgs-domm) n`j os sotuntgj

o` tdg buòeopnmoty ck Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk, wdoed os n pnrt ck tdg pcmjgr jostroet `nbgj Nmlmnssgr-

wnnrj. Ot os tdg tcp ck n rovgr ju`g krcb tdg Mntg Fmneonm/gnrmy-Dcmceg`g pgrocj ck wdoed tdg

stggp smcpgs nrg ecvgrgj ly e. >8 b ck Dcmceg`g sgjobg`ts, tdnt wgrg jgpcsotgj ns n` o`jorget

rgsumt ck tdg pcstfmneonm rosg ck tdg sgn-mgvgm o` tdg @crtd Ugn Lnso`.

N prcspgetovg o`vgstofntoc` wns enrrogj cut o` >?;; n`j n rgpcrt pulmosdgj o` >?6:. Zdg rgsumts

wgrg sc prcboso`f tdnt tdg sotg wns edcsg` kcr n mnrfg senmg n`j jgtnomgj gxenvntoc`, tdnt tcca

pmneg o` tdg subbgrs ck >?6:->?6;. N sgrogs ck prgdostcrog eumturnm jgpcsots wotd sgec`jnry

rgkusg wns jceubg`tgj o` tdg Dcmceg`g sgjobg`tnry strntofrnpdy `gxt tc tdg jcà, ecvgro`f

tdg ecbpmgtg mcenm @gcmotdoe (5588->688 LE o` ec`vg`toc`nm E>:-jntgs). Uox cr sgvg` bno`

pdnsgs ck usg ns n sgttmgbg`t sotg n`j ns n` gxpmcotntoc` lnsg kcr tdg surrcu`jo`f wgtmn`js

ecumj lg pco`tgj cut, gned sgpgrntgj ly pgrocjs ck vgfgtntoc`nm rgecvgry n`j dubn` nlsgèg.Zdg sgttmgbg`t trnegs tdgbsgmvgs, sotuntgj c` tdg tcp ck tdg ju`g, wgrg, dcwgvgr, ecbpmgtgmy

jgstrcygj. Zdg rgsgnred os `cw lgo`f ecèg`trntgj c` n jgtnomgj jgseroptoc` ck tdg ceeupntoc`

sgqugèg, tdg gvnmuntoc` ck bntgronm eumturg n`j c` tdg sulsostgèe eec`cby ck tdg ceeupn`ts

o` rgmntoc` tc tdg edn`fo`f g`vorc`bg`t. Zdg jgtnomgj kogmj rgfostrntoc`, tdg rgstroetgj bn`-

pcwgr nvnomnlmg, scbg boskcrtu`g o` tdg pmn``gj ecbputgro`f, n`j rgseug gxenvntoc`s tdnt dnj

tc lg enrrogj cut o` tdg bgn`tobg enusgj sgrocus jgmny ck tdg ko`nm pulmoentoc`s. Ucbg

prgmobo`nry rgpcrts ecumj, dcwgvgr, nppgnr o` tdg mnst ygnrs.

Votd tdg pnmngc-g`vorc`bg`tnm stujy ck tdg surrcu`jo`fs ck tdg Dnzg`jcà, prgsg`tgj o` tdos

vcmubg, n stnrt os bnjg wotd tdg ko`nm puldentoc`. Zdos womm fgt tdg kcrb ck n ùblgr ck

sgpnrntg nrtoemgs n`j bc`cfrnpds, tdnt womm nppgnr o` twc Mgojg` nredngcmcfoenm icur`nms9tdcsg c` gecmcfoenm n`j gec`cbog nspgets womm nppgnr o` tdg N`nmgetn Xrngdostcroen Mgojg`son,

tdcsg c` tdg vnrocus nrtgknet entgfcrogs womm nppgnr o` tdg Cujdgojau`jofg Bgjgjgmo`fg` uot

dgt \oiasbusgub vn` Cujdgjg`. Ot os tdg gjotcr ck tdg mnttgr, tdg @ntoc`nm Busgub ck N`to-

quotogs nt Mgojg`, tdnt kcrbgj by wcrao`f lnsg kcr tdg Dnzg`jcà-rgsgnred n`j tdnt ckkgrgj

bg nmm cppcrtuòtogs tc jgvgmcp tdos prciget. Zdg kcrtdecbo`f vcmubg ck tdg Cujdgojau`jofg

Bgjgjgmo`fg` (`c. ;:, >?45) womm ec`tno` tdg n`nmysos ck tdg lc`g n`j n`tmgr nrtgknets ly X.V.

vn` jg` Lrcgag. Ugpnrntg ec`trolutoc`s ly vnrocus nutdcrs c` strntofrnpdy, pnmngclctn`y,

nredngczccmcfy, pcttgry, kmo`t, stc`g n`j wccjg` nrtgknets n`j n ko`nm sy`tdgsos nrg pmn``gj

kcr tdg ecbo`f ygnrs. Zdgy womm nmm lg ico`gj ly tdg mnlgm Dnzg`jcà Xnpgr. O ec`sojgr tdg ne-

ecbpmosdbg`t ck tdos tnsa ns c`g ck by bnicr icls kcr tdg `gnr kuturg.

M.X. Mcuwg Accoibn`s



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OOn.5 Zdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` ><

Oml Motdcstrntofrnpdy ck tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn >:

OOl.> Fg`grnm ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg motdcstrntofrnpdy ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn >:

Oml.< Zdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` >7

Oml.5 Zdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` >7

OOO Locstrntofrnpdy >4

Om mn Mcenm pcmmg` zc`gs ns n lnsos kcr tdg pnmgcgecmcfoenm rgec`struetoc` >4

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OOOg Xcmmg` n`nmysos ck lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Dm >>8 (Utn`jnrj lcro`f) >?

OOOe. > Xcmmg` zc`gs >?OOOe.< Ucbg fg`grnm rgbnras >?

OOOe.5 Uuppmy ck pcmmg` ly rovgr wntgr <8

OOOe.: Kruot n`nmysos <7

OOOe.7 O`tgrprgtntoc` ck tdg pcmmg` zc`gs <;

OOOe.; Edrc`cmcfoenm obpmoentoc`s 5:

Ommj Xcmmg` n`nmysos ck lcro`f Mggrjnb U5<< O 57

Ommg Xcmmg` n`nmysos ck lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D>758 54

Omm k Xcmmg` n`nmysos ck lcro`f Mggrjnb U5<< OO :>

Ommf Xcmmg` n`nmysos ck lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<>64 :5

Ommd Xcmmg` n`nmysos ck lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<>>4 :7

Ommo Xcmmg` n`nmysos ck lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D6>:d :6

OOOi Xcmmg` n`nmysos ck lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<>>: :6

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OOOm Ku`fnm spcrgs 7>

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O[ Edrc`cstrntofrnpdy 7:

O[n O`trcjuetoc` 7:

O[l Jnto`fs 7:

O[l. > E->: jntgs 7:

m[l.< O`jorget jnto`fs von nredgcmcfoenm mgvgms 7?

O[l.5 Xcmmg`n`nmytoenm jnto`fs ;8

O[e Fg`gsos n`j nfg ck tdg mcnb n`j tdg rovgr ju`gs ;>

> [j Edrc`cmcfy ck tdg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs ;5

O[g Ecrrgmntoc`s lgtwgg` kmuvontomg n`j bnro`g jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs ;6

[ Gvcmutoc` ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t 6>

[n Nrgnm sy`tdgsos n`j rgec`struetoc` 6>

[l Zdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe pgrocj (e. 6:88-;>88 LX) ‚ tdg kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t . 67

[e Zdg mntg-Ntmn`toe/gnrmy-Uullcrgnm pgrocj (e. ;>88-:>88 LX) ‚ tdg kmuvoc-mneustro`g pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t nbojst tdg swnbp kcrgsts 47

[j Zdg pgrocj nktgr tdg gnrmy-Uullcrgnm (nktgr e. :>88 LX) ‚ tdg rgtur` tc kmuvoc-mnfcc`nmec`jotoc`s n`j tdg sulsgqug`t ecbpmgtg ecvgro`f ly swnbp kcrgst ?<

[g Ucbg njjotoc`nm rgbnras c` tdg rgfoc`nm pnmgcdyjrcmcfy o` Ntmn`toe n`j Uullcrgnm ... . ?4

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59 Kofs. ><, >7

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`nry fgcmcfy n`j mcwmn`j fg`gsos.

Xrck. jr. V. \cgmgvgmj n`j prck. jr. Z. vn` jgr Dnbbg` supgrvosgj tdos stujy n`j erotoenmmy rgnj

tdg bnùseropt. Zdgor vnmunlmg suffgstoc`s nrg rgspgetkummy nea`cwmgjfgj.

Jr. M. X. Mcuwg Accoibn`s (Utntg Nredgcmcfoenm Busgub, Mgojg`) os tdnàgj kcr ec-oòtonto`f tdgprgsg`t stujy prciget, n`j dos gècurnfo`f o`tgrgst dns lgg` frgntmy vnmugj.

O nb bued clmofgj tc by ecmmgnfugs, gspgeonmmy jrs. X. Emgvgro`fn, jrs. C. vn` jg Xmnssedg n`j

jrs. I. Lnrgmjs, kcr tdgor nssostnèg n`j kruotkum joseussoc`s.

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`cwmgjfgj, `ct c`my kcr tdgor strgùcus gkkcrts, lut nmsc kcr tdg kruotkum joseussoc`s. Mgnvo`f tdg

bn`y korst-ygnr stujg`ts u``nbgj, wg bg`toc` Br. I. N. jg Krgtgs, Br. I. @np, jrs. \. Utgg`lgga,

jrs. D. Ucdm, jrs. Gr`n jg [rogs n`j jrs. D. D. Xccrtbn`. O` tdos ec``getoc`, wg nrg nmsc o`jgltgj

tc jrs. F. I. vn Joia, jrs. B. [grlruffg` n`j jrs. \. B. vn` Dggro`fg` kcr tdg prgpnrntcry kogmj

wcra. Jrs. F. I. vn` Joia, Br. I. @np n`j jrs. \. Utgg`lgga nrg nmsc nea`cwmgjfgj, tcfgtdgr wotd

jrs. \. Dommg` n`j Br. N. @ccrjoia, kcr suppmgbg`tnry pcmmg` n`nmysos (sgg Eds. Ommg-a).

Br. N. @ccrjoia os tdnàgj njjotoc`nmmy kcr tdg kruot n`nmysos ck tdg Utn`jnrj sgetoc`.O nb bued o`jgltgj tc Br. B. Ac`grt n`j Brs. N. Bgygr kcr tdg prgpnrntoc` ck tdg vgry bn`y pcm

mg` snbpmgs, tdg kcrbgr nmsc kcr tgedòenm njvoeg ecègrò`f tdg pcmmg` n`nmysos n`j kcr tdg ecbpu-

tgrozgj pmctto`f ck tdg pcmmg` jonfrnbs sdcw` o` tdg Nppg`jox. Zdnàs nrg jug nmsc tc Br. D. N.

Uoc` kcr prgpnro`f bn`y ck tdg kofurgs, Br. E. vn` jg LDga kcr pdctcfrnpdoe prcegsso`f ck tdg

kofurgs, Brs. N. N. B. jg [rogs kcr tdg molrnry wcra, n`j tc sgvgrnm ctdgr bgblgrs ck tdg tgedòenm-

njboòstrntovg stnkk nt tdg O`stotutg ck Gnrtd Ueogègs.

Zdg knrbgrs Br. I. Lnn` n`j Br. E. jg` Lgstg`, n`j tdgor wovgs, nrg ao`jmy tdnàgj kcr tdgor dcspo-

tnmoty n`j tdgor pgrbossoc` kcr tdg lcro`f netovotogs.

O tdnà Br. D. Aca n`j jrs. I. D. N. Lcsed (Fgcmcfoenm Uurvgy) kcr tdgor njvoeg.

Jrs. Z. Dnfg` n`j Br. N. E. [gmjanbp (Bntdgbntoenm Eg`trg, Nbstgrjnb) nrg frntgkummy nea

`cwmgjfgj kcr jgvoso`f n`j prgpnro`f tdg ecbputgr-jorgetgj mnsgr jrnwo`fs (pcmmg` jonfrnbs n`jdtdcmcfoenm bnps), n`j tdg kcrbgr nmsc kcr dgmp nt tdg ecbputgrozgj typg-sgtto`f ck tdos gjotoc`.

Upgeonm tdnàs nrg jug tc jrs. J.X. Ccoigvnnr kcr jrnwo`f tdg tdrgg-jobg`soc`nm mn`jsenpg

rgec`struetoc`s.

O nb frntgkum tc Xrck. jr. V. F. Bcca (Utntg Wòvgrsoty, Frcò`fg`) kcr tdg rnjocenrlc` jntgs n`j

nb bued clWfgj tc Jr. I. B. Frny (ûgg` Bnry Ecmmgfg, Wòvgrsoty ck Mc`jc`) kcr ecrrgeto`f tdg

G`fmosd tgxt.

Ko`nmmy, O tdnà tdg Ecuèom ck tdg Krgg Wòvgrsoty, Nbstgrjnb, gspgeonmmy tdg L\C ecbbottgg, kcr

by tdrgg-ygnr nppco`tbg`t.



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On ZDG XG\OBN\O@G KMW[ONZOMG ECNUZNM XMNO@

CK ZDG VGUZG\@ @GZDG\MN@JU

Zdg Dcmceg`g fgcmcfy ck tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno` (kcr mcentoc`, sgg Kof. >) dns lgg`

stujogj kcr bn`y jgenjgs. Ns wgmm ns ots lgned lnrrogr-, ju`g- n`j mnfcc`nm/gstunro`g/tojnm kmntjgpcsots, rgsgnred dns oèmujgj ots kmuvonm n`j crfnòe jgpcsots. Motgrnturg rgvogws dnvg lgg` fovg`

ly nbc`f ctdgrs JG IC@F (>?6>), MCWVG ACCOIBN@U (>?6:) n`j YNFVOI@ (>?6:). Zrnjotoc`nmmy, tdg

gbpdnsos o` tdg rgsgnred dns lgg` c` tdg bnro`g jgpcsots, lut oèrgnso`f nttg`toc` dns lgg` pnoj tc

tdg kmuvonm (n`j rgmntgj crfnòe) jgpcsots. Zdos stujy nobs tc ec`trolutg tc tdg mnst-bg`toc`gj

jgvgmcpbg`t. Lgkcrg joseusso`f tdg jgtnomgj nobs ck tdos stujy (sgg Ed. Ol), n sdcrt cutmo`g ck tdg

fgcmcfoenm dostcry ck tdg kmuvonm pnrt ck tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno` os fovg` dgrg wotd

rgkgrgèg tc tdg bcst rgmgvn`t ýtgrnturg (XC@U & LG@@GBN >?74, DNFGBN@ >?;?, [G\L\NGEA

>?68, >?6: n`j MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:1 cmjgr scuregs, moag UZGG@DWOU, [O@A n`j XN@@GACGA [N@

\DGJG@ dnvg lgg` mnrfgmy quctgj dgrgo`). Bcst suligets o` tdos cutmo`g womm lg jgnmt wotd o` bcrg

jgtnom o` sulsgqug`t ednptgrs.

Zdg sgjobg`tnry lnso`

Zdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno` kcrbs pnrt ck tdg ûntgbnry sgjobg`tnry @crtd Ugn lnso`.

Juro`f tdg Vgoedsgmon` fmneonm nfg ecnrsg sn`js wgrg jgpcsotgj o` tdos nrgn ly tdg tdg` lrnojgj

rovgrs \do`g n`j Bgusg. Vdgrg, tcwnrjs tdg g`j ck tdg Vgoedsgmon`, tdg rovgrs \do`g n`j Bgusg

wgrg stomm netovg ‚ n`j tdos rcufdmy ecoèojgs wotd tdgor prgsg`t-jny pcsotoc` ‚ n tdo`, `gnrmy ec`-

toùcus lgj ck emnygy bntgronm wns jgpcsotgj c` tcp ck tdgsg ecnrsg sn`js. Zdos tcp mnygr vnrogs tgx-

turnmmy krcb emnygy sn`j tc sn`jy emny n`j os cktg` rgkgrrgj tc ns (tdg) mcnb (sgg g.f. YNFVOI@ &

[N@ UZNNMJWO@G@ >?67, p. <7). C` tcp ck tdos sulstrntub ck ecnrsg sn`js n`j mcnb bn`y rovgr

ju`gs dnvg lgg` kcu`j1 wdgrg tdgsg dnvg `ct lgg` ecbpmgtgmy lurogj ly ycu`fgr sgjobg`ts, tdg

cutercppo`f, tcpbcst pnrts ck tdgb nrg mcenmmy a`cw` ns jcàg`. Kcr tdg mcnb n`j tdg rovgr ju`gso` tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno`, tdg Mntg-Vgoedsgdn` ns wgmm ns tdg gnrmy-Dcmceg`g nrg

bg`toc`gj ns pgrocjs ck jgpcsotoc` (sgg nmsc Ed. O[e).

Krcb tdg lgfo`ò`f ck tdg Ntmn`toe pgrocj, gxtg`sovg emnstoe n`j crfnòe neeubumntoc` ceeurrgj o`

tdos kmuvonm sgjobg`tnry lnso`, ns wgmm ns o` tdg wdcmg ecnstnm pmno`. Zdg vgrtoenm spneg kcr tdos wns

ckkgrgj ly tdg rosg ck tdg wntgr tnlmg u`jgr tdg o`kmugèg ck tdg Dcmceg`g sgn-mgvgm rosg.

Jgpcsotoc`nm eyemoeoty

O` tdg kmuvonm pnrt ck tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno` ‚ bcstmy o` tdg eg`trnm pnrt ck ot, o` tdg

rgfoc` ck tdg mcwgr ecursgs ck tdg rovgrs \do`g n`j Bgusg ‚, n prc`cuègj eyemoeoty o` tdg Dcmc

eg`g jgpcsots dns lgg` clsgrvgj. Zdgrg os n bnòkcmj vgrtoenm rgpgtotoc` ck rovgr-emny lgjs n`j pgnt-(n`j fyttin-)lgjs. Zdg emny lgjs nrg ec``getgj mntgrnmmy tc bn`y sn`jy edn``gm komms. Zdgsg, tcfgtdgr

wotd tdgor `nturnm mgvggs, nrg sotuntgj nt n mgss mcwgr jgptd tdn` tdg ecrrgspc`jo`f emny lgjs, pnrtmy

ns n ec`sgqugèg ck jokm'grg`tonm ecbpnetoc`1 tdgy nrg dgèg enmmgj 'strgnb rojfgs'. Zdos bcrpdcmcfo-

enm tgrb rgkgrs gqunmmy tc tdcsg edn``gm komms tdnt nrg vosolmg ns mcw rojfgs o` tdg prgsg`t-jny seg`gry

ns tc tdg ecbpmgtgmy lurogj c`gs (sgg nbc`f ctdgrs [G\L\NGEA >?68, p. 7?).

Zdg eyemoe sgqugèg ck rovgr-emny- n`j pgnt lgjs os suppcsgj ly bcst nutdcrs tc lg motdc- n`j edrc-

`cstrntofrnpdoenmmy mnrfgmy tdg snbg tdrcufdcut tdg rgfoc` n`j tc lg ecrrgmntovg wotd tdg sgqugèg ck

emny- n`j pgnt lgjs o` tdg bnro`g pnrt ck tdg ecnstnm pmno`. Zdg pdnsgs ck oèrgnsgj bnro`g jgpcso

toc`nm netovoty (bcstmy rgkgrrgj tc o` tdg ýtgrnturg ns tdg trn`sfrgssovg pdnsgs) nrg tdcufdt tc



Kof. >. Mcentoc` ck stujy nrgns. > 2 Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn, < 2 Mggrjnb stujy nrgn. Mo`g e 2 sedgbntoe mn`jwnrj lcu`jnry

ck Vgstgr @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno`. Mo`g U 2 npprcxobntg ecursg ck Uekocc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg.

ecrrgspc`j tc pdnsgs ck oèrgnsgj kmuvonm jgpcsotoc` o` tdg ecnstnm pmno`, gotdgr ns n ec`sgqugèg ck n

jorget cr ck n` o`jorget enusnm rgmntoc`sdop. O` tdg mnttgr ensg n emobntg gkkget os g`vosnfgj, g.f.

oèrgnsgj eyemcòe netovoty. O` tdg ensg ck n jorget rgmntoc`sdop n bgednòsb o`vcmvo`f jnbbo`f up

ck rovgr wntgr ns n rgsumt ck sdcrtgò`f ck tdg mcwgr rovgr ecursgs ly bnro`g trn`sfrgssoc` os prc-

pcsgj ly DNFGBN@ (>?;?).

Zdg rgmntoc` ck tdg jgpcsotoc`nm dostcry o` tdg bnro`g pnrt ck tdg ecnstnm pmno` tc tdnt o` tdg kmuvonmpnrt ck ot jgsgrvgs o` cur cpoòc` ec`sojgrnlmg rgsgnred n`j joseussoc` (sgg g.f. Ed. O[g). Zdg gnrmogr

bg`toc`gj fg`grnm rgmntoc`, `nbgmy tdg Dcmceg`g sgn-mgvgm rosg ns tdg enusg ck tdg fg`grnm rosg ck tdg

wntgr tnlmg n`j sc tdg oèrgnsg ck tdg vgrtoenm jgpcsotoc`nm spneg o` tdg kmuvonm pnrt ck tdg ecnstnm

pmno`, os dcwgvgr u`qugstoc`nlmg. O` tdg koWo`f ck tdos vgrtoenm spneg `ct c`my kmuvonm sgjobg`t lut

nmsc pgnt os o`vcmvgj, n`j lgyc`j tdg jgpcsotoc`nm rgned ck tdg rovgrs n`j tdg sgn pgnt nmc`g bny

ceeur. DNFGBN@ (>?;?) o`trcjuegj tdg tgrb 'pgrobnro`g nrgn' kcr tdg o`mn`j pnrt ck tdg ecnstnm

pmno`s oèurro`f tdos jgpcsotoc` ck kmuvonm sgjobg`t n`j pgnt u`jgr tdg o`kmugèg ck tdg Dcmceg`g

sgn-mgvgm rosg. Dos jgkoòtoc` ck tdg tgrb ('tdg nrgn wdgrg tdg sgjobg`tntoc` cr sgjg`tntoc` tcca pmneg

u`jgr tdg jorget o`kmugèg ck tdg rgmntovg sgn-mgvgm bcvgbg`ts lut wdgrg bnro`g cr lrneaosd sgjo-

bg`ts tdgbsgmvgs nrg nlsg`t', cp. eot., p. 566) borrcrs `ct c`my tdg fg`grnm rgmntoc` tc tdg Dcmceg`g

sgn-mgvgm rosg lut nmsc tdg bcrg spgeokoe jorget rgmntoc` tc bnro`g trn`sfrgssoc`s. Zdos mnst `ctoc`puts, tc cur cpoòc`, tcc bued o`tgrprgtntoc` o` tdg jgkoòtoc`. Kcr tdg tobg lgo`f, wg wcumj rgs-

troet tdg tgrb 'pgrobnro`g (nrgn)' tc tdg bcrg fg`grnm rgmntoc`, n`j, kcr tdg rgfoc` ck tdos stujy, ecb

lo`g ot wotd tdg bcrg jgseroptovg tgrb 'kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`' (UGMMG_ >?64, p. >5). Zdg pgrobnro`g

kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno os tdgrgkcrg tdnt pnrt ck tdg Dcmceg`g ecnstnm pmno`, wdgrg, lgenusg ck tdg

sgn-mgvgm rosg, gxtg`sovg neeubumntoc` ck kmuvontomg emnstoe n`j rgmntgj crfnòe bntgronm ecumj ceeur.

Zdg tgrb pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno` rgkgrs tc fg`gtoe nspgets. Zdg tdus jgko gj nrgn os `ct

sobpmy cutmo`gj o` tdg prgsg`t gblnàgj n`j eumtovntgj mn`jsenpg. mts sgnwnrj lcu`jnry bny dnvg

lgg` suliget tc sdokts juro`f tdg Dcmceg`g. Zdg tgrb nmsc oèmujgs tdg sc-enmmgj rovgr emny/wccj

pgnt rgfoc` josegr`gj ly MCWVG ACCOIBN@U (>?6:). Kof. < cutmo`gs ots surkneg fgcmcfy.



rovgr emny

58 ab

R Xmgostceg`g sn`j scoms

® Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk

® Mggrjnb Kof. <. Krnfbg`t ck Ucom bnp ck tdg

@gtdgrmn`js, senmg >9<88888 (sobpmokogj n`j

frgntmy rgjuegj o` senmg dgrg). Kcr mcentoc`, sgg

Kof. >.

Xrgdostcrog cegupntoc` n`j pnmgcggcmcfy

Zdg rovgr ju`gs (jcàg`) n`j tdg strgnb rojfgs nppgnr tc dnvg lgg` suotnlmg pmnegs kcr prgdostcrog

cegupntoc` (MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:). Zdgsg dofd, jry sotgs nbojst tdg swnbpy g`vorc`bg`t wgrg

cktg` ceeupogj juro`f n mnrfg pnrt ck tdg Dcmceg`g. Zdgrg sggbs tc lg n pdnso`f o` tdg prgdostcrog

cegupntoc`, rgmntgj tc edn`fgs o` tdg fgcmcfoenm g`vorc`bg`t. Ns nt tdg ecnst otsgmk prgdostcrog cegu

pntoc` sggbs tc dnvg ceeurrgj bno`my juro`f pdnsgs ck jgergnsgj bnro`g jgpcsotoc`nm netovoty

(bcstmy rgkgrrgj tc o` tdg ýtgrnturg ns tdg rgfrgssoc` pdnsgs), sc o` tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm

pmno` tdg snbg sggbs tc dcmj kcr pdnsgs ck jgergnsgj kmuvonm netovoty.

Mottmg os a`cw` nlcut tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`ts ck tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`. Xnmgcgecmcfo-

enm stujogs ck tgrrno` surrcu`jo`f nredgcmcfoenm gxenvntoc`s dnvg prcjuegj vnmunlmg O`kcrbntoc` (sgg

g.f. [N@ \GFZG\G@ NMZG@N gt nm. >?;< , >?;5 , JG IC@F > ?6 8- 6> , MCWVG ACCOIBN@U > ?6:), lut nrg

rgstroetgj nrgnmmy. Zdg senreg, bcrg rgfoc`nmmy jorgetgj ecèmusoc`s krcb tdgsg stujogs dnvg `ct ygt

fovg` n ecdgrg`t poeturg ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`ts n`j tdgor gvcmutoc` juro`f tdg Dcmceg`g.

Ol NOB N@J K\NBGVC\A CK ZDG O@[GUZOFNZOC@

Zdos stujy nobs bno`my nt n rgmntovgmy jgtnomgj rgec`struetoc` ck tdg kcrbgr Dcmceg`g mn`jsenpgs ck

tdg nrgn surrcu`jo`f tdg Dnzg`jcà, n sbnmm, nmbcst ecbpmgtgmy lurogj rovgr ju`g o` tdg pgrobnro`g

kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno` (kcr mcentoc`, sgg Kofs. > n`j 5). Juro`f tdg Ntmn`toe n`j Uullcrgnm pgrocjs

tdos rovgr ju`g dnj bn`y pdnsgs ck prgdostcrog cegupntoc` (MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:, >?64)1 n

rgqugst tc suppmy tdg nredgcmcfoenm o`vgstofntcrs nt tdg Dnzg`jcà wotd n jgtnomgj fgcmcfoenm bnp ck

tdg nrgn, kcrbgj tdg jorget o`juegbg`t kcr tdos stujy, u`jgrtnag` ly tdg prgsg`t nutdcr nt tdg O`sto-tutg ck Gnrtd Ueogègs, Krgg Wòvgrsoty, Nbstgrjnb, krcb >?66 (nktgr n prgpnrntcry kogmj wcra o`

>?6; ly ctdgrs, sgg lgmcw). Zdg stujy dns lgg` jorgetgj o` sugd n wny tdnt tdos bnppo`f nrcu`j

tdg Dnzg`jcà os tdg lnsos ck n ensg-stujy ck tdg fgcmcfoenm n`j pnmgcg`vorcb`g`tnm gvcmutoc` ck

tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno` o` n bcrg rgfoc`nm sg`sg. Zdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g os

sotuntgj o` tdg eg`trg ck tdg rgfoc` enmmgj tdg Nmlmnssgrwnnrj ( prcv. ck Yuoj-Dcmmn`j1 sgg Kof. >).

Zdg fgcmcfy ck tdg Nmlmnssgrwnnrj bny lg rgfnrjgj ns rgprgsg`tntovg ck n mnrfg pnrt ck tdg

pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`1 ec`sostg`t wotd tdos os tdg knet tdnt tdg Fgcmcfoenm Uurvgy dns

`nbgj tdg Nmlmnssgrwnnrj ns tdg typg nrgn ck tdg Dcmceg`g pgrobnro`g jgpcsots (YNFVOI@ & [N@

UZNNMJWO@G@ >?67, p. :6). O` vogw ck tdg strc`f jomZgrg`tontoc` o` tdg fgcmcfoenm strueturg ck tdg



Kof. 5. Mcentoc` ck pcmmg`- n`j E->: lcro`fs n`j ck sgmgetgj prckomgs, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn.

pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`, tdg jgtnomgj bnppo`f kneodtntgs n bcrg ku`jnbg`tnm rgec`strue-

toc` ck tdg kcrbgr mn`jsenpgs n`j o`sofdt o` tdgor fg`gsos tdn` ecumj kcrbgrmy lg nedogvgj kcr tdos

spgeokoe g`vorc`bg`t. Kcr tdgbntoenm prclmgbs ecègrò`f tdg dtdc- n`j edrc`cstrntofrnpdy, tdos

jgtnomgj ensg-stujy bny lg rgfnrjgj ns ecbpmgbg`tnry tc tdg bcrg rgfoc`nm npprcned ns usgj

nbc`f ctdgrs ly tdg Fgcmcfoenm Uurvgy kcr tdg prgpnrntoc` ck tdg Fgcmcfoenm bnp ck tdg @gtdgr-mn`js, senmg >978888 (sgg g.f. [G\L\NGEA >?68). Zdg ensg-stujy nrgn nt tdg Dnzg`jcà os rgkgrrgj

tc o` tdg tgxt ns tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn (nktgr tdg `gnrgst ecbbuòty, sgg Kof. >)1 o` tdg

kofurgs o` Ed. [ ot os nmsc o`joentgj ns esn >.

Zc kneomotntg tdg rgec`struetoc` ck tdg kcrbgr mn`jsenpgs, tdg nob os tc o`tgfrntg tdg jgtnomgj fgcmcfo

enm bnppo`f wotd gmnlcrntg pnmgclctnòenm rgsgnred. Zdos o`tgfrntoc` kneodtntgs tdg usg ck tdg tgrb

pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t kcr tdg kcrbgr mn`jsenpg, bno`my wotd rgspget tc ots fgcmcfoenm-sgjobg`tcmcfoenm

g`vorc`bg`t n`j ots vgfgtntoc`. Zdos ecblo`gj, pnmgcgecmcfoenm npprcned os tdg bno` nspget ck tdg

krnbgwcra ck tdos stujy. N`ctdgr obpcrtn`t nspget os tdg gstnlWsdbg`t ck tdg jgtnomgj edrc`cmcfy

ck tdg gvcmutoc` ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t. Zdos dns lgg` jc`g kcr tdg snag ck ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg



MGG\JNB

UZWJ_ N\GN PePc""' '®

Mggrjnb

Kof. :. Mcentoc` ck pcmmg`- n`j E->: lcro`fs n`j ck sgmgetgj prckomgs, Mggrjnb

stujy nrgn.

prgdostcrog ceeupntmc` ck tdg nrgn ns wgmm ns wotd tdg fgcmcfoenm dostcry ck ctdgr pnrts ck tdg ecnstnm

pmno` n`j ck upstrgnb nrgns.

Npnrt krcb tdg bnm` ensg-stujy nrgn (tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn), n sgec`j c`g dns lgg`

edcsg`, bno`my tc fovg n lrcnjgr rgfoc`nm secpg tc tdg fgcmcfoenm dostcry n`j pnrtmy nmsc tc tdg

pnmgcg`vmrc`bg`tnm gvcmutmc`. Zdos sgec`j ensg-stujy nrgn Os sotuntgj `gnr Mggrjnb (prcv. ckYuoj-Dcmmn`j, sgg Kof. >), e. <8 ab tc tdg gnst ck Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk, n`j tdus upstrgnb O` tdg kmuvon-

tomg ecnstnm pmno`. Zdg edcoeg ck tdos nrgn (enmmgj tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn, cr esn <) wns jgtgrbo`gj

o` tdg korst pmneg ly tdg prgsgèg ck n rovgr ju`g ( tdg 'Uednmasg jcà'1 sgg Kof. :), ecbpnrnlmg tc tdg

Dnzg`jcà. O` tdg sgec`j pmneg, tdg `gw fgcmcfoenm bnp >978888 tdnt os nvnomnlmg kcr tdos pnrtoeumnr

rgfoc` (sdggt 54 Ccst1 [G\L\NGEA >?68) sdcws o` tdg Obbgjontg voeoòty ck tdg Uednmasg jcà rovgr

ju`g tdrgg strgnb rojfgs ck pnrtmy jokkgrg t nfg. C`g ck tdgsg, tdg sc-enmmgj Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb

rojfg, os trnegnlmg jcw` tc tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn ( sgg Kof. >). Xrgsubnlmy, tdg Uednmasg

jcà rovgr ju`g nmsc u`jgrwg`t scbg pdnsgs ck prgdostcrog ceeupntmc` (MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:,

kof. >4).



Zdg stujy ck tdos sgec`j nrgn os mgss ecbprgdg`sovg tdn` tdnt ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn, ns rgfnrjs

lctd tdg fgcmcfoenm bnppo`f n`j tdg pnmgclctnòenm rgsgnred. O` nmm rgspgets, tdg gbpdnsos o` tdos

stujy os c` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn.

Og BGZDCJU

Jgtnomgj fgcmcfoenm bnppo`f

Zdg fgcmcfoenm kogmj jntn wgrg nmm cltno`gj ly bgn`s ck dn`j lcro`fs, wotd tdg usg ck fcufg-nufgrs

bgnsuro`f e. 5 eb o` jonbgtgr. Lgenusg tdg frcu`jwntgr surkneg os c`my scbg jb jggp, fg`grnmmy

tdg wdcmg lcro`f prckomg ecumj lg fcufgj o` u`josturlgj stntg.

O` tdg mnrfgr pnrt ck lctd nrgns tdg lcro`fs dnvg lgg` pmnegj nt o`tgrvnms ck e. 48 b n`j o` pnrnmmgm

rcws1 nmsc tdg jostnèg lgtwgg` tdg rcws os usunmmy e. 48 b ( sgg Kofs. 55 n`j 5:). Zdg rgsumto`f

mnrfg jg`soty ck tdos fg`grnm lcro`f froj (e. >78 lcro`fs pgr squnrg ab) lgenbg nppnrg`t gnrmy o` tdg

kogmj stujy lgenusg ck tdg ecbpmgx strntofrnpdy n`j tdg sdcrt jostnègs ck tdg mntgrnm kneogs edn`fgs.

Kcr sgvgrnm spgeokoe prclmgbs tdg jostnègs lgtwgg` tdg lcro`fs wgrg ec`sojgrnlmy sbnmmgr, gspgeonmmy

sc nmc`f tdg rntdgr stggp kmnàs ck tdg eg`trnm rovgr ju`gs o` lctd nrgns. Zdus, nmc`f tdg lcrjgr ck

tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g e. 788, bcstmy sdnmmcw lcro`fs wgrg pmnegj nt o`tgrvnms ck < tc 7 b juro`f

tdg prgpnrntcry kogmj wcra o` >?6;, bno`my kcr tdg snag ck pursuo`f strntofrnpdoenmmy tdg nredgcmcfo-

enm mgvgms ([N@ JOIA gt nm. >?6;).

Zdg bnppgj surkneg nbcu`ts tc e. 5 squnrg ab o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn n`j tc e. < squnrg ab o`

tdg Mggrjnb nrgn. Zdg lcro`f ùblgrs dnvg tdg prgkoxgs D- n`j U- kcr lctd nrgns rgspgetovgmy. Zdg

tctnm ùblgr ck lcro`fs nbcu`ts tc e. >578 nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk (oèmujo`f e. 488 lcro`fs ck tdg

prgpnrntcry kogmj wcra o` >?6;) n`j tc e. 788 nt Mggrjnb.

Vdgrg pcssolmg, tdg lcro`fs dnvg lgg` fcufgj jcw` tc tdg sn`j- n`j /cnw-sulscom tdnt kcrbs tdg

lnsgbg`t ck tdg Dcmceg`g sgqugèg ck emny- n`j pgnt mnygrs. O` bcst ensgs wdgrg tdos ecumj `ct lg

nedogvgj, tdg lcro`fs g`jgj o` n sn`jy Dcmceg`g edn``gm komm. Cutsojg tdg rovgr ju`gs, tdg sn`j-

sulscom dgs c` tdg nvgrnfg e. ? tc ?.7 b lgmcw tdg surkneg o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn n`j e. 7 tc 6

b o` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn.

Zdg nob ck tdg o`vgstofntoc`s rgquorgj `ct c`my n rgmntovgmy mnrfg lcro`f jg`soty, lut nmsc n jgtnomgj

jgseroptoc` ck tdg strntofrnpdy ck tdg lcrgs. Bcst ck tdg kgnturgs josegbgj ýo tdg lcrgj bntgronm

nppgnr o` tdg mgfg`j uòts o` Kofs. * ? (Ed. OO) n`j*57 (Ed. [). Zdg joserobo`ntoc` lgtwgg` tdg vnro-

cus uòts mostgj tdgrgo`, n`j tdg qun`totntovg o`joentoc` ck scbg kgnturgs nmm prceggjgj o` tdg kogmj,

wotdcut mnlcrntcry bgtdcjs. Kcr gxnbpmg, tdg joserobo`ntoc` lgtwgg` pgnty emny n`j emnygy pgnt

wns gstnlmosdgj ly vosunm gstobntoc` ck tdg rgmntovg nlu`jnèg ck emny n`j ck pmn`t rgbno`s n`j nmsc

ly rullo`f tdg bntgronm lgtwgg` tdg ko`fgrs. O` prcegsso`f tdg lcrg jgseroptoc`s o` crjgr tc

ec`struet tdg prckomgs n`j bnps, n mcwgr mgvgm ck prgeosoc` tdn` prgsg`t o` tdg kogmj jgseroptoc`s wns

sgmgetgj1 tdos oèrgnsgs tdg rgýnloýty ck tdg prckomgs n`j bnps.

Josegbgj kgnturgs tdnt nrgn `ct mostgj o` Kofs.*? n`j*57 lut `c`gtdgmgss dnvg pmnygj n rcmg o` tdg

prcegsso`f n`j o`tgrprgtntoc` ck tdg lcro`f rgsumts oèmujg nbc`f ctdgrs ecmcur, enmeoub enrlc`ntgec`tg`t, ceeurrgèg ck ednrecnm, ceeurrgèg ck s`nom sdgmm rgbno`s, n`j jgfrgg ck frnjunm`gss ck vgrt-

oenm dtdcmcfoenm edn`fgs.

Xnmgclctnòenm n`nmysos n`j E->: jnto`f

O` lctd ensg-stujy nrgns n ùblgr ck lcro`fs dns lgg` sgmgetgj kcr pnmgclctnòenm n`nmysos n`j E->:

jnto`f (kcr mcentoc`, sgg Kofs. 5 n`j :). Zdgsg lcro`fs dnvg lgg` snbpmgj ly bgn`s ck n fcufg-

nufgr, 7 eb o` jonbgtgr. Nbc`f tdgb, tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn (lcr

o`f D m >>8) os c`g ck probnry o`tgrgst. O` tdos lcro`f nmm josto`fuosdgj dtdcstrntofrnpdoe uòts (sgg



Ed. OO) nrg prgsg`t wotd tdg gxegptoc` ck tdg rovgr-ju`g sn`j. Zdg ecbpmgtg sgetoc` (cvgr ? b) dns

lgg` snbpmgj kcr pcmmg` n`nmysos, n`j kcr tdg mnrfgr pnrt ck ot kruot n`nmysos dns nmsc lgg` u`jgr-

tnag`. Zdg crfnòe jgpcsots dnvg lgg` snbpmgj ec`toùcusmy pgr eb, tdg emny jgpcsots wotd snbpmg

o`tgrvnms ck 7 eb. Nt nmm obpcrtn`t dtdcstrntofrnpdoe trn`sotoc`s o` tdos lcro`f E->: snbpmgs dnvg

lgg` tnag`.

Zdg ctdgr sgmgetgj lcro`fs nrg o`tg`jgj bno`my ns suppcrt kcr n`j suppmy tc tdos Utn`jnrj lcro`f

n`j tdgrgkcrg dnvg lgg` snbpmgj c`my pnrtonmmy kcr pcmmg` n`nmysos n`j E->: jnto`f.Zdg prgpnrntoc` ck tdg pcmmg`-, kruot- n`j E->: snbpmgs os joseussgj o` tdg rgmgvn`t ednptgrs (Omml

n`j O[l.>). Zdg k uom pcmmg`n`nmytoe rgsumts ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f (Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Dm >>8) n`j ck n

lcro`f o` tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn nrg prgsg`tgj o` jonfrnbs (Kofs. *>< n`j *>7), jrnw` ly n

ecbputgr-jorgetgj mnsgr pmcttgr1 sgg [GMJANBX gt nm. kcr n` gxpmn`ntoc` ck tdos tgedòqug. Zdg

rgsumts ck scbg ck tdg rgbnoò`f pcmmg`n`nmytoenmmy o`vgstofntgj lcro`fs nrg prgsg`tgj o` scbgwdnt

sobpmokogj jonfrnbs, jrnw` ly n ec`vg`toc`nm ecbputgr-jorgetgj oà pmcttgr (sgg Npp.). Bcrgcvgr,

tdg rgsumts ck nmm pcmmg` sgetoc`s dnvg lgg` prgsg`tgj o` sobpdkogj tnlmgs.

Ecbputgr bnps n`j mn`jsenpg-rgec`stòetoc` jrnwo`fs

Nmm lcro`f jntn dnvg lgg` prcegssgj kcr ecbputgrozgj bnp ec`stotutoc` ck tdoea`gss n`j sgvgrnmctdgr ednrnetgrostoes ck bcst ck tdg josto`fuosdgj dtdcstrntofrnpdoe uòts (sgg g.f. Kofs. :> n`j :<).

Kcr tdos purpcsg, tdg lcro`f jntn wgrg motdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy o`tgrprgtgj n`j uòkcrbmy ecjgj ns

rgfnrjs tdg jovgrsg ednrnetgrostoes josto`fuosdgj. Vdgrg lcro`f sotgs ceeur o` vgry jg`sg ecèg`trn-

toc`s, ns nt tdg kcct ck tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g, kcr tdg snag ck emnroty c`my n mobotgj ùblgr ck

tdgb dns lgg` prgsg`tgj c` tdg ecbputgr bnps. Zdgsg bnps dnvg lgg` jrnw`, ns wgrg tdg bno`

pcmmg` jonfrnbs (sgg nlcvg), ly n mnsgr pmcttgr nt tdg Bntdgbntoenm Eg`trg, Nbstgrjnb. Zdg ecb

putgr dns lgg` o`vcmvgj `ct sc bued o` ecbputntoc`s, lut bcrg kcr tdg jorgeto`f ck tdg pmcttgr.

Zdg umtobntg o`tgfrntoc` ck tdg fgcmcfoenm n`j pnmgclctnòenm rgsumts n`j tdg rgsumtn`t rgec`strue-

toc` ck tdg pnmgcg`vorcru`g`ts, dns lgg` vosunmosgj o` tdrgg-jobg`soc`nm mn`jsenpg poeturgs (jrnw`

ly jrs. J. X. Ccoigvnnr) kcr kcur tobgs o` tdg Dcmceg`g dostcry ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn

(sgg g.f. Kof.*:5).



Om MOZDCUZ\NZOF\NXD_

Omn MOZDCUZ\NZOF\NXD_ CK ZDG BCMG@NN\UF\NNK UZWJ_ N\GN

OOn.> Zdg stn`jnrj-sgqugèg

Zdg mcenm sgqugèg ck lgjs, ns kcu`j o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn, dns lgg` prgsg`tgj o` n fg`-

grnmosgj wny o` tdg mgkt dnmk ck Kof. 7. Zdg sn`j-sulscom, oèmujo`f ots emnygy tcp (tdg mcnb) n`j tdg

mcenmmy cutercppo`f rovgr ju`gs, en` lg josto`fuosdgj ns n sgpnrntg uòt krcb tdg supgrpcsgj

sgqugèg ck (bo`grc-)emnstoe n`j crfnòe lgjs. Votdo` tdos sgqugèg, kcur emnstoe kmuvontomg lgjs nrg

josegr`gj9 em >, em <, em 5, n`j em :1 tdg supgrkoeonm emny lgj ('ecvgr') os mgkt cut ck ec`sojgrntoc` dgrg.

Zdgsg emnstoe lgjs ecumj bno`my lg josto`fuosdgj lgenusg ck tdgor nmtgr`ntoc` wotd crfnòe lgjs ec`-

sosto`f ck pgnt n`j/cr fyttin. Ns \CGMG[GMJ (>?6:) n`j F\OGJG (>?64) joj o` tdg bnro`g jostroets o`

tdg @crtdgr` @gtdgrmn`js, sc tcc, o` tdos stujy, tdg crfnòe mnygrs dnvg lgg` `nbgj motdcstrnto-

frnpdoenmmy9 cm l ns tdg lnsnm crfnòe lgj, cm >-<, cm <-5 n`j cm 5-: ns tdg crfnbe lgjs lgtwgg` tdg

emnstoe em- lgjs, cm u ns tdg uppgr crfnòe lgj.

emnstoe lgjs

crqnòe lgjs

o] où`jntoc`-ecvgr

Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` /

y/////. cm u


[] em :‚ ‚ c m :n-:l


t////// cm 5-:

Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` /]/R em 5 Cm <-: Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` /

y'////. cm <-5


` vgr-Bju`gmo

em < P ‚ c m < n - < l - -


]/ / / / / cm >-<


]] em >


, [ / / / / / cm l


lnsnm sc`jArgktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`

v.r]r 1

Kof. 7. Uedgbg ct' odg motdcstrntofrnpdy o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn.

O` tdg borrcro`f rofdt dnmk ck Kof. 7 lctd mcenm bno` uòts nrg `nbgj o` tgrbs ck tdg rgfoc`nm motdc

strntofrnpdy, `nbgmy tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` n`j tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` rgspgetovgmy. Kcr

rgkgrgègs ecègrò`f tdos `cbgèmnturg, sgg YNFVOI@ & [N@ UZNNMJWO@G@ (>?67).

Ck tdg 'prgjcbo`n`tmy ecnrsg, frnvgm-lgnro`f sn`js' ecbproso`f tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` (oloj., p.

<7), tdg ecvgro`f mcnb lgj n`j rovgr ju`gs o` pnrtoeumnr dnvg lgg` stujogj dgrg. Zdg Vgstmn`j Kcr

bntoc` ec`sosts prgjcbo`n`tmy ck bnro`g jgpcsots, lut tdg kmuvonm jgpcsots ck tdg ecnstnm pmno` ( tdg

kmuvontomg pgrobnro`g jgpcsots) nrg nmsc oèmujgj o` ot. O` njjotoc` tdg o`tgrenmntgj pgnt lgjs, lctd

lgtwgg` tdg bnro`g n`j lgtwgg` tdg kmuvonm jgpcsots, nrg (ns 'Dcmmn`j Xgnt') oèmujgj o` tdg Vgst

mn`j Kcrbntoc` (oloj., p. :61 sgg nmsc JG IC@F >?6>, p. >:?).



Zdg suljovosoc` ck tdg kmuvontomg jgpcsots ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` o`tc tdg 'Fcraub O, OO, OOO n`j

O[' jgpcsots n`j tdg 'Zogm C, O, OO, Ommn n`j Omml' jgpcsots (Fgcmcfoenm Uurvgy9 DNFGBN@ >?;5,

YNFVOI@ & [N@ UZNNMJWO@G@ >?67, p. :6) os `ct usgj dgrg. Zdos suljovosoc` os `ct purgmy motdcstrn-

tofrnpdoenmmy, lut bno`my edrc`cstrntofrnpdoenmmy jgko`gj, `nbgmy ns edrc`cmcfog gquovnmg`ts ck tdg

bnro`g 'Enmnos O - O[' jgpcsots n`j 'Juàgrqug C - Om ml ' jgpcsots. Zdg cligetoc`s nfno`st tdg usg ck

tdgsg, nmsc bno`my edrc`cmcfoenmmy kcu`jgj motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòts dnvg lgg` put kcrwnrj prgvocusmy

ly \CGMG[GMJ (>?6:). O` tdgsg bnttgrs, c`g bofdt rgkgr tc tdg O`tgr`ntoc`nm Utrntofrnpdoe Fuojg9tdg gstnlmosdbg`t n`j Ojg`tokoentoc` ck motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòts sdcumj lg mnrfgmy o`jgpg`jg`t ck

tobg-ecègpts (DGJLG\F >?6;, p. ?:). Zdg ec`sgqugèg ck nmm tdos os tdnt o` tdg joseussoc` ck tdg

vnrocus jgpcsots lgmc`fo`f tc tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`, lgsojgs tc tdg mcenm, o`kcrbnm uòts bg`-

toc`gj nlcvg, `c rgkgrgèg womm lg bnjg tc tdg uòts usgj ly tdg Fgcmcfoenm Uurvgy kcr tdg wdcmg

rgfoc`.

Ns n tn`folmg gxnbpmg ck tdg motdcmcfoenm sueegssoc` o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn, Znlmg > sdcws

tdg jgtnomgj jgseroptoc` ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f (lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Dm >>8). Vg bg`toc`gj prg

vocusmy o` Ed. O, tdnt tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f wns edcsg` sc ns tc ecbprosg nmm josto`fuosdgj emnstoe

kmuvontomg (em-) n`j crfnòe (cm-) lgjs ns wgmm ns tdg mcnb lgj. Zdos bgn`s tdnt `c sn`jy edn``gm komms

(strgnb rojfgs) n`j `c rovgr-ju`g sn`j ceeur o` tdg lcro`f1 tdgsg wcumj dnvg rgsumtgj o` tdg

sgqugèg ck emny- n`j pgnt lgjs lgo`f oècbpmgtg jug tc grcsoc` ck u`jgrmyo`f lgjs cr pnrtonm `c`-jgpcsotoc`. O` tdg sgmgetgj ercss-prckomgs (Kofs.*;,*6 n`j*4) lctd tdgsg gmgbg`ts (strgnb rojfgs n`j

rovgr ju`gs) nrg dcwgvgr nbpmy rgprgsg`tgj. Zdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f os oècrpcrntgj o` tdg `crtdgr`

pnrt ck prckomg O (Kof.*;).

Omn.< Zdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`

Zdg mcnb

Zdg mcnb os n jonboetc` ck emny n`j sn`j, bcstmy jgvgmcpgj ns sn`jy emny, usunmmy wotd ec`sojgrnlmg

tcufd`gss n`j stoeao`gss. Zdg tgrb mcnb os sgt o` otnmoe tc prgvg`t ec`kusoc` wotd tdg pgjcfg`gtoe

tgrb mcnb9 sn`j scom wotd bcrg tdn` 5<.7% o` tdg frno` sozg krnetoc` sbnmmgr tdn` 78 bu (UZOEDZO@F [CC\ LCJGBAN\ZG\O@F >?;7), lut nmsc9 tdos frno` sozg krnetoc` otsgmk (oloj.), cr9 'scom bntgronm

tdnt ec`tno`s 6-<6% emny, <4-78% somt n`j mgss tdn` 7<% sn`j' (UCOM UW\[G_ BN@WNM >?;<). Zdg

otnmoe sgtto`f nmsc o`joentgs tdnt tdg tgrb o`vcmvgs n motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòt, `ct c`my n dtdcmcfoenm

jgseroptoc`. @ctwotdstn`jo`f tdg cligetoc`s nfno`st tdos usg ck tdg tgrb mcnb (XC@U & LG@@GBN

>?74, p. ><7), tdg emnygy tcp ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` os o`joentgj ns (tdg) mcnb o` rgeg`t motgrn-

turg ([G\L\NGEA >?6:, YNFVOI@ & [N@ UZNNMJWO@G@ >?67) tcc. Kcr tdg snag ck ots ecbpnet`gss

wg dnvg bno`tno`gj tdg tgrb, nmtdcufd pgrdnps n bcrg ecrrget gxprgssoc` wcumj lg g.f. tdg 'uppgr

mcnby (cr emnygy) lgj ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`'.

Zdg tdoea`gss ck tdg mcnb vnrogs krcb mgss tdn` > jb tc cvgr > b n`j os c` tdg nvgrnfg e. 8.7 b. O`

tdg prckomgs ck Kofs.*;,6*n`j*4 tdg tdoea`gss dns `ct lgg` sdcw`, lgenusg ck tdg cktg` oècbpmgtg

fcufo`f ck tdg stoeay mcnb. Zdg jgptd ck tdg tcp ck tdg mcnb vnrogs ec`sojgrnlmy mcenmmy (sgg g.f. tdg`crtdgr` dnmk ck prckomg O, Kof. *;) n`j nbcu`ts c` n` nvgrnfg tc e. >8.7 b lgmcw @.N.X. (Juted

Crj`nèg Jntub).

Zdg uppgr pnrt ck tdg mcnb os, wdgrg ot os `ct ecvgrgj ly rovgr-ju`g sn`j, jnra lmug-frgy tc lmneaosd

frgy, n`j `c`- cr pccrmy enmenrgcus, wdgrgns tdg mcwgr pnrt (n`j tdg mcnb ns n wdcmg wdgrg ot os

ecvgrgj ly rovgr-ju`g sn`j) os mofdt frgy n`j strc`fmy enmenrgcus. DNFGBN@ (>?;>) ecèmujgj, c`

tdg lnsos ck prgmobo`nry rgsumts ck tdg fgcmcfoenm bnppo`f ck tdg Nmlmnssgrwnnrj (tdg rgfoc` o` tdg

eg`trg ck wdoed Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk os sotuntgj), tdnt wg nrg ecègr`gj dgrg wotd twc jokk"grg`t mcnb

lgjs, n jnra-frgy c`g n`j n dfdt-frgy c`g. Zdgsg n`j ctdgr fgcfg`gtoe nspgets ck tdg mcnb womm lg

trgntgj o` Ed. O[e.



>8

Znlmg >. Motdcmcfoenm jgseroptoc` ck Utn jnrj lcro`f (lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Dmm mC).

jgptd o` motdc motdc-

eb lgmcw mcfoenm strnto-

mn`jsurkneg uòt frnpdoeuòt

8-58 emny 'ecvgr'

58->>6 pgnt em u

motdcmcfoenm jgseroptoc` n`j suljovosoc`

wotd vgrtoenmmy vnryo`f ec`tg`t ck ko`g n`j ecnrsg wccj krnfbg`ts,

:7-77 rntdgr nbcrpdcus, jgergnso`f jcw`wnrj.

>87->>6 `c ecnrsg wccj krnfbg`ts.

>86->>6 jcw`wnrj oèrgnso`fmy emnygy.

>>6-:55 emny em : >>6->5< `c`-enmenrgcus. jcw`wnrj jgergnso`fmy duboe, tcpbcst pnrt

scbgwdnt pgnty1 wotd scbg vgrtoenm pmn`t rgbno`s.

>5<-<;4 enmenrgcus, wgnamy duboe, wgnamy sn`jy, mofdt lrcw`-frgy.

>6;->48 senttgrgj nbcrpdcus pmn`t rgbno`s, pnrtmy vgrtoenm.

>44-<;4 scbg vgrtoenm pmn`t rgbno`s, scbg sn`j mnbo`ng.

<;4-<?5 ojgb, vgry sn`jy.

<?5-587 pgnty, mnbo`ntgj.

587-5<4 sn`jy, enmenrgcus, scbgwdnt duboe, wotd pgnt rgbno`s.

5<4-55< sn`j mnbo`n.

55<-5;8 jcw`wnrj jgergnso`fmy sn`jy1 duboe, kgw pmn`t rgbno`s.

577-5;8 `c`-enmenrgcus.

5;8-:88 wccj.

:88-:55 wgnamy sn`jy, jcw`wnrj oèrgnso`fmy duboe n`j pgnty.

:>6, :<< sn`j mnbo`ng < bb tdoea.

:55-:?8 pgnt cm 5-: wotd ko`g wccj krnfbg`ts.:;>-:6> wotd vgrtoenm bnrsd pmn`t rgbno`s.

:6>-:4> wotd ecnrsg wccj krnfbg`ts.

:?8-;>6 emny em 5 strc`fmy duboe, g`torgmy `c`-enmenrgcus, `c`-sn`jy, kgw pmn`t rgbno`s, wotd

wgnamy duboe mnbo`ng.

7><-756 scbg ko`g wccj krnfbg`ts.

;84-;>5 vgry strc`fmy duboe.

;>6-;66 fyttin cm <-5 nbcrpdcus, jcw`wnrj jgergnso`fmy emnygy.

;>7-;66 enmenrgcus.

;77-;68 wotd cpgreumn ck Lytdoòn.

;;6-;66 jcw`wnrj oèrgnso`fmy pgnty, wotd to`y pmn`t rgbno`s, nmsc mgnk

krnfbg`ts.

;66-6>< pgnt cm <-5 rntdgr nbcrpdcus, wotd scbg ko`g wccj krnfbg`ts,

;45-;?8 wccj.

6><-4;< emny em < enmenrgcus nt 6<8-4>; n`j 477-4;<.

6><-6<< jcw`wnrj jgergnso`fmy pgnty9 wgnamy sn`jy.

6<<-4<5 wgnamy duboe, wgnamy sn`jy, wotd scbg wgna duboe mnbo`ng, wotd

vgry kgw pmn`t rgbno`s.

6;:-48? bcjgrntgmy sn`jy.

4><-4<5 jcw`wnrj oèrgnso`fmy duboe.



>>

4<5-458 strc`fmy pgnty, wotd vgrtoenm pmn`t rgbno`s,

458-4:6 strc`fmy duboe, `c`-sn`jy, vgry kgw pmn`t rgbno`s.

4:6-4;< bcjgrntgmy dubme, `c`-sn`jy, vgry kgw pmn`t rgbno`s.

4;<-467 pgnt cm >-< nbcrpdcus, ecbpnet, wgnamy emnygy, wotd kgw ko`g wccj krnfbg`ts.

468-467 bcjgrntgmy emnygy.

467-?<4 emny em > enmenrgcus 445-?<:1 wotto kgw pmn`t rgbno`s.

467-464 strc`fmy kouboe. wgnamy pgnty.

464-?87 bcjgrntgmy kouboe, wotko o`jostoèt duboe mnbo`ng.

?87-?>? wgnamy duboe.

?>?-?<7 strc`fmy duboe.

?<7-?<4 pgnty, wotd scbg vgrtoenm wccj krnfbg`ts.

?<4-?;> fyttin cm l nbcrpdcus, emnygy.

?<4-?57 pgnty, wotd scbg ko`g wccj krnfbg`ts.

?54-?7> wotd cpgreumn ck Lytdoòn.

?;>-?;; pgnt cm l nbcrpdcus.

?;5-?;; emnygy.

?;;->8:8 emny 'mcnb' sn`jy ('mcnby')

>8:8- sn`j lnsnm

sn`j

ecnrsg.

O` bcst lcro`fs, tdg mcnb lgecbgs sn`jogr jcw`wnrj, n`j tdg trn`sotoc` tc tdg u`jgrmyo`f, rntdgr

ecnrsg 'lnsnm sn`j' (sgg tdg sedgbg o Kof. 7) os cktg` vgry frnjunm. Mcenmmy, rgbnranlmy ecnrsg sn`j

wns kcu`j o` tdg uppgr kgw ebs ck tdg mcnb.Cutsojg tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgr mn`js pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno` tdg tcp ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcr-

bntoc` dns lgg` kcu`j jgvgmcpgj ns mcnb o` bn`y pmnegs1 n kgw ck tdgsg womm lg bg`toc`gj.

UEDGMMO@F (>?7>) n`j XC@U (>?76) jgserolgj tdg mcnb o` tdg Gnstgr` @gtdgrmn`js strgnb nrgn ck

\do`g n`j Bgusg. Zdgrg tcc, tdg tdoea`gss ck tdg mnygr vnrogs ec`sojgrnlmy, n`j os c` tdg nvgrnfg >

tc >.7 b. O` tdg `crtdgr` pnrt ck tdg OIssgm vnmmgy, VOFFG\U (>?77) kcu`j tdg mcnb lgj tc lg c`my n

kgw ebs tc < jb tdoea.

UEDGMMO@F (>?7>, p. ?:) n`j XC@U (>?76, p. >7) nmsc kcu`j ecnrsg sn`j o` tdg uppgr pnrt ck tdg

mcnb. Zdgy rgfnrj tdos ns bno my ck gcmon` crofo`. Vg ecbg lnea tc tdos o` Ed. O[e.

Zdg rovgr-ju`g sn`j

Zdg motdcstrntofrnpdoe pcsotoc` ck tdg rovgr-ju`g sn`j o` tdg tcp ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` os

sdcw` o` Kof. 7. Zdg mnrfgr pnrt ck tdg /cnw-surkneg os `ct ecvgrgj ly ju`g sn`j1 c` tdg ctdgr

dn`j, ot os `ct egrtno` tdnt mcnb womm nmwnys lg kcu`j lgmcw tdg ju`g sn`j, nmtdcufd tdos wns gstn-

lmosdgj o` n mobotgj ùblgr ck ‚ sukkoeog tmy jggp ‚ lcro`fs (sgg Kof. 56).

Zdg ednrnetgrostoe ju`g tcpcfrnpdy, wotd mcenmmy stggp frnjog`ts, en` lg sgg` o` prckomgs OO n`j OOO

(Kofs.*6 n`j*4). Zdg ju`gs o` tdgsg prckomgs dnvg `c cutercp, o` ec`trnst tc tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr

ju`g, wdoed os `ct sdcw` o` tdgsg prckomgs (ek. Kof. 51 sgg kcr fgcmcfog prckomgs nercss tdg Dnzg`jcà

MCWVG ACCWBN@U >?6:, kofs. <8, 5:, 57 n`j 5;). Bcst rovgr ju`gs o` tdg kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`

dnvg `c cutercp ([G\L\NGEA >?6:, kof. <).



><

Zdg rovgr-ju`g sn`j en` lg josto`fuosdgj krcb tdg edn``gm-kommo`f sn`j ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`

bno`my ly bgn`s ck ots jnragr ecmcur, enusgj ly n dofdgr ec`tg`t ck jnra, dgnvy bo`grnms, n`j nmsc

ly bgn`s ck tdg nlsgèg ck boens n`j `gnrmy gvgrywdgrg ck mobg. Zdg kmuvontomg 'lnsnm sn`j', tdnt

bust dnvg lgg` tdg scureg bntgronm juro`f tdg ju`g luomjo`f, moagwosg ec`tno`s bn`y jnra bo`grnms

([G\L\NGEA >?6:, p. :). Nmsc o` tdg `crtdgr` pnrt ck tdg OIssgm vnmmgy, scureg bntgronm n`j rovgr

ju`gs (lctd nmsc lgmc`fo`f tc tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`) nrg ednrnetgrosgj ly tdos bo`grnmcfog

ecbpcsotoc`, rg`jgro`f tdg sn`j n 'vnrogfntgj ecmcur' (VOFFG\U >?77, p. 5?). N ecèg`trntoc` ck tdgdgnvy (jnra) bo`grnms rgmntovg tc tdg scureg bntgronm, ns ceeurs o` tdg kcrbntoc` ck (rovgr-)ju`gs

neecrjo`f tc \GO@GEA & UO@FD (>?67, p. <;<), os suppcsgj ly us, lut dns `ct lgg` o`vgstofntgj.

Kcr jgtnoms ecègrò`f frnùmcbgtry n`j sgjobg`tnry strueturgs wg rgkgr tc [G\L\NGEA (>?6: n`j

>?68 rgspgetovgmy).

OOn.5 Zdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`

Mntgrnm ec`toùoty

Bcst ck tdg emnstoe bo`grcfgòe kmuvontomg lgjs (em-) n`j crfnòe lgjs (cm-) o` tdg mcenm Dtdcstrntofrn-

pdy ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` en` lg trnegj `gnrmy ec`toùcusmy o` tdg ommustrntgj ercss-sgetoc`s

(Kofs.*;,*6 n`j*4). O`tgrruptoc`s nrg vortunmmy c`my kcu`j wdgrg fuWogs dnvg grcjgj u`jgrmyo`f lgjs

n`j wdgrg gbgrfo`f rovgr ju`gs ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` dnvg prcdolotgj tdg jgpcsotoc` ck n

pnrt ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` (sgg nmsc Ed. OOn.>). Zdg bo`cr, vgry tdo`, crfnòe dcrozc`s wotdo`

tdg emnstoe lgjs em < n`j : (cm <n-<l n`j cm :n-:l rgspgetovgmy1 sgg tdg sedgbg o` Kof. 7) dnvg n

strc`fmy josec`toùcus mntgrnm jostrolutoc`.

Mx)0vgr n`j uppgr lcu`jnry ck tdg kcrbntoc`Zdg mcwgr lcu`jnry ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` os kcrbgj gvgrywdgrg ly tdg uppgr lcu`jnry ck tdg

Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`. Zdg mnttgr's rgmogk dns `nturnmmy o`kmugègj tdg sgjobg`tnry jgvgmcpbg`t ck

tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` pnrtoeumnrmy nt tdg rovgr ju`gs. N` gxnbpmg ck tdos en` lg sgg` o` prckomg OOO

(Kof.*4) nrcu`j lcro`f D<>8;9 jug tc tdg prgsgèg ck tdg rovgr ju`g, emnstoe lgj em > dns `ct lgg`

jgpcsotgj, n`j emnstoe lgjs em <, 5 n`j : nrg jgvgmcpgj bcrg tdo`my tdn` cutsojg tdg rovgr-ju`g pgro

bgtgr. O` njjotoc`, cutsojg tdg rovgr ju`gs tdg rgmogk ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` dns gxgrtgj n

egrtno` o`kmugèg c` tdg sgjobg`tntoc` ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`, gspgeonmmy sc wdgrg jgprgssoc`s

nrg prgsg`t o` tdg tcp ck tdg kcrbgr. Uued n jgprgssoc` en` lg sgg` o` tdg `crtdgr` g`j ck prckomg O

(Kof.*;). mts o`kmugèg os gxprgssgj nbc`f ctdgrs o` tdg motdcmcfy ck tdg mcwgr crfnòe lgjs ck tdg

Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`. Zdgsg nrg jgvgmcpgj mnrfgmy ns fyttin, sc o` n jggpgr pcsotoc` wotd rgspget tc

tdg wntgr tnlmg tdn` tdg Wtdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy ecrrgspc`jo`f pgnt lgjs.Zdg uppgr lcu`jnry ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`, tdg prgsg`t mn`j-surkneg, os vgry kmnt n`j ec`sosts

ck n ec`toùcus, c`my kgw jb tdoea emny lgj, tdg sc-enmmgj 'Nmlmnssgrwnnrj ecvgr' (MCWVG

ACCWBN@U >?6:, p. >58, >4<). C`my nt tdg dofdgst pnrts ck tdg prgvocusmy bg`toc`gj Uedcc`rgwcgrj

strgnb rojfg os tdos ecvgr mneao`f,cr o`josto`fuosdnlmg lgenusg ck pcst-sgjobg`tnry dcbcfgòsntoc`

(sgg g.f. lcro`f Dm >>: o` prckomg O, Kof.*;). Zdg kmnt `nturg ck tdg uppgr lcu`jnry ck tdg Vgstmn`j

Kcrbntoc` os enusgj `ct c`my ly tdg emny ecvgr, lut nmsc ly tdg u`jgrmyo`f tdoea crfnòe lgj cm u,

tdg sc-enmmgj Wppgr Xgnt (LG@@GBN >?:?). Zdos pgnt lgj dns n wojgsprgnj mntgrnm gxtg`soc`

tdrcufdcut tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno` n`j ot mnrfgmy mgvgmmgj cut prg-gxosto`f rgDgk

kgnturgs.



>5

Emnstoe jgpcsots

Zdg sgjobg`tnry bntgronm ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` o` tdg stujy nrgn os vgry vnrogj9 wgnamy tc

strc`fmy emnygy sn`j, wgnamy tc strc`fmy sn`jy emny, wgnamy tc strc`fmy duboe emny, wgnamy tc

strc`fmy pgnty emny, wgnamy tc strc`fmy emnygy pgnt (wccj pgnt n`j Xdrnfbotgs pgnt) n`j (jgtrotus-)-

fyttin. Korst tdg emnstoe (emny n`j sn`j) jgpcsots womm lg joseussgj.

Un`jy, enmenrgcus edn``gm-koWo`f jgpcsots (tdg strgnb rojfgs, sgg Ed. On) dnvg lgg` kcu`j, wotdo` tdgstujy nrgn, bno`my o` tdg kmuvontomg emnstoe lgjs em < n`j em :. Zdos os emgnrmy ommustrntgj ly prckomg O

(Kof.*;), n sgetoc` pgrpg`joeumnr tc tdg fg`grnm strgnb jorgetoc` ck tdg kommgj edn``gms. Zdgsg sn`j

lcjogs prcvojg tdg stnlmg krnbgwcra lgtwgg` tdg emny- n`j pgnt lgjs wdoed nrg o`stgnj suliget tc

ecbpnetoc`. Nmtdcufd tdgsg edn``gm koWs dnvg lgg` ecbpmgtgmy lcrgj tdrcufd o` c`my kgw pmnegs (JG

K\GZGU >?6?), tdgor mcwgr lcu`jnry os suppcsgj tc dg c` tdg ecbpnetoc`-krgg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbn

toc` o` bcst ensgs. Zdos os vgry pmnusolmg o` tdg ensg ck tdg strgnb rojfgs lgmc`fo`f tc emnstoe lgj em

<. ns tdg tcp ck tdgsg mogs c`my e. : b nlcvg tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` (sgg g.f. tdg twc edn``gm komms

nt lcro`fs D>(T)? n`j Dm7:>, Kof.*;). [G\L\NGEA bg`toc`s tdnt tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg

(lgmc`fo`f tc lgj em :) mogs nmsc c` tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`, nt mgnst kcr tdg strgted `gnr

Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk (pgrs. ecbb. o` MCWVG ACCWBN@U >?6:, p. ?7). N ercss-sgetoc` ck tdos strgnb rojfg

en` lg sgg` nt lcro`f Dm >>: o` prckomg O (Kof.*;).

Zdg emny lgjs tdnt dnvg lgg` jgpcsotgj krcb tdgsg fummy systgbs lgmc`fo`f tc tdg uòts em < n`j em :

nrg fg`grnmmy wgnamy tc bcjgrntgmy duboe n`j `c`- cr wgnamy, lut nt scbg pmnegs bcjgrntgmy, sn`jy

(Kofs.*; n`j '6). Lctd lgjs dnvg n `gnrmy ec`toùcus jostrolutoc` o` tdg stujy nrgn. Nt bn`y pmnegs

tdgy sdcw n vgrtoenm uòkcrboty1 neecrjo`f tc NMMG@ (>?;7, p. >78 k.) tdos os ednrnetgrostoe kcr kmccj-

lnso` jgpcsots.

Emgnrmy, tdg kmuvontomg emnstoe lgjs em > n`j em 5 dnvg lgg` jgvgmcpgj joko'grg`tmy wotdo` tdg stujy nrgn

krcb lgjs em < n`j em :. Em > os n tdo`, josec`toùcus, usunmmy sn`j-krgg, wgnamy tc bcjgrntgmy duboe

emny lgj. Em 5 os mgss ec`toùcus n`j mgss sn`jy tdn` lgjs em < n`j em :. Em 5 os fg`grnmmy

bcjgrntgmy tc strc`fmy duboe1 tdg lgj os nt sgvgrnm pmnegs pgnty cr trnegnlmg ns n emnygy lgj o` tdg

pgnt (sgg g.f. lcro`f D<>8;, Kof.*4 n`j D>88?, Kof.*; rgspgetovgmy). Zdos vnrontoc` o` tdoea`gss n`j

kneogs os tc n mnrfg gxtg`t ecobgetgj wotd tdg kneonm vnrontoc`s o` tdg u`jgrmyo`f lgj em <9 nlcvg nstrgnb rojfg ck em <, em 5 os fg`grnmmy strc`fmy pgnty n`j tdo`, cr nlsg`t (sgg gspgeonmmy prckomg O, lcr

o`fs Dm88? n`j Dm7:>). Vdgrg, o` sued n ensg, lgj em 5 dns `ct lgg` jgpcsotgj, tdg u`jgr- n`j

cvgrmyo`f pgnt lgjs (cm <-5 n`j cm 5-: rgspgetovgmy, sgg Kof. 7) nrg `ct sgpnrnlmg, n`j nrg tnag`

tcfgtdgr ns tdg pgnt ecbpmgx cm <-:.

Crfnòe jgpcsots

Zdg crfnòe lgjs (cm-) ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` nrg jgvgmcpgj o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn

bno`my ns pgnt, lut pnrtmy nmsc ns fyttin. Zdg lgjs cm l, cm >-<, cm <n-<l, n`j tdg lnsos ck cm <-5 n`j

ck cm 5-:, ec`sost nt bn`y pmnegs ck Xdrnfbotgs pgnt, cr nt n`y rntg pgnt wotd rgbno`s ck Xdrnfbotgs

n`j ctdgr wntgr- n`j bnrsd pmn`ts9 tdg Fgrbn` U'E/A[/" (C[G\LGEA >?67, p. 44). Zdg lgjs cm <-5

(gxegpt lnsg n`j tcp), cm 5-: (gxegpt tdg lnsg) n`j cm u nrg jgvgmcpgj o` bcst pmnegs ns wccj pgnt.

Zdus tdg jggpgr crfnòe lgjs ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` o` tdg stujy nrgn nppgnr tc ec`sost bno`my

ck Xdrnfbotgs pgnt, tdg dofdgr c`gs bno`my ck wccj pgnt. N sobomnr lopnrtotoc` wns kcu`j ly

[G\L\NGEA (>?68, p. 67) o` tdg gnstgr` pnrt ck tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`.

Zdg mcwgrbcst crfnòe lgjs (cm l, cm >-<, cm <n-<l) dnvg lgg` jgvgmcpgj ceensoc`nmmy ns fyttin (sgg

g.f. prckomg O, Kof.*;). Obpcrtn`t fyttin ceeurrgègs dnvg lgg` kcu`j o` tdg uppgr pnrt ck crfnòe

lgj cm <-5, nt tdg lnsg ck tdg fg`grnmmy strc`fmy duboe cr pgnty emny lgj em 5. Ot ecègr`s n` crfnòe

sgjobg`t, wdoed en` lg `nbgj, c` tdg lnsos ck kogmj ednrnetgrostoes, ns Kgo`jgtrotus-fyttin (ko`g

jgtrotus fyttin), pnrtmy nmsc ns Frcljgtrotus-fyttin (ecnrsg jgtrotus fyttin), o` tdg tgrbo`cmcfy subbnr-

ozgj ly F\CUUG L\NWEABN@@ (>?;>) krcb tdg cmjgr Uwgjosd n`j Fgrbn` ýtgrnturg (gspgeonmmy



>:

krcb tdg wcras ck [C@ XCUZ n`j ck MW@J^[OUZ). Zdg bntgronm os mofdt- tc lrcwòsd frgg`, scbg-

wdnt gmnstoe, n`j ec`sosto`f bno`my ck ko`g-frno`gj strueturgmgss crfnòe bntgronm. Ot ec`tno`s vnryo`f

qun`totogs ck emny, os bcstmy scbgwdnt enmenrgcus, n`j ec`tno`s sdgmm rgbno`s ck krgsdwntgr s`noms

(Myb`gn, Xmn`crlos, cpgreumn ck Lytdoòn). N usgkum kogmj ednrnetgrostoe os nmsc prcvojgj ly vgry to`y,

sdo`y emgnvnfg pmn`gs. O` fg`grnm, c`my vgry sbnmm qun`totogs ck ecnrsg pmn`t rgbno`s nrg prgsg`t o`

tdos fyttin. Vdgrg tdgrg nrg mnrfgr qun`totogs, tdg sgjobg`t bny lg rgfnrjgj ns tdg nlcvg-bg`toc`gj

Frcljgtrotus-fyttin1 o` sued ensgs tdg trn`sotoc` (mntgrnm cr vgrtoenm) tc pgnt os frnjunm.Jgtrotus fyttin os rgfnrjgj ns n jgpcsot ck nmm scrts ck jgenygj vgfgtnlmg n`j nòbnm bntgronm c` n

mnag-lcttcb. Ko`g jgtrotus fyttin os bno`my kcrbgj o` tdg jggpgr, quogt pnrts ck n mnag, ecnrsg

jgtrotus fyttin o` tdg sdnmmcwgr, mgss quogt pnrts (C[G\LGEA >?67, p. 46). woFFG\U (>?77, p. ;; k.)

jgserolgs jgtrotus fyttin lgjs o` tdg sulscom ck tdg OIssgmbggr nrgn n`j dns gvojgèg tdnt tdg jgpcsot

tdgrg ec`sosts pnrtmy ck tdg rgbno`s ck grcjgj, cmjgr pgnt lgjs ('pgnt-jgtrotus')- XC@U & [N@ CCUZG@

(>?6:, p. <>) nserolg n sobomnr fg`gsos tc tdg crfnòe jgpcsots nt tdg lcttcb ck tdg rgeg`t mnags o` tdg

pgnt nrgns ck tdg prcvoèg ck @ccrj-Dcmmn`j. Vg tdoà tdnt tdos ecbpc`g`t ck jgtrotnm pgnt os vor-

tunmmy nlsg`t o` tdg fyttin ck cur stujy nrgn (sgg kurtdgr o` Eds. OOO n`j [).

Oml MOZDCUZ\NZOF\NXD_ CK ZDG MGG\JNB UZWJ_ N\GN

mml.> Fg`grnm ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg utdcstrntofrnpdy

ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn

Zdg cutmo`g ck tdg Wtdcstrntofrnpdy ck tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn os o` ots bno` ednrnetgrostoes sobomnr

tc tdnt ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn (ecbpnrg Kofs. >> n`j 7). Zdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` os

rgprgsg`tgj ly tdg snbg ecbpc`g`ts, `nbgmy tdg 'lnsnm sn`j', tdg mcnb, n`j tdg rovgr-ju`g sn`j.

Zdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` os dgrg nmsc suljovojgj o`tc gmnstoe kmuvontomg lgjs n`j crfnòe lgjs. Zc

prgvg`t ec`kusoc`, tdg uòts ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` dnvg lgg` ecjgj kcr tdg Mggrjnb nrgn o` n

jokkgrg`t wny krcb tdcsg ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn. O`stgnj ck ùblgro`f ck tdg lgjs, tdg njige-tovgs mcwgr (>), o`tgrbgjontg (o) n`j uppgr (u) dnvg lgg` usgj dgrg. Uoèg nmm crfnòe lgjs nrg

jgvgmcpgj nmbcst gxemusovgmy ns pgnt, tdg ecjg p (pgnt) os usgj o`stgnj ck c (crfnòe). Zdg bno` uòts

ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` nrg mgp, op, ue n`j up. Zdg uòt mgp (mcwgr gmnstoe n`j pgnt lgjs) os n

ecbpmgx ck emny lgjs wotd orrgfumnrmy o`tgrenmntgj pgnty lgjs n`j n lrcnj sn`jy edn``gm komm. Zdos

bno`my gmnstoe uòt os `gnrmy gvgrywdgrg sgpnrntgj ly n pgnt lgj op (o`tgrbgjontg pgnt lgj) krcb tdg

cvgrmyo`f gmnstoe uòt ue (uppgr gmnstoe lgj). Ns os tdg ensg wotd tdg pgnt lgj cm u o` tdg Bcmg`nnrs

frnnk nrgn, dgrg tcc tdg sgqugèg ck gmnstoe n`j crfnòe lgjs os emcsgj tcwnrjs tdg tcp ly tdg pgnt

lgj up (uppgr pgnt) . Nmsc, nlcvg ot tdgrg os n usunmmy tdo` emny ecvgr, ecbpnrnlmg tc tdg

'Nmlmnssgrwnnrj ecvgr' nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk.

Zdg motdcmcfoenm vnrontoc` wotdo` lctd kcrbntoc`s (Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` n`j Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`)

os nlcut tdg snbg ns o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn. N` obpcrtn`t jokZgrg eg os dcwgvgr tdnt o` tdgMggrjnb nrgn tdg pgnt lgjs nrg fg`grnmmy bcrg nbcrpdcus (o.g., ec`tno` mgss bnercsecpoenmmy rgecf-

òznlmg pmn`t rgbno`s) n`j tdg emny lgjs dnvg nt sgvgrnm pmnegs n scbgwdnt tcufdgr ec`sostgèy tdn`

nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk.

O` tdg sgmgetgj prckomg (prckomg O[, Kof.*>8), nmm dtdcstrntofrnpdoe uòts krcb tdg sedgbg o` Kof. >> nrg

rgprgsg`tgj. Zdg pcsotoc` ck tdg prckomg (sgg Kof. :) en` lg trnegj lnea gnsomy c` sdggt 54 Ccst ck

tdg Fgcmcfoenm bnp ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js, senmg >978888 ([G\L\NGEA >?68), c` tdg lnsos ck tdg bcst

ec`spoeucus emgbg`ts (strgnb rojfgs n`j rovgr ju`gs).Zdg `crtdgr` g`j ck tdg prckomg os sotuntgj c`

tdg strgnb rojfg wotd ecjg GCf, e. > ab V ck tdg vommnfg Uedcc`rgwcgrj1 tdg scutdgr` g`j ck tdg

prckomg os sotuntgj c` tdg strgnb rojfg wotd ecjg Nma, e. >.7 ab @ ck Mggrjnb.



>7

emnstoe lgjs

crqcòe lgjs

o, , où`nnto c` ecvgr ,

Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`

-'(AK)

] u e - p ue n -l

Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`

-'(AK)

]///// Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`

-'(AK)

]///// r OM > op Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`

-'(AK)

]///// Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`

-'(AK)

r ovgr-m • 2 '

ju`g] `-` mgp

> v-`]

Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`

-'(AK)

lns^m sn`jArgktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`

-'(AK)

Kof. OO. Uedgbg ck tdg motdcstrntofrnpdy o` tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn.

OOl.< Zdg Argktg dgyg Kcrbntoc`

Zdg surkneg ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` dns, ns nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk, n ec`sojgrnlmg rgmogk, pnrtoeu-

mnrmy wdgrg tdg rovgr ju`g os ecègbgj (tdg Uednmasg jcà, sgg Ed. Ol1 tdg pmneg ck cutercp ck tdos

ju`g mogs cutsojg tdg prckomg ck Kof.* >8, sgg tdg mcentoc` o` Kof. :). Zdg rgmogk ck tdg rovgr ju`g (sgg

tdg scutdgr` pnrt ck tdg prckomg, Kof.* >8) ecbpnrgs wgmm wotd tdnt ck tdg wgstgr` rovgr ju`g ecbpmgx

o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn (sgg prckomg OOO, Kof.* 4). Nt tdg kcct ck tdg ju`g (nt lcro`fs U5:>

n`j U5:< o` tdg prckomg) tdg ju`g sn`j mogs c` tcp ck tdg mcnb. Zdg jgptd ck tdg tcp ck tdg mcnb

vnrogs o` tdg prckomg wotd n bnfòtujg ecbpnrnlmg tc tdnt o` g.f. tdg `crtdgb pnrt ck prckomg O ck tdg

Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn (sgg Kof.*;). Zdg jgptd nbcu`ts c` n` nvgrnfg tc e. ; b lgmcw @.N.X., wdoed

os bcrg tdn` : b dofdgr tdn` o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn <8 ab jcw`strgnb.

N jgprgssoc` o` tdg tcp ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` (lcro`f U5<<, o` tdg `crtdgr` g`j ck tdgprckomg, Kof.*>8) jgseg`js tc e. >8.<7 b lgmcw @.N.X. Xnrt ck tdos jgprgssoc` os kommgj wotd ju`g sn`j.

Nmsc o` tdg scutdgr` g`j ck tdg prckomg, ju`g sn`j sggbs tc komm n jgprgssoc` o` tdg /cnw-tcp ck tdg

Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`.

OOl.5 Zdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`

Mcwgr jgpcsots

Zdg mcwgrbcst motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòt ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` o` tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn, tdg

'mcwgr emnstoe n`j pgnt lgjs' (mgp), dns `ct lgg` dtdcmcfoenmmy suljovojgj o` tdg prckomg (Kof.* >8),

gxegpt wdgrg tdg lgj os jgvgmcpgj ns sn`jy emny cr sn`j. Zdg motdcmcfoenm vnrontoc`, `nbgmy tdgnmtgbnto`f lgjjo`f ck emny n`j pgnt, os tcc frgnt tc o`joentg o` tdos sedgbntoe prckomg. Votd scbg

jokkoeumty kcur emny lgjs en` lg josto`fuosdgj wotdo` tdg ecbpmgx mgp, wdoed, ns n wdcmg, os bno`my

emnstoe. Zdg lnsg ck tdg uòt mgp os nt tdg snbg tobg tdg lnsg ck tdg wdcmg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`.

Ec`trnry tc tdg sotuntoc` o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn, tdos lnsg ec`sosts o tdg Mggrjnb nrgn fg`

grnmmy `ct ck pgnt cr fyttin, lut ck emny, wgmm josto`fuosdnlmg o` tgxturg n`j strueturg krcb tdg u`jgr-

myo`f mcnb. Uc tdg prcpgr lnsnm pgnt, ns usunmmy bgt wotd o` tdg ecnstnm nrgns ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js

(IGMFG\UBN >?;>), os mneao`f dgrg. Vdgrg tdg lnsnm pgnt os prgsg`t tdcufd, ot os ck tg` emnygy (sgg g.f.

tdg `crtdgb pnrt ck prckomg O[, Kof.* >8). [G\L\NGEA (>?68, p. ;<) nssceontgs tdg mnea ck tdg lnsnm

pgnt o` tdos rgfoc` tc jgpcsotoc`nm netovoty ck n rovgr sotuntgj o` tdg Ucutd ck tdg rgfoc`.



>;

Zdg vnrontoc` o` tdoea`gss ck uòt mgp os kmrstmy ec``getgj wotd tdg rgmogk ck tdg tcp ck tdg

Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` (ecbpnrg g.f. lcro`f U5;: wotd lcro`f U5<< o` tdg prckomg, Kof. *>8).

Ugec`jmy, tdg uòt dns ck ecursg n ec`sojgrnlmg tdoea`gss wdgrg, o` tdg bojjmg pnrt ck tdg prckomg, ot

os jgvgmcpgj ns n strgnb rojfg (edn``gm komm). Zdos strgnb rojfg os c`g ck tdg bcst ec`spoeucus kcssom

pdg`cbg`n ck tdg nrgn1 tdg prckomg sdcws n ercss-sgetoc` krcb lcro`f U577 up tc U5;>, cvgr n jos-

tnèg ck e. 788 b. W`jgr tdg prckomg-typg ecjg N5a, tdos strgnb rojfg, tdg Bojjgmaccp strgnb

([G\L\NGEA >?68, p.4:), ceeupogs n` obpcrtn`t pmneg c` tdg lgkcrg-bg`toc`gj fgcmcfoenm bnp 54Ccst. Zdg (ecbpmgtgmy lurogj) strgnb rojfg dns n strc`fmy soùcus ecursg c` tdos bnp, n`j

lrnèdgs ckk" tcwnrjs tdg Vgst.

Zdg sn`jy `nturg ck uòt mgp, wdgrg ot rgsts c` tdg lurogj rovgr ju`g o` tdg bojjmg pnrt ck tdg prckomg

(Kof.* >8), sdcumj `ct lg ecrbgetgj tc jostoèt edn``gm jgpcsotoc`, lut en` lg gxpmno`gj ly smofdt grc-

soc` ck tdg u`jgrmyo`f ju`g sn`j.

Wòt mgp ck tdg Mggrjnb nrgn en` dtdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy lg ecrrgmntgj wotd tdg mnygr-sgqugèg cm l +

em > + cm >-< + em < o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn (sgg nmsc Kof. 7). Ot fcgs wotdcut snyo`f tdnt tdg

lnsg ck lctd lgj ecbpmgxgs os ecrrgmntovg - o` lctd nrgns ot o`vcmvgs tdg lcu`jnry lgtwgg` tdg

Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` n`j tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`. Zdg uppgr lcu`jnry ck motdcstrntofrnpdoe

uòt em < o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn os, von prckomgs J n`j G lgmc`fo`f tc tdg fgcmcfoenm bnp 54

Ccst n`j tdg bnp otsgmk ([G\L\NGEA >?68), wgmm trnegnlmg tc tdg tcp ck tdg lgj o` wdoed tdg wgst-wnrj lrnèdo`f Bojjgmaccp strgnb rojfg os sotuntgj. Zdos bgn`s tdnt nmsc tdg tcp ck lctd lgj

ecbpmgxgs os dtdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy ecrrgmntovg.

Wppgr n`j o`tgobgjontg jgpcsots

Ck tdg twc bno` emnstoe kmuvontomg lgjs o` tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` ck tdg Mggrjnb nrgn, tdg nlcvg-

joseussgj uòt mgp kcrbs tdg mcwgr c`g, tdg uòt ue (uppgr emnstoe lgj, sgg Kof. >>) tdg uppgr c`g.

Xrckomg O[ (Kof.* >8) os, nmsc wotd rgfnrj tc tdg strgnb rojfgs lgmc`fo`f tc tdos lgj ue, pgrpg`joeumnr

tc tdg strgnb jorgetoc`. Zdg lgj's kneogs n`j tdoea`gss edn`fg rnpojmy wotd jostnèg krcb tdg strgnb

rojfgs9 tdg emny lgj os tdoobgr n`j pgntogr kurtdgr krcb tdg strgnb rojfg. Zdg lgj os suljovojgj o`tc

ue n n`j ue l ly n` o`tgrenmntgj pgnty dcrozc` (lgj) p ue n-l (sgg Kof. >>). Zdos dcrozc` os mcenmmyc`my wgnamy pgnty n`j rgbnranlmy lmnea1 c` tdgsg pmnegs, ot bny pgrdnps lg ecbpnrgj tc tdg sc-

enmmgj mna (mnequgr) mnygrs, ns jgserolgj ly JG LCG\ & XC@U (>?;8, p . ;8) n`j JG LNAAG\ &

GJGMBN@-[MNB (>?6;, p. ><5).

Zdg strgnb rojfg nt tdg `crtdgb g`j ck prckomg O[ (nt lcro`f U5<8), wotd ots rgmntovgmy strc`f tcpc-

frnpdoe gxprgssoc`, os a`cw` ns tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg, tdg sbnmmgr c`g nt tdg scutdgr`

g`j ck tdg prckomg ns tdg Uednma strgnb rojfg (JG LCG\ & XC@U >?;8, p. <71 [G\L\NGEA >?68, p. 471

MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:1 tc [O@A (>?7:) tdg Uedccbgwcgrj strgnb rojfg wns a`cw` ns tdg 'Cvgr-

mga strgnb'1 tdg `nbgs jgrovg krcb sbnmm vommnfgs mcentgj o` tdg stujy nrgn). Lctd strgnb rojfgs

lgmc`f dtdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy tc uòt ue. Ns prgvocusmy bg`toc`gj (Ed. Ol), tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj

strgnb rojfg kcrbs tdg tcpcfrnpdoenmmy vosolmg moà lgtwgg` tdg Mggrjnb n`j tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk

stujy nrgns (ek. Kofs. 5 n`j :1 sgg nmsc MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:, kof. >4). O` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn,tdos strgnb rojfg kcrbs pnrt ck emnstoe lgj em :. Jug tc tdos, uòt ue ck tdg Mggrjnb nrgn os dtdcstrn

tofrnpdoenmmy ecrrgmntovg wotd uòt em : ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn.

Kcr tdos rgfoc` [G\L\NGEA (>?68, p. 47) o`joentgs tdnt tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb dns oèosgj o`tc

tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` lut tdg Uednma strgnb dns `ct. O` prckomg O[ tdgsg jntn dnvg lgg`

prcegssgj.

Ns o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn, o` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn tdg tcp ck lgj em :-lgj ue dns lgg` ecvgrgj ly

tdg Wppgr Xgnt (ecjgj ns 'up' dgrg). O` ec`trnst tc tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn, dgrg tdg pgnt lgj

(wccj pgnt) os o` sgvgrnm pmnegs emnygy. Nmc`f tdg scutdgr` lcrjgr ck tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb

rojfg ot os gvg` nlsg`t, sc tdnt lgj ue pnssgs jorgetmy o`tc tdg supgrkoeonm emny lgj ('ecvgr'). Nt n kgw

pmnegs n` orc`-stno`gj mgvgm en` lg sgg` sgpnrnto`f tdg twc.



>6

Znlmg <. Ecrrgmntoc` ck tdg motdcstrntofrnpdogs ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk n`j tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgns.Ecbpnrg wotd Kofs. 7 n`j >>.

Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Mggrjnb

stujy nrgn stujy nrgn

emny ecvgr emny ecvgr

crfnòe lgj cm u crfnòe lgj up uppgr pnrt

emnstoe lgj em : emnstoe lgj ue

crfnòe lgj cm 5-: crfnòe lgj op

VGUZMN@J emnstoe lgj em 5 (wotd o`tgrenmntgj o`tgrbgjontg pnrt

KC\BNZOC@ crfnòe lgj cm <-5 emnstoe lgj og)

emnstoe lgj em <crfnòe lgj cm >-<

emnstoe lgj em >lgj ecbpmgx mgp mcwgr pnrt

crfnòe lgj cm l

A\GKZG@DG_G 'mcnb' 'mcnb'

KC\BNZOC@ lnsno sn`j lnsnO sn`j

Ly tdg motdcstrntofrnpdoenm ecrrgmntoc`s lgtwgg` tdg Mggrjnb n`j tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgnso`joentgj nlcvg (`nbgmy tdg ecrrgmntoc` ck tdg tcp ck mgp wotd tdg tcp ck em < n`j tdg ecrrgmntoc` ck

ue wotd em :), pgnt lgj op (o`tgrbgjontg pgnt) ck tdg Mggrjnb nrgn en` lg ecrrgmntgj wotd tdg crfnòe

lgj ecbpmgx cm <-: ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn (ecbpnrg tdg sedgbgs o` Kofs. 7 n`j >>).

O` pgnt lgj op n tdo` emny lgj mcenmmy ceeurs, tdg o`tgrbgjontg emnstoe lgj og, ns en` lg sgg` o` tdg

prckomg (Kof.*>8). Ot sggbs pmnusolmg tc ecèmujg krcb n ecbpnrosc` ck lctd motdcstrntofrnpdoe

sedgbgs (Kofs. 7 n`j >>) tdnt tdos emny lgj og o` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn os ecrrgmntovg wotd emny lgj em 5 o`

tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn.

Zdg nlcvg ecrrgmntoc`s ck tdg motdcstrntofrnpdogs ck lctd stujy nrgns dnvg lgg` subbnrozgj o` Znlmg

<. Ly tdos ecrrgmntoc` ck tdg motdcstrntofrnpdy ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn wotd tdnt ck tdg Mggrjnb

stujy nrgn <8 ab nwny, tdg mnttgr dns bnjg tdg kcrbgr o` n sg`sg emgnrgr. Kcr tdg tropnrtotoc` o` tdgmotdcstrntofrnpdy ck Mggrjnb en` lg trn`smntgj tc tdnt ck Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk9 tdg mcwgr n`j uppgr pnrts

ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrg strc`fmy emnstoe uòts (mgnvo`f tdg Wppgr Xgnt cut

ck ec`sojgrntoc` dgrg) n`j, ns nt Mggrjnb, tdgy ec`trnst wotd tdg strc`fmy crfnòe o`tgrbgjontg pnrt.

Zdos frcss suljovosoc` os gècu`tgrgj nmsc o` tdg locstrntofrnpdy n`j tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`tnm gvcmu-

toc` (Eds. OOO n`j [).



>4

OOO LOCUZ\NZOF\NXD_

Ommn MCENM XCMMG@ YC@GU NU N LNUOU KC\ ZDGXNMGCGECMCFOENM \GEC@UZ\WEZOC@

Locstrntofrnpdy, moag motdc- n`j edrc`cstrntofrnpdy, nojs tdg rgec`struetoc` ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`-

tnm gvcmutoc`. Iust ns o` Eds. OO n`j [ motdcstrntofrnpdy os usgj o` tdg rgec`struetoc` ck tdgsgjobg`tnry-fgcmcfoenm pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t, sc dgrg n`j nmsc o` Ed. [ locstrntofrnpdy os usgj o` tdgrgec`struetoc` ck tdg vgfgtntoc`nm jgvgmcpbg`t o` tdnt g`vorc`bg`t. Kcr tdos purpcsg, pnmy`cmcfoenmo`vgstofntoc`s ck sgvgrnm ecrgs dnvg lgg` enrrogj cut. Zdg locstrntofrnpdoe zc`ntoc` ck tdg pcmmg`sgetoc`s stujogj dns probnromy n mcenm sofòkoenèg9 tdg mcenm pcmmg` zc`g os jgko`gj c` tdg lnsos ck tdgecbpcsotoc` ck tdg pcmmg` jgpcsotoc` nt n egrtno` pmneg n`j n egrtno` jgptd o` tdg sgjobg`tnry lgjsgqugèg. Lgenusg ck tdos, tdg pcmmg` zc`g os, o` tdg tgrbo`cmcfy ck tdg O`tgr`ntoc`nm UtrntofrnpdoeFuojg (DGJLG\F >?6;, p. 78), n` nssgblmnfg zc`g1 c`g bofdt spgna ck n mcenm pcmmg` nssgblmnfgzc`g.

Zdg mcenmmy jgpcsotgj pcmmg` bny lg pnrtmy jgrovgj krcb tdg mcenm vgfgtntoc`, pnrtmy krcb tdgrgfoc`nm vgfgtntoc`, pnrtmy, g.f. von rovgrs, krcb rgbctg nrgns (tdg sc-enmmgj mc`f-jostnèg trn`spcrt),

n`j pnrtmy krcb grcjgj cmjgr jgpcsots. Zdg o`tgrprgtntovg joserobo`ntoc` ck tdgsg ecbpc`g`ts os o`tdg korst o`stnèg `ct tnag` o`tc neecu`t o` gstnlmosdo`f tdg mcenm pcmmg` nssgblmnfg zc`g lcu`jnrogs,kcr pcmmg` zc`ntoc` sdcumj lg stroetmy jgseroptovg9 'Zdg pcmmg` zc`g os n kgnturg ck tdg jonfrnb nmc`g'(KNGF\O >?67, p. <8>). Joserobo`ntoc` lgtwgg` tdg ecbpc`g`ts (mcenm, rgfoc`nm, gte.) rgquorgs necbprgdg`sovg prcegjurg. Zdg pcmmg` zc`gs wotdo` tdg sgetoc` sdcumj lg ecbpnrgj wotd gned ctdgr.Zdg sgetoc` sdcumj lg ecbpnrgj tc `gofdlcuro`f sgetoc`s. Njjotoc`nm pnmgclctnòenm rgsumts en` pmnyn` obpcrtn`t rcmg (g.f. kruot n`nmysos). Zdg pcmmg` zc`ntoc` sdcumj lg ecbpnrgj tc tdg rgfoc`nmmygstnlmosdgj n`j pcssolmy jntgj pcmmg` zc`ntoc`. A`cwmgjfg ck tdg gecmcfy ck tdg spgeogs ecègr`gjos ck ecursg n prgrgquosotg. O` pnrtoeumnr, tdg fgcmcfoenm sotuntoc` ck tdg sgetoc` sdcumj lg a`cw` o`jgtnom9 bn`y vnrontoc`s o` pcmmg` sgetoc`s (pcmmg` jonfrnbs) en` lg gxpmno`gj ns n jorget rgspc`sg tcedn`fgs o` tdg fgcmcfoenm g`vorc`bg`t, gspgeonmmy wdgrg tdgrg nrg bn`y vgrtoenm edn`fgs o` motdcmcfy.

Omml BGZDCJU

Umoegs ck > eb tdoea`gss wgrg tnag` krcb tdg ecrgs (7 eb o` jonbgtgr) tc lg stujogj ly pcmmg`n`nmysos. Votd n > eb snbpmo`f o`tgrvnm o` bcst ecrgs ec`sosto`f ck pgnt, fyttin cr pgnty emny (sggEd. Og), tdos rgsumtgj o` ec`tofucus snbpmo`f. O` ctdgr ensgs, gspgeonmmy o` emny lgjs wotd tdgor usunmsnbpmo`f o`tgrvnm ck 7 eb, `c`-snbpmgj fnps rgbno`. Krcb tdg smoegs tnag` krcb tdg ecrgs, tdg eg`trnm pnrt (e. : euloe eb) dns lgg` usgj kcr tdg prgpnrnt oc` ck tdg pcmmg` rgsojug. O` tdg ensg ck tdgUtn`jnrj lcro`f, tdg rgbno`jgr wns usgj kcr kruot n`nmysos.Zdg prgpnrntoc` ck pcmmg` rgsojugs krcb tdg snbpmgs o`vcmvgj tdg kcmmcwo`f pdnsgs9 ACD prgtrgnt-bg`t, sogvo`f, mofdt Uedumzg rgnetoc` (tc rgbcvg ns bued pmn`t tossug ns pcssolmg), ACD pcst-

trgntbg`t, negtcmysos, lrcbckcrb sgpnrntoc`, mofdt DK pcst-trgntbg`t. Zdg kruot snbpmgs wgrgprgpnrgj ly sobpmy lcomo`f o` n 7% scmutoc` ck ACD.Zdg pcmmg` n`nmysos wns enrrogj cut wotd tdg noj ck pdnsg-ec`trnst boercsecpgs. Xcmmg` frno`s wgrgecu`tgj uso`f bnùnmmy cpgrntgj ecu`tgrs (spgeonmmy jgsof`gj kcr tdos purpcsg), n`j neeubumntcrsc` tdgsg nmmcwgj n ec`stn`t pcmmg` sub tc lg agpt.Kcr gned snbpmg, nmm pcmmg` n`j spcrg frno`s dnvg lgg` ecu`tgj tc n tctnm ck 588 trgg pcmmg` frno`s(pcmmg` sub). Uoèg tdg rgec`struetoc` ck tdg mcenm vgfgtntoc` os eg`trnm tc tdos pnrt ck tdg stujy,`c`g ck tdg trgg pcmmg` spgeogs wgrg mgkt cut ck tdg pcmmg` sub, ns os scbgtobgs jc`g o` bcrg rgfoc`nmmy jorgetgj stujogs tc nvcoj mcenm cvgr-rgprgsg`tntoc` (g.f. ocZ Nmùs, sgg IN@UUG@ >?7?1 tdos os eroto-eosgj dcwgvgr ly ZO@UMG_ & UBOZD >?6:, p. 7;<).



>?

Zdg mcenm pcmmg` zc`ntoc` os o` fg`grnm lnsgj c` edn`fgs o` tdg trgg pcmmg` eurvgs, o` tdg NX (trggpcmmg`)/@NX (dgrls) rntoc, n`j o` tdg @NX eurvgs ck gspgeonmmy Frnbo`gng, Eypgrnegng n`j Wblgm-Wkgrng. O` tdg tnlmgs wotd tdg pcmmg`-zc`g jgseroptoc`s, fg`grnmmy c`my tdcsg pcmmg` tnxn nrg bg`-toc`gj wdcsg pgreg`tnfgs jokkgr sofòkoen`tmy krcb tdg u`jgr- n`j cvgrmyo`f zc`gs. Zdgsg tnlmgssdcumj lg rgnj krcb lcttcb tc tcp. Zdg ku`fnm spcrgs nrg `ct bg`toc`gj o` tdgsg tnlmgs, lut nrglrogkmy joseussgj o` Ed. OOOm.

Ot sdcumj lg strgssgj tdnt tdg pcmmg` zc`ntoc` os motgrnmmy mcenm kcr gvgry so`fmg sgetoc`. Zdus tdg zc`gùblgrs jc `ct rgmntg tc n`y ck tdg rgfoc`nm zc`ntoc`s (g.f. tdnt ly YNFVOI@ & [N@ UZNNMJWO@G@

>?67, p. >>> k.), `cr os tdgrg n`y rgmntoc` lgtwgg` tdg zc`g ùblgrs ck tdg o`jovojunm sgetoc`s o` tdosstujy.

OOOe XCMMG@ N@NM_UOU CK LC\O@F BCMG@NN\UF\NNK Dm m mC (UZN@JN\J LC\O@F)

OOOe.> Xcmmg` zc`gs

Zdg Wtdcmcfy n`j motdcstrntofrnpdy ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn dnvglgg` joseussgj o` Ed. OOn.> (sgg nmsc Znlmg >). Kcr tdg tcpcfrnpdoenm pcsotoc` sgg Kof. 5. Zdg lcro`f

os sotuntgj e. > ab `crtd ck tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g. Kcr tdg fgcmcfoenm sotuntoc` sgg Kof.*;(prckomg O). Zdg dtdcmcfoenm sgqugèg fovg` o` tdg pcmmg` jonfrnb (Kof.* ><) n`j o` Kof. >5 en` lgtrnegj o` prckomg O.Zdg kcWcwo`f nrg rgprgsg`tgj krcb mgkt tc rofdt o` tdg pcmmg` jonfrnb9 motdcmcfy, jgptd o` eb lgmcw(bcwo`f) surk neg, mcenm pcmmg` zc`gs, snbpmo`f jgptds, trgg pcmmg` eurvgs, NX/ @N X rntoc, @NXeurvgs, spcrg eurvgs. Nt tdg lcttcb, pgreg`tnfg senmgs nrg sdcw`. Zdg mo`gs jrnw` wotdo` tdg sdnj-o`f ck scbg spcrg eurvgs sdcw c`g tg`td ck tdg rgnm vnmugs.Zdg stujogj sgetoc` bgnsurgs ?.<8 b n`j ecbprosgs :;; snbpmgs. O` tdg jonfrnb <; zc`gs dnvg lgg`josto`fuosdgj1 tdgsg dnvg lgg` jgserolgj o` Znlmg 5.

OOOe.< Ucbg fg`grnm rgbnrasEc`sojgro`f tdg wdcmg jonfrnb, tdg kcWcwo`f zc`g lcu`jnrogs en` lg clsgrvgj ns tdg bno` c`gs9

>. tdg trn`sotoc` krcb zc`g 4 tc zc`g ?1 tdg Nmùs vnmugs lgmcw tdos trn`sotoc` nrg o` fg`grnm mcwgrtdn` nlcvg ot, tdg rgvgrsg nppmogs tc tdg vnmugs ck Ecrymus, Xoùs, Zomon n`j Wmbus.

<. tdg trn`sotoc` krcb zc`g <8 tc zc`g <>1 tdos os ednrnetgrosgj ly n strc`f rosg ck Knfus vnmugs1 tdg Nmùs vnmugs jgergnsg scbgwdnt, lut rgbno` o` fg`grnm dofdgr tdn` lgmcw tdg trn`sotoc` krcb zc`g 4tc zc`g ?.

5. tdg trn`sotoc` krcb zc`g << tc zc`g <51 dgrg, tdg dofd Nmùs vnmugs nrg rgstcrgj.Wso`f tdgsg tdrgg zc`g lcu`jnrogs, tdg <; zc`gs en` lg ecblo`gj o`tc kcur bno` zc`gs9 O (>-4), OO(?-<8), OOO (<>-<<), O[ (<5-<;), ns o`joentgj o` Kof. >5.

N ecbpnrosc` lgtwgg` tdg ecmub` wotd tdg pcmmg` zc`gs n`j tdg motdcmcfoenm ecmub` (Kof. >5),rgvgnms n strc`f rgmntoc`sdop lgtwgg` pcmmg` jgpcsotoc` n`j fgcmcfoenm jgvgmcpbg`t9 bcst zc`glcu`jnrogs ecoèojg wotd trn`sotoc`s o` tdg motdcmcfy. Krcb tdos ecbpnrosc` ot nmsc nppgnrs tdnt o`tdg crfnòe lgjs bcrg pcmmg` zc`gs dnvg lgg` josto`fuosdgj tdn` o` tdg emnstoe lgjs. O` tdg korsto`stnèg, tdos bny lg gxpmno`gj ly tdg knet tdnt tdg snbpmo`f jg`soty os dofdgr o` tdg crfnòe lgjstdn` o` tdg emnstoe (emny) lgjs.O` Ed. OO ot wns bg`toc`gj tdnt tdg jggpgr crfnòe lgjs (cm l, cm >-<, cm <n-<l, n`j tdg lnsgs ck cm<-5 n`j ck cm 5-:) dnvg o` fg`grnm, o` ns knr ns pmn`t rgbno`s nrg rgecfòznlmg, lgg` jgvgmcpgj nsXdrnfbotgs pgnt, wdgrgns tdg dofdgr crfnòe lgjs dnvg o` fg`grnm lgg` jgvgmcpgj ns wccj pgnt. Xcmmg` zc`gs >, 5, 7, 6 n`j ?->8 (tc n mgssgr gxtg`t nmsc >;), tdnt ecoèojg wotd tdg bg`toc`gj Xdrnf-



<8

botgs pgnt lgjs (sgg Kof. >5), nrg ednrnetgrosgj ly dofd vnmugs ck, nbc`f ctdgrs, Frnbo`gng, ckwdoed Xdrnfbotgs os o`jggj tdg bno` ecbpc`g`t. Zdg jgtgrbo`ntoc` ck Xdrnfbotgs pcmmg` os pcssolmgly bnao`f usg ck tdg pdnsg-ec`trnst njiustbg`t c` tdg boercsecpg1 tdos jgtgrbo`ntoc` wns enrrogjcut oèojg`tnmmy ns n edgea. Ot os `ct u`moagmy tdnt pnrt ck tdg Frnbo`gng pcmmg` jgrovgs krcb frnssgsctdgr tdn` Xdrnfbotgs. Kcr tdg g`vorc`bg`t u`jgr ec`sojgrntoc` (fg`grnmmy spgnao`f, n kmuvontomgswnbp g`vorc`bg`t), Fmyegron bnxobn, F. kmuotn`s n`j Xdnmnros nru`jo`negn sdcumj lg bg`toc`gj o`

pnrtoeumnr (ek. [N@ JC@UGMNN\ >?;>).Xcmmg` zc`gs >> tc <8 n`j <5 tc <;, ecoèojo`f wotd motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòts cm <-: n`j cm u (sgg tdgsedgbg o` Kof. 7) ec`tno` dofd Nmùs pgreg`tnfgs. Zdgsg crfnòe lgjs nrg fg`grnmmy jgvgmcpgj nswccj pgnt. Lgenusg ck tdg dofd Nmùs pcmmg` pgreg`tnfgs n`j nmsc ck n kgw wccj-snbpmg jgtgrbo`n-toc`s, ot bny lg pcstumntgj tdnt bcst wccj pgnt os Nmùs wccj pgnt. O` bcst pcmmg` jonfrnbs krcbwccj pgnt mnygrs o` tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js, Nmùs nppgnrs tc jcbo`ntg o` tdg trgg-pcmmg` ecbpcso-toc`. O` pcmmg` jonfrnbs Dnzg`jcà O n`j Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk O n`j OO, pulmosdgj ly MCWVGACCOIBN@U (>?6:, kofs. 5?, ;; n`j ;6), ‚ sgetoc`s c`my > ab jostn`t krcb tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f u`jgrec`sojgrntoc` dgrg ‚ Nmùs vnmugs nrg dofd o` pgnt lgjs tdnt ecrrgspc`j dtdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy wotdcrfnòe lgjs cm <-: n`j cm u. O` pcmmg` jonfrnbs nt Fcujronn` n`j Lg`sedcp, puldsdgjly [G\L\NGEA (>?68, kofs. :5 n`j ::1 lctd sgetoc`s krcb tdg gnstgr` pnrt ck tdg kmuvontomg ecnstnm

pmno`), tdg Nmùs eurvg sdcws dofd vnmugs o` tdg wccj-pgnt lgjs. Ctdgr gxnbpmgs ck n` Nmùs jcbo-`nèg o` pcmmg` jonfrnbs ck strntofrnpdoenmmy ecbpnrnlmg pgnt mnygrs, en` lg kcu`j o` IGMFG\UBN(>?;>, gspgeonmmy jonfrnb Nmpdg` nn` jg \oi`), XC@U & VOFFG\U (>?7?-;8, kof. 5:, n pgnt prckomg`gnr Nlecujg) n`j DN\ZBN@ (>?;4, jonfrnb Uedopmuojg`).

OOOe.5 Uuppmy ck pcmmg` ly rovgr wntgr

Kcrbgr o`vgstofntoc`s

O` o`tgrprgto`f tdg pcmmg` ec`tg`t ck rovgr emny lgjs o` tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js, c`g dns tc tnagneecu`t ck tdg suppmy ck pcmmg` ly rovgr wntgr krcb tdg do`tgrmn`j, gspgeonmmy tdg \do`g entedbg`t

nrgn. Zdos dns lgg` strgssgj ly KMC\UEDÝZY & IC@AG\ (>?5?, p. ;?8), YNFVOI@ (>?;7, p. 4:),DN\ZBN@ (>?;4, p. ?) n`j JG IC@F (>?68-6>, p. 6;). O` tdos ec``getoc`, Xoegn, Nlogs n`j Knfus nrgpnrtoeumnrmy bg`toc`gj, ns wgmm ns Xoùs. Ot os suppcsgj ly tdgsg nutdcrs, tdnt pnrt ck tdg pcmmg` ckctdgr spgeogs womm nmsc dnvg lgg` suppmogj ly rovgrs. Zdg spgeonm bg`toc` ck Xoegn, Nlogs n`j Knfusos ec``getgj wotd tdg knet tdnt tdgsg trgg spgeogs joj `ct ceeur `nturnmmy o` tdg @gtdgrmn`js o` tdgpgrocjs ecègr`gj.

Vg tdoà, o` nfrggbg`t wotd tdg nlcvg-bg`toc`gj nutdcrs, tdnt pnrt ck tdg pcmmg` o` tdg jgpcsots o`tdg stujy nrgn dns lgg` suppmogj ly tdg mnrfg rovgrs krcb tdg wdcmg entedbg`t nrgn, n`j tdus krcbBojjmg Gurcpg. Lgmcw, wg sdnmm jgnm wotd tdos qugstoc` o` jgtnom, tc sgg wdoed pcmmg` tnxn wgrg bcststrc`fmy o`kmugègj ly tdos kmuvonm trn`spcrt.

Knfus, Nlogs n`j Xoegn

Zdg Knfus pgreg`tnfgs o` pcmmg` zc`g <> ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f, wdoed os sotuntgj g`torgmy o` emnylgj em :, nrg sc dofd (up tc <7%), tdnt, dnj tdgrg lgg` c`my n smofdt o`kmugèg ck rovgr-lcr`g pcmmg`,c`g wcumj dnvg tc suppcsg n mcenm frcwtd ck lgged, kcr gxnbpmg c` `nturnm mgvggs ck tdg `gnrlyUedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb. Neecrjo`f tc tdg E->: jntgs joseussgj o` Ed. O[, tdg emny lgj ecègr`gjwns jgpcsotgj juro`f tdg bojjmg pnrt ck tdg Uullcrgnm. Uued dofd Knfus vnmugs dnvg `gvgr lgg`kcu`j kcr tdos pgrocj o` pcmmg` sgetoc`s krcb tdg @gtdgrmn`js, nt mgnst `ct o` ns knr ns tdgsg sgetoc`srgmntg tc tdg mcenm n`j/cr rgfoc`nm vgfgtntoc`1 Knfus jcgs `ct usunmmy nbcu`t tc dofdgr tdn` e. >%.Dcwgvgr, dofd Knfus vnmugs kcr tdg Uullcrgnm nrg kcu`j o` pcmmg` sgetoc`s krcb Bojjmg- n`j Ucutd-



Lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D >>>8

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<<

gr` Fgrbn`y, tdus bno`my krcb tdg Fgrbn` Bottgmfglorfg wdoed kcrbs n` obpcrtn`t pnrt ck tdg\do`g entedbg`t nrgn (KO\LNU >?:?, p. <<? k.).

Nlogs n`j Xoegn nrg tdg c`my pcmmg` tnxn o` tdg jonfrnb wdoed enobct dnvg lgg` jgrovgj krcb tdgrgfoc`nm vgfgtntoc`, lut o`stgnj bust dnvg lgg` suppmogj krcb tdg do`tgrmn`j. O` Uullcrgnm pcmmg`sgetoc`s krcb Ucutdgr` Fgrbn`y, Nlogs nttno`s dofd vnmugs, ns jcgs Xoegn o` scbg rgfoc`s (KO\LNU>?:?, p. <:4 k. n`j <85 k. rgspgetovgmy). O` zc`gs <> n`j <<, lctd sotuntgj o` tdg Uullcrgnm emny lgj

em :, Xoegn n`j Nlogs rgned rgmntovgmy dofd vnmugs.

Xoùs n j Zomon

O` crjgr tc jgko`g wdoed ctdgr pcmmg` tnxn juro`f tdg Uullcrgnm bny dnvg lgg` suppmogj tc nsofòkoen`t gxtg`t krcb tdg kmuvonm do`tgrmn`j, tdg pcmmg` ec`tg`t ck emny lgj em : bny lg ecbpnrgjtc tdnt ck tdg u`jgr- n`j cvgrmyo`f (wccj-)pgnt lgjs. Xcmmg` tnxn tdnt ceeur bno`my cr `gnrmygxemusovgmy o` tdg emny lgj bny lg nttrolutgj bcrg pcsotovgmy tc rovgr suppmy tdn` tnxn tdnt nttno`nlcut tdg snbg cr dofdgr vnmugs o` tdg emny lgj tdn` o` tdg pgnt lgjs. O` tdos wny, kcr tdos Uullcrgnm emny lgj, lgsojgs tdg pcmmg` ck Knfus, Xoegn n`j Nlogs, c`g bny rgfnrj tdnt ck Zomon n`j Xoùsns pnrtmy rovgr lcr`g. Zdg rgbnoò`f trgg-pcmmg` tnxn n`j nmsc bcst dgrl pcmmg` bny lg rgfnrjgj ns

bno`my rgfoc`nm n`j mcenm.Zdg sgetoc` ecvgro`f zc`gs : tc 4 o` tdg pcmmg` jonfrnb ecoèojgs wotd emny lgjs em O -m- em < n`j tdgo`tgrenmntgj pgnt lgjs cm >-< n`j cm <n-<l. Neecrjo`f tc tdg E->: jntgs ck tdg lcro`f, tdos sgetocèn` lg jntgj ns bojjmg-Ntmn`toe. O` tdg stujy nrgn tdrgg pcmmg` sgetoc`s ck fyttin jgpcsots (crfnòemnag-jgpcsots) dnvg lgg` stujogj, tdnt ecrrgmntg edrc`cstrntofrnpdoenmmy wotd tdos sgetoc` ( em > -O- em<) ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f. Zdgsg pcmmg` sgetoc`s nrg joseussgj o` Eds. Ommf, Ommd n`j m mma. Zdg pcmmgèc`tg`t ck tdgsg fyttins jokZgrs strc`fmy krcb tdnt ck tdg edrc`cstrntofrnpdoenmmy ecrrgmnto`f emny lgjsck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f wotd rgspget tc tdg Xoùs n`j Zomon pgreg`tnfgs. Zdgsg nrg fg`grnmmy buedmcwgr o` tdg fyttin sgetoc`s. Nssubo`f tdnt o` proèopmg nor-lcr`g pcmmg` womm lg prgsg`t o` gqunmnbcu`ts o` emny n`j o` fyttin, tdg dofdgr vnmugs ck Xoùs n`j Zomon o` tdg emny lgjs en` lg gxpmno`gjly rovgr suppmy.

N strc`f nrfubg`t o` knvcur ck tdos, nt mgnst ecègrò`f Xoùs, en` lg kcu`j o` tdg sobumtn`gcusceeurrgèg ck Knfo:U n`j Xoegn nt tdg jgptd ck tdg Xoùs bnxobn o` zc`g 4 (tdg Ntmn`toe emny lgj em<1 Knfus egrtno`my joj `ct frcw o` tdg @gtdgrmn`js juro`f tdg Ntmn`toe). [gry dofd Xoùs vnmugsdnvg nmsc lgg` kcu`j o` tdg Ntmn`toe emny lgjs ck lcro`f Mggrjnb U5<< O (sgg Ed. Om mj). Uued dofdXoòjs pcmmg` sgetoc`s senregmy ceeur o` Ntmn`toe pcmmg` sgetoc`s krcb tdg @gtdgrmn`js. Nfno`, sueddofd vnmugs nrg bg`toc`gj ly KO\LNU (>?:?, p. >55 k.) kcr egrtno` pnrts ck Bojjmg- n`j Ucutdgr`Fgrbn`y, n`j tdus kcr tdg kmuvonm do`tgrmn`j. KO\LNU' nppg`jox wotd pcmmg` jonfrnbs, gspgeonmmy kofs.46-?<, os ommustrntovg o` tdos rgspget1 pcmmg` jonfrnbs krcb mcwgr rgfoc`s wotdo` tdg Bottgmfglorfg o`tdg wgstgr` pnrt ck Fgrbn`y sdcw n strc`f Xoùs jcbo`nèg o` zc`g [O (tdg cmjgr pnrt ck tdgNtmn`toe).

Xoùs pcmmg` dns nmsc lgg` kcu`j o` obpcrtn`t pgreg`tnfgs o` tdg o`tgrenmnto`f pgnt lgjs cm >-< n`j

cm <n-<l. Zdgsg nrg dcwgvgr rntdgr emnygy jgvgmcpgj (ns Xdrnfbotgs pgnt). Xcssolmy, rovgr-lcr`gXoùs pcmmg` os gnsomy trnppgj o` sued n Xarnfbotgs-bnxPd g`vorcrbog`t lgenusg ck ots kmcnto`f enpn-eoty (sgg nmsc JG IC@F >?68-6>, p. 66). Z\N[G\UG & FO@ULW\F (>?;;) strgss tdnt nquntoe jgpcsotoc`ck Xoùs pcmmg` jgpg`js strc`fmy c` sgjobg`tcmcfoenm knetcrs sued ns turlumgèg. YNFVOI@ (>?;7, p.47) `ctoegj ecèg`trntoc`s ck Xoùs pcmmg` o` tdg emnygy, tcpbcst lgj ck sgjobg`tnry sgqugègs,wdoed nmsc pco`ts tc oèrgnsgj Xoùs pcmmg` jgpcsotoc` nt jgergnsgj turlumgèg n`j/cr strgnb vgmc-eoty.Xoùs pcmmg` pgreg`tnfgs tdnt sdcumj `ct lg of`crgj nmsc ceeur o` tdg wccj-pgnt lgjs (cm <-5, cm 5-:,cm u). Zdos pcmmg` bny nmsc dnvg lgg` pnrtmy suppmogj ly rovgr wntgr, ns tdg swnbp kcrgsts wgrgnmwnys o`kmugègj ly gutrcpdoe rovgr wntgr. Lut n rgfoc`nm ecbpc`g`t bny `gvgrtdgmgss lg prgsg`t



<5

dgrg, ns os rgecfòzgj kcr tdg wdcmg Dcmceg`g krcb bcst Juted pcmmg` jonfrnbs.Zdg Zomon eurvg o` tdg snbg sgetoc` ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f (zc`gs :-4) sdcws vgry prc`cuègj bnxobn o` tdg emny. O` tdg Ntmn`toe emny lgj o` tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn (lcro`f Mggrjnb U5<< M sggEd. Ommj), Zomon nmsc nttno`s vgry dofd vnmugs ecbpnrgj tc tdcsg o` tdg pgnt lgjs. O` tdg prgvocusmybg`toc`gj Ntmn`toe fyttin sgetoc`s krcb tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn (sgg Eds. Ommf, Ommd n`j Omma)sued dofd Zomon vnmugs nrg `ct fg`grnmmy kcu`j. Zdg korst twc ck tdgsg sgetoc`s nrg sotuntgj o` tdg

rovgr-ju`g kogmj o` tdg wgstgr` pnrt ck tdg stujy nrgn, n`j tdgrgkcrg gxdolot tdg jry-trgg frcwtd c`tdg rovgr ju`gs. Bcrgcvgr, Zomon vnmugs nrg fg`grnmmy `ct pnrtoeumnrmy dofd o` Juted pcmmg` sgetoc`skrcb Ntmn`toe (crfnòe) jgpcsots.Ns o` tdg Uullcrgnm, o` tdg Ntmn`toe n` obpcrtn`t pnrt ck tdg Zomon pcmmg` womm dnvg lgg` enrrogjjcw` ly tdg rovgrs krcb tdg do`tgrmn`j. Zdnt tdg Zomon pcmmg` o` tdg zc`gs ecègr`gj sdcumj pnrtmynmsc dnvg crofo`ntgj krcb n mcenm scureg, os nppnrg`t krcb zc`g O[ o` fyttin sgetoc` D<O64 (Ed.Ommf)9 Dbg trggs nmsc ceeurrgj tc scbg gxtg`t c` tdg rovgr ju`gs o` tdnt pgrocj.

Votd tdg ecbpnrntovg nrfubg`t usgj dgrg ot en` lg sdcw` `gxt, tdnt, juro`f tdg Ntmn`toe, ûgreuspcmmg` wns pnrtmy suppmogj ly rovgr wntgr krcb tdg knr do`tgrmn`j, nmlgot tc n knr mgssgr jgfrgg tdn`Zomon‚ûgreus lgo`f tdg bno` trgg c` tdg rovgr ju`gs (sgg Eds. Ommf, -d n`j -a), n`j tdnt bcst ctdgr

pcmmg` tnxn en` lg o`tgrprgtgj ns bcrg jostoètmy rgfoc`nm n`j mcenm. Nssubo`f tdg pcmmg` ec`tg`t cktdg emnstoe (emny) jgpcsots tc lg pnrtmy suppmogj ly rovgr wntgr krcb tdg do`tgrmn`j o` pgrocjs tdnt tdg@gtdgrmn`js tdgbsgmvgs wgrg nmsc roed o` kcrgsts obpWgs n vgry mnrfg suppmy ck pcmmg` ly rovgrs tctdg ecnst. Zdos ecèmusoc` wns rgnedgj prgvocusmy ly DN\ZBN@ (>?;4) o` n pnmy`cmcfoenm stujy cksgvgrnm ecrgs ck emnstoe sgjobg`t krcb tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js, bno`my ly gstnlmosdo`f pcmmg` ec`-eg`trntoc`s. O` stujogs ck bnro`g pnmy`cmcfy o` Bnro`g Fgcmcfy : (sgg nbc`f ctdgrs tdg lgkcrg-bg`toc`gj stujy ly Z\N[G\UG & FO@ULW\F >?;;) ot dns lgg` sdcw` tdnt n mct ck pcmmg`, gspgeonmmysneentg frno`s sued ns Xoùs, os trn`spcrtgj ly rovgr wntgr o`tc tdg sgn.

Mcenm eoreubstnègs n`j rgwcrao`f

O tdg prgegjo`f pnrnfrnpd, suprnrgfoc`nm kmuvonm suppmy ck pcmmg` wns ec`trnstgj wotd mcenm/rgfoc`nmsuppmy. N ùblgr ck ùnègs nrg o`trcjuegj o` tdg o`tgrprgtntoc` ck tdg pcmmg` zc`gs o` tdg kcmmcw-o`f sgetoc`s, gspgeonmmy o` ec``getoc` wotd tdg motdcstrntofrnpdy n`j motdcmcfy n`j wotd pnmgcgecmcfo-enm eoreubstnègs sued ns tdg strueturg ck tdg vgfgtntoc`. N` gxnbpmg ck tdg mnttgr ecègr`s tdgo`tgregptoc` ck pcmmg` krcb g.f. tdg ju`g vgfgtntoc` ly tdg mcenm vgfgtntoc` ck tdg wgt nrgns n`j lylcrjgro`f Ecrymus. N` gxnbpmg ck tdg kcrbgr (tdg motdcstrntofrnpdy) os tdg quotg ednrnetgrostoejgvgmcpbg`t ck emny lgj em 5 wotd ots jcbo`nèg ck mcenm trgg pcmmg` ( bno`my Nmùs) cvgr suprnrgfoc`nm trgg pcmmg` lgenusg ck tdg knet tdnt tdos emny lgj dns lgg` jgpcsotgj o` n` g`vorc`bg`t wotdbn`y swnbp-kcrgst stn`js. Kurtdgr, c` tdg lnsos ck motdcmcfoenm jokkgrgègs lgtwgg` tdg emny lgjs em>, em <n n`j em <l, tdg mnttgr bny lg gxpgetgj tc sdcw tdg strc`fgst o`kmugèg ck rovgr suppmy o` otspcmmg` ec`tg`t lgenusg ck n mnrfgr jg`soty ck kcssom edn``gm komms.

Ot womm lg vgry jokkoeumt tc nsegrtno` tc wdnt gxtg`t tdg pcmmg` ec`tg`t ck tdg emny lgjs ec`sosts ckrgwcragj pcmmg` jgrovgj krcb u`jgrmyo`f pgnt lgjs. O` proèopmg, tdos bofdt lg tdg ensg tc scbggxtg`t o` gvgry emny lgj ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f. Zdos bny lg suppcsgj o` vogw ck tdg knet tdnt nmmkcur emnstoe lgjs (em >-:) ec`tno` edn``gm kommo`fs, o`joento`f sbnmm rovgrs oèosgj o`tc cmjgr lgjs.



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Kof. >:. Kruot jonfrnb ck lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk DWOC (Utn`jnrj lcro`f). Zdg mgkt pnrt sdcws tdg pcmmg`pgreg`tnfgs, tdg rofdt pnrt tdg nlscmutg kruot `ublgrs. O` lgtwgg`, tdg pcmmg` zc`gs nrg o`joentgj.



<7

OOOe.: Kruot n`nmysos

Mcenm suppmy n`j jgpcsotoc`nm eoreubstnègs

Zdg rgsumts ck kruot n`nmysos ck tdg snbg ecrg ns usgj kcr pcmmg` n`nmysos (Kof. >:) bny yogmj obpcrtn`t suppmgbg`tnry O`kcrbntoc`, gspgeonmmy ecègrò`f tdg mcenm ecbpc`g`ts o` tdg pcmmg` jonfrnb.O` vogw ck tdos, ot os suppcsgj tdnt tdg kruots dnvg `ct lgg` suppmogj cvgr vgry mc`f jostnègs. Zdos

womm dcmj kcr tdg emnstoe lgjs mgss emgnrmy tdn` kcr tdg crfnòe lgjs. Dcwgvgr, tdg mc`fgr tdg jostnègck rovgr trn`spcrt ck tdg kruots, tdg bcrg tdgy womm dnvg lgg` wcb, n`j sc tdg mgss gnsomy tdgy womm lgjosto`fuosdgj n`j ecu`tgj. O` tdg jonfrnb (Kof. >:), tdg nlscmutg ùblgrs ck kruots dnvg lgg` pmctmgj. Zc g`nlmg ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg pcmmg` pgreg`tnfgs ck ojg`tokogj kruots, tdg ecrrgspc`jo`f pcmmgèurvgs krcb tdg jonfrnb (Kof.* ><) dnvg lgg` ecpogj o` tdg mgkt dnmk ck Kof. >:. Znao`f o`tc ec`-sojgrntoc` sgvgrnm rgsgrvntoc`s rgfnrjo`f kmuetuntoc`s o` tdg kruot jonfrnb jug tc jokkgrgègs o` tdgvcmubg ck bntgronm snbpmgj, tdg kcmmcwo`f stntgbg`ts n`j ecèmusoc`s en` lg bnjg.Jgspotg tdg jokkgrgègs o` snbpd`f o`tgrvnm lgtwgg` tdg emny lgjs n`j tdg crfnòe lgjs, ot en` lgstntgj tdnt o` emnstoe lgjs em >, em <l n`j em : stroao`fmy mottmg kruot ùblgrs dnvg lgg` kcu`j, gspgeonmmy wdg` ecbpnrgj tc em 5. Emnstoe lgjs em <l n`j em : ec`sost fg`grnmmy ck wgnamy duboe, smofdtmysn`jy emny, em > ck wgnamy duboe, `c`-sn`jy emny1 lgjs em <n n`j em 5 ec`sost fg`grnmmy ck strc`fmy

duboe, `c`-sn`jy emny. Nppnrg`tmy, tdg dofdgr g`grfy g`vorc`bg`t ck jgpcsotoc` ck emny lgjs em <ln`j em : wns mgss suotgj tc tdg prcjuetoc` n`j/cr jgpcsotoc` ck kruots tdn` tdg quogtgr g`vorc`bg`tck jgpcsotoc` ck emny lgjs em <n n`j em 5.

Nmùs, Ueorpus, Nmosbn

Bcst Nmùs kruots dnvg lgg` kcu`j o` wccj-pgnt lgjs cm <-5 n`j cm 5-:, n`j nmsc o` tdg uppgr pnrtck tdg o`tgrenmntgj emny lgj em 5. Zdos nfrggs wgmm wotd tdg Nmùs pcmmg` eurvg, n`j bcrgcvgrec`korbs tdg obpcrtnèg ck tdg lcu`jnry lgtwgg` pcmmg` zc`gs 4 n`j ?, wdoed wns pco`tgj cutnlcvg (Ed. OOOe.<) ns tdg bcst obpcrtn`t zc`g lcu`jnry c` tdg lnsos ck tdg Nmùs pcmmg` pgreg`tnfgs.

Ueorpus kruots dnvg lgg` kcu`j nmbcst gxemusovgmy o` tdg fyttin mnygrs n`j o` tdg mcwgr pnrt ck tdgduboe emny lgj em 5. Zdg dofdgr pgreg`tnfgs ck Eypgrnegng pcmmg` o` tdg pcmmg` zc`gs ecègr`gj(zc`gs >< n`j >5), womm dnvg crofo`ntgj krcb Ueorpus tc n mnrfg gxtg`t. Zdg bcst moagmy Ueorpusspgeogs kcr tdg mneustro`g g`vorc`bg`t ck jgpcsotoc` ck tdg fyttins os Ueorpus mneustros. Zdg ec`toùn-toc` ck tdg dofdgr Ueorpus kruot ùblgrs o` tdg fyttin ck crfnòe lgj cm <-5 o`tc tdg cvgrmyo`f duboeemny lgj em 5 prcvojgs c`g ck tdg o`joentoc`s tdnt tdg emny ck lgj em 5 dns nmsc lgg` jgpcsotgj o` nmneustro`g g`vorc`bg`t.Zdg kruots ck nmm Enrgx spgeogs dnvg lgg` ecblo`gj o` c`g eurvg lgenusg ck tdgor mcw vnmugs. Uc knrns Ojg`tokoentoc` tc spgeogs mgvgm dns lgg` pcssolmg, tdg kcssoms nrg bno`my Enrgx jostoedn, E. psgujc-eypgrus n`j E. neutn, nmm ck wdoed nrg spgeogs ck wgt, gutrcpdoe g`vorc`bg`ts (DGWAGMU & [N@CCUZUZ\CCB >?;4).

C`g ck tdg bcst ec`spoeucus gxnbpmgs ck tdg pcssolmg vnmug ck n kruot jonfrnb o` tdg o`tgrprgtntoc`ck n pcmmg` jonfrnb en` lg kcu`j o` tdg kruot eurvg ck Nmosbn. [ortunmmy wdgrgvgr pgnas ceeur o`tdg Nmosbn pcmmg` eurvg, pgnas nmsc ceeur o` tdg kruot eurvg. Zdos bgn`s tdnt kcr Nmosbn pcmmg`, n`jprclnlmy nmsc kcr bn`y ctdgr dgrl-pcmmg` tnxn, n mcenm crofo` os bcrg obpcrtn`t tdn` n rgfoc`nm c`g.

Lntrnedoub, Wblgmmokgrng, Wrtoen

Iust ns Ueorpus kruots bnag n `nrrcwgr Ojg`tokoentoc` nt fgùs mgvgm pcssolmg kcr n pnrt ck tdg Eypgrnegng pcmmg` eurvg, sc jc Lntrnedoub kruots kcr tdg \nùèumnegng pcmmg`. N ùblgr ck pgnas o` tdg\nùèumnegng pcmmg` eurvg ecoèojgs wotd pgnas ck tdg Lntrnedoub kruot eurvg. Lntrnedoub kruots



<;

dnvg lgg` kcu`j gxemusovgmy o` tdg fyttins ck crfnòe lgj cm l n`j cm <-5 n`j o` tdg duboe emny lgjem 5 (pcmmg` zc`gs < n`j ><->->5). Lntrnedoub wcumj frcw wgmm o` tdg mneustro`g g`vorc`bg`t ckjgpcsotoc` ck tdg fyttins n`j pcssolmy nmsc ck tdg duboe emny lgj em 5.Zdg mnrfg knbomy ck Wblgmmokgrng, c`g ck tdg bcst obpcrtn`t dgrl-pcmmg` tnxn, os rgprgsg`tgj o` tdgkruot jonfrnb tc scbg gxtg`t ns Cg`n`tdg nquntoen, Uoub grgetub n`j 7. mntokcmoub. Kruots dnvg nmsclgg` kcu`j ck Wblgmmokgrng `ct spgeokoenmmy ojg`tokogj. Zdg tdrgg spgeogs `nbgj nlcvg nrg typoenm ck

n krgsd-wntgr bnrsd g`vorc`bg`t.Wrtoen pcmmg` dns c`my rnrgmy lgg` kcu`j o` tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f. Njjotoc`nm o`kcrbntoc` en` lgcltno`gj krcb tdg kruot eurvg, wdgrg, nt tdg jgptd ck pcmmg` zc`g ?, n mnrfg ùblgr ck Wrtoen kruotsdnvg lgg` ojg`tokogj. O` n sobomnr wny, [N@ JG\ VOGM (o` prgp.) kcu`j Wrtoen kruots o` n pgnt sgetoc`nt tdg lcrjgr ck tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g, nt n mgvgm wdgrg dofd Wrtoen pcmmg` vnmugs wcumj lggxpgetgj (c` tdg lnsos ck nredgcmcfoenm nrfubg`ts) lut wgrg nlsg`t. Udg nserolgs tdos tc cxojntoc`ck tdg tdo`-wnmmgj Wrtoen pcmmg` lgenusg ck wntgr-mgvgm vnrontoc`s. Zdos gxpmn`ntoc`, pnrtoeumnrmy ntgbpcrnry knmm ck tdg nvgrnfg mcenm wntgr mgvgm, pcssolmy nmsc nppmogs tc tdg nlcvg-bg`toc`gj zc`g ?ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f (sgg Ed. OOOe.7).

Ugvgrnm ck tdg bcst nlu`jn`t kruots (nbc`f ctdgrs Nmosbn n`j Lntrnedoub) dnvg nmsc lgg` kcu`j ly

KMC\UEDÝZY & IC@AG\ (>?5?) o` n sgetoc` `gnr Voia loi Juurstgjg, sotuntgj `gnr tdg `crtdgnstgr`lcrjgr ck tdg kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno` ck tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js.

OOOe.7 O`tgrprgtntoc` ck tdg pcmmg` zc`gs

O` tdg o`tgrprgtntoc` ck tdg pcmmg` zc`gs ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f, rgfumnr rgkgrgèg womm lg bnjg tctdg motdcmcfoenm lneafrcu`j, gspgeonmmy tc tdg prckomgs (Kofs. *;,*6 n`j*4) n`j tdg motdcstrntofrnpdoesedgbg (Kof. 7). Nmtdcufd o` Ed. [ n` o`tgfrntgj pnmgcgecmcfoenm rgec`struetoc` ck tdg vnrocusmn`jsenpg emgbg`ts o` tdg stujy nrgn os fovg`, o` tdos sgetoc` sgvgrnm ck tdgsg mn`jsenpg emgbg`ts nrgo`vcmvgj o` tdg o`tgrprgtntoc` ck tdg pcmmg` zc`gs. Zdos pnrtoeumnrmy ecègr`s tdg rovgr ju`gs, tdg

`nturnm mgvggs n`j tdg strgnb rojfgs. Utrgnb rojfgs o` tdg obbgjontg voeoòty ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`fstn`j cut emgnrmy o` prckomg O (Kof.*;). Zdg pcsotoc` ck tdg rovgr-ju`g ecbpmgx os sdcw` o` Kof. 5;(Ed. [), wdoed ommustrntgs tdg gxtg`t ck ju`g sn`j n`j mcnb o` tdg wdcmg stujy nrgn. Zdos bnp nmscsdcws oscmntgj sbnmm rovgr ju`gs cutsojg tdg mnrfgr ju`g ecbpmgx. @gnr tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f, ju`gsn`j wns kcu`j o` n edn``gm komm ck lgj em <l o` sued qun`totogs, tdnt o` tdg jorget surrcu`jo`fs cktdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f n sbnmm, mcw rovgr ju`g dnj prclnlmy nmsc lgg` prgsg`t, lut dnj lgg` grcjgjnwny ecbpmgtgmy ly tdg tobg lgj em <l wns jgpcsotgj. Nt gvgry pco`t o` tdg stujy nrgn c`g sdcumjnpprgeontg tdg moagmodccj tdnt n sbnmm, mcw rovgr ju`g gxosts cr gxostgj o` tdg obbgjontg voeoòty9jgspotg tdg dofd jg`soty ck lcro`fs, tdg prclnlomoty ck dotto`f iust tdg sbnmmgst rovgr ju`gs os `ct vgrymnrfg.

Yc`g > (?;7-?;> eb lgmcw mn`j-surkneg). O` tdgsg mcwgst 7 eb ck tdg crfnòe neeubumntoc` c` tdgsurkneg ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`, tdg dofd Xoùs pcmmg` vnmugs sdcumj prclnlmy lg nserolgj tc nrgb`n`t ck (gnrmy Dcmceg`g) Xoùs kcrgsts c` tdg rovgr ju`gs. C` tdg dofdgst pnr ts ck tdg mcnb-surkneg Zomon bofdt dnvg lgg` frcwo`f, o` vogw ck tdg mcwgr Zomon pcmmg` vnmugs o` tdg cvgrmyo`fzc`g, ly wdoed tobg tdgsg dofdgr pnrts ck tdg /cnw-surkneg lgenbg wgttgr. C` tdg scbgwdnt mcwgrn`j wgttgr pmnegs Nmùs stn`js ceeurrgj n`j c` tdg mcwgst pmnegs frnssgs (prclnlmy bno`my Xdrnf-botgs), Eypgrnegng, Zypdn n`fustokcmon, [nmgron`n (pcssolmy o` ec``getoc` wotd tdg gutrcpdy ck tdg /cnw-sulscom) n`j \nùèumnegng (\nùèumus mo`funm1 `c ko`js ck Lntrnedoub kruots o` tdos zc`g).O` tdg mn`jsenpg wotd ots prc`cuègj rgWgk ‚ tdg mcws o` tdg rgdgk ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`dnj `ct ygt lgg` kommgj ‚, Ecrymus wcumj dnvg lmcsscbgj nmc`f tdg bn`y kcrgst gjfgs.



<6

Yc`g < (?;>-?58 eb). Nt tdg mcendty ck tdg lcro`f n sbnmm, sdnmmcw mnag wns prgsg`t. Zdos os sdcw``ct c`my krcb tdg motdcmcfy (n fyttin), dut nmsc krcb tdg pcmmg` ck @ybpdngn n`j @updnr. Zdg mob-otgj gxtg`t n`j jgptd ck tdg mnag os o`joentgj `ct c`my krcb tdg motdcmcfy (ot os n rntdgr pgnty fyttinpco`to`f tc sdnmmcw wntgr n`j/cr prcxoboty ck tdg sdcrg) n`j tdg motdcstrntofrnpdoe prckomg (Kof.*;),dut nmsc krcb tdg `gnrly prgsgèg ck Zypdn n`fustokcmon, Eypgrnegng, Upnrfnòub, Frnbo`gng n`jErueokgrng {\croppn n`j/cr @nsturtoubm), wdoed wcumj frcw emcsg tc tdg sdcrg n`j nt sdnmmcw pmnegs

o` tdg mnag. Zdg kruots ck Lntrnedoub ec`korb tdg cpg`-wntgr `nturg ck tdg g`vorc`bg`t ck jgpcso-toc`.

Nwny krcb tdg mnag, fco`f krcb mcw tc dofd c` tdg surkneg ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`, frgw Nmùs n`j Unmox, Krnxoùs n`j Wmbus, n`j ûgreus, wotd Ecrymus o` tdg u`jgrfrcwtd n`j nmc`f tdgkcrgst gjfgs. Xoùs sggbs tc dnvg mnrfgmy vnòsdgj.Zdg oèrgnsg ck Nmosbn n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon o` tdg tcpbcst pnrt ck tdg pcmmg` zc`g pco`ts, tcfgtdgrwotd tdg motdcmcfy (tdg fyttin os pgntogr o` tdg uppgr pnrt), tc n` g`vorc`bg`t wotd mgss cpg` wntgr,o` ctdgr wcrjs tc n pnrtonm o`kommo`f ck tdg mnag ly pmn`t frcwtd.

Zxo`g 5 (?58-?<7 eb). Zdos `nrrcw zc`g os sotuntgj iust nt tdg dtdcstrnt ofrnpdoe trn`sotoc` krcb tdg

fyttin-moag pgnt tc tdg cvgrmyo`f emny. Lctd tdg ûgreus n`j tdg Nmùs stn`js sggb tc dnvg jgergnsgjstrc`fmy, nt mgnst mcenmmy. O` ec`trnst, Ecrymus ceeupogj n bcrg obpcrtn`t pmneg c` tdg scbgwdntdofdgr pnrts ck tdg mn`jsenpg9 o` tdg u`jgrmyo`f zc`gs Ecrymus wns prclnlmy kcu`j bno`my ns u`jgrfrcwtd n`j nmc`f tdg kcrgst gjfgs, lut `cw ot bny dnvg o`vnjgj, tcfgtdgr wotd Dgjgrn n`j [olur-ùb, tdg cpg` pmnegs o` tdg kcrgst. O` tdg mcwgr pnrts ck tdg mn`jsenpg tdg vgfgtntoc` ck Xdrnfbotgswotd kgr`s (prclnlmy Jrycptgros tdgmyptgros) gxpn`jgj. Neecrjo`f tc tdg kruot n`nmysos, o` tdg Xdrnfbotgs vgfgtntoc` mcenmmy ceeurrgj Nmosbn ns n ec`toùntoc` krcb tdg tcp ck tdg u`jgrmyo`f zc`g.Zdg oscmntgj pgnas ck Xoùs pcmmg` bny pco`t tc mcenm rgb`n`ts ck Xoùs c` tdg dofdgst pnrts ck tdgrovgr ju`gs, ots pcmmg` lgo`f prclnlmy mgss gkkgetovgmy komtgrgj cut lgenusg ck tdg suppcsgj jgergnsg o`tdg ûgreus stn`js.

Yc`g : (?<7-467 eb). C` tdg rovgr ju`gs `ct c`my dnj tdg ûgreus vgfgtntoc` nppnrg`tmy lgg`rgstcrgj, lut nmsc Zomon dnj ceeupogj n (bcrg obpcrtn`t) pmneg. Nmc`f tdg lcrjgrs ck tdg ju`gs, nttdg trn`sotoc` tc n wgttgr g`vorc`bg`t, Wmbus wcumj dnvg lgg` frcwo`f, n`j tdgrg bny nmsc dnvglgg` obpcrtn`t Ecrymus frcwtd nmc`f tdg kcrgst gjfgs. Wmbus, ûgreus n`j Ecrymus bny nmsc dnvglgg` frcwo`f mcenmmy c` pcssolmg `nturnm mgvggs ck tdg sbnmm fummy sotuntgj `gnrly, tdg kommo`f ckwdoed dns lgg` kcu`j o` emnstoe lgj em >1 zc`g : ecbpmgtgmy ecoèojgs wotd emny lgj em > o` tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f.Zdg pgna ck Xoùs pcmmg` nt ?>8 eb jgptd ecoèojgs wotd n` oscmntgj ko`j ck twc Knfus pcmmg` frno`s.Ns Knfus dnj `ct ygt obbofrntgj o`tc tdg @gtdgrmn`js o` tdg pgrocj ck jgpcsotoc` ck tdos emny lgj(e. 6888 LX, sgg Ed. O[), ots pcmmg` dnj nppnrg`tmy lgg` suppmogj ly rovgr wntgr krcb tdg do`tgrmn`j,

n`j tdos womm nmsc dnvg lgg` tdg ensg wotd pnrt ck tdg Xoùs pcmmg` ns wgmm (sgg nmsc Ed. OOOe.5).O` tdg bnrsd otsgmk, Nmùs stn`js wcumj dnvg lgg` prgsg`t c` tdg scbgwdnt dofdgr pnrts, wotd lcrjgrs ck Unmox, dyfrcpdomcus frnssgs (bno`my Xdrnfbotgs), Upnrfnòub, kgr`s n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon. Nttdg trn`sotoc` tc tdg cvgrmyo`f zc`g, n`j tdus tcwnrjs tdg g`j ck tdg emny sgjobg`tntoc`, tdg vgfgtntoc` ck frnssgs (Xdrnfbotgs) gxpn`jgj strc`fmy, tcfgtdgr wotd Nmosbn n`j Erueokgrng.Zdg bcst moagmy Erueokgrng kcr tdos wgt g`vorc`bg`t nrg tdg fg`grn \croppn n`j @nsturtoub. Dcw-gvgr, tdg pcssolomoty tdnt pnrt ck tdg Erueokgrng pcmmg` nt tdos jgptd o` tdg sgetoc` dns lgg` jgrovgjkrcb n rujgrnm vgfgtntoc` c` n sbnmm, `gnrly rovgr ju`g sdcumj `ct lg gxemujgj o` vogw ck nprgsubgj BgscWtdoe prgdostcrog ceeupntoc` o` tdg nrgn, jntgj nt ;?88 LX (sgg Eds. Ommo n`j O[l.>).



<4

Znlmg 5. Jeseropmoc` ck pcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk DOWC (smn`jnrj lcro`f).

<; ;7-:7 eb. Nmùs vnmugs dofd, smofdtmy jgergnso`f o` tdg tcp, wdgrg Unmox oèrgnsgs. Dofdgr Xoùs vnmugs. NX/@NX-rntocnfno` ns o` zc`g <51 Wblgmmokgrng vnmugs stomm obpcrtn`t.

<7 6;-;7 eb. \gstcrntoc` ck dofd Nmùs vnmugs. Unmox vnmugs rgbnoò`f obpcrtn`t. Knfus vnmugs smofdtmy oèrgnsgj.Jgergnsg ck NX/@NX-rntoc ly vgry dofd vnmugs ck Wblgmmokgrng. Oèrgnsg ck Erueokgrng. Nmosbn n`j \ulonegng.

<: 47-6; eb. Dofd Unmox vnmugs. Jgergnsg ck Nmùs. \ntdgr obpcrtn`t vnmugs ck Krnxoùs. Nt 45 eb sbnmm pgnas ck Ecb-pcsotng tulumokmcrng n`j \nùèumnegng.

<5 ><>-47 eb. Dofd vnmugs ck Nmùs. \ntdgr mcw vnmugs ck Ecrymus, Knfus n`j Zomon. Unmox n`j Xoùs ec`toùcusmy prgsg`t.Xoegn prnetoenmmy josnppgnrgj. \ntdgr dofd NX/@NX-rntoc. Ucbg sbnmm pgnas ck Eypgrnegng. Obpcrtn`t oèrgnsg ckWblgmmokgrng. Ubnmm pgnas ck Erueokgrng, Xmn`tnfc mnègcmntn, \nùèumnegng. Kgr` spcrgs strc`fmy jgergnsgj. Dofdvnmugs ck Lrycpdytn. Bnxobnm vnmugs ck Yyf`gbntnegng.

<< >;7-><> eb. Knfus vnmugs jgergnso`f tc zgrc. Obpcrtn`t vnmugs ck Xoùs n`j Xoegn. Unmox prnetoenmmy nlsg`t. [nmugs

ck Ecrymus, ûgreus n`j Zomon jgergnso`f o` tdg tcp ck tdg zc`g. Zdgrg nmsc mcwgr NX/@NX-rntoc, jug tc pgnas ckEypgrnegng n`j Erueokgrng (tcfgtdgr wotd scbg Egrgnmon frno`s). \ntdgr obpcrtn`t vnmugs ck kgr` spcrgs1 oèrgnsg ckLrycpdytn.

<> :>7->;7 eb. Dofd Knfus vnmugs. Nmùs vnmugs vnronlmg, fg`grnmmy mcwgr tdn` o` zc`gs ?-<8. Unmox `gnrmy ec`toùcusmyprgsg`t. Xoùs vnmugs mcw. roso`f o` tdg tcp ck tdg zc`g. Bnxobnm Xoegn vnmug o` tdos zc`g. Obpcrtn`t vnmugs ck Ecrymus,ûgreus n`j Zomon. Dofd NX/@NX-rntoc, kmuetuntoc`s emgnrmy rgmntgj tc Frnbo`gng eurvg. Ubnmm pgnas ck Eypgrnegng.Wblgmmokgrng, \nùèumnegng n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon. Kgr` spcrgs ec`toùcusmy prgsg`t lut wotd strc`fmy kmuetunto`fvnmugs.

<8 :57-:>7 eb. Dofdgr Ecrymus, mcwgr ûgreus vnmugs. Dofd NX/@NX-rntoc1 Wblgmmokgrng vnmugs jgergnso`f. DofdgrLrycpdytn vnmugs.

>? :76-:57 eb. Umofdtmy dofdgr vnmugs ck Unmox, Xoùs, ûgreus. Mcwgr NX/@NX-rntoc ly dofdgr vnmugs ck Frnbo`gng,Wblgmmokgrng n`j Erueokgrng. Ubnmm pgna o` Nmosbntnegng eurvg.

>4 :;4-:76 eb. \gstcrntoc` ck dofd Nmùs vnmugs. [gry dofd NX/@NX-rntoc.

>6 :4<-:;4 eb. Mcwgr Nmùs, dofdgr Ecrymus vnmugs. Knfus ec`toùcusmy prgsg`t. Oèrgnsgj vnmugs ck ûgreus n`j Zomon.Dgjgrn smofdtmy bcrg obpcrtn`t. Dofdgr vnmugs ck Wblgmmokgrng, Nmosbn, Mytdrub, Erueokgrng, Groenegng. Xrnetoenmmy tdgc`my zc`g wotd \ubgx dyjrcmnpntdub (`ct prgsg`tgj o` tdg jonfrnb).

>; :?>-:4< eb. Dofdgr Nmùs n`j Xoùs, mcwgr Ecrymus n`j Zomon vnmugs. Gxtrgbgmy dofd vnmugs ck bc`cmgtg psomntg kgr`spcrgs.

>7 :?7-:?> eb. Dofd vnmugs ck Ecrymus1 mcwgr vnmugs ck Nmùs n`j ugreus. Ubnmm pgnas o` tdgeurvgsck Knfus, Zomon n`jWmbus. \ntdgr dofd vnmugs ck Frnbo`gng n`j Upnrfnòub. Umofdtmy oèrgnsgj vnmugs ck Yyf`gbntnegng. Dofd vnmugsck Lrycpdytn.

>: 784-:?7 eb. Mcw vnmugs ck Ecrymus. Ubnmm pgnas ck Unmox n`j Krnxoùs. Oèrgnsg ck Wblgmmokgrng vnmugs. Xgnas o` tdgeurvgs ck Eypgrnegng n`j \ulonegng.

>5 ;68-784 eb. \ntdgr ec`stn`t vnmugs ck bcst NX. Dofd Nmùs vnmugs1 strc`fmy jgergnsgj Xoùs vnmugs. Knfus ec`toùcusmy prgsg`t o` uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g. Mcw vnmugs ck Wmbus n`j Zomon. Dofd NX/@NX-rntoc, smofdtmy mcwgr o` tdgbojjog pnrt ck tdg zc`g, o` ec``getoc` wotd dofdgr vnmugs ck Eypgrnegng, Frnbo`gng n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon. \gfumnrceeurrgèg ck @ybpdngn, @updnr n`j \nùèumnegng.



<?

>< ;64-;68 eb. Obpcrtn`t pgna ck Ecrymuscppcso`f mcwgr vnmugs ck Nmùs. ûgreus vnmugs vgry mcw. Ubnm! pgnack Wmbus.NX/@NX-rntoc rgstcrgj tc `gnrmy tdnt ck zc`g 4. Jgergnsg ck Frnbo`gng vnmugs. Mcw vnmugs ck kgr` spcrgs.

>> 687-;64 eb. Ec`stn`t doofto Nmùs vnmugs. Ecrymus vnmugs rntdgr mcw, oèrgnso`f tcwnrjs tkog tcp ck tdg zc`g. Ec`toùcusceeurrgèg ck Krnxoùs. \oso`f NX/@NX-rntoc. Dofd vnmugs ck Eypgrnegng. \ntdgr obpcrtn`t vnmugs ck Frnbo`gng,Mytdrub, \ulonegng, Ecbpcsotng tulumokmcrng1 oèrgnsg ck Komopg`jumn vnmugs o` tdg tcp ck tdg zc`g. Dofd vnmugs ckbc`cogtg psomntg kgr` spcrgs.

>8 6>8-687 eb Boòbub o` NX/@NX-rntoc. Obpcrtn t pgna ck ûgreus cppcso`f mcwgr vnmugs ck Nmùs. Ubnmm pgnas ckXoùs n`j Krnxoùs. [gry dofd vnmugs ck Frnbo`gng. Dofd vnmugs ck Eypgrnegng n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon.

? 6<8-6>8 eb. Utrc`fmy oèrgnsgj Nmùs vnmugs. Oèrgnsg ck Frnbo`gng tcwnrjs zc`g >8. Ubnmm pgna ck Wblgmmokgrng.Dofd Lrycpdytn vnmugs.

4 4<5-6<8 eb. \ntdgr dofd vnmugs ck ûgreus, Zomon, Wmbus n`j Xoùs. Ec`tgbpcrn`gcus ceeurrgèg ck Knfus n`j Xoegno` bojjog pnrt ck tdg zc`g. Oèrgnsgj vnmugs ck Unmox o` mcwgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g. Ecrymus obpcrtn`t, wotd pgnas o` uppgrpnrt ck tdg zc`g. Dofd NX/@NX-rntoc. Groenegng pgnao`f o` bojjog pnrt ck tdg zc`g. O` mcwgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g rntdgrdofd vnmugs ck Eypgrnegng, Wblgmmokgrng, Zypdn n`fustokcmon n`j Nmosbn

6 458-4<5 eb. Dofdgr vnmugs ck Ecrymus n`j Wmbus, mcwgr vnmugs ck Nmùs n`j ûgreus. Obpcrtn`t pgna ck Frnbo`gng.Ubnmm pgna ck Erueokgrng. Oèrgnsgj vnmugs ck Zypdn mntokcmon, Nmosbn n`j \nùèumnegng.

; 4;5-458 eb. Obpcrtn`t pgnas ck Xoùs, Zomon, Lgtuon, Wblgmmokgrng, Nmosbn n`j bc`cogtg psomntg kgr` spcrgs.

7 467-4;5 eb. Utrc`fmy kmuetunto`f vnmugs ck Ecrymus, Xoùs n`j Nmùs. \ntdgr mcw NX/@NX-rntoc1 rntdgr mcw vnmugs ckûgreus n`j Zomon, smofdtmy oèrgnsgj vnmugs ck Wmbus. [gry dofd vnmugs ck Frnbo`gng. Jgergnso`f Erueokgrng vnmugs.Xgna ck Nmosbn. Bnxobnm vnmug ck Lctryceceeus1 smofdtmy oèrgnsgj Yyf`gbntnegng vnmugs. Dofd vnmugs ck Lrycpdytn.

: ?<7-467 eb. Dofd vnmugs ck Zomon, ûgreus, Frnbo`gng n`j Upnrfnòub. Oèrgnsgj vnmugs ck Unmox o` uppgr pnrt ck tdgzc`g. Bnxobnm vnmug ck Erueokgrng o` tdos zc`g, nt tdg trn`sotoc` tc zc`g 7.

5 ?58-?<7 eb. Dofd vnmugs ck Ecrymus n`j Xoùs1 mcw vnmugs ck Nmùs n`j ûgreus. Ubnmm pgna ck [olurùb. Obpcrtn`tpgnas ck Frnbo`gng n`j bc`cogtg psomntg spcrgs.

< ?;>-?58 eb. \ntdgr dofd vnmugs ck Nmùs n`j ûgreus. Obpcrtn`t vnmugs ck Zypdn n`fustokcmon, Upnrfnòub n`j @yb-pdngn. @updnr ec`toùcusmy prgsg`t. \gfumnr ceeurrgèg ck Erueokgrng n`j \ubgx negtcsn. Xgnas ck Nmosbn n`jZypdn mntokcmon o` tdg tcp ck tdg zc`g.

> ?;7-?;> eb. Xgnas ck Xoùs, Frnbo`gng, [nmgron`n, Lrycpdytn.

Yc`g 7 (467-4;5 eb). Zdos pcmmg` zc`g nmsc ecoèojgs g`torgmy wotd n motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòt, `nbgmytdg Xdrnfbotgs-pgnm lgj cm >-<. Zdg Xdrnfbotgs-pgnt frcwtd, wdoed wns nmrgnjy obpcrtn`t o` tdgu`jgrmyo`f twc zc`gs, gxpn`jgj strc`fmy. C` tdg scbgwdnt bcrg cpg` pmnegs o` tdg bnrsd Nmosbn(bn`y kruots ck tdos dnvg lgg` kcu`j dgrg) n`j Wblgmmokgrng nmsc frgw, ns joj nmfng (Lctryceceeusn`j Yyf`gbntnegng). C` tdg dofdgr, sn`jogr pnrts ck tdg u`jgrmyo`f emny lgj em > enusgj lyjokkgrg`tonm ecbpnetoc` (o` prckomg O, Kof.*;, nt 78 tc >(T) b @ ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f DmmmC) n`j c`tdg kmnàs ck tdg rovgr ju`gs Wmbus, Ecrymus n`j Nm`tjs prclnlmy frgw. Zdg vgfgtntoc` ck ûgreusn`j Zomon c` tdg rovgr ju`gs sggbs tc dnvg strc`fmy jgergnsgj, pcssolmy tc tdg lg`gkot ck Ecrymus o`pnrtoeumnr.



58

Zdg strc`f jgergnsg ck ûgreus n`j Zomon n`j tdg gxpn`soc` ck Ecrymus bny pco`t tc prgdostcrogo`kmugègs o` tdg kcrb ck wccj eutto`f. Zdg mcwgr Zomon vnmugs bny dcwgvgr nmsc rgmntg tc jgergnsgjrovgr suppmy (sgg Ed. OOOe.5).

Yc`g ; (4;5-458 eb). Zdos pcmmg` zc`g ecoèojgs g`torgmy wotd tdg strc`fmy duboe emny lgj lgmc`fo`f

tc dtdcstrntofrnpdoe uòt em <n. Emny sgjobg`tntoc` tcca pmneg o` quogt, sdnmmcw wntgr wotd nlu`jn`t frcwtd ck kgr`s (Zdgmyptgros), Wblgmmokgrng n`j Nmosbn, n`j mgss nlu`jn`t (cr nt n frgntgr jos-tnèg krcb tdg sgetoc`) Xdrnfbotgs n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon. Zdg Wblgmmokgrng kruots kcu`j o` tdos lgjecbg krcb Uoub grgetub n`j U. mntokcmoub, lctd lgmc`fo`f tc n` g`vorc`bg`t ck sdnmmcw, quogtwntgr, wotd cr wotdcut vnryo`f wntgr mgvgm (VGUZDCKK & JG@ DGMJ >?67, p. ><?). O` ec`trnst tctdgsg twc spgeogs, Cg`n`tdg nquntoen, n`ctdgr Wblgmmokgrng spgeogs ednrnetgrostoe ck tdg kmuvonmg`vorc`bg`t, prgkgrs knstgr kmcwo`f wntgr ([N@ JG\ [CC & VGUZDCKK >?;>, p. <75). O` tdg uppgrkgw ebs ck tdg zc`g, tdg oèrgnsg ck Zypdn mntokcmon n`j Bg`tdn (Mnlontng) pco`ts tc oèrgnso`f wntgrstnf`ntoc` (oloj.).C` tdg rovgr ju`gs tdg ûgreus vgfgtntoc` wns rgstcrgj. Nmsc scbg Lgtuon ceeurrgj prgsubnlmy c`tdg dofdgr pnrts ck tdg rovgr ju`gs1 tdgsg bofdt dnvg kuètoc`gj ns poc`ggrs o` tdg rgfg`grntoc` ck

tdg {ûgreus) kcrgst nktgr tdg suppcsgj wccj eutto`f. Wmbus bno`tno`gj otsgmk prclnlmy c` tdg mcwgrpnrts ck tdg ju`gs, tcfgtdgr wotd Ecrymus, n`j, stomm emcsgr tc tdg bnrsd, Nmùs.

Yc`g 6 (458-4<5 eb). Zdg mcenm vgfgtntoc` ec`sostgj ck n Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd wotd rntdgr cpg` pmnegswdgrg Nmosbn, Zypdn mntokcmon n`j prgsubnlmy \croppn/@nsturtoub n`j \nùèumnegng (\nùèumusmo`fun n`j/cr segmgrntusm) ceeurrgj. Zdg rntdgr cpg` `nturg ck tdg Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd os nmsc nppnrg`tkrcb tdg motdcmcfy9 tdg lgj ecègr`gj, cm <n-<l, dns lgg` jgvgmcpgj dgrg ns pgnty emny, sc tdgrg wnsec`toùcus emny sgjobg`tntoc` juro`f pgnt frcwtd. Zdg dofdgr Ecrymus n`j Wmbus vnmugs bofdt lgnserolgj tc tdg vgfgtntoc` ck tdg `gnrly `nturnm mgvggs ck tdg edn``gm o` emnstoe lgj em < (sgg prckomgO, Kof.*;). Zdg Ecrymus n`j Wmbus pcmmg` bofdt dnvg rgnedgj dofdgr pgreg`tnfgs o` tdg sgjobg`t

ecègr`gj lgenusg ck n jgergnsgj suppmy ck gspgeonmmy Zomon n`j Xoùs pcmmg` ly rovgr wntgr. Npnrtkrcb tdnt, tdgrg os tdg pcssolomoty tdnt, ly n smofdt knmm ck tdg wntgr tnlmg, tdg mgvgg gbgrfgj scbg-wdnt, enuso`f n lnso`wnrj gxtg`soc` ck tdg mgvgg kcrgst1 tdos bofdt nppmy pnrtoeumnrmy tc Ecrymussoèg ot en` kuètoc` ns n quoeamy o`vnjo`f lusd.

Yc`g 4 (4<5-6<8 eb). O` tdg mcwgr twc jb ck tdg zc`g, n sgqugèg dns lgg` rgecrjgj krcb tdgXdrnfbotgs bnrsd ck tdg prgegjo`f zc`g tc n` g`vorc`bg`t wotd mnrfg nrgns ck cpg` wntgr9 Xdrnfbotgs mnrfgmy fnvg wny tc Nmosbn (pcmmg` n`j kruots), Bg`tdn (kruots), Wblgmmokgrng (kruots ckCg`n`tdg n`j Uoub grgetub), Eypgrnegng n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon. Zdg dofdgr Unmox vnmugs o` tdgmcwgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g nrg prclnlmy nmsc tc lg gxpmno`gj ns sofòkyo`f bued wgttgr ec`jotoc`s (ly n

rgmntovg rosg ck tdg wntgr tnlmg).O` tdg uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g tdg NX/@NX-rntoc os vgry dofd, n`j tdos os c`g ck tdg o`joentoc`s cktdg prclnlmy pgrbn`g`tmy cpg`-wntgr `nturg ck tdg lnso`s (sgg nmsc Ed. [l).Zdg zc`g mnrfgmy ecoèojgs wotd emnstoe Dtdcstrntofrnpdoe uòt em <l, wdoed ecbprosgs n mnrfg ùblgrck edn``gm komms (sgg g.f. prckomg O, Kof.*;). C` tdg `nturnm mgvggs ck tdgsg fummogs, c`g ck wdoed wnssotuntgj vgry `gnr tdg sgetoc` (sgg prckomg O), stn`js ck Wmbus, Krnxoùs n`j pcssolmy Ecrymus, wotd

Nmùs nmc`f tdg wgt kmnàs, womm dnvg ceeurrgj. C` tdg dofdgst pnrts ck tdg mgvggs ûgreus bny nmscdnvg frcw`.Ns joseussgj o` Ed. OOOe.5, n` obpcrtn`t pnrt ck tdg trgg pcmmg`, gspgeonmmy o` tdos zc`g, bny dnvglgg` suppmogj ly rovgr wntgr krcb tdg do`tgrmn`j. Zdos dnbpgrs n sgeurg iujfbg`t nlcut tdg vgfgtn-



5>

toc` c` tdg rovgr ju`gs nt tdg tobg ck jgpcsotoc` ck tdos zc`g c` tdg lnsos ck tdos sgetoc` nmc`g. Zdgfyttin sgetoc`s nt tdg kcct ck tdg rovgr ju`gs (sgg Eds. Ommf n`j -d) prcvojg lgttgr o`kcrbntoc` c` tdospco`t.

Yc`g ? (6<8-6>8 eb). N` o`tg`sovg komd`f ck tdg kcrbgr cpg`-wntgr lnso`s dnj sgt o` wotd Xdrnfbotgsbnrsd ns wgmm ns Nmùs swnbps. Zdg `ct ygt ecbpmgtgmy gèmcsgj `nturg ck tdg Xdrnfbotgs bnrsdbny lg o`joentgj ly tdg ceeurrgèg ck Wblgmmokgrng n`j Nmosbn. Zdg mnrfg ùblgr ck Wòen kruotskcu`j o` tdos zc`g pco`ts tc n mcenm neeubumntoc` ck ùtrog`ts (pdcspdntgs n`j òtrntgs). Zdos bnydnvg lgg` enusgj o` tdrgg wnys. Korstmy, n` neegmgrntgj jgecbpcsotoc` ck pmn`t bntgronm c` tdg`gnrly `nturnm mgvggs cr strgnb rojfg ck emnstoe lgj em <l bny dnvg ecbg nlcut ly n wntgr-mgvgm knmm.Ugec`jmy, Wrtoen bny dnvg lgg` pnrt ck tdg vgfgtntoc` stn`jo`f c` jroktgj pmn`t bntgronm wnsdgjnsdcrg nmc`f n `gnrly mnag (ek. VGUZDCKK gt nm. >?6>, p. >6?1 sgg nmsc Ed. OOOi). Zdorjmy, dubn`prgdostcrog netovoty ns n enusg ck ùtrokoentoc`, g.f. ly wccj eutto`f c` tdg lgkcrg-bg`toc`gj strgnbrojfg, sdcumj `ct lg gxemujgj.

C` tdg `nturnm mgvggs, cr tdg strgnb rojfgs rgsumto`f krcb tdgsg, tdg kcrgst stn`js ec`sostgj ck n

prgsubnloy rntdgr cpg` vgfgtntoc` ck Ecrymus n`j Wmbus, wotd Nmùs nmc`f tdg wgttgr kmnàs.

Yc`g >8 (6>8-687 eb). Zdg vgfgtntoc` o` bcst ck tdg mcwgr pnrts ck tdg nrgn ec`sostgj ck n Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd wotd bued Zypdn n`fustokcmon n`j Eypgrnegng. Nt tdg trn`sotoc` tc tdg dofdgr pnrts cktdg nrgn, nt tdg kmnàs ck tdg strgnb rojfgs n`j pcssolmy nmsc ck tdg rovgr ju`gs, prclnlmy n tgb-pcrnry jgergnsg o` tdg frcwtd ck Nmùs n`j Ecrymus tcca pmneg (pgrdnps ly n` n`tdrcpcfgòe enusg1n`ctdgr gxpmn`ntoc` bofdt lg n kurtdgr oèrgnsgj knmm ck tdg mcenm wntgr mgvgm). Lgenusg ck tdos,ûgreus pcmmg`, ecbo`f krcb tdg ygt dofdgr pnrts ck tdg nrgn, ecumj rgned bcrg gnsomy tdg mcendty cktdg sgetoc`, o.g. wotdcut lgo`f komtgrgj cut ly Ecrymus n`j Nmùs trggs. Xrclnlmy tdg snbg dcmjs kcr

tdg pcmmg` ck Krnxoùs, n`j tc n mgssgr gxtg`t nmsc kcr Wmbus. Zdos gxpmn`ntoc` os lnsgj pnrtmy c`ZNWLG\'U tdgcry ecègrò`f tdg obpcrtnèg ck tdg 'truà-spneg trn`spcrt' ck trgg pcmmg`9 tdg pcmmg`suppmy krcb tdg o`tgrocr ck n kcrgst bny lg dnbpgrgj strc`fmy ly n jg`sg lusd o` tdg gjfg ck tdgkcrgst (ZNWLG\ >?66, p. ;;). ObpWeotmy tdos prcegss pmnys n rcmg o` tdg o`tgrprgtntoc` ck sgvgrnm zc`gsck tdos n`j ctdgr sgetoc`s.

Yc`g >> (687-;64 eb). Zdg Nmùs frcwtd dnj lgg` mcenmmy rgstcrgj n`j ot prclnlmy gxtg`jgj tc tdgmcwgr pnrts ck tdg nrgn, sueeggjo`f Xdrnfbotgs o` bn`y pmnegs ns tdg `gxt stnfg o` tdg o`kommo`f ck tdglnso`s wotd pgnt frcwtd. Zdos os o` nfrggbg`t wotd tdg motdcmcfy ck tdg lgj ecègr`gj (crfnòe lgj

cm <-5). Fg`grnmmy, n`j nmsc o` tdos sgetoc`, tdos lgj os jgvgmcpgj ns wccj pgnt lut wotd Xdrnfbotgspgnt nt ots lnsg. Nt tdg trn`sotoc` tc tdg dofdgr pnrts ck tdg nrgn (strgnb rojfgs n`j rovgr ju`gs)Krnxoùs n`j Wmbus wcumj dnvg lgg` frcwo`f,wotd ûgreus c` tdg dofdgr pnrts tdgbsgmvgs. Zdgswnbp kcrgst wns rntdgr cpg`, wotd ec`toùgj Xdrnfbotgs frcwtd o` bn`y pmnegs, prclnlmy tdgmcwgr pnrts o` pnrtoeumnr. Zdgsg strgtedgs ck Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd wgrg dcwgvgr nmrgnjy o` n kurtdgrstnfg ck gèmcsurg, ns wot`gssgj ly tdg prgsgèg ck Zdgmyptgros, Eypgrnegng, Mytdrub n`j \ulonegng(prclnlmy Fnmoub pnmustrg)1 ecbpnrg wotd JG@ DGMJ & JG@ DGMJ (>?6;, p. >5< k.) kcr n jgseroptoc`ck n Zdgmyptgros-Xdrnfbotgs ecbbuòty. Ucbg ck tdg kgr` spcrgs bny nmsc dnvg lgg` jgrovgj krcb

Ntdyroub komox-kgbo`n, a`cw` krcb tdg u`jgrfrcwtd ck Nmùs kcrgsts (oloj., p. >47)1 lgsojgs, Zdgmyptgros otsgmk en` ceeur o` tdg u`jgrfrcwtd ck Nmùs kcrgsts (VGUZDCKK & JG@ DGMJ >?67, p. <78 k.).



5<

Yc`g >< (;64-;68 eb). C` tdg `gnrly strgnb rojfg ck motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòt em < (sgg prckomg O, Kof!;) tdg ûgreus stn`js dnj prclnlmy pnrtmy fovg` wny tc Ecrymus n`j tc n mgssgr jgfrgg nmsc tcWmbus. Xdrnfbotgs frcwtd dnj jgergnsgj ec`sojgrnlmy. Zdg pgnas ck Wblgmmokgrng pcmmg` (prgsub-nlmy Uoub grgetu`t, o` vogw ck tdg kruot n`nmysos) n`j ck Komopg`jumn pcmmg`, prclnlmy pco`t tc n bcrgcpg` `nturg ck tdg Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd1 tdos bofdt nmsc lg o`joentgj ly tdg ceeurrgèg ck Lntrnedoub.Nmm tdos os o` fccj nfrggbg`t wotd tdg motdcmcfy. Zdg zc`g ecègr`gj os sotuntgj o` tdg trn`sotoc`

(wotdo` crfnòe lgj cm <-5) ck tdg wccj pgnt tc tdg cvgrmyo`f fyttin. Zdg fyttin, n mnag jgpcsot,pco`ts tc n` oèrgnsgj rosg ck tdg mcenm wntgr mgvgm enuso`f `ct c`my mnrfg cpgò`fs o` tdg bnrsdvgfgtntoc`, lut nmsc obpcrtn`t edn`fgs o` tdg vgfgtntoc` c` tdg strgnb rojfg ly bgn`s ck oèrgns-o`fmy wgttgr scom ec`jotoc`s.

Yc`g >5 (;68-784 eb). Nt tdg mcenmoty ck tdg sgetoc`, n mnag enbg o`tc lgo`f, o` wdoed @ybpdngn, Lntrnedoub n`j @updnr wgrg frcwo`f. Nt sdnmmcw spcts, gspgeonmmy `gnr tdg sdcrg nt tdg trn`sotoc`tc tdg Nmùs swnbp, n vgfgtntoc` ck Ueorpus (prgsubnlmy U. mneustros, sgg nmsc Ed. OOOe.:), Xdrnfbotgs(pcssolmy nmsc ctdgr dyfrcpdomcus frnssgs), Zdgmyptgros kgr`s, Wblgmmokgrng, Upnrfnòub n`j Zypdn

n`fustokcmon gxostgj, wotd Unmox prclnlmy nt tdg gjfg ck tdg swnbp kcrgst otsgmk. C` tdg scbgwdntdofdgr pnrts o` tdg swnbp kcrgst Krnxoùs n`j Wmbus nmsc prgsubnlmy frgw. C` tdg rovgr ju`gsstccj n ûgreus kcrgst wotd Zomon, n`j prclnlmy nmsc Wmbus nt tdg trn`sotoc` tc tdg swnbp1 tdgrgwcumj nmsc dnvg lgg` obpcrtn`t u`jgrfrcwtd n`j gjfgs ck Ecrymus.Zdg o`tgrprgtntoc` ck n mneustro`g g`vorc`bg`t os, sc knr ns tdg mcwgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g os ecègr`gj,o` fccj nfrggbg`t wotd tdg motdcmcfy ‚ n fyttin (mnag jgpcsot). Ns tdg pcmmg` ec`tg`t ck tdg cvgrmyo`f emny (kcrbo`f tdg uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g) jcgs `ct jokkgr sulstn`tonmmy krcb tdnt ck tdg fyttinotsgmk, ot bny lg nssubgj tdnt tdg emny wns nmsc jgpcsotgj o` n mneustro`g g`vorc`bg`t. Zdg emnylgmc`fs tc motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòt em 5. Zdos os fg`grnmmy jgvgmcpgj ns n strc`fmy duboe emny lgjwgjfo`f cut o` scbg pmnegs o` tdg crfnòe mnygr ecbpmgx cm <-: (sgg tdg motdcstrntofrnpdoe sedgbg o`Kof. 7).

Zdg trgg pcmmg` ecbpcsotoc` os strc`fmy jcbo`ntgj ly tdg Nmùs kcrgsts, myo`f ns osmn`js cr stropslgtwgg` tdg gxtg`sovg mnags (sgg Ed. OOn.5 n`j prckomgs O n`j OO, Kofs.*; n`j*6). Zdg pcmmg` krcb tdgûgreus kcrgsts c` tdg rovgr ju`gs ecumj rgned tdg mcenmoty ck tdg sgetoc` ly wo`j trn`spcrt cvgr tdgmnags.Zdg dofdgr vnmugs ck tdg prgvocusmy bg`toc`gj sdcrg pmn`ts o` tdg bojjog pnrt ck tdg zc`g bny o`jo-entg n tgbpcrnry gxtg`soc` ck tdg swnbp kcrgsts o` tdg jorgetoc` ck tdg mnags. O` fg`grnm, tdg gvg``nturg ck bcst pcmmg` eurvgs o` tdos zc`g bny lg rgfnrjgj ns n` o`joentoc` ck n quogt g`vorc`bg`t,wdgrg `c cr kgw sgjobg`tcmcfoenm edn`fgs tcca pmneg.

Yc`g >: (784-:?7 eb). Zdg vgfgtntoc` jgserolgj o` tdg prgegjo`f zc`g nmc`f tdg sdcrg ck tdg mnag,dnj ecbg `gnrgr tc tdg mcenmoty ck tdg sgetoc`, wdoed bny pco`t tc n jgergnsg o` wntgr jgptd n`j tdglgfo`ò`f ck tdg prcegss ck o`kommo`f ck tdg mnag. Zc n mnrfgr jgfrgg tdn` o` tdg prgegjo`f zc`g,Wblgmmokgrng (nbc`f ctdgrs Uoub grgetub, neecrjo`f tc tdg kruot n`nmysos), \ulonegng (prclnlmyFnmoub pnmustrg) n`j Eypgrnegng ctdgr tdn` Ueorpus wcumj dnvg ceeurrgj o` tdg sdcrg vgfgtntoc`.

Yc`g >7 (:?7-:?> eb). Nt cr `gnr tdg mcenmoty ck tdg sgetoc` stccj n vgfgtntoc` ck Upnrfnòub n`jfrnssgs1 tdg mnttgr wgrg pcssolmy pnrtmy `ct Xdrnfbotgs, lut Fmyegron kmuotn`s, n spgeogs tdnt ceeurs, o`



55

ecblo`ntoc` wotd Upnrfnòub, o` cx-lcw mnags ([N@ JC@UGMNN\ >?;>). Motdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy tdgzc`g os sotuntgj iust o` tdg trn`sotoc` krcb emny lgj em 5 tc wccj-pgnt lgj cm 5-:1 tdos nfrggs wotdtdg o koWo f `nturg ck tdg vgfgtntoc`. O` tdos sdnmmcw-wntgr g`vorc`bg`t, Yyf`gbntnegng nmfng wgrgkmcnto`f.Zdg ûgreus vgfgtntoc` c` tdg rovgr ju`gs dnj jgergnsgj, enuso`f tdg Ecrymus u`jgrfrcwtd tcgxpn`j n`j/cr tc lmcsscb bcrg gkkgetovgmy. Zomon n`j Wmbus nrg rgmntovgmy lgttgr rgprgsg`tgj o` tdg

pcmmg` jonfrnb lgenusg ck tdg ûgreus jgergnsg. Zdos ûgreus jgegnsg en` pcssolmy lg nserolgj tcprgdostcrog wccj eutto`f.

Yc`g >; (:?>-:4< eb). Nt tdg spct stccj n` Nmùs kcrgst wotd n` obpcrtn`t u`jgrfrcwtd ck kgr`s(ecbpnrg wotd zc`g >>9 Ntdyroub n`j/cr Zdgmyptgros). Neecrjo`f tc tdg kruot n`nmysos, vnrocus Enrgxspgeogs wgrg frcwo`f tdgrg tcc. C`my kgw pcmmg` krcb tdg rovgr ju`gs ecumj pg`gtrntg tdg mcenmkcrgst1 Ecrymus pcmmg` bny dnvg jc`g sc, lut tdgsg ecumj nmsc dnvg lgg` suppmogj krcb tdg dofdgrpnrts o` tdg Nmùs kcrgst.

Yc`g >6 (:4<-:;4 eb). Zdg swnbp kcrgst dnj lgecbg mcenmmy bcrg cpg`. Nt tdgsg cpg` spcts, o` n`g`vorc`bg`t ck sdnmmcw wntgr, Wblgmmokgrng (vnrocus spgeogs), Nmosbn pmn`tnfc-nquntoen, Erueokgrng(prclnlmy nfno` \croppn n`j/cr @nsturtoub), Mytdrub n`j \ubgx dyjrcmnpntdub frgw. C` dofdgrspcts `gnrly stccj ûgreus n`j pcssolmy nmsc Zomon, wotd gjfgs ck Ecrymus n`j prgsubnlmy nmscWmbus. Zdgsg dofdgr mcenmotogs bofdt dnvg lgg` tdg rovgr ju`gs, tdg pcmmg` krcb wdoed wcumj dnvglgg` nlmg tc rgned tdg mcenmoty ck tdg sgetoc` bcrg gnsomy tdrcufd tdg cpgò`fs o` tdg swnbp kcrgst.Lgsojgs, tdgrg os tdg pcssolomoty tdnt ly ecbpnetoc` jokkgrgègs o` emny lgj em 5, n egrtno` rgmogk dnjcrofo`ntgj, n`j tdnt c` ots dofdgr pnrts ûgreus wotd Ecrymus bny dnvg frcw` o`stgnj ck c`my Nmùs. Dgjgrn bny nmsc dnvg ceeurrgj o` sued n jry pmneg o` tdg swnbp kcrgst. Ko`nmmy, o` vogw ck tdgoèrgnsgj Knfus pcmmg` vnmugs, c`g sdcumj ec`sojgr tdg pcssolodty ck n smofdtmy oèrgnsgj kmuvonm sup-pmy ck trgg pcmmg`.

Yc`g >4 (:;4-:76 eb). Zdg Nmùs swnbp kcrgst dnj (mcenmmy) lgg` emcsgj nfno`, neecrjo`f tc tdgvgry mcw dgrl-pcmmg` pgreg`tnfgs. Zdg pcssolmg ûgreus stn`js o` tdg voeoòty (sgg zc`g >6) sggb tcdnvg bno`tno`gj tdgbsgmvgs.

Yc`g >? (:76-:57 eb). Nfno`, tdg Nmùs kcrgst dnj lgecbg mcenmmy bcrg cpg`. Npnrt krcb tdgspgeogs bg`toc`gj o` zc`g >6, frnssgs n`j vnrocus Enrgx spgeogs nmsc frgw o` tdgsg cpgò`fs, prclnlmy o` vgry sdnmmcw wntgr. Unmox nmsc sggbs tc dnvg ceeurrgj o` tdgsg cpgò`fs. Nfno`, tdg ûgreusstn`js (wotd Wmbus n`j Ecrymus) c` tdg dofdgr frcu`js dnj bno`tno`gj tdgbsgmvgs.

Yc`g <8 (:57-:>7 eb). Krcb tdg ec`sostg`tmy dofd vnmugs co Nmùs pcmmg` n`j kruots n`j tdg vgry mcwdgrl-pcmmg` vnmugs, ot bny lg ecèmujgj tdnt tdg swnbp kcrgst wns mcenmmy bcrg emcsgj nfno`. Krcbtdg motdcmcfy n`j motdcstrntofrnpdy (sgg Kof. >5) ot nppgnrs tdnt o` tdos swnbp kcrgst tdg emny sgjo-bg`tntoc` ck emnstoe lgj em : dnj nmrgnjy lgfu`.Zdg ûgreus stn`js c` tdg dofd frcu`js o` tdg voeoòty (sgg zc`g >6) dnj lgg` strc`fmy rgjuegj,enuso`f tdg prgsubgj u`jgrfrcwtd ck Ecrymus tc lmcsscb bcrg gkkgetovgmy. Zdg enusg ck tdos strc`fûgreus rgjuetoc` bny dnvg lgg` n mcenm wntgr-mgvgm rosg, ec``getgj wotd tdg stnrt ck emny sgjobg`-tntoc`. Xrgdostcrog wccj eutto`f (`nbgmy ly tdg Mntg-[mnnrjo`fg` eumturg, sgg Eds. O[l.< n`j [)



5:

bny dcwgvgr nmsc dnvg lgg` tdg enusg. O` ec``getoc` wotd tdgsg pcssolmg prgdostcrog o`kmugègs, tdg

dofd Ecrymus vnmugs, nt mgnst o` tdg tcpbcst pnrt ck tdg zc`g, bny nmsc pco`t tc n rgfg`grntoc` ck

kcrgst c` nln`jc`gj kogmjs, ns F\CG@BN@-[N@ VNNZG\O@FG gt nm. (>?;4) prgsubg kcr prgdostcrog

ceeupntoc` tgrrno`s ck tdg [mnnrjo`fg` eumturg o` tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js lgned lnrrogr rgfoc`.

Yc`g <> (:>7->;7 eb). N` g`vorc`bg`t wotd bued cpg`, bcvo`f wntgr gxostgj o` tdg lnso`s. Zdosbny lg ecèmujgj krcb tdg dofd pgreg`tnfg ck rovgr-lcr`g trgg pcmmg` (sgg Ed. OOOe.5), krcb tdg dofd

NX/@NX-rnt oc n`j krcb tdg Wtdcmcfy (n` c`my wgnamy duboe emny). Nmc`f tdg lcrjgrs ck tdg rovgr

ju`gs n`j `nturnm mgvggs frgw Nmùs, Unmox, frnssgs n`j kgr`s. Frnssgs n`j kgr`s prclnlmy nmsc frgw

nt sdnmmcw pco`ts o` tdg lnso`s. C` tdg dofdgr pnrts (ju`gs n`j mgvggs) ûgreus, Wmbus, Krnxoùs

n`j pgrdnps nmsc scbg Zomon wcumj dnvg frcw`.

Zdg obprgssovg edn`fg krcb n` gxtg`sovg swnbp kcrgst tc bno`my cpg` wntgr tcca pmneg nt tdg

lgfo`ò`f ck tdos tdoea zc`g.

Yc`g << (>;7-><> eb). Krcb tdg oèrgnsg ck Nmùs n`j dgrl pcmmg` tcwnrjs tdg g`j ck tdg zc`g ot

nppgnrs tdnt tdg cpg`-wntgr lnso`s wgrg stnrto`f tc komm up. Zdg oèrgnsg ck Xoùs pcmmg` vnmugs bnylg gxpmno`gj ly bcrg quogt sgjobg`tntoc` ec`jotoc`s (sgg nmsc Ed. OOOe.5).

Zdg ecoèojgèg ck dofdgr vnmugs ck Edg`cpcjonegng pcmmg` wotd n sbnmm oscmntgj pgna o` tdg

Egrgnmon pcmmg` eurvg pco`ts tc prgdostcrog dubn` o`kmugègs. Xcssolmy tdg dofdgr Erueokgrng vnmugs

nrg nmsc ecobgetgj wotd tdos.

Yc`g <5 (><>-47 eb). O` tdg nrgn n` Nmùs swnbp kcrgst dns lgg` gstnlmosdgj nfno` (ecbpnrg wotd

zc`gs >;->?). O` sbnmm cpg` pmnegs o` tdos kcrgst pccms wotd Yyf`gbntnegng nmfng n`j n vgfgtntoc` ck

Eypgrnegng n`j Wblgmmokgrng gxostgj. Zdg prgsgèg ck Xmn`tnfc mnègcmntn n`j ck Erueokgrng bny

pco`t tc ec`toùgj dubn` o`kmugègs, g.f. c` tdg vgfgtntoc` ck tdg `gnrly Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb

rojfg.

Yc`g <: (47-6; eb). Oèrgnso`fmy wgttgr ec`jotoc`s o` tdg Nmùs kcrgst nrg nppnrg`t krcb tdg

oèrgnsg o` Unmox. Zdg gxpn`soc` ck Krnxoùs bofdt pco`t tc tdg snbg prcegss c` tdg Uedcc`

rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg (oèrgnso`fmy wgttgr kmnàs).

Yc`g <7 (6;-;7 eb). Mcenmmy n` cpgò`f jgvgmcpgj o` tdg swnbp kcrgst ck Nmùs n`j Unmox, wotd n`

nlu`jn`t frcwtd ck Wblgmmokgrng n`j, tc n mgssgr jgfrgg, nmsc Nmosbn n`j Erueokgrng (prclnlmy

nfno` \croppn n`j/cr @nsturtoub). Zdg crofo` ck tdos cpgò`f bofdt pco`t tc n tgbpcrnry rgmntovg

rosg ck tdg mcenm wntgr tnlmg (sgg nmsc zc`g <:).

Yc`g <; (;7-:7 eb). Zdg Nmùs swnbp kcrgst dnj mcenmmy lgg` emcsgj nfno`. Nt scbg jostnèg krcb

tdg sgetoc` scbg cpgò`fs wotd Wblgmmokgrng n`j (gjfgs ck) Unmox prclnlmy stomm gxostgj.

OOOe.; Edrc`cmcfoenm obpmoentoc`s

Lgenusg ck tdg o`kmug eg ck pcmmg` enrrogj jcw` ly tdg rovgrs krcb tdg Bojjmg-Gurcpgn` do`tgrmn`j,

c` tdg trgg pcmmg` jonfrnb, ot os `ct wgmm pcssolmg tc o`kgr pcmmg`-n`nmytoenm jnto`fs bgrgmy krcb tdos



57

jonfrnb. Wso`f iust tdos Bojjmg-Gurcpgn` pcmmg` kcr jnto`f purpcsgs (ly n ecbpnrosc` wotd g.f.KO\LNU' zc`gs) wcumj mgnj tc n eoreumnr nrfubg`t1 kcr ot wns c` tdg lnsos ck jnto`fs (E->: jnto`fs)tdnt tdg prgsgèg ck tdos Bojjmg-Gurcpgn` pcmmg` wns o`kgrrgj (Ed. OOOe.5).Zdg jnto`f bgtdcj bg`toc`gj (ecbpnro`f wotd KO\LNU' zc`gs kcr tdg Bojjmg Gurcpgn` pcmmg`)bofdt o`jggj lg usgj nt sgetoc`s krcb tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`, ok E->: jntgs nrg mnea-o`f. Ot wcumj lg o`tgrgsto`f tc gmnlcrntg tdg pcssolomotogs ck tdos bgtdcj o` bcrg jgtnom.N` gxtg`sovg sgrogs ck E->: jnto`fs ck tdg prgsg`t Utn`jnrj sgetoc` os nvnomnlmg kcr n jgtnomgj edrc-`cmcfy (sgg Ed. O[l.>). @gvgrtdgmgss scbg fg`grnm pcmmg`-n`nmytoenm jnto`fs nrg nmsc o`kgrrgj (sgg Ed.O[l.5).

Ommj XCMMG@ N@NM_UOU CK LC\O@F MGG\JNB U5<< O

Edcoeg ck tdg snbpmgj sgetoc`

Lcro`f U5<< O os motdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy rgprgsg`tntovg kcr tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn. Zdg mcentoc` cktdos lcro`f rgmntovg tc tdg eg`trnm rovgr ju`g o` tdos nrgn en` lg sgg` o` Kof. :. Kcr tdg motdcstrntofrn-pdy ck tdg sgetoc` sgg prckomg O[ (Kof.*>8) n`j tdg sedgbg o` Kof. >>.

Zdg edcoeg ck tdg snbpmgj pnrt ck tdg sgetoc` (sgg Kof. >;) dns lgg` joetntgj ly tdg motdcstrnto-frnpdoe ecrrgmntoc` wotd tdnt pnrt ck tdg Utn`jnrj sgetoc` ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn (`nbgmytdg trn`sotoc` krcb emnstoe lgj em < tc crfnòe lgj ecbpmgx cm <-:), wdgrg tdg bcst obpcrtn`tpcmmg`-n`nmytoenm zc`g lcu`jnry (tdg lcu`jnry lgtwgg` zc`gs 4 n`j ?, sgg Ed. OOOe.<) os sotuntgj.

Kof. >;. Xcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Mggrjnb U5<< >. Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j,sgg Kof. *?.

Lcr o`f Mggrjnb U 5<< O

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Zdg pcmmg` ec`tg`t ck emny lgj mgp (zc`g O, sgg Kofs.*>7 n`j >; n`j Znlmg :) sdcws n rgbnranlmgrgsgblmnèg tc tdg pcmmg` ec`tg`t ck tdg dtdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy ecrrgmntovg emny lgj em < o` tdgBcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn (zc`gs ;-4, sgg Kof. >5). Nmsc o` emny lgj mgp obpcrtn`t pgreg`tnfgs ck



5;

trgg pcmmg` enrrogj jcw` ly rovgr wntgr krcb tdg do`tgrmn`j (gsp. Xoùs n`j Zomon) ceeur. Zdg vgrydofd Xoùs pgreg`tnfgs nrg prclnlmy ec``getgj wotd quogt sgjobg`tntoc` ec`jotoc`s, ns joseussgj oÈd. OOOe.5.Xgnt lgj op (pcmmg` zc`gs OO n`j O[), moag tdg motdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy ecrrgmntovg crfnòe lgj cm <-: o`tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn, sdcws n jcbo`nèg co Nmùs pcmmg` n`j mcw vnmugs ck rovgr-lcr`g pcmmg`.O` tdg o`tgrenmntgj emny lgj og (zc`g OOO) kmuvonmmy suppWgj pcmmg` os prgsg`t o` pgreg`tnfgs

ecrrgspc`jo`f tc tdcsg o` emny lgj em 5 nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk (zc`g >5).

O`tgrprgtntoc` ck tdg pcmmg` zc`gs

Yc`g ON (75;-78: eb lgmcw mn`j-surkneg). O` n` cpg`-wntgr lnso` kgw mcenm pcmmg` wns jgpcsotgj o`prcpcrtoc` tc gxtrn`gcus pcmmg`. C` tdg `nturnm mgvggs n`j tdg rovgr ju`g, ûgreus n`j Zomon prclnlmy frgw c` tdg dofdgr pnrts n`j Wmbus, Ecrymus, Nmùs n`j Unmox c` tdg mcwgr pnrts.

Yc`g OL (78:-:4> eb). Juro`f n pnrtonm komW`f o` ck tdg lnso` n roed dgrl ecbbuòty dnj lgg`mcenmmy gstnlmosdgj (sgg Znlmg :), n`j Nmùs ecumj gxpn`j prclnlmy lnso`wnrj krcb tdg `nturnm

mgvggs.

Yc`g OE (:4>-:;6 eb). O` nfrggbg`t wotd tdg motdcmcfy (lgo`f bojwny tdnt ck zc`gs ON n`j OL), tdgpcmmg` ec`tg`t nmsc sdcws ecbpc`g`ts ck lctd zc`gs.

Yc`g OJ (:;6-:<> eb). Zdg pcmmg` ck Ecrymus, ûgreus, Zomon n`j Wmbus wcumj dnvg lgg` jgrovgjpnrtmy krcb tdg kmuvonm do`tgrmn`j, n`j, o` vogw ck tdg dofd vnmugs o` ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg u`jgrmyo`fzc`gs, pnrtmy nmsc krcb tdg mcenm vgfgtntoc` c` tdg `nturnm mgvggs n`j rovgr ju`gs. Nmùs n`j Unmoxwcumj dnvg frcw` bno`my nt tdg trn`sotoc` krcb tdg `nturnm mgvggs n`j rovgr ju`gs tc tdg lnso`s. Nt

sdnmmcw spcts o` tdg lnso` Eypgrnegng ceeurrgj, n`j tc n mgssgr jgfrgg frnssgs, Upnrfnòub n`j Nmosbn.

Yc`g OON (:<>-:86 eb). O` tdg lnso` n swnbp kcrgst dnj lgg` gstnlmosdgj, ec`sosto`f ck Unmox n`j Nmùs. O` tdg u`jgrfrcwtd Eypgrnegng ceeurrgj n`j nt scbgwdnt cpg` pmnegs Wblgmmokgrng n`jZypdn frgw. Zdg Wrtoen pcmmg` bny dnvg lgg` jgrovgj krcb tdg u`jgrfrcwtd ck tdg swnbp kcrgst,lut nmsc krcb tdg `gnrly Bojjgmaccp strgnb rojfg. O` tdg mnttgr ensg tdgrg bny dnvg lgg` n sobomnrn`j sobumtn`gcus prgdostcrog o`kmugèg ns suppcsgj kcr zc`g ? ck tdg Utn`jnrj sgetoc` ck tdgBcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn. C` tdos strgnb rojfg, n`j nmsc c` tdg rovgr ju`g, stn`js ck ûgreus, Wmbusn`j Ecrymus wcumj dnvg ceeurrgj.

Yc`g OOL (:86-5;6 eb). Zdg swnbp kcrgst stomm ec`sostgj, nt mgnst mcenmmy, bno`my ck Nmùs. Nt cpg`pmnegs Wblgmmokgrng n`j Ucmnùb jumenbnrn frgw. Zdg pgna ck Eypgrnegng pcmmg` o` tdg uppgr pnrtck tdg zc`g pco`ts pcssolmy tc oèrgnso`fmy wgttgr ec`jotoc`s o` tdg swnbp kcrgst. C` tdg `gnrlystrgnb rojfg stccj ûgreus n`j nmsc \dnbùs.

Yc`g OOE (5;6-57< eb). O` tdg swnbp kcrgst Nmùs dnj, nt mgnst mcenmmy, lgg` rgpmnegj nfno` lyUnmox. Zdos bny pco`t tc oèrgnso`f wntgr jgptd, o`joento`f n trn`sotoc` tc tdg cvgrmyo f zc`g.



56

Znlmg :. Jgseroptoc` ck pcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Mggrjnb U5<< >.

O[ 556,7-5<;,7 eb. \gstcrntoc` ck dofd Nmùs vnmugs. Jgergnsgj ûgreus n`j Zomon vnmugs1 smofdtmy oèrgnsgj Wmbusvnmugs. [gry dofd NX/@NX-rntoc. Lrycpdytn vnmugs strc`fmy oèrgnsgj.

OOO 57<,7-556,7 eb Obpcrtn t pgnas ck ûgreus. Zomon, Krnxoùs, Knfus n`j Xoegn. Unmox vnmugs jgergnso`f tcwnrjs tdgtcp ck tdg zc`g. Obpcrtn`t jgergnsg ck Nmùs vnmugs. O` mcwgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g pgnas ck Zypdn n`fustokcmon, Ucmnùbjumenbnrn n`j Oros.

OO E 5;6,7-57<,7 eb. Dofd Unmox vnmugs o` mcwgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g. Xgna ck Wblgmmokgrng.

OO L :86,7-5;6,7 eb. Dofd Nmùs vnmugs n`j dofd NX/@NX-rntoc. Jgergnsgj lut stomm obpcrtn`t Unmox vnmugs. Bnxobnm vnmugck \dnbùs o` tdos zc`g. Xgnas ck Eypgrnegng, Wblgmmokgrng, Ucmnùb jumenbnrn n`j \ulonegng.

OO N :<>-:86,7 eb. Dofd Unmox vnmugs. Nmùs vnmugs oèrgnso`f. Utrc`fmy jgergnsgj vnmugs ck Ecrymus, Xoùs, ûgreus, Zomon,Wmbus. Oèrgnso`f NX/@NX-rntoc. Jgergnso`f Eypgrnegng vnmugs. Xgna ck Wrtoen jocgen.

O J :;6,7-:<> eb. Bnxobnm vnmugs ck Zomon, Wmbus n`j Ecrymus. Dofd ûgreus vnmugs. Oèrgnsgj vnmugs ck Unmox nt lnsgn`j o` tcp ck tdg zc`g, Knfus, Enrpoùs, Xoegn n`j Nlogs prgsg`t. Umofdt oèrgnsg ck Krnxoùs vnmugs. \ntdgr strc`fmykmuetunto`f NX/@NX-rntoc jug tc pgnas ck bno`my Eypgrnegng, nmsc ck Frnbo`gng, Zypdn n`fustokcmon, Z. mntokcmon n`jNmosbn. Oèrgnso`f vnmugs ck kgr` spcrgs.

O E :4;,7-:;6,7 eb. \gstcrntoc` ck dofd Xoùs n`j Zomon vnmugs. Jgergnsgj vnmugs ck Nmùs, ûgreus n`j Wmbus. DofdNX/@NX-rntoc.

O L 785.7-:4;,7 eb. Jgergnsg ck Xoùs n`j Zomon vnmugs, oèrgnsg ck Nmùs, ûgreus n`j Wmbus vnmugs. Obpcrtn t pgnasck Frnbo`gng, Eypgrnegng, Wblgmmokgrng, Zypdn n`fustokcmon, Upnrfnòub n`j Erueokgrng.

O N 75;,7-785,7 eb. Dofd vnmugs ck Xoùs n`j Zomon. Nmùs. Ecrymus. Unmox, Xoegn, ûgreus, Wmbus n`j Lgtuon prgsg t o`rntdgr mcw vnmugs. Enrpoùs prgsg`t o` c`g snbpmg. Dofd NX/@NX-rntoc.

Yc`g OOO (57<-554 eb). O` n mnrfg cpgò`f o` tdg swnbp kcrgst (o` n` cpg`-wntgr g`vorc`bg`t), emnysgjobg`tntoc` tcca pmneg. Nmc`f tdg sdcrg, nbc`f ctdgrs Zypdn n`fustokcmon, Ucmnùb jumenbnrnn`j Oros wcumj dnvg frcw`. ûgreus, Zomon, Wmbus, Krnxoùs n`j Ecrymus wcumj dnvg lgg` prgsg`t c`tdg strgnb rojfg n`j tdg rovgr ju`g.

Yc`g r[ (554-5<4 eb). Zdg swnbp kcrgst dnj lgg` emcsgj nfno` n`j ec`sostgj cèg bcrg bno`my ck

Nmùs. Wmbus sggbs tc dnvg bno`tno`gj otsgmk wgmm c` tdg kmnàs ck tdg frnjunmmy sulbgrfo`f strgnbrojfg.



54

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Jgprgssoc` kommo`f

Lcro f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Dm758 os sotuntgj nlcvg n jgprgssoc` o` tdg surkneg ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcr-bntoc`. Kof. >6 sdcws n motdcstrntofrnpdoe ercss-sgetoc` nt tdg wgstgr` rob ck tdos jgprgssoc`1 krcb necbpnrosc` wotd g.f. prckomg O (Kof.* ;), tdg rntdgr gxegptoc`nm `nturg ck tdos jgprgssoc` lgecbgsnppnrg`t9 ot os tdg jggpgst kcu j o` tdg stujy nrgn. Zdg mcwgrbcst crfnòe lgj ck tdg Vgstmn`jKcrbntoc` (lgj cm l, tdg 'lnsnm pgnt') dns lgg` jgvgmcpgj dgrg ns n fyttin lgj > b tdoea. Cvgrmyo`ftdos nrg tdoea emny lgjs, lgmc`fo`f tc motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòts em > n`j em <.Xcmmg` n`nmysos ck tdg fyttin lgj o` tdg mcwgr pnrt ck tdg jgprgssoc` wns enrrogj cut lgenusg ot wnsgxpgetgj tdnt dgrg n` cmjgr pnrt ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`tnm dostcry wcumj dnvg lgg` rgfostgrgj tdnò` tdg Utn`jnrj sgetoc`. Zdg mcwgr pnrt ck tdg cvgrmyo`f emny lgj em > dns nmsc lgg` n`nmysgj.Zdgrgo` n pgnt lgj ceeurs wotd n vgry sdnrp mcwgr lcu`jnry, wdoed pco`ts tc n `c`-o` sotu kcrbntoc` ck tdg pgnt lgj. Zdg snbpmo`f o`tgrvnm os > eb o` tdg fyttin n`j tdg emny, n`j 5 eb o` tdg pgntlgj.

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Kof. >6. Xrckomg nt lcro`fBcmg`nnrsfrnnk D>758.Acr momdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sge Kof. *?.

Fg grnm rgbnras

Yc`gs O n`j OO (sgg Kof. >4, Znlmg 7 n`j Npp., Kof. `) sdcw emgnr Xrglcrgnm n`j Lcrgnm spgetrn. NE->: jnto`f nt tdg lnsg ck zc`g O ec`korbs tdg Xrglcrgnm nfg (sgg Ed. O[l.> n`j Kof. <4). Zdg (kgw)pcmmg` ck nbc`f ctdgrs ûgreus n`j Zomon nt tdg lnsg ck zc`g O dns prgsubnlmy lgg` rgwcragj krcbcmjgr, g.f. Ggbon` jgpcsots, cr bofdt dnvg lgg` suppWgj ly pgrecmntoc` tdrcufd tdg rntdgr ecnrsgkmuvonm sn`j ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` krcb ycu`fgr jgpcsots.Yc`g OO sdcws spgetrn ednrnetgrostoe ck tdg cmjgr pnrt ck tdg Lcrgnm. Frnjunmmy oèrgnso`f vnmugs ck Nmùs n`j Wmbus, ns kcu`j o` sgetoc` Mggrjnb U5<< OO (Ed. Ommk) n`j ednrnetgrostoe ck tdgycu`fgr pnrt ck tdg Lcrgnm, nrg mneao`f dgrg.



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Yc`g OOO en` lg pmnegj g`torgmy o` tdg Ntmn`toe pgrocj. Nt tdg sdnrp trn`sotoc` krcb zc`g OO tc zc`gOOO wg suppcsg n rntdgr prcmc`fgj dontus juro`f tdg ycu`fgr Lcrgnm n`j prclnlmy nmsc tdg gnrmyNtmn`toe. O` tdg Wtdcmcfy (sgg Kof. >4) n emny lgj c`my > eb tdoea dns lgg` kcu`j nt tdg gxnet jgptdck tdos dontus1 tdos emny sdcws nkkoòty tc tdg mcnb (Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`) lgenusg ck ots jnra-frgyecmcur n`j ots stoeao`gss. Uupgrpcsgj c` tdos emny lgj os n sn`j stro`f, moagwosg c`my > eb tdoea1 c`tdg lnsos ck ots vnrogfntgj ecmcur ot bny lg o`tgrprgtgj ns (probnry cr sgec`jnry) ju`g sn`j.

mof. >4. Xcmmg` /c`gs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnt Dm 758.

Kcr mommocmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

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Yc`g O (>>48->>68 eb lgmcw mn`j-surkneg). C` tdg surk neg ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` (ju`gs n`jmcnb) stccj n prgsubnlmy rntdgr cpg` kcrgst ck Xoùs n`j Lgtuon. Ceeurrgègs ck Doppcpdng n`j Nrtgboson bny lg rgfnrjgj ns tdg rgbno`s cr ec`toùntoc` ck n Mntg-Vgoedsgmon` vgfgtntoc`. O` vogwck tdg Wtdcmcfy (fyttin), n mnag bust dnvg gxostgj o` tdg mcenm jgprgssoc`. Nmc`f ots sdcrg frgwZypdn n`fustokcmon n`j/cr Upnrfnòub.

Yc`g OON (>>68->>:4 eb). Zdg kcrgst wns prgsubnlmy bcrg emcsgj n`j ec`sostgj bno`my ck Xoùs. Nttdg sdcrg ck tdg jgprgssoc`, lgsojgs Xdrnfbotgs n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon /Upnrfnòub, Eypgrnegng n`jkgr`s nmsc frgw. O` tdg mnag otsgmk ceeurrgj @updnr n`j Unfottnron.

Yc`g OOL (>>:4->>5< eb). C` tdg ju`gs n`j tdg dofdgr pnrts ck tdg /cnw-surkneg Ecrymus gxpn`jgj,wdgtdgr c`my ns u`jgrfrcwtd ck tdg Xoùs kcrgst, n`j/cr (sgg KO\LNU >?:?, p. >7<) ns sulstn`tovgLcrgnm Ecrymus kcrgst. Zdg mcwgr pnrts ck tdg /cnw-surkneg wgrg ecmcòsgj ly Unmox lusdgs, o`joento`ftgbpcrnry wgttgr ec`jotoc`s o` tdg nrgn ly où`jntoc` n`j/cr rosg ck tdg mcenm frcu`jwntgr mgvgm.

Yc`g WON (>>5<->864 eb). Ns sgjobg`tntoc` o` tdg jgprgssoc` wns rg`gwgj nk tgr tdg dontus, tdgvgfgtntoc` o` tdg surrcu`jo`f nrgn nppgnrs tc dnvg lgecbg quotg jokmkgrg`t9 ûgreus, Zomon, Wmbus,Ecrymus n`j Krnxoùs c` tdg ju`gs n`j pcssolmy nmsc c` tdg dofdgr pnrts ck tdg /cnw-surkneg, Nmùs



:8

n`j frnssgs (prclnlmy Xdrnfbotgs) c` tdg mcwgr pnrts ck tdg /cnw-surkneg. Nmc`f tdg sdcrg ck tdgmnag ceeupyo`f tdg jgprgssoc` stccj n vgfgtntoc` ck Xdrnfbotgs. Eypgrnegng, Zypdnn`fustokcmon / Upnrfnòub, kgbs n`j Wblgmmokgrng. O` tdg mnag otsgmk frgw @ybpdngn n`j Byrocpdym-mub.

Yc`g OOOL (>864->86< eb) n`j zc`g OOOJ (>8::->857 eb). Nt tdg mcwgst spcts o` tdg nrgn, sued nsdgrg o` tdg jgprgssoc`, kmuvonm où`jntoc` n`j sgjobg`tntoc` ceeurrgj. Xnrt ck tdg pcmmg` (gsp. ckZomon, ek. Ed. OOOe.5) wns nppnrg`tmy suppýgj ly rovgr wntgr krcb tdg do`tgrmn`j. Zdg vgfgtntoc` o`tdg nrgn wcumj dnvg lgg` mnrfgmy tdg snbg ns juro`f tdg kcrbntoc` ck zc`g WON.

<Mc`g OOOE (>86<->8:: eb). Zdg zc`g ecoèojgs motdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy wotd tdg `c`-o` sotu kcrbgjXdrnfbotgs-pgnt mnygr. Zdg sdnrp motdcmcfoenm mcwgr lcu`jnry ck tdg pgnt mnygr bofdt pco`t tc nkmcnto`f-bnt crofo`1 tdg vnrogj ecbpcsotoc` ck tdg dgrl pcmmg` wcumj nfrgg wotd tdos.

Znlmg 7. Jgseroptoc` ck pcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D>758.

OOO J >8::->857 eb. O ergnsg ck Zomon (up tc >4%), Wmbus(e. >8%), Krnxoùs(e. :%). NX/@NX-rntoce. ;7%, @NX bno`my ec`-sosto`f ck Frnbo`gng, Eypgrnegng, Upnrfnòub/Zypdn n`fustokcmon n`j \ubgx dyjrcmnpntdub. [nmugs ck kgr` spcrgsjgergnso`f strc`fmy upwnrjs.

OOO E >86<->8:: eb. Udnrpjgergnsgck NX/@NX-rntocnt lnsg ck tdg zc`g tcg. 58%1 oèrgnso`ffrnjunmmy upwnrjs tcg . ;7%nfno`. NX ns o` zc`g OOO N, Xoùs n`j Nmùs smofdtmy dofkogr, Ecrymus smofdtmy mcwgr. @NX bcstmy ec`sosto`f ck Frnbo`gng(bcrg tdn` >88% nt lnsg), Eypgrnegng (e. 58%), Upnrfnòub/Zypdn n`fustokcmon (e. 58%) n`j Zypdn mntokcmon (>7%nt lnsg). Ubnmm pgnas ck \ulonegng (<%), Edg`cpcjonegng (5%), Ecbpcsotng tulumokmcrng (6%), Zdnmoetrub (5%),

\ubgx dyjrcmnpntdub (6%). Gxtrgbgmy dofd vnmugs ck bc`cmgtg psomntg n`j gedo`ntg kgr` spcrgs.

OOO L >864->86< eb. Xgnas ck Zomon (>4%), Wmbus (58%), Xoùs (57%), Nlogs (<%), Dgjgrn (:%), bc`cmgtg psomntg kgr`spcrgs (>88%).

OOO N >>5<->864 eb. Udnrp trn`sotoc` krcb zc`g OO Ltczc`g OOO N. @gnrmy nmm spgeogs prgsg`t o` rntdgr ec`stn t vnmugs9 Nmùse. 58%, Ecrymus e <7%, ûgreus e. >6%, Zomon e. <%, Wmbus e. 6%, Xoùs e. >8%. NX/@NX-rntoc jgergnsgj tc e. ;7%,@NX bno`my ec`sosto`f ck Frnbo`gng (e. :8%), Eypgrnegng (e. 6%), Upnrfnòub/Zypdn n`fustokcmoub (e. 6%),Wblgmmokgrng (e. <%). Obpcrtn`t pgna ck bc`cmgtg psomntg kgr` spcrgs nt lnsg ck tdg zc`g (:7%).

OO L >>:4->>5< eb. Xoùs frnjunmmy jgergnso`f krcb e. ?8 tc e. 78%. Dofd Unmox vnmugs ednrnetgrostoe ck tdos zc`g (e. <8%,pgnas up tc e. :8%). Ecrymus oèrgnso`f upwnrj tc :8%. ûgreus oèrgnso`f o` tdg uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g tc e. 7%.

NX/@NX-rntoc vgry dofd (e. ?8%), @NX ec`sosto`f prnetoenmmy c`my ck Frnbo`gng. Udnrp jgergnsg o` kgr` spcrgs.

OO N >>68->>:4 eb. Ec`stn`t vgry dofd Xoùs vnmugs (e. ?8%). Lgtuon e. >8%1 o` uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g smofdt oèrgnsg ckEcrymus n`j Unmox. NX/@NX-rntoc e. 47%1 Frnbo`gng e. >8%, ctdgr @NX bno`my Eypgrnegng, Zypdn mntokcmon,Upnrfnòub/Zypdn n`fustokcmon, @updnr, Unfottnron. Obpcrtn`t pgnas ck bc`cmgtg psomntg kgr` spcrgs (up tc ;8%).

O >>48->>68 eb. Lgtuon jgergnso`f upwnrj krcb e. 68 tc e. >7%. Xoùs oèrgnso`f upwnrj krcb e. 58 tc e. 47%. NX/@NX-rntoc oèrgnso`f upwnrj krcb e. :8 tc e. 68%, @NX ec`sosto`f bno`my ck Frnbo`gng. Nrtgboson ec`toùcusmy prgsg`t(e. 5%). Ubnmm pgnas ck Doppcpdng (up tc 7%). Upnrfnòub/Zypdn n`fustokcmoub o` tcp ck tdg zc`g (oèrgnso`f tc <8%).



:>

Ommk XCMMG@ N@NM_UOU CK LC\O@F MGG\JNB U 5<< OO• o` eccpgrntoc` wotd I. @np -

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Moag pcmmg` sgetoc` Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Dm758 (Ed. Ommg), pcmmg` sgetoc` Mggrjnb U 5<< OO rgmntgs tc n`crfn`oe jgpcsot (fyttin n`j fyttin-moag pgnt) o` n jgprgssoc` o` tdg surkneg ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbn-

toc`. Zdg nob ck tdg n`nmysos ck tdg sgetoc` os tc ecbpnrg tdg gnrmy-Dcmceg`g jgvgmcpbg`t ck tdgMggrjnb nrgn wotd tdnt ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn.

Kof. >?. Xcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Mggrjnb U5<< OO. Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j,sgg Kof. *?.

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Zdg motdcstrntofrnpdoe pcsotoc` ck tdg sgetoc` en` lg sgg` o` prckomg O[ (Kof.* >8). Zdg snbpd`f o`tgrvnm os > eb o` tdg fyttin, 5 eb o` tdg cvgrmyo`f fyttin-moag pgnt (sgg nmsc Kof. >?) n`j > eb o` tdgtrn`sotoc` krcb tdg mnttgr tc tdg cvgrmyo`f emny.

Fg`grnm rgbnrasZdg sgetoc` sdcws n frnjunm trn`sotoc` krcb tdg Lcrgnm o` zc`gs O n`j OO tc Ntmn`toe o` zc`g OOO (sggZnlmg ;, Kof. >? n`j Npp., Kof. c). Zdg sgetoc` jcgs `ct sdcw tdg dontus (o` tdg mntgr pnrt ck tdgLcrgnm), ns ots ecu`tgrpnrt, sgetoc` Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Dm758.O` ots mcwgr pnrt (>8>:-?;7 eb jgptd) tdg fyttin os rntdgr emnygy. XcWg`n`nmytoenmmy tdos pnrt ck tdgsgetoc` en` lg ecrrgmntgj wotd zc`g OOL o` sgetoc` Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Dm758, c` tdg lnsos ck tdg Xo`usn`j Ecrymus vnmugs. O` tdg tcp ck tdg mnttgr zc`g n tdo`, mcnb-dag emny lgj wns kcu`j (sgg Ed. Ommg).Ok lctd emny jgpcsots (o` tdg prgsg`t n`j tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk sgetoc`) nrg ecrrgmntgj wotd gned ctdgrn`j rgfnrjgj ns probnry mcnb jgpcsots, tdg` pnrt ck tdos mcnb ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` wcumjdnvg lgg` jntgj ns Lcrgnm (sgg kurtdgr Ed. O[e).



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Znlmg ;. Jeseropmoc` ck pcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Mggrjnb U5<< OO.

OOO 4;4-455 eb. Frnjunm trn`sotoc` krcb zc`g OO tc zc`g OOO. \osg ck Nmùs tc e. 57%1 knmm ck Xoùs tc e. >7% (wotko strg`fkmuetntoc`s). [nmugs ck Ecrymus n`j ûgreus snbg ns o` uppgr pnrt ck zc`g OO. Unmox e. >8%. Oèrgnsg ck Wmbus tc e.>8%1 oèrgnsg ck Zomon o` tcp ck tdg zc`g tc >5%. @NX bcstmy ec`sosto`f ck Frnbo`gng (e. 58%), Eypgrnegng (bno`my

o` uppgr pnrt ck tkog zc`g, e. >8%), Zypdn n`fustokcmon (7->8%) n`j Wblgmmokgrng (7->8%). Xgnas ck Komopg`jumn (4%,o` mcwgr pnrt ck ttog zc`g) n`j Ucmnùb (5%, o` uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g). Kgr` spcrgs rgjuegj tc e. <-5%.

OO ?;8-4;4 eb. ûgreus frnjunmmy oèrgnso`f tc e. <7%. Ecrymus vnmugs vgry frnjunmmy jgergnso`f krcb lnsg tc tcp cktdg zc`g (tc >8-<8%). Xoùs o` mcwgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g e. 58%, frnjunmmy oèrgnso`f tc e. 78% o` uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g.Lgtuon frnjunmmy jgergnso`f krcb e. mC tc e. >%. Unmox frnjunmmy oèrgnso`f krcb e. > tcg. >8%. Nmùs josec`toùcusmyprgsg`t o` vgry mcw vnmugs, oèrgnso`f frnjunmmy o` tdg tcp ck tdg zc`g. Wmbus vnmugs snbg ns o` zc`g O L. NX/@NX-rntoce. 68%1 Frnbo`gng e. <8-<7%1 upwnrj oèrgnso`f vnmugs ck Eypgrnegng, Zypdn n`fustokcmon, Wblgmmokgrng, Erueokgrng,@updnr, Edg`cpcjonegng n`j bc`cmgtg psomntg spcrgs1 obpcrtn`t pgnas ck nmm tdgsg o` uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g, gsp.ck Eypgrnegng (up tc 57%), Zypdn n`fustokcmon (up tc <8%) n`j Wblgmmokgrng (up tc <8%).

O L ?4<-?;8 eb. Ecrymus vnmugs dofdgr (e. ;7%), Xoùs vnmugs mcwgr n`j strc`fmy kmuetunto`f. Wmbus vnmugs smofdtmy oèrgns-gj (e. <-5%). Frnbo`gng oèrgnsgj lut strc`fmy kmuetunto`f. Bnxobnm vnmugs ck Zdnmoetrub o` tdos zc`g (up tc 7%).

ON >8>:-?4< eb. NX jcbo`ntgj ly Ecrymus (e. :7%) n`j Xoùs (e. :8%). Lgtuon e. >8%1 Unmox e. > -<%. ûgreus n`j Wmbus`gnrmy ec`toùcusmy prgsg`t o` vgry mcw vnmugs. NX/@NX-rntoc e. ;8%, @NX bno`my ec`sosto`f ck Frnbo`gng (e. :7%)1Eypgrnegng e. 7%, Zypdn n`fustokcmon e. 7%, Byrocpdymmub e. 7%, Nrtgboson e. <-5%.


Yc`g ON (>8>:-?4< eb lgmcw mn`j-surkneg). C` tdg dofdgr pnrts ck tdg surk neg ck tdg Argktg`dgyg

Kcrbntoc` (rovgr ju`gs n`j dnb) stccj Xoùs, Ecrymus n`j scbg Lgtuon. C` tdg mcwgr pnrts ck tdg /cnw-surkneg Xdrnfbotgs n`j Unmox wcumj dnvg ceeurrgj, n`j juro`f où`jntoc`s scbg dnb bnystomm dnvg lgg` jgpcsotgj tdgrg. O` tdg jgprgssoc` otsgmk n mnag kcrbgj wotd n vgfgtntoc` ck Frnbo`gng, Eypgrnegng n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon nmc`f tdg sdcrg n`j Byrocpdymmub o` tdg wntgr otsgmk.

Yc`g OL (?4<-?;8 eb). Ecrymus tgbpcrnromy gxpn`jgj nt tdg ecst ck Xoùs, n`j Wmbus gstnlmosdgjotsgmk o` tdg nrgn. Npnrt krcb tdgsg edn`fgs tdg vgfgtntoc` wns sobomnr tc tdnt ck zc`g ON.

Yc`g OO (?;8-4;4 eb). C` tdg rovgr ju`gs n`j pcssolmy nmsc c` tdg dofdgr pnrts ck tdg /cnw-surkneg

stccj ûgreus, Wmbus, Xoùs n`j Ecrymus, n`j, c` tdg mcwgr pnrts ck tdg dnb, Unmox. O` tdg jgprgssoc` Frnbo`gng, Eypgrnegng, Zypdn n`fustokcmon, Erueokgrng n`j Wblgmmokgrng frgw o` sdnmmcwwntgr.

Yc`g OOO (4;4-455 eb). Nmùs dnj gstnldsdgj otsgmk o` tdg nrgn n`j wcumj dnvg frcw`, tcfgtdgr wotdUnmox, c` tdg mcwgr pnrts ck tdg /cnw-surkneg, tdnt lgenbg oèrgnso`fmy wgt. O` tdg kcrgst stn`js c`tdg rovgr ju`gs n`j pcssolmy tdg dofdgr pnrts ck tdg /cnw-surkneg tdg prcpcrtoc` ck Xoùs jgergnsgjstrc`fmy, wdgrgns tdnt ck Wmbus oèrgnsgj bnragjmy. Zdg vgfgtntoc` o` tdg jgprgssoc` wns bcrg crmgss sobomnr tc tdnt o` zc`g OO.



:5

Ommf XCMMG@ N@NM_UOU CK LC\O@F BCMG@NN\UF\NNK D<>64

Jgprgssoc` kommo`f o` ju`g kogmj

O tdg wgstgr` pnrt ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn n (ecbpmgtgmy lurogj) ecbpmgx ck rovgr ju`gsos prgsg`t (sgg g.f. Kof. 5;). O` ots strc`fmy u`jumnto`f rgmogk mogs, nt lcro`f D<>64 (sgg kcr tdg pcso-toc` Kof. 5), n sbnmm jgprgssoc`, rgnedo`f jcw` tc >8 b lgmcw @.N.X. n`j pnrtmy o`kommgj ly fyttinn`j pgnt (sgg Kof. <8). Motdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy tdgsg crfnòe lgjs lgmc`f tc tdg lnsnm pgnt (lgj cm lo` tdg mcenm tgrbo`cmcfy). Zdos crfnòe jgprgssoc` koýo`f dns lgg` stujogj pnmy`cmcfoenmmy o` crjgr tcrgec`struet tdg cmjgr, c` tdg lnsos ck tdg jgptd lgmcw @.N.X. prclnlmy Ntmn`toe, kcrgst ecvgr ck tdgrovgr ju`gs. Ucbg pcmmg` snbpmgs dnvg nmsc lgg` tnag` krcb tdg u`jgrmyo`f jgpcsots (mcnb n`j ju`gsn`j). Juro`f tdg snbpmo`f ot wns `ctgj tdnt n tdo` sn`j mnygr nmsc ceeurrgj o` tdg crfnòe jgprgssoc` komý`f, wotd n motdcmcfy sobomnr tc tdnt ck tdg rovgr-ju`g sn`j (sgg Kof. <>).

Kof. <8. Xrc komg nt lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<>64.

Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

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O`tgrprgtntoc` ck tdg pcmmg` zc`gsYc`g O (?;?-?;< eb lgmcw mn`j-surkneg). O` tdg c`my snbpmg krcb tdg mofdt-frgy sn`jy mcnb u`jgrmyo`f tdg ju`g sn`j, tdg pcmmg` sggbs tc lg jgrovgj krcb jokkgrg t scuregs n`j/cr pgrocjs (sgg Znlmg 6n`j Npp., Kof. p). Zdg Xoùs n`j Lgtuon pcmmg` bny lg ck n mcenm Xrglcrgnm crofo`, tdg Ecrymus n`jûgreus pcmmg` ck n mcenm Lcrgnm crofo`. N` obpcrtn`t pnrt ck tdg pcmmg` bny nmsc dnvg lgg` sup-pmogj krcb bcrg scutdgr` rgfoc`s ly tdg /cnw-jgpcsoto`f rovgrs. Xnrt ck tdg pcmmg` bny dnvg lgg`rgwcragj krcb prg-Dcmceg`g jgpcsots. O` n`y ensg tdgrg sggbs tc dnvg lgg` n boxo`f ck pcmmg` lylocturlntoc` cr pgrecmntoc`. C` tdg lnsos ck tdg dofd Xoùs n`j Lgtuon pgreg`tnfgs, ot os bcst moagmytdnt tdg mcnb dns lgg` jgpcsotgj dgrg juro`f tdg Xrglcrgnm (o` tdg ensg ck n sy`sgjobg`tnry pcmmgò`kmux) cr lgkcrg (o` tdg ensg ck n pcstsgjobg`tnry pcmmg` o`kmux).



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Kof. <>. Xcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnkD<>64. Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

;78

Kof. <<. Xcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnkD<>>4. Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

Yc`g OO (?;<-4?> eb). C`my o` tdg uppgr 58 eb ck tdg rovgr-ju`g sn`j joj sukkoeoá`t pcmmg` nppgnr tclg prgsg`t kcr n rgdnlmg n`nmysos. Ot os nssubgj tdnt tdg pcmmg` wns ommuvontgj nktgr tdg ju`g-sn`jjgpcsotoc`. N jgtnomgj joseussoc` ck tdos prcegss ck pcmmg` ommuvontoc` o` sn`j scoms os fovg` lyDN[O@FN (>?6:). Nmsc locturlntoc` bny dnvg pmnygj n rcmg dgrg1 ot wns sdcw` ly NDML\N@JZ gt nm.(>?64) tdnt o` tdg surkneg ck sn`j ju`gs o`tg`sovg locturlntoc` en` ceeur. O` neecrj wotd tdg nlcvggxpmn`ntoc`s, ot os lgWgvgj tdnt tdg pcmmg` wns suppmogj ly n` Ntmn`toe kcrgst ecvgr c` tdg ju`g surkneg9 ûgreus n`j Zomon c` tdg jry pmnegs, Nmùs n`j Unmox o` tdg jgprgssoc` wdoed wns lgecbo`ffrnjunmmy wgttgr lgenusg ck tdg fg`grnm wntgr-mgvgm rosg. Zdg `gnr nlsgèg ck Xrglcrgnm n`j Lcrgnmpcmmg` (Xoùs, Lgtuon, Ecrymus) bofdt lg gxpmno`gj ly ots josnppgnrnèg tdrcufd cxojntoc`, cr lynssubo`f n mntg-Lcrgnm nfg kcr jgpcsotoc` ck tdg ju`g (sgg kurtdgr Ed. O[e).

Yc`g OOO (4?>-477 eb). Neecrjo`f tc tdg Dtdcmcfy (fyttin), n mnag dnj lgg` kcrbgj o` tdg jgprgssoc`.Xdrnfbotgs, Eypgrnegng, Wblgmmokgrng n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon /Upnrfnòub wcumj dnvg frcw` nmc`ftdg sdcrg n`j nt sdnmmcw spcts o` tdg mnag. Zdg ju`g-surkneg wns bno`my ecvgrgj ly ûgreus n`jEcrymus.

Yc`g rv (477-4:> eb). Zdos zc`g ecoèojgs o` tdg motdcmcfy wotd tdg tdo` ju`g-sn`j mnygr sotuntgj o`tdg tcpbcst pnrt ck tdg fyttin (sgg Kof. <>). Zdg sn`j os boxgj wotd fyttin, sc prgsubnlmy tdg mnagstomm gxostgj juro`f tdg jgpcsotoc` ck tdos sn`j. Zdg jospmnegbg`t ck tdg ju`g sn`j bny prclnlmy lg



:7

Znlmg 6. Jgseroptoc` ck pcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<>64.

[ 4:>-488 eb. Obpcrtn`t vnmugs ck ûgreus (e. :7-78%) n`j Unmox (e. ><%). Nmùs rgjuegj tc e. 58%. Mcw vnmugs ckXoùs, Ecrymus, Zomon n`j Wmbus. Xrnetoenmmy `c @NX.

O[ 477-4:> eb. Dofd vnmugs ck Zomon, jgergnso`f upwnrj (krcb 54 tc >8%). Mcw vnmugs ck ugreus o` mcwgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g,oèrgnso`f upwnrj krcb : tc <5%. Unmox oèrgnso`f upwnrj krcb < tc ?%. Ecrymus jgergnso`f upwnrj krcb ; tc >%.Ctdgr NX bno`my Nmùs (e. :6%)1 Xoùs 4%, Wmbus 5%. @NX vnmugs vgry mcw, bno`my Frnbo`gng (jgergnso`f upwnrjkrcb 4 tc 5%). Ubnmm pgna ck Zypdn/Upnrfnòub o` tcp ck tdg zc`g (<.6%).

OOO 4?>-477 eb. Jcbo`nèg ck Nmùs (e. 68%), Ecrymus n`j ûgreus (lctd e. ><%). Mcw vnmugs ck Xoùs, Zomon, Wmbus n`jUnmox. Frnbo`gng c`my @NX ck obpcrtnèg (e. ?%), rgbnoò`f @NX bcstmy Eypgrnegng, Wblgmmokgrng n`j Zypdn/Upnrfnòub.

OO ?;<-4?> eb. Zrn`sotoc` krcb zc`g O tc zc`g OO lnsgj c` motdcmcfy1 sukkoeoá`t pcmmg` c`my o uppgr pnrt ck tdos zc`g(?<<-4?> eb)1 tdrgg snbpmgs wotd NX-sub2 588. Nmùs e. :8%, ûgreus e. <7%, Unmox e. >8%, Ecrymus e. ;%. Zomonoèrgnso`f upwnrj tc >;%. Xoùs, Lgtuon, Wmbus n`j @NX o` vgry mcw vnmugs.

O ?;?-?;< eb. C`g snbpmg c`my (?;;-?;7 eb, NX-sub 2 >:7)9 Xoùs ;8%, Lgtuon <<%, Nmùs >:%, Ecrymus <.6%, ûgreus 8.6%, Unmox 8.6%, Frnbo`gng ?%, Groenegng 7%.

nttrolutgj tc grcsoc` ns n ec`sgqugèg ck prgdostcrog eutto`f ck tdg njineg`t ûgreus kcrgst.Nppnrg`tmy Zomon, ceeurro`f dgrg n`j tdgrg o` tdg ûgreus kcrgst, dnj lgg` spnrgj juro`f tdg wccjeutto`f. O` vogw ck tdg jgptd n`j tdg strntofrnpdoenm pcsotoc` ck tdg mnygr ecègr`gj, tdg prgsubgjwccj eutto`f en` lg tg`tntovgmy nssceontgj wotd tdg ednrecnm jnto`f ck ;?88 LX nt tdg kcct ck tdgDnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g (sgg nmsc Ed. Ommo).

Yc`g [ (4:>-488 eb). O` tdg o`kommo`f jgprgssoc` stccj n swnbp kcrgst ck Nmùs n`j Unmox. Zdgûgreus kcrgst c` tdg njineg`t dofdgr pnrts ck tdg ju`g-surkneg sggbs tc dnvg lgg` rgstcrgj.

Ommd XCMMG@ N@NM_UOU CK LC\O@F BCMG@NN\UF\NNK D<>>4

Jgprgssoc` kommo`f nt lcrjgr ck ju`g kogmj

Ugetoc` D<>>4 os sotuntgj nt tdg `crtdgr` lcrjgr ck tdg rovgr-ju`g ecbpmgx o` wdoed sgetoc` D<>64(Ed. Ommf) os bcrg eg`trnmmy mcentgj (ek. Kofs 5 n`j 5;). Lcro`f D<>>4 dns lgg` oècrpcrntgj o`prckomg OOO (Kof.'4). Xcmmg` n`nmysos, wotd n snbpmo`f o`tgrvnm ck 7 eb, dns lgg` enrrogj cut c` tdg

mcwgr <.7 b ck tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` o` tdos lcro`f. Zdg sgetoc` ec`sosts nmbcst g`torgmy ckcrfnòe jgpcsots tdnt motdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy (sgg Kof. <<) lgmc`f tc lgjs cm l, cm >-< n`j cm <-5. Emns-toe uòt em > os prgsg`t ns n tdo` emny lgj1 emnstoe uòt em < dns `ct lgg` jgpcsotgj dgrg. Zdg nob cktdg pcmmg` n`nmysos ck tdos sgetoc` os sobomnr tc tdnt ck sgetoc` D<>64, `nbgmy n rgec`struetoc` ck tdgcmjgr (Ntmn`toe) ju`g vgfgtntoc`.


Yc`g O (?87-4:8 eb lgmcw mn`j-surkneg). O` tdg sbnmm jgprgssoc` nt tdg kcct ck tdg rovgr-ju`g ecbpmgx stccj n` Nmùs swnbp kcrgst. N ûgreus kcrgst stccj c` tdg jry ju`g-surkneg `gnrly, prclnlmy



:;

wotd stn`js ck Wmbus n`j Ecrymus nt tdg gjfgs. Nt tdg lgfo`ò`f ck crfnòe neeubumntoc` (zc`g ON,ek. Znlmg 4) n scbgwdnt cpg` nrgn wotd nbc`f ctdgrs WblgmDkgrng n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon wnsprgsg`t nt tdg mcenmoty ck tdg sgetoc`. O` tdg njineg`t cna kcrgst scbg Zomon nmsc ceeurrgj. Juro`ftdg kcrbntoc` ck zc`g Og, tdg swnbp kcrgst lgenbg bcrg cpg` nfno` n`j scbg kmuvonm emny wnsjgpcsotgj. Lgenusg ck tdg wntgr-mgvgm rosg tdg Nmùs swnbp kcrgst ecumj gxtg`j cvgr tdg ju`g-surknegnt tdg ecst ck tdg cna kcrgst. Ns tdg knmm ck tdg ûgreus pcmmg` pgreg`tnfg (nt tdg trn`sotoc` krcb

zc`g OL tc zc`g OE) os rntdgr ec`spoeucus, prgdostcrog wccj eutto`f bofdt nmsc gxpmno` tdg ûgreusjgergnsg. Zdos pcssolmg prgdostcrog netovoty bofdt, o` vogw ck tdg jgptd n`j strntofrnpdoe pcsotoc` cktdg mnygr ecègr`gj, ecrrgspc`j tc tdnt ck zc`g O[ o` sgetoc` D <>64 (Ed. Ommf).

Yc`g OO (4:8-;78 eb). O` tdg jgprgssoc` n sbnmm mnag dnj lgg` kcrbgj1 ot wns surrcu`jgj ly Nmùsswnbp kcrgst. C` tdg ju`gs ûgreus, Wmbus, Ecrymus, [olurùb n`j scbg Zomon ceeurrgj. Zdgsbnmm prcpcrtoc` ck Zomon o` tdg ju`g vgfgtntoc` os o` nfrggbg`t wotd tdg ecèmusoc`s krcb tdg pcmmg` n`nmysos ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f (Ed. OOOe)9 o` tdg ecrrgspc`jo`f pcmmg` zc`gs tdgrg (tdg zc`gskcrbo`f bno` zc`g O, sgg Kof. >5) tdg dofd Zomon pgreg`tnfgs dnvg lgg` nserolgj tc suppmy ly rovgrskrcb tdg do`tgrmn`j.

Zdg jg`sgr dgrlnegcus vgfgtntoc` o` zc`g OOL (Wblgmmokgrng, @ybpdngn n`j \nùèumnegng,prgsubnlmy Lntrnedoub) pco`ts tc bcrg quogt ec`jotoc`s o` tdg mnag. Zdos prclnlmy ecrrgspc`js wotdsobumtn`gcus pgnt frcwtd o` tdg mnrfgr pnrt ck tdg stujy nrgn (crfnòe lgj cm <-5). Zdos wcumjobpmy tdnt tdg pgrocj ck jgpcsotoc` ck emnstoe lgj em < ecoèojgs wotd n` obpcrtn`t pnrt ck tdg pgrocjck fyttin jgpcsotoc` ck zc`g OON.

Znlmg 4. Jgseroptoc` ck pcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<>>4.

OO L 6>8-;78 eb. NX snbg ns o` zc`g OO N. @NX smofdtmy Oèrgnsgj, bnm`my Wblgmmokgrng (e. >8%). Xgnasck @ybpdngn n`j\nùèumnegng (lctd up tc :%). Jgergnsgj vnmugs ck bc`cmgtg psomntg spcrgs.

OO N 4:8-6>8eb.Ec`stn`tvnmugsck nmm NX9 Nmùs e. 68%, Ecrymus e. >8->7%, ûgreuse. >8->7%, Wmbus e. <-7%, rgbno`-o`f NX bno`my Xoùs, Lgtuon, Zomon, Krnxoùs n`j [olurùb. [gry dofd NX/@NX-rntoc (?8-?7%), mcw vnmugs ckFrnbo`gng, Eypgrnegng n`j Wblgmmokgrng. Bc`cmgtg psomntg spcrgs o` orrgfumnr vnmugs (up tc 4%).

O E 4;:-4:8 eb. Knmm ck ugreus tc e. <8%. Ecrymus pgna o` mcwgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g (tc <;%), frnjunmmy jgergnso`f tcw/nrjstdg tcp ck tdg zc`g. Oèrgnsg ck Nmùs o` uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g tc e. 78%. Zomon smofdtmy oèrgnsgj (tc e. :%). Ubnmmpgnas ck Frnbo`gng (bnx. 6%), Eypgrnegng (bnx. 6%), Zypdn n`fustokcmon (bnx. >:%), Nmosbn (bnx. <%), bc`cmgtgpsomntg spcrgs (bnx, ;%).

O L 4?:-4;: eb. Bcst NX n`j @NX o` snbg vnmugs ns jgserolgj kcr tdg tcp ck zc`g O N. Ecrymus >8->7%. Xgna ck ûgreusnt lnsg ck tdg zc`g (78%), upwnrj ec`stn`tmy 57-:8%. Krnxoùs <% o` tcp ck tdg zc`g. Wblgmmokgrng e. 5%. Bc`cmgtgpsomntg kgr` spcrgs prnetoenmmy nlsg`t.

O N ?87-4?: eb. ûgreus oèrgnso`f upwnrj krcb <5 tc :;%, Zomon jgergnso`f krcb <8 tc 5%. Wmbus e. 6%, Nmùs e. 58%.Xgna ck Ecrymus 5<%. Xoùs e. 7%, Lgtuon e. <%. NX/@NX-rntoc oèrgnso`f krcb 6< tc 44%1 Frnbo`gng e. 7%,Eypgrnegng e. 5%, Zypdn n`fustokcmon e. 7%, Wblgmmokgrng pgna ck >7%, Nmosbn pgna >.6%.



:6

Omm o XCMMG@ N@NM_UOU CK LC\O@F BCMG@NN\UF\NNK D6>:d

Juro`f tdg prgpnrntcry fgcmcfoenm bnppo`f (sgg Ed. O), ednrecnm wns kcu`j nt tdg kcct ck tdgDnzg`jcà nt sued n jgptd n`j strntofrnpdoe pcsotoc` tdnt ot fnvg rosg tc tdg suppcsotoc` ck nBgscmotdoe prgdostcrog o`kmugèg (sgg MCWVG ACCWBN@ U >?6;E, kof. <). O` crjgr tc snbpmg tdos ednrecnm, c`g ck tdg lcro`fs ecègr`gj (D6>:, sgg kcr ots pcsotoc` Kof. 5) dns lgg` fcufgj sgvgrnm tobgs.

C`g ck tdg ecrgs (D6>:d5) ec`tno`gj sukkoeoá t ednrecnm kcr E->: jnto`f (;?88 ¾ >88 LX, sgg kurtdgrEd. O[l.> n`j Kof. 58).

Kof. <5. Xcmmg` /c`gs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D6>:d.Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. •?.

Lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D6>:d5

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Zdg snbpmgj ednrecnm ecbgs krcb tdg tcp ck tdg ju`g sn`j (sgg Kof. <5). Krcb tdg cvgrmyo`f tdo`pgnt lgj tdrgg pcmmg` snbpmgs dnvg lgg` tnag`. Zdg snbpmgs sdcw n uòkcrb pcmmg` ecbpcsotoc`.Zdg nvgrnfg vnmugs ck tdg bcst obpcrtn`t tnxn nrg ns kcWcws9 Nmùs <>%, Ecrymus ><%, ûgreus7>%, Zomon <%, Wmbus 5%, Frnbo`gng ><%, Eypgrnegng 7%, Wblgmmokgrng 5%.O` nfrggbg`t wotd tdg ecèmusoc`s jrnw` o` Eds. Ommf n`j Ommd ot os nmsc nppnrg`t krcb tdos sgetoc`tdnt o` tdg Ntmn`toe ju`g vgfgtntoc`, Zomon wns ck bo`cr obpcrtnèg ecbpnrgj tc ûgreus. Zdosdcmjs trug gvg` ok fg`grcus nmmcwnèg os bnjg kcr tdg knet tdnt tdg pcmmg` prcjuetoc` ck Zomon osmcwgr tdn` tdnt ck ûgreus.

OOOi XCMMG@ N@NM_UOU CK LC\O@F BCMG@NN\UF\NNK D<>>:- o` eccpgrntoc` wotd \. Utgg`lgga -

Vccj-pgnt lgj cm <-5

Krcb lcro`f D<>>:, sotuntgj o` tdg @V pnrt ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn (sgg Kof. 5), pgntlgj cm <-5 dns lgg` stujogj pnmy`cmcfoenmmy o` crjgr tc ecbpnrg ot wotd tdg ecrrgspc`jo`f lgj o` tdgUtn`jnrj sgetoc` (sgg Kof. >5) n`j wotd tdg vgry tdoea fyttin mnygr o` lcro`f D<>>7 sotuntgj `gnrly(Ed. Omma). Zdg motdcstrntofrnpdoe jgvgmcpbg`t nt lcro`fs D<>>: n`j D<>>7 os sdcw` o` tdg prckomgo` Kof. <:. O` lcro`f D<>>:, emnstoe lgj em < os rntdgr tdoea. mts mcwgr pnrt os n sn`jy edn``gm komm, lutots uppgr pnrt os n tdoea emny lgj (n`j tdus `ct tc lg rgfnrjgj ns strgnb rojfg). Zdg cvgrmyo`fwccj-pgnt lgj cm <-5 os rntdgr tdo`. Zdg 5.7 b tdoea fyttin mnygr o` lcro`f D<>>7 sotuntgj 48 b tctdg @crtd lgmc`fs Wtdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy tc tdg snbg uòt cm <-5. Zdg tdoea jgvgmcpbg`t ck tdos fyttinmnygr en` lg nserolgj tc tdg prgsgèg ck n mcenm jgprgssoc` o` tdg surkneg ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbn-toc`.



:4

Zdg pgnt lgj, oèmujo`f tdg trn`sotoc` tc tdg u`jgr- n`j cvgrmyo`f emny lgjs (sgg Kof. <7), dns lgg`snbpmgj gvgry eb. Zdg rgsumts ck tdg n`nmysos nrg sdcw` o` Znlmg ? n`j Npp., Kof. q.

Kof. <:. Xrckomg nt lcro`fsBcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<>>: n`j D<>>7.Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

O`tgrprgtntoc` ck tdg pcmmg` zc`gsYc`g O (6>8-;?> eb lgmcw mn`j-surkneg). Nk tgr scbg Xdrnfbotgs frcwtd juro`f tdg ko`nm emny jgpcso-toc` nt tdg lcttcb ck tdg zc`g, n emcsgj swnbp kcrgst jgvgmcpgj. Ot ec`sostgj bno`my ck Nmùs n`jscbg Unmox. Juro`f tdg kcrbntoc` ck tdg uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g, tdg swnbp kcrgst nfno` lgenbgscbgwdnt bcrg cpg`, n`j lgenusg ck tdos, ûgreus pcmmg` krcb tdg ju`gs n`j pcssolmy krcb strgnbrojfgs ecumj rgned tdg mcenmoty ck tdg sgetoc` bcrg gkkgetovgmy.

Yc`g OON (;?>-;67 eb). Zdg swnbp kcrgst survovgj, nmlgot prclnlmy wotd mgss Unmox, nt tdg mcenmoty cktdg sgetoc`. @ct knr krcb ot, n vgfgtntoc` ck Wòen, Ucmnùb jumenbnrn n`j Komopg`jumn gxostgj. Zdosvgfgtntoc` wcumj dnvg frcw` c` n ùtrotocus sulstrntub, bcst prclnlmy wnstgj pmn`t bntgronm

jroktgj nsdcrg nmc`f tdg mnag, wdcsg gxostgèg os gvojgègj ly nbc`f ctdgrs fyttin sgetoc` D<>>7.Kmcnto`f bnts bny dnvg ceeurrgj o` tdos sdcrg vgfgtntoc`9 YC@@G[GMJ (>?;8, p. <>>) bg`toc`sUcmnùb jumenbnrn ns n` obpcrtn`t ecbpc`g`t ck kmcnto`f-bnt vgfgtntoc` o` tdg kcrbgrmy krgsd-wntgr tojnm nrgn ck tdg Logslcsed (prcv. ck Yuoj-Dcmmn`j).

Yc`g OOL (;67-;;< eb). Zdg swnbp kcrgst dnj lgecbg frnjunmmy bcrg cpg` (oèrgnsg ck Wblgmmo-kgrng, @ybpdngn n`j Unmox). Nt tdg snbg tobg emny jgpcsotoc` oèrgnsgj1 tdg trn`sotoc` krcb pgntlgj cm <-5 tc tdg cvgrmyo`f emny lgj em 5 os vgry frnjunm. Zdg dofdgr vnmugs ck Nrtgboson n`j \ubgxpcmmg` sdcumj pgrdnps lg nttrolutgj tc prgdostcrog ceeupntoc` c` tdg rovgr ju`gs.



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Kof. <;. Xcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<>>7.

Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

Znlmg ?. Jgseroptoc` ck pcmmg` zc`gs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<>>:.

L ;67-;;< eb. Kurtd grjg ergn sgck Nmùs tc g. ;8 % o` tcpck t k ogzc`g 1 oèrgnsg ck Ecrymus tcg. >7%. Umofdt rosgck Xoùs,

Zomon, Wmbus n`j Unmox. Wrtoen jggrgnsgj tc g. <-5%1 nmsc jgergn sg ck Ucmnùb n`j Komopg`jumn. Umofdt o`grgnsg ck @yb-

pdngnegng, Wblgmmokgrng n`j Nrtgboson. Ctdgr @NX (Frnbo`gng, Eypgrnegng n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon) snbg ns o` zc`g

OO N. Umofdt oèrgnsg ck bc`cmgtg psomntg kgr` spcrgs tc g. 7% .

N ;?>-;67 eb. Zrn`sotoc ` krcb zc`g O tc zc`g OO N ednrnetgrosgj ly oèrgnsg ck sgvgrnm NX . Frnjunm jgergnsg ck Nmùs

tc 68%1 frnjunm o`grgnsg ck Ecrymus tc >8% n`j ck Wmbus tc g. 5-: %. Orrgfumnr ûg rgus vnmugs g. >8%. Jgergnsg ck

Unmox1 sbnmm pgnas ck Dgjgrn. Obpcrtn`t vnmugs ck Wrtoen (7->8%), ctdgr @NX bno`my Frnbo`gng , Eypgrnegng, Zypdn

n`fustokcmon, Komopg`jumn n`j Ucmnùb (nmm mgss tdn` 7%).

O 6>8-;?> eb. Dofd Nmùs vn mugs (48- 47%)1 vgry mcw @NX vnmugs. ûg rgus o `grgnso`f kr cb e. 7% o` tdg mcwgr pnrt tc

g. >8% o` tdg uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g. Mcw vnmugs ck Xoùs, Zomon n`j Wmbu s. \ntdgr obpcrtn`t vnmug s ck Unmox (bnx.

:%). Dgjgrn prgsg`t o` mcwgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g (g. <%) . Ubnmm pgna ck Frnbo`gng nt lnsg ck tdg zc`g.



78

Omma XCMMG@ N@NM_UOU CK LC\O@F BCMG@NN\UF\NNK D<>>7

- o` eccpgrntoc` wotd \. Utgg`lgga -

Fyttin lgj cm <-5

Zdg Dtdcstrntofrnpdoenm pcsotoc` ck tdg uùsunmmy tdoea fyttin o` lcro`f D<>>7 dns lgg` sgt cut oÈd. OOOi. Zdg lnsg ck tdos fyttin mnygr os ecrrgmntovg wotd crfnòe lgj cm <n-<l, `ct c`my motdcstrnto-

frnpdoenmmy (sgg Kof. <:), lut nmsc edrc`cstrntofrnpdoenmmy (c` tdg lnsos ck n E->: jnto`f, sgg Ed. O[,Kofs. <? n`j <6). Crfnòe lgj cm <n-<l u`jgrmogs tdg obpcrtn`t emnstoe lgj em <l o` tdg fg`grnm motdc-strntofrnpdoe sedgbg. Zdos bgn`s tdnt pnrt ck tdg fyttin jgpcsotoc` ck tdg sgetoc` ecègr`gj dnjtnag` pmneg nt tdg tobg ck tdg emny jgpcsotoc` ck lgj em <l. Zdg nob ck tdg pcmmg` n`nmysos ck tdosfyttin sgetoc` os tdgrgkcrg `ct c`my n ecbpn`sc` wotd tdg motdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy ecrrgmntovg pgnt lgjcm <-5 (sgg Ed. OOOi), lut nmsc n ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg edrc`cstrntofrnpdoenmmy pnrtmy ecrrgmntovg emnylgj em <l.O` tdg n`nmysos tdg trn`sotoc`s tc tdg u`jgr- n`j cvgrmyo`f emny lgjs (sgg Kof. <;) dnvg nmsc lgg` stu-jogj. Zdg mcwgr 67 eb ck tdg sgetoc` dns lgg` snbpmgj gvgry eb, tdg rgbnoò`f pnrt gvgry 5 eb.Zdg rgsumts ck tdg n`nmysos nrg sdcw` o` Znlmg >8.


Yc`g O (?78-?:< eb lgmcw mn`j-surkneg). Zdos zc`g os sotuntgj o` tdg tcp ck tdg emny lgj lgmcw tdgfyttin sgetoc`, n`j jokkgrs krcb tdg cvgrmyo`f zc`g bno`my o` tdg Zomon pgreg`tnfg. Zdg dofdgr Zomonvnmugs o` tdg emny en` nppnrg`tmy lg gxpmno`gj ly rovgr suppmy krcb tdg do`tgrmn`j (sgg nmsc Ed.OOOe.5).

Yc`g OO (?:<-;48 eb). Vdgrgns o` `gnrmy tdg wdcmg stujy nrgn lnso`-emny sgjobg`tntoc` ceeurrgj(lgj em <l), dgrg bno`my mneustro`g crfnòe (fyttin-)sgjobg`tntoc` tcca pmneg. Nt tdg surkneg ck tdgmnag @ybpdngnegng frgw dgrg n`j tdgrg. C` tdg sdcrg ck tdg mnag, prgsubnlmy nt pmnegs wdgrg

crfnòe bntgronm sued ns wccj rgbno`s jroktgj nsdcrg (sgg nmsc Ed. OOOi), n vgfgtntoc` ck Wrtoen,Ucmnùb jumenbnrn n`j Komopg`jumn ceeurrgj. Frnbo`gng, Eypgrnegng, Zypdn n`fustokcmon n`j kgr`sfrgw nmc`f tdg sdcrg. Xrgsubnlmy Unmox ceeurrgj mcenmmy tdgrg tcc. Nmùs swnbp kcrgst wcumj dnvgceeurrgj bno`my nmc`f tdg lcrjgrs ck `nturnm mgvggs n`j rovgr ju`gs, c` wdcsg dofdgr pnrts pnrtoeu-mnrmy ûgreus, Wmbus n`j Ecrymus ceeurrgj, wotd Zomon n`j Krnxoùs tc n mgssgr jgfrgg.

Yc`g WON (;48-;5< eb). Zdg wntgr jgptd ck tdg mnag dnj strc`fmy jgergnsgj, ns wot`gssgj ly tdggxtg`sovg frcwtd ck Wblgmmokgrng o` tdg nrgn jorgetmy surrcu`jo`f tdg sgetoc`. Zdg jgergnso`f wntgrjgptd rgsumtgj o` jgpcsotoc` ck n ecnrsgr fyttin o` tdg uppgr pnrt ck tdg zc`g (sgg Kof. <71 sgg nmscEd. OOn.5 ‚ Crfnòe jgpcsots). Ot os pmnusolmg tdnt tdos g`vorc`bg`tnm edn`fg ecrrgspc`js wotd tdg

crofo` ck Xdrnfbotgs kogmjs n`j swnbp kcrgsts o` bcst ck tdg rgbnoò`f pnrt ck tdg stujy nrgn (tdgkcrbntoc` ck pgnt lgj cm <-51 ek. Ed OOOe, zc`g ?, Ed. Ommd, zc`g OOL n`j Ed. OOOi, zc`g O). Zdgdofdgr Ecrymus pcmmg` vnmugs bny lg nttrolutgj tc dnzgm lusdgs c` tdg `nturnm mgvggs cr strgnbrojfgs ck emnstoe lgj em <. Lgenusg ck tdg rgmntovg wntgr-mgvgm knmm bg`toc`gj nlcvg tdg edn``gm komms cklgj em <l bofdt dnvg gbgrfgj nmrgnjy ns strgnb rojfgs (ek. Ed. OOOe, zc`g ?).

Yc`g OOOL (;5<-;8< eb). Zdg wntgr jgptd ck tdg mnag sggbs tc dnvg oèrgnsgj nfno`. Zdg jgpcsotoc`ck tdos pnrt ck tdg fyttin mnygr ecoèojgs wotd tdg wojgsprgnj fyttin jgpcsotoc` o` tdg stujy nrgn, nsrgecrjgj o` tdg uppgr pnrt ck crfnòe lgj cm <-5 (sgg Ed. OOn.5).



7>

Znlmg >8. Jgseroptoc ck pcmmg zc`gs o lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<>>7.

OOO E ;8<-7;4 eb. Utrc`fmy rgsgblmo`f zc`g OOO N, lut mcwgr vnmugs ck Ecrymus n`j Wblgmmokgrng, Lgtuon n`j Frnbo`gngsmofdtmy dofdgr vnmugs. Nt lnsg ck tdg zc`g pgnm=s ck Frnbo`gng, Wblgmmokgrng, Nrtgboson, Edg`cpcjonegng, Wrtoen n`jbc`cmgtg psomntg kgr` spcrgs.

OOO L ;5<-;8< eb. Ecbpnrgj tc zc`g OOO N mcwgr vnmugs ck Ecrymus, Xoùs, Zomon, Wmbus n`j Wblgmmokgrng, dofdgr vnmugs ckNmùs (e. 68%).

OOO N ;48-;5< eb. Obpcrtn`t pgnas ck Ecrymus (bnx. 78%), cppcso`f mcwgr vnmugs ck Nmùs. Umofdtmy oèrgnsgj vnmugs ckXoùs, Zomon n`j Wmbus. Umofdt jgergnsg ck ûgreus. Unmox prnetoenmmy nlsg`t. Dofd vnmugs ck Wblgmmokgrng, wotd pgnasroso`f tc <8 n`j 57%. Upnrfnòub, @ybpdngnegng, Komopg`jumn, Ucmnùb n`j Wrtoen jgergnsgj1 ctdgr @NXuèdn`fgj.

OO ?:<-;48 eb. Ecbprosgs tdg mnrfgr pnrt ck tdg sgetoc`. \ntdgr ec`stn`t vnmugs ck bcst NX n`j @NX. Nmùs jcbo`n`t(e. 68%)1 Ecrymus e. >8->7%1 ûgreus e. 7->8%. \gfumnrceeurrgèg ck Unmox (mgss tdn` 5%). Ctdgr NX bno`my Wmbus(5-7%), Xoùs, Lgtuon n`j Zomon. NX/@NX-rntoc kmuetunto`f lgtwgg` 48 n`j ?8%. Frnbo`gng, Eypgrnegng, Zypdn

n`fustokcmon, Upnrfnòub, @ybpdngnegng, Wblgmmokgrng, Komopg`jumn, Ucmnùb, Nrtgboson n`j Wrtoen prgsg`t o` mcwvnmugs. Bc`cmgtg psomntg kgr` spcrgs e. >8%.

O ?78-?:< eb. Ecbpnrgj tc zc`g OO (sgg tdgrg) dofdgr vnmugs ck ûgreus, Zom on, Wmbus n`j Ecrymus, mcwgr vnmugs ck Nmùs.

Yc`g OOOE (;8<-7;4 eb). Zdos zc`g os Dtdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy sotuntgj o` tdg trn`sotoc` krcb fyttin lgjcm <-5 tc emny lgj em 5 (sgg Kof. <7). Uobumtn`gcusmy wotd tdg oèrgnsg ck tdg emny jgpcsotoc`, tdg

Nmùs swnbp kcrgsts jgergnsgj o` sozg, n`j tdg frcwtd ck Frnbo`gng (prgsubnlmy Xdrnfbotgs)

oèrgnsgj scbgwdnt. Zdg dofdgr Nrtgboson n`j Edg`cpcjonegng vnmugs en` prclnlmy lg nserolgj tcprgdostcrog ceeupntoc` o`kmugègs c` tdg rovgr ju`gs.

OOOO KW@FNM UXC\GU

Juro`f tdg pcmmg` n`nmysos ck nmm tdg sgetoc`s joseussgj tdg ku`fnm spcrgs dnvg nmsc lgg` n`nmysgj.Lgenusg ku`fnm spcrgs nrg jokkoeumt tc ojg`toky, o`kcrbnm ' typgs' dnvg lgg` josto`fuosdgj. Ecbpnros-c`s ck tdgsg typgs wotd tdcsg josto`fuosdgj ly ctdgrs (sgg lgmcw) nrg ck ecursg usgkum lut en``ctmgnj tc prgeosg ojg`tokoentoc`s ‚ `c agys gxost (ek. KNGF\O >?67, p. <>7). Bcst ck tdg josto`fuosdgjtypgs nrg sdcw` o` Xmntg >.

Ucbg fg`grnm ecèmusoc`s nrg jrnw` dgrg lrogkmy. Korstmy, o` nmm sgetoc`s tdg kmuetuntoc`s o` tdg ku`fnmspcrg eurvgs cktg` ru` bcrg cr mgss pnrnmmgm (sgg g.f. pcmmg` jonfrnbs Kofs.*>< n`j*>7). Zdos bgn`stdnt, tc fovg n fg`grnm vogw, nmm ku`fnm spcrgs bofdt lg ecblo`gj o` c`g eurvg `gxt tc tdg ctdgrs.Ugec`jmy, tdg ku`fnm spcrgs ceeur bno`my o` emny lgjs n`j emnygy Xdrnfbotgs-pgnt lgjs. Zdos bgn`stdnt tdg spcrgs bny dnvg ecbg pnrtmy krcb ku`fo frcwo`f c` Xdrnfbotgs n`j ctdgr dgrls. N mnrfgrprcpcrtoc` ck tdg spcrgs, dcwgvgr, bofdt dnvg lgg` suppDgj ly rovgr wntgr krcb upstrgnb nrgns, oècbbc` trn`spcrt wotd tdg emny pnrtoemgs.Ucbg ck tdg typgs sdcw` o` Xmntg > nrg ecbpnrnlmg wotd typgs josto`fuosdgj ly XNMU gt nm. (>?48) o`n Dcmceg`g sgetoc` o` Vgst-Krogsmn`j (o` tdg `crtdgr` pnrt ck tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnmpmno`). Zypg N: strc`fmy rgsgblmgs typg >>6 josto`fuosdgj tdgrg, wdoed sdcws `c rgmntoc` tc tdg



7<



75

mcenm vgfgtntoc` n`j ceeurs bno`my o` n emny lgj. Zypg D' os prclnlmy tdg snbg ns typg ><>, wdoedceeur s tdgrg o` n mneus tro` g jgpcsot. Zyp g J strc`fmy rgsgb lmgs typg ><<, wdoed os bno` my rgmntgj tcUnmox swnbp kcrgst tdgrg.

Vdg` bcrg pulmoentoc`s nppgnr nlcut ku`fnm spcrg typgs ceeurro`f o` gutrcpdoe g`vorc`bg`ts, gspg-eonmmy ecègrò`f tdgor ojg`tokoentoc` n`j tdgor gecmcfoenm sofòkoenèg, ot womm lg pcssolmg tc gvnmuntgo` bcrg jgtnom tdg ku`fnm spcrg typg eurvgs o` pcmmg` jonfrnbs Kofs.*>< n`j*>7.

Ommb UZ\N_ KO @J U CK K\W OZU

Juro`f tdg fgcmcfoenm kogmj bnppo`f ceensoc`nmmy kruots wgrg snbpmgj krcb tdg ecrgs. Zdos c`my ecègr`s tdcsg kruot spgeogs, tdnt nrg gnsomy rgecfòznlm g o` tdg sgjobg`t wotd t dg `nag j gyg. Lgenusg cktdg mnrfg o`dgrg`t ednèg knetcr, tdos bgtdcj os `ct ecbpnrnlmg tc tdg systgbntoe kruot n`nmysos cktdg Utn`jnr j lcro` f (sgg Ed. OOOe.:). @gvgr tdgmg ss scbg qu nýt nto vg ecèmuso c`s en` lg jrn w` krcbtdg n`nmysos ck tdg strny snbpmgj kruots.

Kruots ck Ecrùs sn`fuo`gn dnvg lgg` kcu`j o` pgnt n` j emny lgjs nt sdcrt jostn ègs krcb rovgrju`gs n`j strgnb rojfgs. Ecrùs sdruls wcumj dnvg kcrbgj pnrt ck tdg kcrgst stn`js c` tdgsg

dofdgr nrgns1 tdg kruots bny dnvg pnrtmy lgg` trn`spcrtgj ly wntgr.O` wccj-pgnt lgjs kruots ck Orospsgujnecrb dnvg lgg` kcu`j. Npp nrg `tm y, tdos pmn` t ceeu rrg j o` tdgu`jgrfrcwtd ck tdg Nmùs swnbp kcrgsts.

Kruots ck @ybpdngn nmln n`j @updnr mutgub dnvg lgg` kcu`j gspgeonmmy o` fyttin lgjs, n`j u`jg r-mo`g tdgrgkcrg tdg mneustro`g `nturg ck tdg jgpcsotoc`nm g`vo rc`bg` t. Kru ots ck Cg`n`tdg nquntoendnvg nmsc lgg` kcu`j o` tdg fyttins, gspgeonmmy o` tdg uppgr pnrt ck crfnòe lgj cm <-51 tdos pmn`tbny dnv g lgg` frcw o`f nt sdnmmcw pco `ts o` tdg mnags, g.f. nmc`f tdg sdcrg s.

O` ec``getoc` wotd tdgsg kruot ko`js o` fyttin lgjs, bg`toc` sdcumj nmsc lg bnjg dgrg ck tdg ko`j‚ nmsc o` fyttin lgjs ‚ ck twc spgeobg`s ck tdg ececc` ck tdg mgged Xosoecmn fgcbgtrn (typg >5? o`XNMU gt nm. >?48). Zdos mgged prgkgrs n` cpg`-wntgr g`vorc`bg`t wotdcut pgrocjoenm jryo`f cut(oloj.).

Kruots ck Ueorpus n` j @updnr mutgub o` pgnt lgj op o` tdg Mgg rj nb stujy nrgn pco` t tc mcenm n `j / crtgb pcr nry cpg `-wn tgr ec`j otoc `s o` tdg g`vo rc` bg`t ck jgpcs otoc ` ck tdos pgnt lgj. Zdos wcum j lgo` nfrggbg`t wotd tdg eurvgs ck Eypgrnegng, @ybpdngn, @updnr n`j vnrocu s ku`fnm spcrgs o` zc`gOOL o` tdg pcmmg` sgetoc` ec`tnoò`f tdos pgnt lgj (Kof.*>7).

Xmntg >. O`kcrbnm ku`fnm spcrg typgs. Uenmg9 >.< eb 2 >8 bu.



7:

O[ ED\C@CUZ\NZOF\NXD_

O[n O@Z\CJWEZOC@

Edrc`cstrntofrnpdy os usgj dgrg korst tc gstnlmosd tdg edrc`cmcfy ck tdg fgcmcfoenm n`j pnmgcgecmcfo-enm gvcmutoc` o` lctd stujy nrgns. Nmsc, ly edrc`cstrntofrnpdoenm ecbpnrosc`s ck lctd stujy nrgnsbutunmmy n`j wotd tdg rgsumts ck prgvocus o`vgstofntoc`s o` tdg rovgr rgfoc`, ot bny lg pcssolmg tcstntg tdg jgfrgg ck rgfoc`nm oscedrc`y (sobumtn`goty) ck tdg pdnsgs ck fgcmcfoenm gvcmutoc`. Zdos wommo`vcmvg tdg obpcrtn`t qugstoc` ck wdgtdgr tdg eyemoeoty o` tdg emnstoe sgjobg`tntoc`, ns gxprgssgj o`tdg stujy nrgns o` tdg nmtgr`ntoc` ck emny- n`j pgnt lgjs, dns c`my mcenm sofòkoenèg (nutceyemoeoty,g.f. ly sdokto`f ck rovgrs1 UGMMG_ >?64, p. ;8) cr nmsc rgfoc`nm sofòkoenèg (nmmceyeWeoty1 oloj.).Zdg edrc`cstrntofrnpdy ck tdg jgpcsots lgmc`fo`f tc tdg uppgr pnrt ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`(mcnb n`j rovgr ju`gs), ns sgt kcrtd tg`tntovgmy o` Ed. O[e, dns lgg` lnsgj mnrfgmy c` pnmy`cmcfoenmrgsumts n`j fgcfg`gtoenm nrfubg`ts (rgmnto`f tc tdg jgpcsotoc`nm ec`jotoc`s). Zdg edrc`cstrntofrnpdyck tdg jgpcsots lgmc`fo`f tc tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` (bno`my rgmntgj tc tdg eyemoeoty ck emny- n`jpgnt lgjs) dns lgg` lnsgj mnrfgmy c` E->: jntgs, lut pnrtmy nmsc c` nredgcmcfoenm jntn.

O[l JNZO@FU

m[l.> E->: jntgs

Bcst E->: jntgs rgmntg tc snbpmgs tnag` nt tdg lnsg n`j tcp ck pgnt mnygrs. O` tdg eyemoe nmtgr`ntoc`ck emny- n`j pgnt lgjs tdgrgkcrg, ot os tdg pgnt lgjs tdnt dnvg lgg` jntgj. Ec`sgqug`tmy, tdgsg jntgsnrg nmwnys lgkcrg n`j nktgr n pgrocj ck emny jgpcsotoc`, o` tdg ensg ck pgnt snbpmgs nt tdg lnsg n`jtcp rgspgetovgmy ck n emny lgj. Ns tdg Wtdcmcfoenm trn`sotoc`s lgtwgg` tdg emny- n`j pgnt lgjs nrgfg`grnmmy rntdgr frnjunm ‚ nt mgnst o` tdg lnso` g`vorc`bg`t, wdgrg tdg jntgs ecbg krcb ‚, ot ospmnusolmg tdnt tdgrg nrg `c obpcrtn`t sgjobg`tnry dontusgs nt tdg lcu`jnrogs. Zdos bgn`s tdnt o`fg`grnm n jntg kcr tdg g`j ck n pgrocj ck pgnt kcrbntoc` bny nmsc sgrvg ns jnto`f tdg stnrt ck tdgsulsgqug`t emny jgpcsotoc`1 n`j tdnt o` fg`grnm n jntg kcr tdg stnrt ck n pgrocj ck pgnt kcrbntoc`bny nmsc sgrvg ns jnto`f tdg g`j ck tdg prgegjo`f pgrocj ck emny jgpcsotoc`.

O` jnto`f tdg eyemoe emny/pgnt strntofrnpdy, tdg Dtdc- n`j locstrntofrnpdoenm Utn`jnrj lcro`f Dm >>8(Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn) dns `nturnmmy lgg` fovg` procroty. O` njjotoc` motdcstrntofrnpdoenmrgprgsg`tntovg lcro`fs dnvg lgg` tnag` kcr tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn. Zdg obpcrtnèg ck motdcstrntofrnpdoenm rgprgsg`tntovg`gss ck tdg jntgj sgetoc`s os strgssgj dgrg, lgenusg g.f. nt pmnegs wdgrg emnylgjs wgjfg cut (gspgeonmmy nt tdg rovgr-ju`g kmnàs) E->: jntgs bofdt lg mgss rgprgsg`tntovg kcr tdgwdcmg stujy nrgn.Zdg snbpmgj ecrgs bgnsurg 7 eb o` jonbgtgr1 tdg (vgrtoenm) tdoea`gss ck tdg snbpmgs vnrogs (sggKofs. <6-5>) n`j nbcu`ts c` n` nvgrnfg tc e. 5 eb. Zdg cutgr mnygr ck tdg ecrgs wns rgbcvgj, lut`c rcctmgts cr ctdgr pcssolmg ec`tnbo`nto`f bntgronm wns rgbcvgj krcb tdg rgbnoò`f pnrts. Zdosneecrjs wotd gxosto`f prnetosg o` tdg E->: snbpmo`f ck pgnty bntgronm. Kcr n joseussoc` ck tdos pcssolmg scureg ck grrcr, sgg UZ\GOK (>?6>), \CGMG[GMJ (>?6:) n`j [N@ JG XMNUUEDG (>?6?-48). Zdgsnbpmgs dnvg lgg` jntgj nt tdg Utntg Wòvgrsoty Frcò`fg`, Zdg @gtdgrmn`js, u`jgr tdg supgrvosoc`ck Xrck. Jr. V.F. Bcca. Zdg rgsumts nrg fovg` o` ec`vg`toc`nm E->: ygnrs LX (lgkcrg prgsg`t, o.g.lgkcrg N.J. >?78), wotd n Utn`jnrj jgvontoc` ck c`g sofbn1 tdg dnmk mokg usgj wns 7768 ygnrs.Zdg rgsumts ck nmm E->: jnto`fs enrrogj cut kcr tdg prgsg`t stujy nrg prgsg`tgj o` Kofs. <6-5>. Zdgtcpcfrnpdoe pcsotoc` ck tdg lcro`fs ecègr`gj en` lg sgg` o` Kofs. 5 n`j :. O` Kofs. <6-5>, nfg,motdcmcfy n`j motdcstrntofrnpdy ck nmm snbpmgs nrg o`joentgj. Ugvgrnm ck tdgsg kofurgs en` lg ecbpnrgjjorgetmy tc tdcsg o`joento`f tdg pcmmg` zc`gs (Ed. OOO, Kofs. >5, >;, >4, >?, <5 n`j <;)1 tdgsg rgmntg tcsgetoc`s wdgrg lctd pcmmg` n`nmysos n`j E->: jnto`fs dnvg lgg` enrrogj cut.

Ucbg jntgs rgquorg kurtdgr ecbbg`t tdn` sdcw` o` tdg kofurgs. Zdgsg jntgs nrg joseussgj dgrg krcbcmjgst tc ycu`fgst n`j kcr tdg twc nrgns sgpnrntgmy.



Lcro `f Bcm g`nnrsfrnn k D >>>8

Kof. <6. E->: jntgs o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Dm >>8(Utn`jnrj lcro`f). Kcr motmocmcfoenm mgfg`j, ,sgg Kof. *?.

JI 0 o EM K"rt = eJ l=e Y C

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4566

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4585454<

4545

458:

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7:;-778

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7;

O` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn tdrgg jnto`fs dnvg lgg` enrrogj cut ck tdg lnsg ck crfnòe lgj cm l(tdg 'lnsnm pgnt'), kcrbo`f nmsc tdg lnsg ck tdg wdcmg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`. Zdg cmjgst jntg (?668 ¾

>88 LX) os krcb tdg lnsg ck tdg fyttin kommo`f n jgprgssoc` o` tdg surkneg ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` (lcro`f D>758, Kof. <4n1 sgg nmsc Ed. Omm g, Kofs. >6 n`j >4). N E->: jntg krcb tdg snbgjgprgssoc` o`koWo`f, dut krcb smofdtmy dofdgr o` tdg strntofrnpdy, fovgs n <888 ygnrs ycu`fgr jntg(6668 ¾ 48 LX, sgg Kof. <4l). Zdg vgry lnsg ck tdg crfnòe kommo`f, lgmcw tdg mnttgr snbpmg, ec`sosts

ck strc`fmy nbcrpdcus pgnt boxgj wotd sn`j. O` tdg strntofrnpdy ck lcro`f Dm758 (wotd tdg nfg ck?668 LX nt ots lnsg) tdg <888 y. ycu`fgr jntg sdcumj prclnlmy lg rgmntgj tc tdg rg`gwgj fyttin sgjo-bg`tntoc` nktgr tdg pcWg`n`nmytoenmmy (Ed. Ommg) gstnlmosdgj dontus (o` tdg bojjmg ck tdg fyttin mnygr,

iust nlcvg tdg o`tgrenmntoc` ck sn`jy emny, sgg Kof. <4n).

Zdg lnsnm-pgnt jntg o` tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f (Kof. <6) sdcws n` nfg ck 65<8 ¾ >>8 LX kcr tdg lnsg,n`j 6568 ¾ >88 LX kcr tdg tcp ck tdg lgj. Zdg jntgs k nmm wgmm wotdo` gned ctdgrs ' Utn`jnrj jgvon-toc`1 nrlotrnromy, tdg stnrt ck crfnòe neeubumntoc` dgrg nt tdos Utn`jnrj jgptd bny lg put nt e. 6:88LX. Ecbpnrnlmg tc tdos, nrg tdg lnsnm-pgnt jntgs ck IGMFG\UBN (>?;>, p. 5>) krcb tdg mcenmoty ckLrn`jwoia, sotuntgj e. 5 ab @V ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn9 67:8 ¾ >?8 LX (Fr@ <8>, >8.84b lgmcw @.N.X.) n`j 6<:8 ¾ <58 LX (Fr@ >4;, >>.?4 b lgmcw @.N.X.).Zdg tdorj jntg ecègrò`f tdg lnsg ck tdg lnsnm pgnt o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn, os c` tdg

ednrecnm ceeurro`f nt ?.?8 b lgmcw @.N.X. nt tdg kcct ck tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g (sgg Ed. Ommo).Zdg nfg ck tdos ednrecnm myo`f jorgetmy lgmcw tdg lnsnm pgnt (sgg Kof. <4e1 ;?88 ¾ >88 LX) rgvgnms npcssolmy wntgr-mgvgm rosg-o`juegj jokkgrgèg krcb tdg jntg o` tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f (6:88 LX)1 tdgycu`fgr snbpmg dgs 48 eb dofdgr tdn` tdg cmjgr c`g. Zdos wcumj kot wotd tdg fg`grnm poeturg ck mntgrlnsnm-pgnt frcwtd nt dofdgr mcenmotogs lgenusg ck tdg Dcmceg`g wntgr-mgvgm rosg (IGMFG\UBN >?;>1 sggnmsc Ed. On).Zwc ec`tofucus E->: snbpmgs dnvg lgg` tnag` krcb tdg 6 eb tdoea pgnty lgj cm <n-<l o` tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f (Kof. <6). Zdg nfgs cltno`gj, ;:<8 ¾ 68 LX kcr tdg mcwgr n`j ;788 ¾ ?8 LX kcr tdguppgr snbpmg, nrg nvgrnfgj dgrg tc e. ;:78 LX kcr tdg wdcmg lgj.Zdg ec`kmoeto`f motdc- n`j edrc`cstrntofrnpdy ck tdg vgry tdoea fyttin mnygr (cm <-5) o` lcro`f D<>>7dnvg lgg` joseussgj o` Ed. Omma. Vdgrgns o` `gnrmy tdg wdcmg stujy nrgn o`tg`sovg kmuvontomg sgjobg`-

tntoc` ceeurrgj krcb e. ;:78 tc e. ;878 LX (lgj em <l, sgg Kof. <6), mneustro`g crfnòe jgpcsotoc`ceeurrgj nt lcro`f D<>>79 tdg lnsg ck tdg fyttin mnygr jntgs krcb ;:68 ¾ >78 LX, sgg Kof. <?).Juro`f tdg snbpmo`f ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f, tdg pgnty emny o`tgrenmntoc` o` tdg sn`jy sgetoc` ck emnylgj em : (sgg Kof. <6) wns suppcsgj tc lgmc`f motdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy tc crfnòe lgj cm :n-:l. Dcw-gvgr, tdg mccsg strueturg ck tdg lgj, tdg knet tdnt tdg pgnty emny nmsc ec`tno`s scbg sn`j, n`j tdgnlsgèg ck tdg lgj o` tdg `gofdlcuro`f lcro`fs bnag ots motdcstrntofrnpdoe o`tgrprgtntoc` uègrtno`.Zdg nfg ck tdg E->: snbpmg ck tdg lgj (:568 ¾ ><8 LX1 Fr@ 4566) os cmjgr tdn` tdg tcp ck tdgmcwgr myo`f pgnt lgj cm 5-: (:>68 ¾ ;8 LX1 Fr@ 4564). Zdg motdcmcfy ck pgnt lgj cm 5-: mgnvgs `cjcult ns tc tdg rgmonlomoty ck tdg mnttgr jntg. Zdg bcst prclnlmg scmutoc` tc tdg prclmgb ck tdgkcrbgr jntg (:568 ¾ ><8 LX) os tdnt ot rgmntgs tc rgwcragj crfnòe bntgronm, jgrovgj ly grcsoc`krcb pgnt lgj cm 5-:.

O` tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn n pogeg ck wccj krcb tdg tcp ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` dns lgg`jntgj ns ?:88 ¾ ><8 LX (sgg Kof. 58n). Zdg snbpmg ecbgs krcb tdg snbg jgprgssoc` ns tdg pcmmg`sgetoc` joseussgj o` Ed. Ommk. Zdg pcsotoc` ck tdg wccj os sued (o` tdg sn`j lgmcw tdg fyttino`koWo f), tdnt tdg jntg `ggj `ct rgmntg tc tdg stnrt ck tdg fyttin jgpcsotoc`. Zdos os o` nfrggbg`twotd tdg pnmy`cmcfoenm jnto`f ck tdg lnsg ck tdg fyttin, `nbgmy Lcrgnm.O` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn pgnt lgj op kcrbs tdg sgpnrntoc` lgtwgg` tdg twc bno` emnstoe lgjs, mgp n`j up(sgg g.f. prckomg O[, Kof.* >8). Zdg lnsg ck tdos pgnt lgj o` n `crbnm so tuntoc` (o.g. cutsojg strgnbrojfgs n`j rovgr ju`gs) jntgs krcb ;8?8 ¾ 68 LX (lcro`f U5<<1 sgg prckomg O[ n`j Kof. 58l). N jnto`f krcb tdg lnsg ck tdg snbg dtdcstrntofrnpdoenm uòt op o` n` gxtrgbgmy dofd pcsotoc`, `nbgmy c`



76

Lcr o`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D >758 Lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D >8:7

EM 00 8.' Gtt-' G=0, nm u

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Kof. <4n. E->: jntg o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk' D>758.Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg m"of. *?.

Kof. <4l. E->: jntg o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D>8:7.Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

cr o`f Bc mg`nnrsf rnn k D6 >: d5

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Kof. <4e. E->: jntg o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D6>:d5.Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

Kof. <?. E->: jntg o` lcro`f Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk D<O>7.K''cr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

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Kof. 58n. E->: jntg o` lcro`f Mggrjnb U5<< O.Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

Kof. 58l. E->: jntg o` lcro`f Mggrjnb U5<< OO.Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

Lcro` f Mgg rjnb s >:>

JM

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Kof. 58e. E->: jntgs o` lcro`f Mggrjnb UO:>.Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.



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Lc ro `f Mggrjnb U >5> Lc ro `f Mggrjn`` U >8?

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Kof. 5>l. E->: jnmg o` lcro`f Mggrjnb U>8?.Kcr motdcmcfoenm mgfg`j, sgg Kof, *?.

8) j)

•û `

Kof. 5>n. E->: jntgs o` lcro`f Mggrjnb U>5>.Kcr motdcmcfognm mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *?.

tcp ck tdg dofdmy roso`f Bojjgmaccp strgnb rojfg. rgsumtgj o` n bued ycu`fgr nfg9 :488 ¾ 68 LX(sgg Kof. 58e). Zdg motdcstrntofrnpdoenm pcsotoc` ck tdg lcro`f ecègr`gj, U>:> (sgg Kof. : kcr mcen-toc`), os nlcut bojwny lgtwgg` tdnt ck lcro`f U576 n`j tdnt ck lcro`f U574 o prckomg O[ (Kof.* >8).Zdg jonedrc`y (jokkgrgègs ck nfg wotdo` n ýtdcstrntofrnpdoe pmn`g) jgbc`strntgj o`joentgs tdnt pgntfrcwtd c` tdg dofdgst pnrts ck tdg strgnb rojfg stnrtgj bued mntgr tdn` o` tdg lnso`s. Zdus, tdgsgdofdgst pnrts ck tdg Bojjgmaccp strgnb rojfg sdcumj dnvg rgbno`gj jry krcb e. ;>88 LX (nktgr tdgpgrocj ck o`tg`sovg kmuvonm emnstoe sgjobg`tntoc` ck lgj mgp) up tc e. :488 LX. Xnmy`cmcfoenm suppcrtkcr tdos en` lg kcu`j o` zc`g OOO ck sgetoc` U5<< O (Ed. Om mj). Zdgrg nrg ck ecursg o`tgrgsto`f obpmo-

entoc`s ck tdos kcr tdg nredgcmcfy ck tdg rgfoc`.Xnrtmy kcr tdg snag ck ercss-edgeao`f, kovg E->: snbpmgs krcb tdrgg lcro`fs dnvg lgg` tnag` wotdrgkgrgèg tc emny lgj ue n (Kofs. 58e, 5>n n`j 5>l). Zdg rgsumto`f nfgs suppcrt gned ctdgr sntoskne-tcromy.

O[l.< O`jorget jnto fs von nredgcmcfoenm mgvgms

Zdg vgry jgtnomgj bnppo`f (ly bgn`s ck lcro`fs) ck nredgcmcfoenm mgvgms nmc`f tdg pgrobgtgr ck tdgDnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g (sgg Ed. Og) bny lg usgj `ct c`my tc fovg n poeturg ck tdg nrgnm gxtg`soc` cktdg mgvgms (`ct pulmosdgj dgrg), lut nmsc kcr smctto`f tdg emny/pgnt strntofrnpdy o`tc tdg nredgcmcfoenm



;8

edrc`cmcfy lnsgj c` E->:- n`j typcmcfoenm jnto`fs. Zdg mgvgms en` lg clsgrvgj o` tdg nufgr ecrglgenusg tdgy ec`tno` ednrecnm, kosd-lc`g krnfbg`ts n`j scbg ju`g sn`j (prclnlmy sdoktgj lyn`tdrcpcfgòe grcsoc`). Zdg mgvgms ecumj lg o`tgrprgtgj nredgcmcfoenmmy ly stnrto`f tdg rcws ck lcr-o`fs nt tdg gxenvntoc` pots. Ly kcmmcwo`f tdg nredgcmcfoenm mgvgms krcb tdg ju`g kmnàs tc wdgrg tdgtdoea`gss n`j motdcmcfy ck tdg emny-n`j pgnt lgjs dnvg lgg` jgvgmcpgj `crbnmmy, tdgsg mgvgms ecumjlg kottgj o` tdg motdcstrntofrnpdy. Krcb tdos spgeonm o`vgstofntoc` enrrogj cut ly [N@ JOIA gt nm.

(>?6;, o`tgr`nm rgpcrt) tdg kcmmcwo`f ecrrgmntoc`s en` lg ecèmujgj9

nredgcmcfoenm mgvgm nfg o` E->: ygnrs

(neecrjo`f tc MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6;,

kof. <1 >?48, pgrs. ecbb.)

motdcstrntofrnpdoe

pcsotoc`

[mnnrjo`fg` <l[mnnrjo`fg` >l

Dnzg`jcà 5

Dnzg`jcà >

e. :888 LXe. ::88 LX

e. :488 tc :?88 LX

e. 7588 LX

crfnòe lgj cm :n-:lcrfnòe lgj cm 5-:

emny lgj em 5

crfnòe lgj cm <-5

Zdg o`jorget jntgs kcr tdg motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòts bg`toc`gj c` tdg rofdt ck tdg nlcvg tnlmg nfrggwotd tdg E->: jntgs joseussgj o` Ed. O[l.> (ek. gsp. Kof. <6). Zdg [mnnrjo`fg`-Ol mgvgm (e. ::88 LX)

os sotuntgj bcstmy o` tdg uppgr pnrt ck pgnt lgj cm 5-:. Zdg tcp ck tdos lgj dns lgg` jntgj ns :>68¾ ;8 LX o` tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f (Kof. <6). Uc mcenmmy (gspgeonmmy o` tdg nrgn jorgetmy surrcu`jo`f tdgrovgr ju`g3) tdg kcrbntoc` ck pgnt lgj cm 5-: stcppgj pcssolmy gnrmogr tdn` nt tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f1tdos os joseussgj kurtdgr o` Ed. O[j o` ecobgetoc` wotd E->: jntgs pulmosdgj ly MCWVG ACCOIBN@U(>?6:).Zdg mcenmmy ceeurro`f tdo` crfnòe lgj cm :n-:l ‚ sgg tdg joseussoc` o` Ed. O[l.> o` ec``getoc`wotd jntg Fr@ 4566 ‚ en` `cw lg jntgj o`jorgetmy von tdg [mnnrjo`fg`-<l mgvgm nt e. :888 LX.

O[l.5 Xcmmg`n`nmytoenm jnto`fs

O` tdrgg pcmmg` sgetoc`s ck crfnòe jgpcsots o` jgprgssoc`s o` tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`-surkneg, n`

gnrmy-Dcmceg`g sgqugèg dns lgg` kcu`j (Xrglcrgnm, Lcrgnm, gnrmy-Ntmn`toe). Zdgsg sgetoc`s dnvglgg` joseussgj o` Eds. Ommg, -k n`j -f1 tdgy prcvojg obpcrtn`t njjotoc`s tc tdg edrc`cstrntofrnpdoeo`kcrbntoc` trgntgj nlcvg, wdoed bno`my ecègr`s tdg Ntmn`toe n`j Uullcrgnm. Zdg rgsumts nrg oècr-pcrntgj o` Ed. O[e.Zdg mobotntoc`s ck pcmmg`n`nmytoenm jnto`f ck rovgr emny jgpcsots o` tdg Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc` dnvglgg` joseussgj o` Ed. OOOe.;. @gvgrtdgmgss, tnao`f n` cvgrnmm vogw ck tdg pcmmg` jonfrnb ck tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f (Kof.*><), tdg trn`sotoc` krcb Ntmn`toe tc Uullcrgnm en` bcst prclnlmy lg pmnegj, c` tdglnsos ck tdg frnjunm jgemo`g ck tdg Wmbus eurvg, nlcut bojwny o` zc`g >5, tdnt os juro`f tdg jgpcso-toc` ck emny lgj em 5. Zdos os o` nfrggbg`t wotd tdg E->: jntgs ecègrò`f tdos emny lgj (sgg Kof.<6).



;>

Zdg Enrpoùs eurvg ck tdg Utn`jnrj sgetoc` (Kof.'><) sdcws sofòkoen`t vnmugs c`my o` wccj-pgnt lgjcm u (tdg Wppgr Xgnt). Zdos pco`ts tc n mntg-Uullcrgnm/Uulntmn`toe nfg kcr tdos pgnt lgj, n`j tdos oso` nfrggbg`t wotd tdg E->: jntg ck tdg lnsg ck tdg lgj (sgg Kof. <6).

O[e FG@GUOU N@J NFG CK ZDG MCNB N@J ZDG \O[G\ JW@GU

Zdg c`my nlscmutg egrtno`ty nlcut tdg nfg ck tdg rovgr ju`gs nt tdg tcp ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbn-toc`, tc lg ecèmujgj c` tdg lnsos ck tdos stujy, os tdnt tdgy wgrg kcrbgj lgkcrg tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe‚ wdg` tdg ecvgro`f emny- n`j pgnt lgjs stnrtgj tc lg jgpcsotgj.

Ns bg`toc`gj o` Ed. On, tdg pulmosdgj jntgs ck rovgr ju`gs o` tdg tcp ck tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`nrg `ct ojg`toenm kcr tdg wdcmg Juted rovgr nrgn. Moboto`f tdg joseussoc` tc tdg strgnb nrgn ck\do`g n`j Bgusg krcb tdg Gnstgr` tc tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js, tdg cmjgr motgrnturg bofdt lg sub-bnrozgj o` tdg wcrjs ck JG IC@F (>?;6, p. 5?;)9 'N Xmgostceg`g nfg Qck tdg rovgr ju`gsR kcr tdggnstgr` nrgn sggbs tc lg lnsgj c` lgttgr gvojgèg tdn` n Dcmceg`g nfg kcr tdg wgstgr` nrgn'. Zdosstntgbg`t rgkgrs bno`my tc pulmoentoc`s ly UEDGMMO@F (>?7>) n`j XC@U (>?76) kcr tdg Gnstgr` @gtd-gron`js, n`j XC@U & LG@@GBN (>?741 wotd n pcmmg`n`nmytoenm jnto`f ly KMC\UEDWZY) kcr tdgVgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js. Vg sdnmm `ct joseuss tdgsg scuregs o` n`y bcrg jgtnom, lut sdnmm mobot cursgmvgso`stgnj tc tdg mntgr pulýentoc`s ly [G\L\NGEA (>?6:) n`j [N@ JG BGG@G (>?48). [G\L\NGEA stu-jogj rovgr ju`gs o` tdg Nmlmnssgrwnnrj, tdg rgfoc` o` wdoed nmsc cur bno` stujy nrgn (Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk) os sotuntgj1 tdg Nmlmnssgrwnnrj os tdg bcst prcbo`g`t rovgr-ju`g nrgn ck tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js. [N@ JG BGG@G stujogj n rovgr-ju`g ecbpmgx `gnr Nr`dgb (Gnstgr` @gtdgrmn`js). C` tdglnsos ck pcmmg`n`nmytoenm rgsumts lctd nutdcrs ecumj mobot tdg jntg ck tdg rovgr ju`gs tc tdg pgrocjkrcb tdg _cu`fgr Jryns (tdg mnst pdnsg ck tdg Mntg-Vgoedsgmon`) tc tdg Ntmn`toe. Lctd ecèmujg n_cu`fgr Jryns nfg, bno`my c` tdg lnsos ck tdg nrfubg`t tdnt tdg rovgr ju`gs nrg Wagmy tc dnvg lgg`

kcrbgj o` n prnetoenmmy lnrrg` mn`jsenpg. Zdg vnmojoty ck tdos nrfubg`t sdcumj lg qugstoc`gj9 tdgbno` knetcr ec`trcmmo`f rovgr-ju`g kcrbntoc` os tdg nvnomnlomoty ck edn``gm sn`j kcr wo`j grcsoc`, g.f.ly n mcwgro`f ck tdg wntgr mgvgm1 tdg nrgn wdgrg tdos bntgronm os tc lg jgpcsotgj `ggj `ct lg lnrrg`.@gvgrtdgmgss wg g`jcrsg tdg mgfotobney ck fgcfg`gtoenm nrfubg`ts o` joseussoc`s c` tdg nfg ck tdgrovgr ju`gs, wdgrg bcrg jorget jntgs nrg `ct nvnomnlmg. Zc tdnt g`j, wg sdnmm strgss dgrg n prclnlmgfg`gtoe rgmntoc` lgtwgg` tdg mcnb n`j tdg rovgr ju`gs.

Zdg mcnb os n jonboetc` ck emny n`j sn`j wotd n mnrfg mntgrnm uòkcrboty. Zdg usunm fg`gtoe o`tgrprg-tntoc` ck tdg mcnb ns n purgmy kmuvonm sgjobg`t jcgs `ct gxpmno` tdos uòkcrb jonboetoe `nturg. Nemgnr joserobo`ntoc` lgtwgg` sn`jogr n`j bcrg emnygy pnrts wcumj lg gxpgetgj. O` cur cpoòc`, tdggcmon` fg`gsos nserolgj ly UEDGMMO@F (>?7>, p. ?:) n`j ly XC@U (>?76, p. >7) tc tdg ecnrsg sn`jtdgy kcu`j mcenmmy o` tdg tcpbcst pnrt ck tdg mcnb sdcumj lg nttrolutgj tc bcst ok `ct nmm tdg sn`j o`tdg mcnb. Un`j tdnt pgrocjoenmmy juro`f cr nktgr (nmsc pgrocjoenm, pgrdnps sgnsc`nm3) kmuvonm lnso`-emnyjgpcsotoc` wns lmcw` c` tc tdgsg emny surknegs bofdt dnvg boxgj tdgrg wotd tdg emny (sy`- crpcstsgjobg`tnry) tc kcrb tdg jonboetc` mcnb. Zdos dypctdgtoenm boxgj fg`gtoe `nturg ck tdg dnb

bofdt bnag tdg `nbg kmuvoc-gcmon` npprcprontg. Neecrjo`f tc tdos vogw, tdg kcrbntoc` ck tdg rovgrju`gs bny lg sgg` ns ec`tgbpcrn`gcus wotd tdg mcnb kcrbntoc`, `nbgmy ns mcenmmy bcrg jcbo`n`tsn`j neeubumntoc`, gspgeonmmy `gnr tc tdg prgsubgj scureg ck tdg gcmon` trn`spcrtgj sn`j, o.g. tdgedn``gms. Zdg frno`-sozg ecbpcsotoc` ck tdg sn`j krnetoc` o` tdg mcnb, ns n`nmysgj o` iust c`g snbpmg, os `ct o` ec`trnjoetoc` wotd tdg nlcvg nssubgj fg`gtoe rgmntoc`sdop lgtwgg` tdg mcnb n`j tdgrovgr ju`gs. Zdgrg os n rgbnranlmg sobomnroty tc tdg nvgrnfg frno`-sozg ecbpcsotoc` fovg` ly[G\L\NGEA (>?6:, p. :) kcr tdg rovgr-ju`g sn`j o` tdg Nmlmnssgrwnnrj9



;<

>;- 78- 67- >87- >78- <>8- 588- :<8- ;88- 478- ><88-

78 67 >87 >78 <>8 588 :<8 ;88 478 ><88 >688

bu bu bu bu bu bu bu bu bu bu bu

Nvgrnfg frno`-sozg ecbpcsotoc`

ck rmvgr-ju`g sn`j o` tdg

Nmlmnssgrwnnrj 8.: 8.< 8.4 <.? >6.7 <6.6 58.> >7.8 :.; 8.7 8.5%

([G\L\NGEA >?6:, p. :)

478- >:88-

>:88 <888

bu bu

Frno`-sozg ecbpcsotoc` ck sn`j

o`' mcnb' o` Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk ?.> <.8 <.6 :.: >8.6 <6.; <<.? >:.7 :.6 >.5 8.>%

stujy nrgn (c`g snbpmg)

Zdg kmuvoc-gcmon` dypctdgsos ck mcnb kcrbntoc` stomm rgquorgs tc lg tdcrcufdmy tgstgj. @gvgrtdgmgsswg sdnmm usg ot dgrg o` n ec`sojgrntoc` ck vnrocus jntn krcb Eds. OO, OOO n`j O[ ecègrò`f tdg mcnbn`j tdg rovgr ju`gs, o` crjgr tc bnag n ec`trolutoc`, nmlgot n spgeumntovg c`g, tc tdg joseussoc`nlcut tdg nfg ck tdg rovgr ju`gs.

Cutsojg tdg rovgr ju`gs tdg mcnb mnygr sdcws n jokk'grg`tontoc` o`tc n dfdt-frgy, enmenrgcus mcwgrpnrt n`j n jnra-frgy, `cènmenrgcus uppgr pnrt. Nmtdcufd tdg pgjcfg`gsos ck tdg mcnb dns `ct lgg`stujogj dgrg, ot bny lg nssubgj c` tdg lnsos ck tdg mcenmmy ec`sojgrnlmg tdoea`gss ck tdg jnra-frgy`cènmenrgcus pnrt (up tc > b) tdnt tdos vgrtoenm jokkgrg`tontoc` dns `ct lgg` lrcufdt nlcut lypcstsgjobg`tnry pgjcfg`gtoe prcegssgs. Uc, tdg motdcmcfoenm trn`sotoc` krcb tdg mcwgr tc tdg uppgrpnrt ck tdg mcnb sdcuãj pco`t tc n edn`fg o` tdg jgpcsotoc`nm g`vorc`bg`t, DNFGBN@ (>?68n) ec`-sojgrs tdos tc lg tdg trn`sotoc` krcb tdg spnrsgmy vgfgtntgj g`vorc`bg`t juro`f tdg Mntg-Vgoedsgmon`tc tdg bcrg jg`sgmy vgfgtntgj g`vorc`bg`t juro`f tdg gnrmy-Dcmceg`g.C` tdg kgw ceensoc`s wdg` wns fcufgj nmbcst ecbpmgtgmy tdrcufd tdg dofd, tdoea rovgr-ju`g sn`jjgpcsots, tdg sn`j nppgnrgj tc lg scbgwdnt enmenrgcus o` ots mcwgrbcst pnrt1 nmm tdg rgst ck tdgrovgr-ju`g sn`j os `cènmenrgcus. Ok pcstsgjobg`tnry jgenmeokoentoc` ‚ sc bn`y bgtgrs jggp ‚bny lg gxemujgj, tdos vgrtoenm jokkgrg`tontoc` ck enmenrgcus ec`tg`t bny lg vogwgj ns n pnrnmmgmjgvgmcpbg`t tc tdnt o` tdg mcnb. Zdos wcumj bgn` tdnt tdg rovgr-ju`g kcrbntoc` nmsc oòtonmmy tccapmneg o` tdg spnrsgmy vgfgtntgj g`vorc`bg`t juro`f tdg Mntg-Vgoedsgmon`, n`j sulsgqug`tmy o` tdgbcrg jg`sgmy vgfgtntgj g`vorc`bg`t juro`f tdg gnrmy-Dcmceg`g. O` nfrggbg`t wotd tdos (lut `ct sup-pcrto`f ot gspgeonmmy) os tdg knet tdnt, wdgrg mcw rovgr ju`gs dnvg lgg` fcufgj tdrcufd o`tc tdgu`jgrmyo`f mcnb, tdos mcnb sdcws tdg mofdt-frgy enmenrgcus kneogs.

O` tdg fyttin o`kommo`f ck tdg jgprgssoc` o` tdg Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc` surkneg (pcmmg` sgetoc`Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk Dm758, sgg Ed. Ommg), o` tdg mcwgr pnrt jnto`f krcb Xrglcrgnm n`j Lcrgnm (zc`gs On`j OO) scbg emny lgjs, up tc > eb tdoea, dnvg lgg` kcu`j tdnt sdcw strc`f sobomnroty o` ecmcur n`jstrueturg tc tdg jnra-frgy mcnb. Zdos bny suppcrt tdg nlcvg-bg`toc`gj jnto`f ck tdg jnra-frgymcnb ns gnrmy-Dcmceg`g. O` tdg snbg sgetoc` n dontus os sotuntgj nt tdg trn`sotoc` krcb zc`g OO tczc`g OOO, wdoed pco`ts tc `c`-jgpcsotoc` (ck tdg fyttin) juro`f tdg mntgr pnrt ck tdg Lcrgnm n`j tdgvgry lgfo`ò`f ck tdg Ntmn`toe. Zdos `c`-jgpcsotoc` bny dnvg lgg` enusgj ly n tgbpcrnry knmm cktdg wntgr tnlmg o` ec``getoc` wotd pcssolmg jryo`f cut ck sdnmmcw edn``gms mgnjo`f tc bcrg o`tg`sovg gcmon` grcsoc` n`j rovgr-ju`g neeubumntoc`.Ucbg clsgrvntoc`s tdnt ly tdgbsgmvgs dnvg mottmg jonf`cstoe vnmug, `gvgrtdgmgss nfrgg wotd tdg bcrg



;5

o`tg`sovg ju`g-sn`j neeubumntoc` juro`f tdg Lcrgnm suppcsgj nlcvg. O` tdg nlcvg-bg`toc`gj sge-toc` Dm758, n > eb tdoea mnygr ck sn`j sdcwo`f tdg ednrnetgrostoes ck rovgr-ju`g sn`j os sotuntgj iustnt tdg dontus. Xrobnry gcmon` jgpcsotoc` ck tdos sn`j juro`f tdg Lcrgnm os pmnusolmg. Zdg uppgrbcstpnrt ck tdg rovgr-ju`g sn`j o` pcmmg` sgetoc` D<>64 (Ed. Ommf) sdcws Ntmn`toe spgetrn1 krcb tdos otwns ecèmujgj tdnt neeubumntoc` ck tdos ju`g sn`j juro`f tdg (mntg-)Lcrgnm os `ct u`moagmy. Ko`nmmy,tdg mcenmmy frgntgr sn`jo`gss ck tdg tcpbcst pnrt ck tdg jnra-frgy mcnb (sgg Ed. Omn) pcssolmy o`jo-

entgs bcrg o`tg`sovg gcmon` sgjobg`tntoc` tcwnrjs tdg g`j ck tdg gnrmy-Dcmceg`g mcnb jgpcsotoc` (cr iust nktgr ot, o` tdg ensg ck pcstsgjobg`tnry boxo`f).

Zdg nlcvg spgeumntovg nrfubg`t kcr n Mntg-Vgoedsgmon` eub gnrmy-Dcmceg`g nfg ck tdg rovgr ju`gsnt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk (wotd n pcssolmy bcrg o`tg`sovg ju`g-sn`j neeubumntoc` juro`f tdg Lcrgnm) bnysgrvg bno`my ns stobumus tc n bcrg gmnlcrntg stujy spgeonmmy nobgj nt tdgsg bnttgrs. Npnrt krcb tdgjgsornlomoty ck bcrg jorget jnto`f, tdg jgpcsotoc`nm g`vorcobog`t sdcumj lg n` obpcrtn`t ossug.

C`g obpcrtn`t nspget ck tdg mcnb dns lgg` mgkt cut ck ec`sojgrntoc` nlcvg. Zdos ecègr`s tdg dofd,tdoea ceeurrgèg ck tdg mofdt-frgy enmenrgcus mcnb o` tdg rovgr-ju`g kogmj, e. 588 b V ck tdg Dnzg`-jcà (sgg Kofs. 5; n`j 56). Zdg mcnb ceeurro`f usunmmy nt n jgptd ck e. >8.7 b lgmcw @.N.X. n`j

wotd n tdoea`gss ck scbg jb up tc > b, dgrg nttno`s dgofdts up tc e. 4 b lgmcw @.N.X. n`j wnskcu`j tc lg mcenmmy nt mgnst <.7 b tdoea. \gigeto`f tdg gxpmn`ntoc` ck tdos dofd, tdoea mcnb ns lgo`fck purgmy gcWn` crofo`, cr ns `nturnm mgvgg, tdg gxpmn`ntoc` ns n` grcsoc`nm tgrrneg sggbs u`nvcoj-nlmg. Ok sc, tdos mcnb wcumj dnvg lgg` jgpcsotgj gnrmogr n`j nt n dofdgr wntgr mgvgm tdn` tdg `crbnmmcnb. O` tdos ec``getoc`, rgkgrgèg sdcumj lg bnjg tc XC@U' (>?76, p. <:) rgec`struetoc` ck n Mntg-Vgoedsgmon` oèosoc` ck \do`g n`j Bgusg o` tdg Gnstgr` @gtdgrmn`js, n`j tc dos suppcsotoc` (oloj.,kof. >;) ck n` gxtg`soc` ck tdos oèosoc` o`tc tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js nrgn. Ok tdg dofd, tdoea mcnb osgxpmno`gj ns n` grcsoc`nm tgrrneg ‚ wdoed prgsuppcsgs Mntg-Vgoedsgmon` grcsoc` c` n vgry mnrfgsenmg o` tdos rgfoc`! ‚, ot os ecègovnlmg tdnt tdos grcsoc`nm tgrrneg bofdt dnvg sgrvgj ns n ùemguskcr ju`g-sn`j neeubumntoc` (c` tdg mgg sojg3), n`j tdnt pcssolmy o` ctdgr rovgr-ju`g kogmjs o` tdosrgfoc` ctdgr sued grcsoc`nm tgrrnegs bofdt nmsc lg kcu`j. Ok tdos dypctdgsos sdcumj lg ec`korbgj,

vo@A's (>?7:) gxpmn`ntoc` ck tdg jcàg` (tdg rgfoc`nm jgseroptovg tgrb kcr tdg rovgr-ju`g cutercps)ns grcsoc`nm tgrrnegs wcumj nktgr nmm o` n wny dnvg scbg vnmojoty.

O[j ED\C@CMCF_ CK ZDG KMW[ONZOMG JGXCUOZOC@NM XDNUGU

Ecrrgmntoc lgtwgg` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk n`j Mggrjnb stujy nrgns

Zdg jnto`f rgsumts rgmntgj tc tdg eyemoeoty ck tdg kmuvonm emny lgjs n`j tdg pgnt lgjs o` lctd stujynrgns, ns joseussgj sgpnrntgmy o` Ed. O[l, dnvg lgg` lrcufdt tcfgtdgr o` n edrc`cmcfoenm sedgbg(Kof. 5<). Zdg motdcstrntofrnpdoenm ecrrgmntoc` lrcufdt nlcut o` Ed. OOl.5 lgtwgg` tdg bno` emnstoen`j crfnòe lgjs ck lctd nrgns nppgnrs tc lg mnrfgmy nmsc n edrc`cstrntofrnpdoe ecrrgmntoc`. C`g ck

tdg bcst obpcrtn`t motdcstrntofrnpdoe mgvgms, `nbgmy tdg tcp ck emnstoe lgj em < (Bcmg`nnrsfrnn^/ mgp(Mggrjnb) dns tdg snbg nfg o` lctd nrgns (e. ;>88 LX). Zdg pgrocj ck jgpcsotoc` ck emnstoe lgj em :o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn knmms wotdo` tdg pgrocj ck jgpcsotoc` ck tdg motdcstrntofrnpdoenmmy ecrrgmn-tovg emnstoe lgj ue nt Mggrjnb. Zdg jgpcsotoc` ck tdos lgj nppgnrs tc dnvg stnrtgj gnrýgr n`j g`jgjmntgr o tdg upstrgnb nrgn (Mggrjnb) tdn` o tdg jcw`strgnb nrgn (Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk). Dcwgvgr, tdgstnrt ck tdg bno` sgjobg`tntoc` wns nt nlcut tdg snbg tobg, `nbgmy :>88 LX, o` lctd nrgns.Zdg pdnsgs ck emnstoe kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc` dnvg, kcr tdgor probnry suljovosoc`, lgg` `nbgj nktgr tdgLM_ZZ/UG\@N@JG\ tgrbo`cmcfy (sgg tdg rofdt pnrt ck Kof. 5<). Zdos dns lgg` jc`g c` tdg lnsos cktdg prgsg`tmy neegptgj rnjocenrlc` endlrntoc` ck tdgsg pgrocjs (Ntmn`toe n`j Uullcrgnm) o` tdg@gtdgrmn`js (sgg YNFVOI@ & [N@ UZNNMJWO@G@ >?67).



;:

Ecbpnrosc` wotd ctdgr jntgs krcb tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`

Zdg pdnsgs ck tdg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm netovoty cutmo`gj nlcvg kcr lctd stujy nrgns (Kof. 5<) nfrggo` fg`grnm wotd prgvocusmy pulmosdgj jntgs kcr tdg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs juro`f Ntmn`toe n`jUullcrgnm o` tdos rgfoc` (NÃlmnssgrwnnrj n`j [oikdggrg`mn`jg`, sgg kcr mcentoc` Kof. >).Bno`my c` tdg lnsos ck prgdostcrog ceeupntoc` c` strgnb rojfgs n`j ck pcmmg` n`nmysos ck pgnt lgjslgsojg tdg strgnb rojfgs, JG LCG\ & XC@U (>?;8, p. <5 k.) ec`emujgj tdnt tdgrg wgrg sgpnrntg pdnsgsck o`ergnsgj kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm netovoty o` tdg [oikdggrg`mn`jg`. Kcr tdg pgrocj ck Ntmn`toe n`jUullcrgnm tdgy pmneg tdgsg pdnsgs rcufdmy o` tdg sgec`j dnmk ck tdg Ntmn`toe (lgkcrg tdg g`j ck tdgNtmn`toe), o` tdg trn`sotoc` krcb Ntmn`toe tc Uullcrgnm, n`j o` tdg bojjmg-Uullcrgnm. Nmtdcufd tdgjnto`fs nrg `ct prgeosg, tdgy fovg nlcut tdg snbg pdnso`f ns jgpoetgj o` Kof. 5<.Zdg E->: jntgs pulmosdgj ly [G\L\NGEA (>?68) o` ec``getoc` wotd n pdnso`f ck kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm netovoty o` tdg nrgn ck sdggt 54 Ccst ck tdg Fgcmcfoenm bnp ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js (o.g. tdg[oikdggrg`mn`jg` n`j tdg gnstgr` pnrt ck tdg NÃlmnssgrwnnrj) jgrovg krcb tdg sgetoc` nt Fcujronn`(cp. eot., kof. *:5). Zdg mcentoc` ck tdos lcro`f os bojwny lgtwgg` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk n`j Mggrjnbstujy nrgns. C` tdg lnsos ck tdg motdcmcfy ck tdos sgetoc` n`j tdg jgptd ck tdg vnrocus emny- n`j pgntlgjs o` ot, tdg motdcstrntofrnpdoenm pcsotoc` ck tdg E->: jntgs bny lg o`joentgj o` tgrbs ck tdg mcenmmotdcstrntofrnpdy ck cur lctd stujy nrgns9

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Kof. 5<. Uedgbg ck tdg edrc`cstrntofrnpdy o` lctd stujy nrgns. Ecbpnre wotd Kofs. 7 n`j >>,n`j Znlmg <.



;7

<4<8 ¾ 67 LX (Fr@ 646) ~ lnsg ck pgnt lgj up (Mggrjnb):8?7 ¾ ?8 LX (Fr@ 64:) ~ pgnty mgvgm p ue n-l (Mggrjnb):;78 ¾ ?7 LX (Fr@ 647) ~ tcp ck pgnt lgj op (Mggrjnb)75:8 ¾ ?8 LX (Fr@ 64;) ~ o` crfnòe lgj cm <-5 (Bcmg`nnrsfrnnC

Zdg korst tdrgg jntgs fovg fccj suppcrt kcr tdg bojjmg- n`j mntg-Uullcrgnm jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg jos-to`fuosdgj o` Kof. 5<. Zdg kcurtd jntg (Fr@ 64;9 75:8 ¾ ?8 LX) knmms wotdo` tdg mntg-Ntmn`toe pgrocjck crfnòe neeubumntoc` o` tdg edrc`cmcfog sedgbg ck Kof. 5<, lut c` neecu`t ck tdg motdcstrnto-frnpdoenm pcsotoc` ck tdg snbpmg ecègr`gj (o` tdg mcwgr pnrt ck tdg pgnt lgj) ot os rntdgr ycu`f.Zdg josergpnèy bofdt lg gxpmno`gj ly n mcenmmy mntgr stnrt ck tdg pgnt kcrbntoc` nktgr tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg. Uued n mcenm dontus o` jgpcsotoc` os `ct u`moagmy, ns tdg u`jgrmyo`f emns-toe lgj ‚ ns sdcw` o` kof. :5 ly [G\L\NGEA (cp. eot.) ‚ ec`sosts ck (edn``gm) sn`j n`j sc pcssolmydns lgg` jgvgmcpgj ns n strgnb rojfg. N ecbpnrnlmg sotuntoc` dns lgg` joseussgj o` Ed. O[l.> oèc``getoc` wotd tdg E->: jntgs Fr@ 4?<<9 ;8?8 ¾ 68 LX n`j Fr@ 456; 9 :488 ¾ 68 LX o` tdgMggrjnb stujy nrgn.

N bcrg rgfoc`nm npprcned tc tdg jnto`f ck kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs o` tdg Nmlmnssgrwnnrj n`j

[oikdggrg`mn`jg` wns usgj ly MCWVG ACCOIBN@U (>?6:, sgg gspgeonmmy tnlmgs 7 n`j ;). Ot ecègr`sbno`my jnto`fs ck nredgcmcfoenm ko`js c` strgnb rojfgs. Zdgsg ck ecursg nmwnys c`my fovg n tgrboùsn`tg qugb kcr tdg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg o` wdoed tdg strgnb rojfg ecègr`gj wns kcrbgj. Zdg cmjgstpdnsg jntgj o` tdos wny ecègr`s tdg c`g o` wdoed tdg sc-enmmgj Fcraub strgnb wns netovg1 n ko`jc` tcp ck ots strgnb rojfg jntgs krcb tdg pgrocj ;888-7:88 LX, sc pcssolmy tdg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgg`jgj lgkcrg ;888 LX. O`tgrprgtgj o` tdos wny, tdg jnto`f wcumj suppcrt tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg josto`fuosdgj o` Kof. 5<. N ecbpnrnlmg jntg (e. ;878 LX) dns nmsc lgg` bg`toc`gj lyMCWVG ACCOIBN@U (cp. eot., p. >5:) ns n pcssolmg jntg (c` neecu`t ck tdg jgptd) kcr tdg tcp ck nemny lgj c` tdg kmnà ck tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g ‚ tdg sc-enmmgj lgj emny >. Zdos lgj os tdg snbgns lgj em < josto`fuosdgj o` tdos stujy, tdg tcp ck wdoed dns lgg` jntgj ns ;8;8 ¾ 48 LX (sgg Kof.<6).

O` ec``getoc` wotd tdg mntg-Ntmn`toe/gnrmy-Uullcrgnm jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg josto`fuosdgj o` Kof. 5<,rgkgrgèg sdcumj lg bnjg tc n sobomnr pdnsg bg`toc`gj ly JG LCG\ & XC@U (>?;81 sgg nmsc nlcvg)ns wgmm ns MCWVG ACCOIBN@U (>?6:, tnlmg ;). O` lctd scuregs tdos pdnsg dns lgg` lnsgj bno`my c`nredgcmcfoenm ko`js c` n`j `gnr tdg sc-enmmgj Yoijgrvgmj strgnb rojfg. Dcwgvgr, neecrjo`f tc tdgFgcmcfoenm bnp ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js, sdggt 54 Ccst ([G\L\NGEA >?68, bnp n`j p. 47), tdos strgnbrojfg lgmc`fs tc tdg snbg pnttgr` tc wdoed tdg Uednoa strgnb n`j tdg (wgstgr` ec`toùntoc` ck tdg)Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb nmsc lgmc`f. Zdg emny jgpcsots ec``getgj wotd tdgsg strgnb rojfgs dnvg lgg`jntgj o` tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn ns bojjmg-Uullcrgnm (sgg Ed. O[l.>, motdcstrntofrnpdoe uòt ue).Zdos os o` nfrggbg`t wotd JG IC@F's (>?68-6>, kofs. > n`j >5) o`joentoc` ck tdg Yoijgrvgmj strgnbrojfg ‚ o` ots typg mcenWty ‚ ns 'Fcraub O['. Zdg nredgcmcfoenm ko`js, c` tdg lnsos ck wdoed n`cmjgr nfg dnj lgg` ecèmujgj, nmsc ecbg krcb tdos typg mcendty (sgg MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:, kof.

>4). Dcwgvgr, nt tdos pco`t tdg Yoijgrvgmj strgnb rojfg mogs pnrtmy c`, n`j jorgetmy `gxt tc n strnto-frnpdoenmmy jggpgr strgnb rojfg ([G\L\NGEA >?68, fgcmcfoenm bnp1 JG IC@F >?68-6>, kof. >). Ot bnylg nssubgj tdnt tdg cmjgr nredgcmcfoenm ko`js bg`toc`gj ly MCWVG ACCOIBN@U jc `ct sc buedrgmntg tc tdg Yoijgrvgmj ns tc tdos jggpgr, cmjgr strgnb rojfg. JG IC@F (cp. eot.) ecèmujgs tdnt nmntg-Ntmn`toe/gnrmy-Uullcrgnm nfg os npprcprontg kcr tdos jggpgr strgnb rojfg, c` tdg lnsos ck n E->:jnto`f n`j pcmmg` n`nmysos ck cvgrmyo`f bntgronm, n`j tdus c` tdg lnsos ck n tgrboùs n`tg qugb.Ecbpnro`f tdg sotuntoc` dgrg tc tdnt o` tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn wg prgsubg tdnt tdos jggpgr strgnbrojfg dnj nmrgnjy lgg` kcrbgj mc`f lgkcrg tdos tgrboùs n`tg qugb, `nbgmy `ct o` tdg mntg-Ntmn`toe/gnrmy-Uullcrgnm lut o` tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe. Neecrjo`f tc tdg fgcmcfoenm bnp 54 Ccst eotgjnlcvg ([G\L\NGEA >?68), tdg strgnb rojfg lgmc`fs tc tdg snbg systgb tc wdoed tdg Bojjgmaccp



;;

strgnb rojfg o` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn nmsc lgmc`fs (sgg nmsc JG IC@F >?68-6>, kof. >). Zdg jgptd ck tdgtcp ck lctd strgnb rojfgs os tdg snbg (e. < b lgmcw @.N.X., ek. g.f. Kof.*>8 wotd JG IC@F's kof. >51wg suppcsg tdg sn`j nt tdg lnsg ck JG IC@F's sgetoc` :N ‚ Yoijgrvgmj \.C.L, gxenvntoc` ‚ tclgmc`f tc tdg Yoijgrvgmj strgnb rojfg, sgg nmsc dos kof. >). Zdg kcrbntoc` ck tdg Bojjgmaccp strgnbrojfg wns pmnegj o` tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe (`nbgmy lgkcrg ;>88 LX1 sgg Ed. O[l.>) ly bgn`s ck n E->:jnto`f ck pgnt c` tcp ck tdg lnso`-emny lgj ec``getgj mntgrnmmy tc tdg strgnb rojfg o` tdg Mggrjnb

nrgn. Crfnòe bntgronm c` tcp ck tdg strgnb rojfg otsgmk o` cur stujy nrgn nmsc nppgnrgj tc lg buedycu`fgr tdn` tdos ;>88 LX, `nbgmy :488 LX (sgg joseussoc` o` Ed. O[l.>). Ot sdcumj lg strgssgjnfno` tdnt o` jnto`f strgnb rojfgs E->: jntgs c` pgnt cvgrmyo`f n lnso`-emny lgj nrg bcrg usgkumtdn` E->: jntgs c` pgnt c` tcp ck tdg strgnb rojfgs tdgbsgmvgs. O` tdg mnttgr ensg, ec`sojgrnlmgjgpcsotoc`nm dontusgs sdcumj lg rgeac`gj wotd. Uubbnrozo`f, wotd rgfnrj tc tdg mntg-Ntmn`toe/gnrmy-Uullcrgnm jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg ot bny lg ecèmujgj tdnt nt Yoijgrvgmj ‚iust ns ntMggrjnb n`j Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk ‚ `c strgnb rojfgs krcb tdos pdnsg ceeur.

Zdg frgntgr pnrt ck tdg emnstoe sgjobg`t ck tdg bojjmg- n`j mntg-Uullcrgnm jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg dnslgg` lrcufdt o`tc lctd stujy nrgns ly tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb. Zdg stnrt ck tdg emny jgpcsotoc`krcb tdos rovgr c` tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g kmnà wns gstobntgj ly MCWVG ACCWBN@U (>?6:, tnlmg

4) nt e. :878 LX (<>88 LE)1 tdos gstobntoc` wns lnsgj c` prgsubgj wntgr-mgvgm dgofdts ec``getgjwotd tdg Dcmceg`g sgn-mgvgm rosg. Cur jnto`f ck e. :>88 LX (sgg Ed. O[l.>) nfrggs wgmm wotd tdos.Dcwgvgr, twc E->: jntgs c` pgnt snbpmgs nt tdg lnsg ck tdos emny lgj, c`g c` tdg kmnà ck tdg rovgrju`g n`j n`ctdgr iust cutsojg ot, fovg n` cmjgr jntg, `nbgmy ::48 ¾ :8 LX (Fr@ ;<>5), n`j :<?8 ¾:8 LX (Fr@ 7>671 oloj., p. >:8) rgspgetovgmy. Uc, ns `ctgj o` Ed. O[l.<, tdg pcssolomoty tdnt nt mgnstmcenmmy o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn emny jgpcsotoc` ceeurrgj scbg eg`turogs lgkcrg :>88 LX sdcumj`ct lg gxemujgj. Zdos wcumj tdg` pnrtmy ecrrgspc`j tc tdg jgpcsotoc` ck emny lgj ue n nt Mggrjnb(sgg Kofs. 58e, 5>n n`j 5>l).

Nredgcmcfoenm ko`js (E->: jntgj) c` tdg strgnb rojfg otsgmk o`joentg tdnt tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnbnt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk dnj nmrgnjy lgg` kommgj up n`j lgecbg n strgnb rojfg o` tdg bojjmg-Uullcrgnm,`nbgmy e. 5488 LX (MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:, p. ?6 n`j tnlmg ;). Krcb tdg pcsotoc` ck tdg ko`js c`

tdg jgptd-ec`tcur bnps ck tdg strgnb rojfg (oloj., kofs. 76, 74 n`j ;8), ot nppgnrs tdnt tdgsg ko`js jc`ct iust rgmntg tc tdg `nturnm mgvggs ck tdg kcrbgrmy netovg rovgr, lut jgkoòtgmy tc tdg wdcmg strgnbrojfg (wdoed ecbprosgs lctd tdg sn`jgj up edn``gm n`j tdg kcrbgr mgvggs).Zdg sgjobg`tntoc` o` tdg rgbnoò`f pnrt ck tdg bojjmg- n`j mntg-Uullcrgnm jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg bnylg rgmntgj tc tdg où`jntoc`s suppcsgj ly MCWVG ACCOIBN@U ns gxpmn`ntoc`s kcr tdg 'lrgna-tdrcufdedn``gms' o` tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg (oloj., p. >88 k.). Zdgsg où`jntoc`s bust dnvg lgg`lrcufdt nlcut ly rovgrs sotuntgj cutsojg tdg stujy nrgn. Zdg kmuvonm netovoty o` tdgsg lrgna-tdrcufdedn``gms g`js nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk e. 5578 LX n`j nt Eumgblcrf (e. 7 ab @G ck tdg Mggrjnb stujynrgn) e. <578 LX nt tdg mntgst (oloj., p . >>>, sgg nmsc kof. >4). Nfrggo`f wotd tdgsg jntgs nrg cur jntgskcr tdg g`j ck tdg bojjmg- n`j mntg-Uullcrgnm jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg (55:8 ¾ 48 LX nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnkn`j <;78 ¾ 68 LX nt Mggrjnb1 sgg Kofs. <6 n`j 58l). MCWVG ACCWBN@U' jnto`f Fr@ ;<><9 5;58

¾ 57 LX kcr tdg g`j ck tdg emny jgpcsotoc` c` tdg kmnà ck tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g (oloj., p. >:8)rgmntgs o` cur cpoòc` tc iust tdos où`jntoc` n`j emny jgpcsotoc`, nktgr tdg kommo`f ck tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb1 o` tdos bnrfo`nm mcentoc` `gnr tdg rovgr ju`g tdg sgjobg`tntoc` g`jgj gnrmogr tdn`nt tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f. Zdg jntgs Fr@ 7<>?9 <448 ¾ 57 LX nt Yoijgrvgmj (JG IC@F >?68-6>, p. 45)n`j Fr@ 6469 <4<8 ¾ 67 LX nt Fcujronn` ([G\L\NGEA >?68, kof. :51 sgg nmsc nlcvg) nmsc rgkgr tctdg g`j ck tdos pdnsg. Bcrgcvgr, nmm tdgsg jntgs bnag ot emgnr tdnt tdgrg os n` obpcrtn`t jonedrc`ywotd rgfnrj tc tdg g`j ck tdg bojjmg- n`j mntg-Uullcrgnm jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg9 o` tdg wgstgr` pnrt cktdg rgfoc` tdg jgpcsotoc` g`jgj e. sox eg`turogs gnrWgr tdn` o` tdg gnstgr` pnrt.



;6

Ucbg rgmntoc`s tc upstrgnb rgfoc`s

O` tdg Lgtuwg, pnrt ck tdg eg`trnm-@gtdgrmn`js rovgr-emny nrgn n`j sotuntgj e. :8 ab upstrgnb ckMggrjnb, DN[O@FN (>?;?) josto`fuosdgj n vgrtoenm sgqugèg ck kcur emnstoe (emny) jgpcsots. C` tdglnsos ck nredgcmcfoenm jntgs (cp. eot., p. <6) dg ecèmujgj tdnt tdg mcwgr twc jgpcsots wgrg kcrbgjlgkcrg e. 5488 LX, pcssolmy lgkcrg 5588 LX o` pnrt ck tdg stujy nrgn. Zdgsg jntgs en` lg rgmntgj tctdg bojjmg- n`j mntg-Uullcrgnm jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg josto`fuosdgj dgrg. Bcrgcvgr, tdg 5488 LX jntgecoèojgs wotd tdg koWo`f ck tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk (sge nlcvg).O` tdg 'Mn`j vn` Bnns g` Vnnm' sotuntgj kurtdgr upstrgnb, XC@U (>?76) dns prnetoenmmy `c jntgs c`Ntmn`toe n`j Uullcrgnm emny jgpcsots. Lut o` n fg`grnm joseussoc` ck tdg jgpcsots o` tdg eg`trnm@gtdgrmn`js rovgr-emny nrgn, dg ecèmujgs, wotd rgkgrgèg tc BCJJG\BN@'U (>?77) nredgcmcfoenmjntgs, tdnt tdg pgrocj ck rntdgr o`tg`sovg ceeupntoc` krcb e. 5488 tc e. <488 LX (Lrc`zg nfg bno`my)wns n pgrocj ck jgergnsgj kmuvontomg netovoty. Uc nfno` tdg jntg 5488 LX os bg`toc`gj dgrg ns tdg g`jck n pgrocj ck o`tg`sovg kmuvontomg sgjobg`tntoc`. Ecbpnrosc` wotd MCWVG ACCOIBN@U' (>?6:) kofs. 6n`j 4 nmsc sdcws tdnt tdg eg`trnm @gtdgrmn`js rovgr-emny nrgn wns ceeupogj o` tdg Lrc`zg nfg bcrgo`tg`sovgmy tdn` o` tdg prgegjo`f pgrocj.

Zdg c`my stujy a`cw` tc us ck n pdnso`f ck Dcmceg`g kmuvontomg netovoty o` tdg knr do`tgrmn`j os ly

LGEAG\ & UEDO\BG\ (>?66) c` tdg pnmgcgecmcfy ck tdg Bno` vnmmgy (Ucutdgr` Fgrbn`y). C` tdglnsos ck nbc`f ctdgrs E->: jntgs c` cna truàs ceeurro`f o` tdg kmuvonm jgpcsots tdgy gstnlmosdgjoèrgnsgj kmuvontomg netovoty o` tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe, tdg Uullcrgnm n`j n`ctdgr kcur pgrocjs stnrto`fkrcb tdg Orc`/\cbn` nfg. Zdg Bno` rgprgsg`ts c`my n sbnmm pnrt ck tdg kmuvonm do`tgrmn`j, n`jneecrjo`f tc LGEAG\ (>?48, p. 57) vnrocus nspgets ck sgvgrnm rovgr systgbs sdcumj lg ecbpnrgj o`crjgr tc lg nlmg tc rgec`struet tdg Dcmceg`g kmuvonm netovoty o` tdg lrcnjgr rgfoc`. @gvgrtdgmgss, nprgmobo`nry ecbpnrosc` wotd nt mgnst tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg josegr`gj o` cur stujyen` lg bnjg. Zdus, `ctwotdstn`jo`f tdg uègrtno`ty nttnedgj tc ecrrgmnto`f cvgr sc mnrfg n jos-tnèg, tdg strc`f kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm netovoty o` cur stujy nrgns juro`f tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe bofdtscbgdcw lg ec``getgj tc oèrgnsgj kmuvonm netovoty o` tdg do`tgrmn`j (sgg nmsc Ed. [g).

O[g EC\\GMNZOC@U LGZVGG@ KMW[ONZOMG N@J BN\O@G JGXCUOZOC@NM XDNUGU

Ugvgrnm ck tdg nutdcrs rgkgrrgj tc o` Ed. O[j o` ec``getoc` wotd tdg edrc`cmcfy ck tdg kmuvontomgjgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs, nssubg cr ecèmujg n egrtno` syèdrc`y ck tdgsg pdnsgs wotd tdg bnro`gtrn`sfrgssovg pdnsgs. Ns tdgsg trn`sfrgssovg pdnsgs dnvg lgg` josto`fuosdgj c` tdg lnsos ck jgpcsots‚ `nbgmy tdg nmtgr`ntoc` ck emny- n`j pgnt lgjs ‚, tdgy bny lg enmmgj bnro`g jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgsns wgmm. Lgenusg ck tdg nssubgj syèdrc`y, DNFGBN@ (>?;5, p. <>?) gxtrnpcmntgj tdg bnro`g jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs Enmnos O, OO, OOO n`j O[ n`j Juàgrqug C, O, OO n`j OOO tc tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomgnrgn, n`j josto`fuosdgj tdgrg ns kmuvontomg gquovnmg`ts tdg pdnsgs Fcraub O, OO, OOO n`j O[ n`j ZogmC, O, OO n`j OOO. O` n mntgr pulmoentoc` n dypctdgsos wns fovg` rgfnrjo`f tdg bgednòsb tdnt ecumjdnvg enusgj tdos syèdrc`y (DNFGBN@ >?;?, p. 548 k.)1 wg sdnmm rgtur` tc tdos o` Ed. [g.Zdg Fcraub-YZogm-tgrbo`cmcfy dns nmsc lgg` usgj ly [G\L\NGEA (>?68) n`j YNFVOI@ & [N@

UZNNMJWO@G@ (>?67). O` n purgmy fgcedrc`cmcfoenm rgspget ot o`vcmvgs c`my n rg`nbo`f ck tdgEnmnos-/Juàgrqug-tgrbo`cmcfy, n`j tdus c`g bofdt ec`ko`g c`gsgmk c`my tc tdg mnttgr (ns MCWVGACCOIBN@U, >?6:, joj), o` n joseussoc` c` tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs.Zdg bnro`g jgpcsotoc`nm (trn`sfrgssovg) pdnsgs o` tdg pgrocj ck tdg Ntmn`toe, Uullcrgnm n`j gnrmy-Uulntmn`toe, tc wdoed tdg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs sdcw` o` Kof. 5< sdcumj lg ecbpnrgj, nrg nskcWcws9



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Zdg edrc`cmcfy dns lgg` gstnlmosdgj ly DNFGBN@ (>?;?) kcr tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno`.YNFVOI@ & [N@ UZNNMJWO@G@ (>?67, p. >>>) suffgstgj scbg bo`cr nmtgrntoc`s tc tdos sedgbg1dcwgvgr tdgsg nrg `ct gssg`tonm kcr n ecbpnrosc` ck tdg bnro`g n`j kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs.@c pulmoentoc`s dnvg nppgnrgj wdoed oècrpcrntg n` obpcrtn`t rgvosoc` ck tdg edrc`cmcfoenm sedgbgkcr tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js. Ot sdcumj lg `ctgj tdnt tdg Enmnos O[ pdnsg os cktg` suljovojgj o`tcO[n n`j O[l1 tdg rgfrgssovg o`tgrvnm lgtwgg` tdgb en` lg pmnegj o` tdg pgrocj :588-:>88 LX (ek.MCWVG ACCWBN@U >?6:, kof. >8, subbnrozgj krcb vnrocus scuregs).Ns nmrgnjy gstnlmosdgj o` n prgmobo`nry pulmoentoc` ck E->: jntgs krcb cur stujy nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk([N@ JG\ VCWJG >?6?, p. <45), tdg cmjgr Enmnos pdnsgs o` pnrtoeumnr jc `ct ecrrgmntg wgmm wotd tdgkmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs. Juro`f tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg (sgg Kof. 5<) tdg

strc`fgr emnstoe sgjobg`tntoc` ceeurrgj o` tdg mntgr pnrt ck tdg pdnsg, `nbgmy krcb e. ;:78-;>88 LX.Zdos os tdg vgry pgrocj o` wdoed tdg bnro`g rgfrgssovg pdnsg lgtwgg` tdg trn`sfrgssovg pdnsgs EnmnosO n`j OO dns lgg` clsgrvgj. Zdg sulsgqug`t pgrocj ck crfnòe jgpcsotoc` o` tdg kmuvontomg nrgn (e.;>88-7588 LX, sgg Kof. 5<) ecoèojgs wotd tdg bnro`g trn`sfrgssovg pdnsg Enmnos OO.C` tdg ctdgr dn`j DNFGBN@'s sedgbg ck tdg bnro`g trn`sfrgssovg n`j rgfrgssovg pdnsgs bny ckecursg sdcw rgfoc`nm vnrontoc`s1 dgèg tdg jgpcsotoc`nm edrc`cmcfy ck tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomgrgfoc` josto`fuosdgj dgrg bofdt borrcr sued n rgfoc`nm vnron`t. Zc edgea tdos pcssolomoty, nmm pul-mosdgj E->: jntgs tdnt rgkgr tc tdg bnro`g jgpcsotoc`nm edrc`cmcfy up tc <788 LX o` tdg sgnwnrjkcrgmn`j ck cur stujy nrgn dnvg lgg` ecmmntgj o` Znlmg >>. Zdos kcrgmn`j nrgn dns lgg` jgko`gjrntdgr lrcnjmy, `nbgmy krcb tdg osmn`j ck Uedcuwg` (prcv. ck Yggmn`j) up tc Dnnrmgb (prcv. ck@ccrj-Dcmmn`j). Nmm tdg jntgs rgmntg tc snbpmgs krcb pgnt lgjs lgtwgg` cr c` tcp ck bnro`g emny

lgjs n`j tdgrgkcrg sdcumj knmm o` tdg rgfrgssovg pdnsgs (nt mgnst tdg pdnsgs ck `c`-emnstoe sgjobg`tntoc`) ck DNFGBN@'s sedgbg. Lnsnm-pgnt snbpmgs nrg mgkt cut ck ec`sojgrntoc`. Zc n egrtno` gxtg`tfrcups ck jntgs en` lg josegr`gj o` tdg tnlmg. Zdg korst frcup ck c`my tdrgg jntgs ecbprosgs tdgpgrocj krcb e. ;:88 tc e. ;588 LX n`j bny ec`korb tdg rgfrgssovg o`tgrvnm lgtwgg` tdg trn`sfrgssovgpdnsgs Enmnos O n`j OO. Zdg sgec`j frcup, krcb e. 7788 tc e. 7<88 LX o`joentgs tdg g`j ck tdgEnmnos OO pdnsg. Zdg tdorj frcup, krcb e. :?88 tc :688 LX, womm mnrfgmy rgmntg tc tdg g`j ck tdgEnmnos OOO pdnsg, n`j tdg kcurtd frcup (e. ::88-:<88 LX) bofdt rgmntg tc tdg rgfrgssovg o`tgrvnmEnmnos O[n/O[l. Zdg ycu`fgr jntgs sdcw mgss emgnr frcupo`fs.Ot bny lg ecèmujgj tdnt tdg bnro`g jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs o` tdg kcrgmn`j ck cur stujy nrgn kot rgnsc`-nlmy wgmm wotd DNFGBN@'s sedgbg ck tdg Enmnos trn`sfrgssovg pdnsgs. Zdos ec`korbs tdnt n ecbpnrosc` ck tdg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs wotd tdg Enmnos pdnsgs os vnmoj.

O` ec``getoc` wotd tdg `gfntovg ecrrgmntoc` ck tdg bnro`g jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg Enmnos OO n`j tdg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs, ot os o`tgrgsto`f tc gxnbo`g o` scbg jgtnom bnppo`f rgsumts pulmosdgj ly[G\L\NGEA & LOUUEDCXU (>?6>) c` n trn`sotoc`nm nrgn lgtwgg` tdg bnro`g n`j tdg pgrobnro`g nrgns(sdggt :5 Ccst ck tdg Fgcmcfoenm bnp ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js >978888, ots eg`trg myo`f e. 57 ab UV ckBcmg`nnrsfrnnk). O` tdg wgstgr` pnrt ck tdos nrgn, nt nlcut 7-; b lgmcw @.N.X., tdgy kcu`j jgpcsotsgvgrywdgrg ck bnro`g emny n`j sn`j bn`y bgtgrs tdoea. Nt tdg tcp, tdgsg jgpcsots wgrg jntgj ns

Znlmg OO. E->: jntgs pulmosdgj ck' pgnt lgjs o`tgrenmntgj lgtwgg` cr sotuntgj c` tcp ck bnro`g emny lgjs o` tdg Vgstgr`@gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno`, lgtwgg` Uedcuwg` osmn`j n`j Dnnrmgb.



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Uedopmuojg` OO

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[n` Utnnmjuo`g` >?6?

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Oloj.

Ynfwoi` >?;7

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pgnt lgj

pgnt lgj

pgnt lgj

pgnt lgj

Uedopmuojg` > [n` Utnnmjuo`g` >?6? lnsg ck pgnt lgj

Boijrgedt \ogzglcs & Ju Unnr >?;? pgnt lgj

Yuoj-Lgygrmn`j [grlrngea & Lossedcps >?6> lnsg ck fyttin lgj

Yuojmn`j Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck pgnt lgj

Uedopmuojg` OO [n` Utnnmjuo`g` >?6? lnsg ck pgnt lgj

Vommgbstnj > Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

[oikduozgrpcmjgr \ogzglcs & Ju Unnr >?;? pgnt lgj

Nmpdg` Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Lgo`sjcrp \ogzglcs & Ju Unnr >?;? pgnt lgj

Lcvgàgragrpcmjgr oloj. lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Juovg`jrgedtgrpcojgr oloj. lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Yuojmn`j Igmfgrsbn >?;> tcp ck pgnt lgj

Vommgbstnj OO oloj. lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

@oguwgragra [n` \ubbgmg` >?68 lnsg ck pgnt lgj

Uedopmuojg` > [n` Utnnmjuo`g` >?6? lnsg ck pgnt lgj

\oiswoia Ynfwoi` >?;7 lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

[oikduozgrpcmjgr \ogzglcs & Ju Unnr >?;? lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

@oguwg Vgtgro`f Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Nnmsbggr \ogzglcs & Ju Unnr >?;? lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt


Yuojmn`j Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Zcmduos Lomjgrjnb \ogzglcs & Ju Unnr >?;? lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Mcjjgrmn`j Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck pgnt lgj

@oguwgragra [n` \ubbgmg` >?68 lnsg ck pgnt lgj

Dc`sgmgrsjoia Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

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Xruìgpcmjgr > Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Uedopmuojg` > [n` Utnnmjuo`g` >?6? lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Xruìgpcmjgr OO Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Vommgbstnj OOO oloj. lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

\g`gssg oloj. lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Dgg`vmogt oloj. lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Ut. Xdomopsmn`j oloj. lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Uedogjnb oloj. lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Dgagmo`fg` oloj. lnsg ck Wppgr Xgnt

Cvgrvgg` Igmfgrsbn gt nm. >?68 lnsg ck pgnt lgj

[rgjg`dgob Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck pgnt lgj

Lgvgrwoia Igmfgrsbn gt nm. >?68 lnsg ck pgnt lgj

Mcjjgrmn`j Igmfgrsbn >?;> lnsg ck pgnt lgj


Mcjjgrmn`j Igmfgrsbn >?;> tcp ck pgnt lgj



68

Enmnos OO. Zdg bnro`g emny- n`j sn`j jgpcsots pnss gnstwnrjs o`tc 'bujemny', rgfnrjgj ly tdgb nskmuvontomg. Zdg nutdcrs ecèmujg krcb tdos tdnt juro`f tdg bnro`g trn`sfrgssovg pdnsg Enmnos OOoèrgnsgj jgpcsotoc` nmsc ceeurrgj o` tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg nrgn, o` nfrggbg`t wotd DNFGBN@'U

sedgbg n`j gxtrnpcmntoc` (sgg nlcvg). Zdos wcumj lg o` ec`trnjoetoc` tc cur `gfntovg ecrrgmntoc`lgtwgg` tdg bnro`g Enmnos OO n`j tdg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs. Dcwgvgr, o` tdg @G pnrt ck tdgbnppgj nrgn, wotdo` tdos bujemny (jgserolgj Dtdcmcfoenmmy ns pgnty emny n`j gvg` emnygy pgnt) sn`jyedn``gm komms ck rovgrs wdcsg netovoty dnj stcppgj lgkcrg tdg g`j ck tdg bnro`g Enmnos sgjobg`tntoc`(oloj., p. 77) ceeur. O` cur cpoòc` ot os `ct u`moagmy tdnt tdgsg edn``gm komms lgmc`f tc tdg snbgkmuvonm systgb ns tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe c`gs (dtdcstrntofrnpdoe uòt em <) nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Ok tdgedn``gm komms ceeurro`f wotdo` tdg (pgnty!) bujemny jc o`jggj o`joentg n bojjmg-Ntmn`toe pgrocj ckoèrgnsgj kmuvonm netovoty, tdg` tdos wcumj ec`trnjoet tc scbg gxtg`t tdg pcsotovg ecrrgmntoc`, ns putkcrwnrj ly tdg nutdcrs, lgtwgg` oèrgnsgj bnro`g (Enmnos OO) n`j oèrgnsgj pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg sgjobg`tntoc`.

Zdg mntg-Ntmn`toe/gnrmy-Uullcrgnm kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg o` lctd stujy nrgns (Bcmg`nnrsfrnnkn`j Mggrjnb) o`vcmvgs n fg`grnmmy josec`toùcus, strc`fmy crfnòe emny jgpcsot, wotdcut emgnr strgnbrojfgs. Zdos pdnsg, o` ots mntgr pnrt, ecoèojgs wotd tdg bnro`g trn`sfrgssovg (jgpcsotoc`nm) pdnsgEnmnos OOO.

Juro`f tdg bojjmg- n`j mntg-Uullcrgnm kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg, tdg strc`fgst sgjobg`tntoc` o`lctd stujy nrgns ceeurrgj krcb e. :>88 LX (sgg Ed. O[l.>) tc e. 5488 LX (sgg Ed. O[j). Zdos pgrocjos prnetoenmmy syèdrc`cus wotd tdg bnro`g trn`sfrgssovg pdnsg Enmnos O[l. Zdg prgegjo`f sgjobg`tntoc` ck emnstoe lgj ue n nt Mggrjnb, krcb e. :;88 tc e. :588 LX (sgg Kof. 5<) ecoèojgs wotd tdgEnmnos O[n pdnsg.Zdus tdgrg os n pcsotovg ecrrgmntoc` lgtwgg` egrtno` pnrts ck tdg mntg-Ntmn`toe/gnrmy-Uullcrgnm n`jtdg bojjmg- n`j mntg-Uullcrgnm kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs c` tdg c`g dn`j n`j tdg bnro`gtrn`sfrgssovg (jgpcsotoc`nm) pdnsgs Enmnos OOO n`j O[ c` tdg ctdgr. _gt tdgrg os nmsc n ecbpmoentoc`.

Juro`f tdg pgrocj ck tdg bnro`g trn`sfrgssovg pdnsgs Enmnos OOO, O[n n`j O[l, tdg strc`fgst sgjobg`tntoc` o` cur kmuvontomg stujy nrgns ceeurrgj juro`f tdg pdnsg Enmnos O[l. O` tdg bnro`g kcrgmn`jtdos os rgvgrsgj9 tdgrg tdg pdnsgs Enmnos OOO n`j O[n wgrg tdg bcst obpcrtn`t sgjobg`tntoc` pdnsgs(sgg g.f. \OGYGLCU & JW UNN\ >?;?, kofs, > n`j <1 LCUED & X\WOUUG\U >?64, kof. >).Ns bg`toc`gj lgkcrg, tdg g`j ck tdg bojjmg- n`j mntg-Uullcrgnm kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg osdofdmy jonedrc`cus tdrcufdcut tdg pgrobnro`g nrgn, nt mgnst krcb tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk up tc tdgMggrjnb stujy nrgn. Uc dgrg n ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg bnro`g trn`sfrgssovg pdnsgs (tdg mntg-UullcrgnmJuàgrqug pdnsgs) bny lg ck mobotgj vnmug c`my. N bcrg gxtg`sovg gvnmuntoc` ck jntgs o` tdosycu`fgr pgrocj o` tdg kmuvontomg pgrobnro`g rgfoc`nm dostcry bny lg gxpgetgj krcb LG\G@JUG@ (o`prgp.).

Ucbg ck tdg clsgrvntoc`s n`j ecèmusoc`s bnjg o` tdos ednptgr nlcut tdg rgfoc`nm edrc`cstrntofrn-pdy nrg lrogkmy joseussgj o` n pnmgcg`vorcobog`tnm ec`tgxt o` Ed. [g.



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Zdg strntofrnpdoenm tdgbgs o` tdg prgegjo`f ednptgrs (dtdc-, loc- n`j edrc`cstrntofrnpdy) nrgo`tgfrntgj dgrg o` n rgec`struetoc` ck tdg pnmgcg`vorcobog`tnm gvcmutoc`. Zc tdg vgrtoenm, strntofrnpdoenm jobg`soc`, tdg dcrozc`tnm, nrgnm jobg`soc` os njjgj ly bgn`s ck jostrolutoc` bnps ck tdgmotdcmcfoenm jntn kcr gned lgj n`j gned lcro`f. Lgenusg tdgsg bnps rgmntg tc motdcstrntofrnpdoeuòts, tdgrg bny lg n egrtno` jonedrc`y o` tdgb9 tdg pdg`cbg`n sdcw` c` n bnp `ggj `ct `gegs-snromy dnvg lgg` gxnetmy sobumtn`gcus nt nmm lcro`f mcentoc`s. Zdg snbg dcmjs trug kcr tdg mn`jsenpgrgec`struetoc` jrnwo`fs1 tdus g.f. o` n jrnwo`f wotd n strc`fmy lrnèdo`f rovgr pnttgr` `ct nmm sbnmmedn``gms `ggj dnvg crofo`ntgj nt tdg snbg tobg. Dcwgvgr, tdg pgrocjozntoc` ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`-bg`tnm rgec`struetoc` os sued tdnt tdg pdg`cbg`n sdcw` c` n bnp cr jrnwo`f egrtno`my nmwnys crofo`ntgj wotdo` tdg pgrocj ecègr`gj.

Zdg pcsotoc`s ck nmm lcro`fs wdcsg jntn dnvg lgg` prcegssgj o` tdg jostrolutoc` bnps nrg sdcw` o`Kof. 55 (kcr tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn) n`j Kof. 5: (kcr tdg Mggrjnb nrgn). Zdg prgeosoc` ck tdgecbputgr-jorgetgj mnsgr pmcttgr (sgg Ed. Og) nmmcwgj tdg edcoeg ck syblcms kcr tdg jostrolutoc` bnpssued tdnt tdgor sozg os ec`toùcusmy vnronlmg (kcr tdg bnps sdcwo`f tdoea`gss n`j jgptd ck tdg lgjs)n`j sued tdnt tdgy en` lg supgrobpcsgj c` gned ctdgr (kcr tdg bnps wotd tdg rgbnoò`f motdcmcfoenmjntn1 sgg tdg mgfg`j, Kof.*57).Zdg kcmmcwo`f rgbnras sdcumj lg bnjg c` tdg ec`struetoc` ck tdg bnps wotd tdoea`gss syblcms.Vdgrg, krcb tdg jgtnoms ck n lcro`f, ot ecumj lg ecèmujgj tdnt n egrtno` lgj wns `ct kcrbgj nt tdglcro`f sotg, n sbnmm dcrozc`tnm jnsd wns pmnegj c` tdg bnp ecègr`gj. Ok n egrtno` lgj wns `ctkcu`j o` n lcro`f, lut `c`-jgpcsotoc` ecumj `ct lg prcvgj (g.f. lgenusg ck mntgr grcsoc`, cr lgenusgck fcufo`f tc tcc sdnmmcw n jgptd), `c syblcm wns o`sgrtgj. Ok n emnstoe lgj ecumj `ct lg fcufgjtdrcufd g`torgmy lgenusg tdg lgj os mcenmmy strc`fmy sn`jy, n eoremg wns pmnegj nrcu`j tdg jct sdcwo`f tdg tdoea`gss ck tdg lgj sc knr ns fcufgj tdrcufd.C` tdg bnps sdcwo`f tdg motdcmcfoenm ec`tg`t (oèmusovg ck tdg crfnòe rgbno`s) n syblcm wns `ctpmnegj kcr nmm lcro`fs wdgrg n egrtno` lgj wns kcu`j. @nbgmy, wdgrg n lgj dns `c bnragj ednrne-tgrostoes, g.f. o` tdg ensg ck n pccrmy duboe, `c`-sn`jy emny lgj wotdcut n bcjgrntg cr mnrfg qun`-toty ck pmn`t rgbno`s, `c syblcm wns usgj. Zdos dcmjs nmsc kcr tdg crfnòe lgjs wdgrg tdgsg dnvglgg` jgvgmcpgj ns rntdgr nbcrpdcus pgnt, wdoed dns lgg` kcu`j o` bn`y pmnegs. Vdgrg n` crfnòelgj ec`sosts `ct ck pgnt lut ck fyttin, n syblcm wns usgj (sgg mgfg`j, Kof.*57), gxegpt kcr crfnòelgj cm <-5 (Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk), tdg uppgr pnrt ck wdoed, ec`sosto`f fg`grnmmy ck fyttin, dns lgg`rgprgsg`tgj c` n sgpnrntg bnp (Kof. :;).

Lgenusg ck tdg nlcvg-bg`toc`gj cbossoc` ck syblcms o` egrtno` ensgs, kumm gvnmuntoc` ck tdg jostrolutoc` bnps os c`my pcssolmg ly ec`stn`t ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg bnps sdcwo`f tdg mcentoc` ck nmm lcro`fs(Kofs. 55 n`j 5:). Lgsojgs, o` bn`y pmnegs o` tdg spgeokoe jgseroptoc` ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`tnm gvcmutoc` c`my obpmoeot rgkgrgèg os bnjg tc tdg jostrolutoc` bnps.N` obpcrtn`t njvn`tnfg ck tdg syblcm bnps os tdnt pco`t-o`kcrbntoc` os prgsg`tgj nlcut n mnrfgùblgr ck ednrnetgrostoes. Cppcso`f tdgsg nrg bnps wotd pmn`g-o`kcrbntoc`9 dgrg kgwgr ednrnetgros-toes en` lg sdcw` tcfgtdgr, n`j bcrgcvgr tdgor ec`struetoc` o`vcmvgs suligetovg o`tgrprgtntoc` n`jo`tgrpcmntoc`. @gvgrtdgmgss, kcr tdg snag ck emnroty frgy pmn`gs dnvg lgg` supgrobpcsgj c` vnrocussyblcm bnps. O` nmm bnps gxegpt c`g, tdgsg rgkgr tc tdg pcsotoc`s ck sn`jy edn``gm kommo`fs n`j rovgrju`gs. Zdg rovgr ju`g cutercps wgrg rgec`struetgj kcr tdg vnrocus bnps ly ecbpnro`f tdg bnpsdcwo`f tdg jgptd ck tdg rovgr-ju`g surk neg wotd tdg bnp sdcwo`f tdg tdoea`gss ck tdg jgpcsot ecègr`gj (sgg g.f. Kof. :>).Zdg pcsotoc`s ck tdg rovgr ju`g n`j tdg edn``gm kommo`fs (strgnb rojfgs) c` tdg syblcm bnps ck tdg



6<

mcentoc` ck nmm lcro`fs

Kof. 55. Mcentoc` ck lcro`fs, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Bn`y lcro`fs cbottgj nt kmnà ck Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g. Ugg Kof.5 kcr tcpcfrnpdoe jgtnoms.

Mggrjnb stujy nrgn nppgnr tc lg o` fccj nfrggbg`t wotd sdggt 54 Ccst ck tdg Fgcmcfoenm bnp cktdg @gtdgrmn`js >978888 ([G\L\NGEA >?68). Zdg gxnet mcentoc` ck cur stujy nrgn c` tdos sdggt wnso`joentgj o` Ed. OOl.> wotd tdg noj ck prckomg O[ (Kof.* >8). Udggt 54 Ccst fovgs vnmunlmg suppmgbg`-tnry o`kcrbntoc` nlcut tdg surrcu`jo`fs ck tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn1 tdus, c` tdos bnp tdg ecursg cktdg mnrfgr edn``gms en` lg trnegj cvgr bued wojgr n jostnèg tdn` o` cur jgtnomgj stujy. Votdrgfnrj tc tdg bno` stujy nrgn (Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk) tdg snbg womm dcmj wotd rgmntoc` tc sdggt 54 Vgst, tclg pulmosdgj o` jug ecursg.

Zdg ju`g- n`j mccb tcpcfrnpdy

Lgkcrg g`tgro`f tdg suliget ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`tnm gvcmutoc` ck lctd nrgns juro`f Ntmn`toe n`jUullcrgnm (Eds. [l, -e, -j n`j -g) scbg rgbnras c` tdg tcpcfrnpdy ck tdg sn`j-sulscom (Argktg`dgygKcrbntoc` ‚ dnb n`j rovgr ju`gs) nrg bnjg dgrg. O` Ed. O[e dypctdgsgs c` tdg fg`gsos n`j nfg



65

Kof. 5:. Mcentoc` ct' lcro`fs, Mggrjnb.Ugg Kof. : kcr tcpcfrnpdoe jgtnoms.

ck tdg mcnb n`j tdg rovgr ju`gs wgrg fovg . Kcr njjotoc`nm pnmgcgecmcfoenm nspgets ec``getgj wotdtdos n`j kcr tdg jgseroptoc` ck tdg vgfgtntoc`nm jgvgmcpbg`t o` tdg Xrglcrgnm n`j Lcrgnm, sgg Eds.

Ommg, -k n`j -f.Zdg tcpcfrnpdy ck tdg rovgr ju`gs n`j tc n mgssgr gxtg`t nmsc ck tdg mcnb dns gxgrtgj n` obpcrtn`to`kmugèg c` tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`tnm gvcmutoc` juro`f tdg Ntmn`toe n`j Uullcrgnm, ns womm lg sdcwò` jgtnom o` tdg kcWcwo`f ednptgrs. Kofs. 5; n`j 54 sdcw tdg jgptd ck lctd (tcpbcst) pnrts ck tdgArgktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`.Zdg orrgfumnr tcpcfrnpdy ck tdg mn`jsenpg ck n lrnojgj rovgr os bnòkgstgj o` tdg orrgfumnr tdoea`gssn`j jgptd ck tdg mcnb (Kofs. 5;, 56 n`j 54). Zdg ceeurrgèg ck rovgr ju`gs os mobotgj o` lctd nrgnstc n strop nbojst tdos wgnamy u`jumnto`f /cnb-surkneg. O` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn tdos strop dns nV-G crog`tntoc`, o` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn n UV-@G crog`tntoc`. Zdgsg bny lg ec``getgj tc tdg jorge-toc` ck tdg edn``gm kmccrs krcb wdoed tdg ju`g sn`j wns jgkmntgj. NMMG@ (>?;7, p. >;5) eotgs n stujy



6:

Kof. 5;. Jgptd ck tdg tcp ck Argktg dgyg Kcrbntoc`, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg j, sgg Kof. *571 lmnea stnrs9 rovgr-juè sn`j.

ck n` nrgn wotd sgvgrnm sgrogs ck rovgr ju`gs, gned sgrogs sdcwo`f n` crog`tntoc` pnrnmmgm tc tdg

kcrbgr edn``gm kmccr. N sobomnr ec``getoc` os sdcw` ly tdg rovgr-ju`g pnttgr` o` tdg kcssom `crtdgrÒIssgm vnmmgy (G@ZG >?6>, kof. >). Ot wns `ct pcssolmg tc trneï edn``gm kmccrs o` tdg stujy nrgns1 pcsso-lmy tdgsg wgrg umtobntgmy kommgj wotd dnb n`j ju`g sn`j.Votdo` tdg strops ck rovgr ju`gs scbg dofd, gmc`fntgj ju`gs nrg sotuntgj (sgg Kofs. 5; n`j 54)1 tdgortcps cutercp o` scbg pmnegs. Zdg crog`tntoc` ck tdgsg dofd ju`gs os o` lctd nrgns UV-@G n`j ec`-sgqug`tmy o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn `ct tdg snbg ns tdg jorgetoc` ck tdg wdcmg strop. Xcssolmy tdgcrog`tntoc` ck tdg dofd ju`gs os rgmntgj tc n prgvnomo`f wo`j jorgetoc`. Zdos bofdt lg tdg snbg prg-vnomo`f UV wo`j nserolgj ly [G\L\NGEA (>?6:, p. 5) tc tdg kcrbntoc` ck bcst rovgr-ju`g cutercps('jcàg`') o` tdos rgfoc` (tdg Nmlmnssgrwnnrj), nmtdcufd fg`grnmmy tdgsg ecègr` `ct gmc`fntgj ju`gslut ju`gs wotd soeamg n`j pnrnlcmoe sdnpgs (oloj.).



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>'of. 56. Zdoea`gss ck tdg mcno`. Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57. Frgy9 rovgr juès.

[l ZDG BOJJMG-NZMN@ZOE XG\OCJ (e. 6:88-;>88 LX)

‚ ZDG KMW[OC-MNFCC@NM XNMGCG@[O\C@BG@Z

Zdg pgrocj krcb e. 6:88 tc e. ;:78 LX o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn.

O` tdg mn`jsenpg ck mcnb n`j rovgr ju`gs wojgsprgnj neeubumntoc` ck crfnòe n`j emnstoe bntgronm(Vgstmn`j Kcrbntoc`) lgfn` o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn nrcu`j 6:88 LX. Zdos wns bnjg pcssolmgly tdg rosg ck tdg mcenm wntgr mgvgm (frcu`jwntgr-surkneg n`j rovgr mgvgm) u`jgr tdg o`kmugèg ck tdgDcmceg`g sgn-mgvgm rosg1 pgrdnps oèrgnsgj rovgr josednrfg nmsc pmnygj n rcmg. ,C` tdg rntdgr kmnt, lut orrgfumnr rgmogk ck tdg /cnw-surkneg, sbnmm mnags jgvgmcpgj nlcut 6:88 LX o`wdoed krnfbg`tgj pmn`t- n`j nòbnm rgbno`s wgrg jgpcsotgj ns fyttin (ek. Npp., Kof. n). Xrgvocusmy,fyttin neeubumntoc` dnj tnag` pmneg o` sbnmm jgprgssoc`s, lut ot wns `ct u`tom nlcut 6:88 LX tdnttdg rosg ck tdg wntgr mgvgm dnj n` o`kmugèg cvgr tdg wdcmg /cnb-surkneg. Nt sdnmmcw pmnegs n`j nmc`f



6;

Kof. 54. Jeptd ck tdg tcp ck Arektg`dgygKcrbntoc`, Mggrjnb.Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57.

tdg sdcrgs ck tdg mnags stccj Zypdn n`fustokcmon, Upnrfnòub, Eypgrnegng n`j Erueokgrng (prclnlmy \croppn n`j/cr @nsturtoub), wdomg o` tdg wntgr otsgmk Lntrnedoub, @ybpdngn n`j @updnr frgw. Nmùs n`j Xdrnfbotgs wgrg prgsg`t c` tdg sdcrgs ck tdg mnags n`j o` fg`grnm c` tdg scbgwdnt dofdgrpnrts ck tdg /cnw-surkneg. C` tdg rovgr ju`gs, ûgreus wns jcbo`n`t, lut wotd Zomon nmsc ceeurro`fmcenmmy tdgrg. Ecrymus wcumj dnvg lgg` obpcrtn`t ns u`jgrfrcwtd o` tdg ûgreus kcrgst, n`j bny

nmsc dnvg ceeurrgj nmc`f tdg scbgwdnt bcost gjfgs ck tdg ju`gs, tcfgtdgr wotd Wmbus n`j prgsub-nlmy Krnxoùs. Ns n ec`sgqugèg ck scbg gcmon` netovoty n`j/cr smcpg prcegssgs c` tdg ju`gs nsbnmm qun`toty ck ju`g sn`j lgenbg oècrpcrntgj o`tc tdg lnsnm crfnòe neeubumntoc` (sgg Npp.,Kof. n). Lgenusg ck tdg tobg-trn`sfrgssovg `nturg ck tdos lnsnm pgnt, tdg sn`j njboxturg nmsc ceeurrgjo` mntgr pgrocjs, `nbgmy wdgrg tdg lnsnm pgnt os sotuntgj nt n dofdgr mgvgm, gspgeonmmy c` tdg rovgr-ju`g smcpgs.Nlcut 6588 LX tdg sbnmm mnags lgenbg pnrtmy o`koWgj n`j wgrg gèmcsgj ly nbc`f ctdgrs Xdrnf

botgs. kgr`s (prclnlmy Zdgmyptgros) n`j Nmosbn pmn`tnfc-nquntoen. Mcenmmy tdos vgfgtntoc` jgvgmcpgj nskmcnto`f bnts. C` tdg rovgr ju`gs ‚ ck wdoed `ct iust tdg mnrfgr lut nmsc sgvgrnm senttgrgj sbnmmgrc`gs stomm rcsï prcbo`g`tmy nlcvg tdg bnrsd-surkneg ‚ tdgrg wns n mcenm n`j tgbpcrnry jgergnsg ck



66

Kof. 5?. Zdoea`gss ck emnstoe lgj em >, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57. Frgy9 strgnb rojfg.

tdg vgfgtntoc` ck ûgreus o` knvcur ck Ecrymus. Zdg enusg ck tdos os uègrtno`. Xrgdostcrog dubnò`kmugèg c` tdg vgfgtntoc` en` `ct lg rumgj cut (nmtdcufd tdos wcumj lg tdg gnrmogst dubn` trneïdgrg)9 o` tdg Utn`jnrj lcro`f, o` tdg pgnty fyttin lgj ecègr`gj, n sbnmm pogeg ck clsojon` wns kcu`j

(Ojg`tokoentoc` ly jrs. N. Gmoà Ueduurbn`). Nmtdcufd ot os c`my n vgry to`y krnfbg`t (mc`fgst jonbgtgr 7 bb), ots sdnrp gjfgs n`j tdg sgjobg`tnry bntrox bnag `nturnm suppmy n`j jgpcsotoc` u`dagmy.Zdg pnrtonm kommo`f up ck tdg sbnmm mnags lrcufdt tc n` g`j tdg korst pgrocj ck gxtg`sovg crfnòe neeu-bumntoc` o` tdg nrgn. Uulsgqug`tmy, o` `gnrmy tdg wdcmg nrgn cutsojg tdg rovgr ju`gs, kmuvonmoù`jntoc` tcca pmneg. O` tdg `crtdgr` pnrt ck tdg nrgn, tdgrg wns n sbnmm ckZsdcct ck tdg edn``gmsystgb kggjo`f tdos où`jntoc` (sgg Kofs. 5? n`j :8). O` n` g`vorc`bg`t ck prclnlmy pgrbn`g`tcpg` wntgr, n tdo` emny lgj wns jgpcsotgj juro`f n rgmntovgmy mc`f pgrocj, krcb e. 6588 tc e. ;688LX. (Zdg nrfubg`ts kcr tdg pgrbn`g`tmy cpg`-wntgr `nturg ck tdg jgpcsotoc`nm g`vorc`bg`t nrgfovg` lgmcw o` tdg sgetoc` c` tdg kmuvontomg gxpn`soc` krcb e. ;:78-;>88 LX.) Zdos wntgr-surkneg wnslrcag` up o` bn`y pmnegs ly strgtedgs ck Xdrnfbotgs, Zypdn, gte, wotd Unmox n`j Nmùs c` tdg scbg-



64

Kof. :8. Momdcmcfoenm ec tg t ck emnstoe lgj em >, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg`j, sge Kof. *57. Frgy9 strgnb rojfg.

wdnt jrogr pnrts. Zdg ju`gs wgrg bno`my ecmcòsgj ly ûgreus, Ecrymus, Wmbus n`j scbg Zomon.

Zdg rovgr ju`gs stomm wojgsprgnj cutercppo`f, kcrbgj n do`jrnèg tc n` gvg` jgpcsotoc` ck emny o`

tdg nrgn. Zdos os nppnrg`t krcb tdg vnronlmg tdoea`gss ck tdg emny lgj ecègr`gj (sgg Kof. 5?).Vgmm lgk crg tdg prcpgr g`j ck tdos pdnsg ck kmuvontomg emnstoe jgpcsotoc` (nt ;688 LX) tdg Xdrnfbotgs

kogmjs dnj nmrgnjy gxtg`jgj o`tc tdg cpg`-wntgr lcjogs n`j tdus dnj oòtontgj tdgor o`komd`f ly pmn`tfrcwtd.

Krcb e. ;688 tc e. ;788 LX dttmg emnstoe sgjobg`tntoc` ceeurrgj, tdg mnrfgr pnrt ck tdg nrgn cutsojgtdg ju`gs lgo`f trn`skcrbgj tc Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd. Mcenmmy sbnmm mnags wgrg prgsg`t wotd fyttinjgpcsotoc` (ek. Npp., Kof. l). Nmosbn, Wblgmmokgrng n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon wcumj dnvg frcw` nt sdnm-mcw spcts n`j nmc`f tdg sdcrgs ck tdgsg mnags, n`j nmsc o` scbgwdnt cpg` pmnegs o` tdg Xdrnfbotgs

bnrsd. C` sn`jy, scbgwdnt jrogr mcenmotogs o` tdos bnrsd (tdg sn`jy koýo`f n`j mgvggs ck tdg sbnmmedn``gm krcb tdg prgvocus pgrocj ck emnstoe jgpcsotoc`1 pmnegs wdgrg senttgrgj sbnmm rovgr ju`gs iust



6?

rgnedgj tdg bnrsd-surkneg), Nmùs, Ecrymus n`j prgsubnlmy nmsc Wmbus wcumj dnvg frcw`. C` tdgrovgr ju`gs pcssolmy n mcenm jgergnsg ck tdg ûgreus vgfgtntoc` ceeurrgj lgenusg ck prgdostcrog eut-to`f netovotogs, Ecrymus rgbnoò`f krcb tdg u`jgrfrcwtd ck tdg ûgreus kcrgst cr quoeamy rgfg`grnto`fnfno`. Zdg josecvgry ck ednrecnm krcb ;?88 LX nt tdg kcct ck tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g (sgg Ed.Omm o) prcvojgs n` o`joentoc` ck Bgscmotdoe prgdostcrog netovoty o tdg nrgn. O` tdos ec``getoc` rgkgrgègbny nmsc lg bnjg tc tdg josecvgry ck n Bgscmotdoe wccjg` stntugttg jnto`f krcb ;:88 ¾ 47 LX

`gnr Vommgbstnj, e. 57 ab UV ck Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk ([N@ GU & ENUXN\OG >?;4).

Nlcut ;788 LX tdg bnrsd lgenbg cpg` cèg bcrg9 tdg Xdrnfbotgs kogmjs fnvg wny pnrtmy tc n`g`vorc`bg`t ck sdnmmcw, quogt wntgr wotd bn`y Wblgmmokgrng (bno`my tdg spgeogs Uoub grgetub n`jU. mntokcmoub), kgbs, Nmosbn pmn`tnfc-nquntoen n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon. Emny jgpcsotoc` ceeurrgj krcbscbg o`jostoèt sbnmm edn``gms (Npp., Kof. e9 tdg sn`jy pntedgs o` emny lgj em <n).Zdg ûgreus kcrgst c` tdg ju`gs dnj lgg` pnrtmy rgstcrgj1 scbg Lgtuon prclnlmy nmsc ceeurrgj o` ottgbpcrnromy, wdoed bny lg ec``getgj tc tdg rgfg`grntoc` ck tdg kcrgst. Nt tdg mcw gjfgs ck tdgju`gs n`j pcssolmy c` `nturnm mgvggs stccj Wmbus n`j Nmùs.

Zdos pgrocj ck emny jgpcsotoc` mnstgj c`my n sdcrt tobg n`j g`jgj nlcut ;:78 LX wotd n pnrtonmkoWo`f up ck tdg cpg`-wntgr lcjogs n`j gxtg`soc` ck tdg Xdrnfbotgs kogmjs1 o` bn`y pmnegs dcwgvgr

scbg emny jgpcsotoc` stomm ceeurrgj (ek. Npp., Kof. j).

Kmuvontomg gxpn`soc` krcb e. ;:78 tc e. ;>88 LX (BcOg`nnrsfrnnC

Udcrtmy nktgr e. ;:78 LX n jg`sgmy lrnèdo`f pnttgr` ck sbnmm rovgr edn``gms jgvgmcpgj o` tdgBcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn (sgg Kofs. :> n`j :<). Ucbg fuWogs o` tdos systgb bny dnvg kuètoc`gj prgvo-cusmy o` tdg sdcrt pgrocj ck emny jgpcsotoc` nt nlcut ;788 LX.Lgenusg ck tdg ec`toùo`f Dcmceg`g wntgr-mgvgm rosg, tdg jry rovgr-ju`g nrgn wns frnjunmmy sdroào`fn`j ly tdos tobg gvg` dnj lgecbg spmot up9 tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g prcpgr wns sgpnrntgj krcbtdg wgstgr` rovgr ju`g ecbpmgx. N trolutnry kmcwgj tdrcufd tdg fnp lgtwgg` lctd (sgg Kof. :>).Dgrg, ns wgmm ns nt tdg lcrjgr ck tdg rovgr-ju`g nrgns o` fg`grnm, n`j nt pmnegs wdgrg sbnmm oscmntgj

rovgr ju`gs stomm ceeurrgj nt sdnmmcw jgptd, smofdt kmuvonm grcsoc` n`j rgjgpcsotoc` ck ju`g sn`j tccapmneg.Kof.*:5 os n tg`tntovg nttgbpt, lut c`g lnsgj c` ec`sojgrnlmg gvojgèg, tc jgpoet tdg seg`gry ck tdgBcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn juro`f tdos pgrocj ck o`tg`sovg kmuvontomg emnstoe sgjobg`tntoc`. O` tdospoetcronm rgec`struetoc` tdg kcmmcwo`f mn`jsenpg ecbpc`g`ts en` lg josegr`gj9

>. Zdg rovgr edn``gms.Jgspotg tdg bn`y lokurentoc`s, bno` fummogs en` lg josegr`gj wdoed kmcwgj tdrcufd tdg wdcmg nrgn.Fummogs g`jo`f o` tdg lnso`s bny dnvg crofo`ntgj ns lrgnedgs ck tdg `nturnm mgvggs1 tdgsg ergvnssgsbny dnvg sgrvgj `ct c`my ns o`mgts kcr wntgr o`tc tdg lnso`s, lut nmsc nt tobgs ns cutmgts (ek. KOUA>?::, p. <41 >?:6, p. :7). O` tdg edn``gms bno`my sn`j wns jgpcsotgj. Xco`t-lnrs nrg `ct trnegnlmg1

o` sbnmm rovgr ednobgms pco`t-lnrs bny pnss obpgregptolmy o`tc `nturnm mgvggs (\GO@GEA & UO@FD>?67, p. <::).

<. Zdg `nturnm mgvggs.Nmc`f bcst edn``gms `nturnm mgvggs ck emnygy sn`j n`j sn`jy emny wcumj dnvg lgg` kcrbgj. Zdgbn`y spurs ck sn`jy emny lnso`wnrj ck tdg mgvggs (sgg Kof. :<) pco`t tc tdg gxostgèg ck ergvnssgs.C` tdg `nturnm mgvggs stccj bno`my Wmbus n`j Ecrymus, wotd Nmùs nmc`f tdg wgttgr gjfgs. C` scbgvgry `nrrcw, mcw mgvggs nmc`f tdg sbnmmgst edn``gms prclnlmy bno`my Xdrnfbotgs frgw. Zdg trggvgfgtntoc` ck tdg mgvggs os jgnmt wotd o` bcrg jgtnom o` Ed. [j, pnrtmy lgenusg rgfoc`nm jntn c` tdossuliget dnvg lgg` pulmosdgj kcr tdg pgrocj jgserolgj tdgrg.



48

Kof. :>. Zdoea`gss ck emnstoe lgj em <, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57. Jnra frey9 strgnb rojfgs1 mofdofrey9 rovgr-ju`g cutercp.

5. Zdg lnso`s.Zdg pdysocf`cby ck tdg wdcmg seg`gry wns strc`fmy knsdoc`gj ly tdg lnso`s, lgo`f mnrfg, pgr

bn`g`tmy cpg`-wntgr lcjogs. O` knet tdgsg lnso`s (kmccjlnso`s9 tdg mcwgst pnrts ck tdg kmuvonm pmno`,NMMG@ >?;7, p. ><5) ceeupogj tdg wdcmg nrgn lgtwgg` tdg rovgr edn``gms n`j tdg stomm cutercppo`frovgr ju`gs. C`my o` scbg pmnegs, sued ns nt sdnmmcw spcts nmc`f tdg wgstgr` rovgr-ju`g ecbpmgx,sbnmm Xdrnfbotgs kogmjs ceeurrgj wotd mottmg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`.Zdos cpg`-wntgr nspget ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t o` tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno` bust lgstrc`fmy strgssgj. Wp tomm `cw tdg pdysocf`cby ck tdg lnso`s dns lgg` dnrjmy joseussgj o` tdg motgrn-turg1 `cw n`j tdg` tdg vogw os gxprgssgj tdnt tdg lnso`s wgrg jg`sgmy wccjgj (sgg Ed. [j kcr rgkgr-g`egs). Lgmcw wg most cur bno` nrfubg`ts kcr n pgrbn`g`tmy cpg`-wntgr `nturg ck tdg lnso`s juro`ftdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe ns wgmm ns tdg bojjmg- n`j mntg-Uullcrgnm kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs. Zdg spgeonm `nturg ck tdg seg`gry juro`f tdg o`tgrvg`o`f mntg-Ntmn`toe/gnrmy-Uullcrgnm jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg os



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Kof. :<. Motdcmcfoenm ec`tg`t ck emnstoe lgj em <l, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg j, sgg Kof. '5 7. Jnra frgy9 strgnbrojfgs1 mofdt frgy9 rovgr-ju`g cutercp.

joseussgj o` Ed. [e ‚ lut tdg` ns wgmm tdg bno` nspget ck tdg seg`gry wns tdnt ck cpg`-wntgrlcjogs.n. Zdg lnso` emnys nrg rgbnranlmy sckt ‚ tdos iust rgsumts o` rntdgr gnsy dn`j lcro`f cvgr bn`ybgtgrs jgptd. Nmtdcufd tdos sckt`gss dns `ct lgg` qun`tokogj ly mnlcrntcry bgtdcjs, ot os rgnsc`nlmgtc ecèmujg tdnt tdg lnso` emnys wgrg `ct jrogj cut (Juted 'c`fgroipt'). N` gxegptoc` tc tdos os prc-vojgj ly tdg mntg-Uullcrgnm lnso`-emny jgpcsot o` tdg upstrgnb Mggrjnb nrgn1 tdos emny os mcenmmytcufdgr (sgg Ed. [j).l. Gxpcsurg ck tdg lnso` emnys tc tdg nor wcumj dnvg enusgj `ct c`my orrgvgrsolmg jryo`f cut (sgg n)

lut nmsc cxojntoc` pdg`cbg`n moag ecèrgtoc`s. Zdgsg nrg vortunmmy nlsg`t. Bcrgcvgr, tdg pgrkgetstntg ck prgsgrvntoc` ck tdg pmn`t bntgronm kcu`j o` tdg lnso` emnys nmsc jgògs gxpcsurg n`j cxojntoc`.e. Zdg lnso` emnys nrg prgjcbo`n`tmy enmenrgcus. Neecrjo`f tc XC@U (>?76) tdg rovgr \do`g nt mgnst



4<

nmwnys trn`spcrtgj enmenrgcus sgjobg`t. Juro`f jgpcsotoc` o` tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`sy`sgjobg`tnry jgenmeokoentoc` ck tdg lnso` emnys wcumj tnag pmneg ok sukkoeoá`t crfnòe neojs wgrgprgsg`t, ns wcumj lg tdg ensg o` n jg`sgmy vgfgtntgj lnso` g`vorc`bg`t. Zdg knet tdnt jgenmeokoentoc`ck tdg emnys joj `ct tnag pmneg gxegpt o` vgry sdnmmcw mcenmotogs, n`j nt tdg g`j ck cr nktgr tdg jgpc-sotoc`nm pgrocj (enuso`f tdg uppgr kgw eb cr jb tc lg jgenmeokogj) jgògs n jg`sg vgfgtntoc` o` tdglnso`s.j. Jryo`f up ck tdg lnso`s (cr gvg` n` obpcrtn`t rgjuetoc` ck tdg wntgr mgvgm) juro`f tdg subbgrsgnsc` wcumj dnvg mgnj tc strc`f gxpn`soc` ck tdg dgrl vgfgtntoc` juro`f tdnt sgnsc`. Dcwgvgr,tdg pcmmg` jonfrnbs sdcw vgry mcw dgrl vnmugs o` tdg lnso` emnys. Nlsgèg ck dgrl pcmmg` jug tccxojntoc` o` gxpcsgj lnso`s os u`moagmy o` vogw ck tdg fccj stntg ck prgsgrvntoc` ck bcst ck tdg pcmmg`.\geg`t gxnbpmgs ck sued pgrbn`g`tmy wntgr-mcffgj mnrfg kmuvonm lnso`s womm `ct lg kcu`j gnsomy o`tdg tgbpgrntg edbntoe zc`gs lgenusg ck dubn` o`tgrkgrgèg. O` tdg trcpoes tdgy jc ceeur, g.f. nmc`ftdg Bnfjnmg`n rovgr o` Ecmcblon. Ecbpnrosc` ck tdg sotuntoc` tdgrg ‚ n` ngronm vogw ck ot buedo`sporgj tdg nutdcr ‚ wotd tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t joseussgj dgrg womm lg usgkum, lut frgnt enrg os`gegssnry o` vogw ck tdg jokkgrgègs o` emobntg n`j fgcmcfy.ECMGBN@ (>?;;) emnssokogj kmuvontomg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`ts o` tdg Ntednknmnyn lnso`, sotuntgj o` tdg jgm-tnoe pmno` ck tdg Bossossoppo rovgr. Zdg pgrbn`g`tmy wntgr-mcffgj lnso`s joseussgj dgrg pgrdnpsecrrgspc`j bcst emcsgmy wotd tdg 'pccrmy jrno`gj swnbp' n`j tdg 'krgsdwntgr mneustro`g' g`vorc`bg`ts josto`fuosdgj tdgrg. Ugjobg`ts ck tdg kcrbgr sdcw dcwgvgr emgnr cxojntoc` pdg`cbg`n,wdgrgns tdg mnttgr bofdt rgmntg bcrg tc tdg 'kmuvoc-mneustro`g' pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t joseussgj o` Ed. [e.Zdg wntgr jgptd o` tdg lnso`s n`j tdg tdoea`gss ck tdg emny jgpcsot jgpg`jgj nbc`f ctdgrs c` tdgecbpnetoc` ck tdg sulscom (sn`j, emny cr pgnt). Nmsc tdg jostnèg tc tdg edn``gms o`kmugègj tdgtdoea`gss ck emny jgpcsotoc`9 tdg lnso` emny jgpcsots nrg tdoeagr n`j sn`jogr `gnr tdg `nturnm mgvggs.O` tdg `gofdlcurdccj ck tdg edn``gms n rdytdboe lgjjo`f wotd duboe mnbo`ng scbg bb tdoea wnscktg` kcu`j o` tdg lnso` emnys. Zdgsg mnbo`ng mcenmmy ec`tno` to`y krnfbg`ts ck wccj, mgnvgs n`js`nom-sdgmms1 neecrjo`f tc KOUA (>?:6, p. 76) tdg mnttgr twc nrg cktg` gècu`tgrgj o` kmccjlnso` jgpcsots. Zdg mnbo`ng pcssolmy o`joentg sgnsc`nm kmuetuntoc`s o` sgjobg`tntoc`.

Zdg vgfgtntoc` o` tdg lnso`s ‚ sc knr ns vosolmg nlcvg tdg wntgr mgvgm ‚ wns rgstroetgj bno`my tctdg gjfgs ck tdg `nturnm mgvggs (sgg Kof.*:5). Xdrnfbotgs n`j ctdgr dyfrcpdomcus frnssgs (g.f. pcssolmyFmyegron), Wblgmmokgrng {Uoub, Cg`n`tdg), Nmosbn, gte. frgw tdgrg1 o` tdos bnrsd-dgrl vgfgtntoc`prclnlmy nmsc Unmox ceeurrgj mcenmmy. Nt sdnmmcw pco`ts o` tdg lnso`s knrtdgr nwny krcb tdg `nturnmmgvggs, n sobomnr vgfgtntoc` ceeurrgj mcenmmy, nmtdcufd ot ec`sostgj bno`my ck Cg`n`tdg n`j Nmosbn.

Ec`sgqug`tmy, tdg emny jgpcsotgj nt tdgsg sdnmmcw spcts os bcrg duboe (ek. Kofs. :> n`j :<). O` scbgpnrts ck tdg mnrfgr lnso`s, ns o` tdg @V n`j UV ecr`grs ck tdg stujy nrgn, emny jgpcsotoc` wnsneecbpnògj ly crfnòe neeubumntoc` (jgpcsotoc` ck emnygy fyttin, sgg Kof. :<).Nt c`my n kgw pmnegs o` tdg lnso`s, Nmùs swnbp kcrgst wcumj dnvg ceeurrgj, `nbgmy c` sbnmmckZsdccts krcb `nturnm mgvggs (kommgj up ergvnssgs3), n`j nmc`f tdg rovgr ju`gs, wdgrg tdgsg ceeurrgjnt sdnmmcw jgptds o` tdg sulscom ck tdg lnso`s, ns wns tdg ensg gspgeonmmy nmc`f tdg wgstgr` ju`g

nrgn.

:. Zdg rovgr ju`gs.Zdg stomm gbgrfo`f rovgr ju`gs wcumj dnvg lgg` vosolmg o` tdg mn`jsenpg gspgeonmmy lgenusg ck tdg tnmmvgfgtntoc` bno`my ck ûgreus. Mcenmmy Zomon nmsc ceeurrgj o` tdg cna kcrgst, n`j gspgeonmmy nmc`f otswgttgr kmnàs Wmbus n`j Ecrymus wcumj nmsc dnvg frcw`1 tdg mnttgr wcumj nmsc dnvg ceeurrgj nsu`jgrfrcwtd n`j o` cpg` mcenWtogs.[ogwo`f tdg wdcmg mn`jsenpg (Kof.*:5), tdg g`torg nrgn cutsojg tdg rovgr ju`gs bny lg rgfnrjgj nsc`g mnrfg lnso` o`tgrsgetgj ly `nrrcw edn``gms wotd tdgor mgvggs. Mccagj nt o` tdos wny, n`j o` vogwck tdg pgrbn`g`tmy cpg`-wntgr `nturg ck tdg lnso`s, tdg pdysocf`cby ck tdg seg`gry bny lg ecb-



45

Kof. ::. Zdoea`gss ck emnstoe lgj mgp,Mggrjnb. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57. Jnrafrgy9 strgnb rojfg1 mofdt frgy9 rovgr-ju`gcutgrcp.

pnrgj tc tdnt ck n mnfcc`. Kcr tdos rgnsc` wg prcpcsg tc usg tdg tgrb kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm kcr tdgpnmgcg`vorc`bg`t joseussgj dgrg. Ot os `ct egrtno` wdgtdgr tdos kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm rgfoc` pnssgj sgn-wnrj o`tc tdg mnfcc` prcpgr ‚ ok n`y ‚ ck tdg bnro`g sgetoc` ck tdg ecnstnm pmno`. O` tdnt ensg tdgkmuvoc-mnfcc`nm rgfoc` bofdt lg rgfnrjgj ns tdg mn`jwnrj pnrt ck tdg mnfcc`, n`j tdg tgrb wcumj lgbcrg cr mgss sy`c`ybcus tc DNFGBN@'U (>?;5) 'pnrn-mnfcc`nm'.

Ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn

O` tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe pgrocj gxtg`sovg kmuvontomg emnstoe jgpcsotoc` nmsc tcca pmneg o` tdg Mggrjnbstujy nrgn <8 ab upstrgnb. Dgrg tdg nmtgr`ntoc` wotd pdnsgs ck bno`my crfn`oe neeubumntoc` wnsmgss prc`cu`egj o` tdos pgrocj tdn` nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. O` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn tdgrg wns `c qugstoc`,ns nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk, ck tdg kcrbntoc` ck `gw edn``gm pnttgr`s o` tdg sulsgqug`t sulpdnsgs ckrg`gwgj emnstoe sgjobg`tntoc`. O`stgnj jgpcsotoc` prclnlmy ceeurrgj rgpgtotovgmy krcb tdg snbgrovgr. Zdos os tdg sc-enmmgj Bojjgmaccp strgnb (sgg Ed. OOl.5), wdoed wns bued lrcnjgr tdn` tdgec`tgbpcrn`gcus edn``gms nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk n`j kcrbgj tdg bcst obpcrtn`t nspget ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t ck tdg Mggrjnb nrgn nt tdnt tobg (ek. Kofs. :: n`j :7). Zdg rovgr kmcwgj o` n bgn`jgr



4:

Kof. :7. Momdcmcfoenm ec`tg`t ck emnstoelgj mgp, Mggrjnb. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof.*57. Jnra frgy9 strgnb rojfg1 mofdt frgy9rovgr-ju`g cutercp.

nrcu`j tdg `crtdgb g`j ck tdg rovgr ju`g n`j pnrtmy grcjgj ot. Bcrgcvgr bofrntoc` ck tdg bgn`jgro` n `crtdgrmy jorgetoc` prgsubnlmy ceeurrgj, bnao`f tdg strgted ck sn`jy edn``gm jgpcsots (tdgstrgnb rojfg) lrcnjgr tdgrg, n`j dofdgr nmc`f tdg `crtdgr` gjfg (ek. Npp., Kof. g).C` tdg `nturnm mgvggs ck tdos strgnb Wmbus, ûgreus n`j Ecrymus ceeurrgj, wotd bno`my Nmùs n`jUnmox nt tdg trn`sotoc` tc tdg lnso`s. Ergvnssg edn``gms wcumj dnvg kcrbgj bn`y fnps o` tdg mgvggs.Juro`f pdnsgs ck oèrgnsgj emnstoe jgpcsotoc`, mnrfg cpg`-wntgr lcjogs ednrnetgrosgj tdg lnso`s1 `c`-cr wgnamy sn`jy emny wns jgpcsotgj tdgrg. Ns nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk, mcenmmy nt sdnmmcw pco`ts o` tdglnso`s n bnrsd-dgrl vgfgtntoc` ceeurrgj, ec`sosto`f ck Xdrnfbotgs, kgr`s, Eypgrnegng, Nmosbn, Zypdn

n`fustokcmon, Z. mntokcmon, gte. Juro`f pdnsgs ck jgergnsgj emnstoe jgpcsotoc`, tdos vgfgtntoc` gxpn`jgjcvgr mnrfg pnrts ck tdg lnso`s1 nt tdgsg tobgs bcrg Upnrfnòub n`j Erueokgrng (prgsubnlmy \croppn

n`j/cr @nsturtoub ) nmsc frgw tdgrg.Zdg gmc`fntg rovgr ju`g o` tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn lgenbg oèrgnso`fmy sulbgrfgj lgenusg ck tdgDcmceg`g wntgr-mgvgm rosg, n`j ot spmot up o`tc twc pnrts, iust moag tdg rovgr-ju`g ecbpmgx ntBcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Zdg vgfgtntoc` ck tdg ju`gs wcumj dnvg lgg` sobomnr tc tdnt nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk.



47

Zdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t ck tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn juro`f tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe bny nmsc lg cutý`gjns kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm, ns nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Zdgrg nrg dcwgvgr obpcrtn`t jokkgrgègs wotd rgfnrj tctdg mnttgr, jcw`strgnb stujy nrgn. Zdg bn`y sbnmm edn``gms nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk (sgg g.f. Kof.*:5)wgrg prclnlmy tdg jcw`strgnb lrnèdgs ck tdg lrcnj Bojjgmaccp strgnb nt Mggrjnb (ek. Ed. OOl.5).Nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk tdg sulpdnsgs ck jgergnsgj kmuvontomg netovoty n`j gxpn`soc` ck tdg bnrsd-dgrlvgfgtntoc` (tdgrg bno`my ec`sosto`f ck Xdrnfbotgs) nrg bued bcrg jostoèt tdn` nt Mggrjnb. Zdg

bcrg ec`toùcus emnstoe sgjobg`tntoc` nt Mggrjnb bny dnvg lgg` jug tc tdg `gnr`gss ck tdg lrcnj,pgrsostg`t Bojjgmaccp strgnb.

[e ZDG MNZG-NZMN@ZOE/GN\M_-UWLLC\GNM XG\OCJ (g. ;>88-:>88 LX)

‚ ZDG KMW[OC-MNEWUZ\O@G XNMGCG@[O\C@BG@Z

NBOJUZ ZDG UVNBX KC\GUZU

Zdg obpcrtn`t edn`fg o` tdg mn`jsenpg nt e. ;>88 LX

Nt nlcut ;>88 LX n` obpcrtn`t edn`fg tcca pmneg o` tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t ck lctd stujy nrgns. Zdgkmuvoc-mnfcc`nm g`vorc`bg`t ck tdg prgegjo`f pgrocj fnvg wny tc n` g`vorc`bg`t ck gxtg`sovgswnbp kcrgsts wotd ùbgrcus mnags. Zdgsg mnags gxpn`jgj frnjunmmy lut umtobntgmy (nlcut :688 LX)kommgj up n`j fnvg wny tc rg`gwgj gxpn`soc` ck tdg swnbp kcrgsts. O` tdg pgrocj jgserolgj dgrg(ecbproso`f e. <888 ygnrs) jgpcsotoc` ck emnstoe n`j crfnòe bntgronm nmwnys ceeurrgj o` vgry quogtec`jotoc`s. Zdg mcenm pgrsostgèg ck swnbp kcrgst juro`f tdos pgrocj bofdt lg rgmntgj tc tdg smcwo fjcw` ck tdg Dcmceg`g wntgr-mgvgm rosg. Ot os nmsc tdg pgrocj o` wdoed tdg bcst obpcrtn`t prgdostcrogceeupntoc` pdnsgs c` tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g tcca pmneg.Nmrgnjy scbg tobg lgkcrg ;>88 LX tdg kommo`f up ck tdg kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm nrgn wns n``cuègj lysn`j-krgg emny jgpcsotoc` o` tdg lnso`s ns wgmm ns tdg edn``gms. Nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk tdos stomm tccapmneg o` n` g`vorc`bg`t ck cpg` wntgr, lut nt Mggrjnb ly tdg tobg ck tdos emny jgpcsotoc` n bnrsd-dgrl vgfgtntoc` ec`sosto`f ck Eypgrnegng, Nmosbn, kgr`s n`j Zypdn mntokcmon dnj gxpn`jgj. Zdg g`jck tdg kmuvontomg sgjobg`tntoc`, nt nlcut ;>88 LX, wns kcmocwgj ly gxtg`sovg Xdrnfbotgs frcwtd nt

Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk n`j ly tdg jgvgmcpbg`t ck Unmox lusdgs nt Mggrjnb. O` lctd nrgns Nmùs frcwtdstnrtgj tcc. O` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn mnags mcenmmy pgrsostgj o` tdcsg pnrts ck tdg lnso`s wdgrgnmrgnjy o` tdg prgegjo`f pgrocj bno`my crfnòe neeubumntoc` ceeurrgj. Nmc`f tdg sdcrgs ck tdgsgmnags Wrtoen jocgen. Ucmnroub jumenbnrn n`j Komopg`jumn umbnron prclnlmy frgw c` tdg ùtrotocus sul-scom ck wnstgj pmn`t bntgronm jroktgj nsdcrg. Nt sdnmmcw spcts o` tdgsg mnags n`j nmsc nt cpg` pmnegso` tdg Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd Wblgmmokgrng n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon frgw. Mcenmmy, Unmox n`j Nmùs wcumjdnvg ceeurrgj nt jrogr sotgs o` tdg Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd. Bcrg emcsgj Nmùs swnbp kcrgsts jgvgmcpgjnmc`f tdg strgnb rojfgs mgkt krcb tdg prgegjo`f jgpcsotoc`nm pgrocj, n`j nmc`f tdg lcrjgrs ck tdgrovgr ju`gs. C` tdg dofdgr pnrts ck tdg strgnb rojfgs ûgreus, Wmbus n`j Ecrymus wcumj dnvgceeurrgj. C` tdg rovgr ju`gs tdg ûgreus kcrgst wns bno`tno`gj, oèmujo`f Wmbus n`j Ecrymus.

Zdg edn`fg krcb n` g`vorc`bg`t wotd n mct ck cpg` wntgr (gxosto`f o` tdg prgegjo`f pgrocj) tc n

bnrsd ck Xdrnfbotgs n`j Nmò:s prclnlmy tcca pmneg juro`f n tgbpcrnry knmm ck tdg mcenm wntgr mgvgm.Zdg oèrgnsg o` pmn`t jgecbpcsotoc` rgsumto`f krcb tdos bny dnvg knvcurgj tdg frcwtd ck Wrtoen.

Nt nlcut ;888 LX tdos prgsubgj wntgr-mgvgm knmm bny dnvg mgnj tc mcenm, tgbpcrnry jgemo`g ck Nmùs

stn`js nmc`f tdg lcrjgrs ck tdg strgnb rojfgs n`j tdg rovgr ju`gs. Nt tdg snbg tobg tdg Xdrnfbotgs

kogmjs o` tdg mcwgr pnrts ck tdg nrgn gxpn`jgj bnxobnmmy. Zdgor gvnpctrn`sporntoc` bny dnvg ec`tro-lutgj tc tdg ecbpnetoc` ck tdg u`jgrmyo`f sgjobg`t n`j sc tc tdg o`vgrsoc` ck rgmogk, tdnt dnjnmrgnjy enusgj tdg strgnb rojfgs tc gbgrfg nlcvg tdg bnrsd surkneg.

Nmtdcufd sulsgqug`t tc e. ;888 LX tdg Xdrnfbotgs kogmjs joj `ct g`torgmy josnppgnr, Nmùs swnbpkcrgst gxpn`jgj cvgr n mnrfg pnrt ck tdg nrgn. O` tdg Xdrnfbotgs kogmjs rgbnoò`f bcrg kgr`s n`jEypgrnegng tdn` lgkcrg prclnlmy ceeurrgj.



4;

Kof. :;. roooeaoogss ck fyttin lgj o` crfnòe lgj cm <-5, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg j, sgg Kof. *57. Jnra frgy9gxtg`soc` ck fymtin1 mofdt frgy9 rovgr-ju`g cutercp.

Zdg gxpn`soc` ck tdg mnags nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk

Ucbg eg`turogs nktgr ;888 LX tdg mnags nmrgnjy o` gxostgèg stnrtgj tc gxpn`j frnjunmmy n`j ntsgvgrnm pmnegs `gw c`gs wgrg kcrbgj ly n` oèrgnsgj rosg ck tdg mcenm wntgr mgvgm. Zdg mnagsgxpn`jgj nt tdg ecst ck tdg Xdrnfbotgs kogmjs ns wgmm ns tdg Nmùs swnbp kcrgsts. @gvgrtdgmgss, tdg

mnttgr twc stomm bnjg up tdg mnrfgr pnrt ck tdg nrgn. (ek. Npp., Kof. k).Zdg knet tdnt wccj-pgnt neeubumntoc` ceeurrgj pco`ts tc wntgr-mgvgm rosg (ek. C[G\LGEA >?67, p.?;). Zdg neegmgrntoc` ck tdos rosg o` ec``getoc` wotd tdg mnag gxpn`soc` nmrgnjy bg`toc`gj bnyrgmntg tc oèrgnsgj ecbpnetoc` ck tdg emny- n`j pgnt-sulscom. Uued n rgmntoc`sdop os nmsc bg`toc`gjo` ec``getoc` wotd tdg crofo` n`j gxpn`soc` ck mnags o` tdg swnbpy kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`s ckMcuoson`n, WUN (K\NYOG\ & CUN@OA >?;?, p. ;4 k.1 ECMGBN@ >?;;, p. >;;). O` n trgntosg c` tdggecmcfy ck tdg Enrlcòkgrcus ecnm jgpcsots o` @crtdgr` Lrotno`, UECZZ (>?6?, p. >8:, >8;) moagwosgnserolgs tdg kcrbntoc` ck sbnmm mnags o` n rovgr-pmno` swnbp tc mcenm ecbpnetoc` ck tdg u`jgrmyo`fpgnt.Ot bofdt lg gxpgetgj tdnt tdg gxpn`soc` ck tdg mnags wcumj nmsc tnag pmneg ly bgn`s ck wnvg netoc`.



46

Dcwgvgr, `c o`joentoc` ck tdos dns lgg` kcu`j o` tdg mnag sgjobg`t.Zdg frgntgst gxpn`soc` ck tdg mnags tcca pmneg krcb e. 7;88 LX. Xrgsubnlmy tdos wns enusgj ly nòèrgnso`f gustntoe ecbpc`g`t o` tdg mcenm wntgr-mgvgm rosg. O` ec``getoc` wotd tdos, tdg dofdgr pnrtsck tdg strgnb rojfgs wcumj dnvg lgecbg tcc wgt tc sustno` tdg ûgreus stn`js1 Wmbus n`j Ecoymus

wcumj dnvg rgbno`gj tdgrg.O` tdg mnags, crfnòe bntgronm neeubumntgj o` frgntmy vnryo`f tdoea`gssgs (sgg Kof. :;). Nt bcst

pmnegs tdos fyttin nmsc ec`tno`s emny1 tdos wcumj dnvg lgg` jgpcsotgj krcb kcrgru``grs ck edn``gmstdnt jgvgmcpgj bno`my nktgr e. 7588 LX (nmlgot o` n wny quotg jokkgrg`t krcb tdcsg o` tdg prgegjo`fbojjmg-Ntmn`toe pgrocj1 sgg lgmcw).

Zdg mn`jsenpg rgec`struetoc` kcr e. 7588 LX (Kof.*:6) rgmntgs tc tdg pgrocj o` wdoed tdg mnags dnjnmrgnjy gxpn`jgj ec`sojgrnlmy lut wgrg `ct ygt o`vcmvgj o` kmuvontomg emnstoe jgpcsotoc`1 edn``gmswgrg nlsg`t. Zdg crofo`nm rovgr-ju`g tcpcfrnpdy (ek. Kof. 5;) stomm gxgrtgj n` o`kmugèg c` mn`jsenpggvcmutoc` sued tdnt tdg mnags ecumj `ct ygt gxpn`j cvgr tdos ju`g-surkneg, gvg` wdgrg ot dnj prgvo-cusmy josnppgnrgj lgmcw tdg bnrsd-surkneg. Zdus, tdg nrgn lgtwgg` tdg Dnzg`jcà n`j tdg wgstgr`ju`g ecbpmgx wns ecvgrgj bno`my ly Nmùs swnbp kcrgst.Nt bn`y ctdgr pmnegs tdg swnbp kcrgst bno`tno`gj otsgmk lgsojg tdg gxpn`jo`f mnags. Bcrgcvgr, c`tdg dofdgst pnrts ck tdg strgnb rojfgs jnto`f krcb tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe pgrocj, Wmbus n`j Ecrymus

wcumj stomm dnvg lgg` frcwo`f. Lctd tdgsg trgg spgeogs wcumj nmsc dnvg ceeurrgj c` tdg (kmnàs cktdg) rovgr ju`gs tdnt ctdgrwosg stomm suppcrtgj n` cna kcrgst. Zdos ûgreus vgfgtntoc` ck tdg ju`gsdns lgg` prgsg`tgj o` Kof. *:6 ns n emcsgj kcrgst. Xrclnlmy dcwgvgr tdgrg wgrg emgnrgj sotgs o` tdoskcrgst, soèg tdg tobg tc wdoed tdos rgec`struetoc` rgkgrs os nmsc tdg tobg ck tdg prgdostcrogDnzg`jcà-> eumturg (sgg Ed. O[l.<). Zdg pcsotoc` ck tdg mnags (rgec`struetgj c` tdg lnsos ck Kof.:;) os sued tdnt tdgsg Dnzg`jcà-> pgcpmg ecumj dnvg tnag` tdg wntgr krcb tdg scutdgnstgr` gjfg cktdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g, tc fc krcb tdgrg o` bn`y jorgetoc`s cvgr tdg o`tgrec``getgj mnags. Zdustdgy ecumj dnvg fc`g tc tdg wgstgr` rovgr ju`g, lcrjgrgj nt ots @G kneg ly n mnrfg mnag. Iust tdgrgn Dnzg`jcà-> ceeupntoc` o`kmugèg bny lg prgsubgj, ns wot`gss ednrecnm josecvgrogs (o` lcro`fecrgs) nt tdg ecrrgspc`jo`f strntofrnpdoenm pcsotoc`.

Zdg josecvgry ck tdos wgstgr` rovgr-ju`g ecbpmgx n`j ots ednrecnm (UZGG@LGGA >?6?) sofòky n pnr-tonm jgònm ck tdg gxemusovg`gss ck tdg Dnzg`jcà rovgr ju`g ns 'tdg c`my jry pmneg ck tdg pgntmn`jsenpg wotdo` bn`y aomcbgtgrs' (MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6;n, p. >75). Xrgeosgmy tdos gxemusovg`gssdns lgg` usgj tc gxpmno` tdg dofd ecèg`trntoc`s ck @gcmotdoe bntgronm c` tdg Dnzg`jcà.@gvgrtdgmgss, tdg tctnm surkneg ck dnlotnlmg tgrrno` wns u`jcultgjmy stomm vgry sbnmm o` tdg stujynrgn, ns stntgj ly MCWVG ACCOIBN@U (>?6;e, p. <55) o` ecobgetoc` wotd tdg vgry bcjgst frnoèumturg c` tdg Dnzg`jcà.Nt bn`y spcts nmc`f tdg sdcrgs ck tdg mnags, nt tdg trn`sotoc` tc tdg swnbp kcrgst, n lcrjgro`f vgfgtntoc` ck Xdrnfbotgs, Ueorpus (mneustros), Wblgmmokgrng, Upnrfnòub n`j Zypdn n`fustokcmon ceeurrgj.Ucbg Unmox wcumj dnvg lcrjgrgj tdg Nmùs swnbp kcrgst prcpgr. Nt sdnmmcw pmnegs o` tdg mnagssgvgrnm ck tdg lgkcrg-bg`toc`gj sdcrg pmn`ts wgrg frcwo`f tcc, nmlgot mgss jg`sgmy. O` tdg mnags @yb-

pdngn, @updnr n`j Lntrnedoub frgw.

Ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn

Nktgr e. ;888 LX Nmùs swnbp kcrgst sprgnj cvgr tdg Mggrjnb nrgn tcc. N sulsgqug`t rgmntovg rosgck tdg mcenm wntgr mgvgm wns `ct gxprgssgj dgrg o` tdg kcrbntoc` ck mnags wotd crfnòe neeubumntoc`,lut c`my o` n` oèrgnsg ck Unmox. Ctdgrwosg, dgrg tcc, tdg swnbp kcrgst wns `gvgr g`torgmy emcsgj. Nttdg bcrg cpg` pmnegs o` tdos kcrgst (gspgeonmmy o` tdg wgstgr` pnrt ck tdg nrgn) Wblgmmokgrng n`jEypgrnegng wgrg frcwo`f n`j scbg emny jgpcsotoc` tcca pmneg (ek. Npp., Kof. f).Zdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe Bojjgmaccp strgnb dnj lgg` kommgj up wotd sn`j n`j sn`jy emny tc n ec`sojgr-nlmg nmtotujg n`j `cw gbgrfgj ns n strgnb rojfg nlcvg tdg swnbp. Zdg prgsubgj wntgr-mgvgm knmmnrcu`j ;>88 LX en` lg nssubgj tc dnvg pnrtmy enusgj tdos gbgrfgèg. C` tdos lrcnj strgnb rojfg



stccj n` cna kcrgst, prclnlmy gspgeonmmy oèmujo`f Ecrymus, Wmbus n`j Krnxoùs nt tdg bcost kmnàs.N sobomnr vgfgtntoc` wcumj dnvg frcw` c` tdg rovgr ju`gs, lut tdgor surkneg wns `gfdfolmg wotdrgspget tc tdnt ck tdg strgnb rojfg (sgg g.f. Kof. :7).Zdg gxostgèg ck wgttgr ec`jotoc`s nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk ecbpnrgj tc Mggrjnb (rgsumto`f o` tdg kcrbn-toc` ck mnags o` tdg kcrbgr nrgn, sgg nlcvg) wns ec``getgj wotd n mnrfgr ecbpnetoc` ck tdg sulscomc` tdg c`g dn`j1 tdg u`jgrmyo`f emny- n`j pgnt lgjs rgned n mnrfgr tdoea`gss nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnktdn` nt Mggrjnb. C` tdg ctdgr dn`j, tdg sc-enmmgj frnjoá`t gkkget womm dnvg pmnygj n rcmg tcc9 tdggustntoe rosg ck tdg mcenm wntgr mgvgm wns strc`fgr jcw`strgnb tdn` upstrgnb. Zdg smcwgr rosg ck tdgmcenm wntgr mgvgm wns gxprgssgj o` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn `ct c`my o` tdg nlsgèg ck mnags lut nmsc o` tdgstrc`fgr dubokoentoc` ck tdg pgnt lgj kcrbgj (sgg Npp., Kofs. k n`j f).

Zdg mneustro`g pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t jgserolgj kcr tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn, wcumj dnvg ceeurrgj sobum-tn`gcusmy o` ctdgr pnrts ck tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno` ns wgmm. Bg`toc` sdcumj lg bnjggspgeonmmy ck tdg OIssgmbggr nrgn9 tdg cmjgst prgeurscrs ck tdos mnag, nppnrg`t krcb gxtg`sovg fvttinceeurrgègs (VOFFG\U' (>?77) 'cmj jgtrotus fyttin'1 G@ZG >?6>), prclnlmy nmsc jntg krcb tdg mntg-Ntmn`toe.

Oèrgnso`f emnstoe jgpcsotoc`

Votdcut lro`fo`f nlcut obpcrtn`t edn`fgs o` tdg mn`jsenpg, emny jgpcsotoc` oèrgnsgj nktgr e. 7588LX o` lctd nrgns. Zdos jntg os `ct sdnrp n`j dns lgg` jgrovgj bno`my krcb o`tgrpcmntgj ctdgr jntgsn`j krcb ecrrgmntoc` wotd tdg Dnzg`jcà-> eumturg mgvgm (sgg Ed. O[). O` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn tdgoèrgnso`f emny jgpcsotoc` ceeurrgj bno`my o` tdg Ucutd1 tdgrg n lnso` wotd prclnlmy pgrbn`g`tcpg` wntgr jgvgmcpgj. Zdg snbg nppmogs tc n vgry `nrrcw strgted o` tdg `crtdgr` pnrt ck tdg nrgn.Nt tdg trn`sotoc` krcb tdgsg lnso`s tc tdg swnbp kcrgst ck Nmòos n`j Unmox n sdcrg vgfgtntoc`gxostgj, ecbproso`f nbc`f ctdgrs Zypdn n`fustokcmon, Xdrnfbotgs (n`j ctdgr frnssgs), Ucmnùb jum-

enbnrn n`j Oros. Xrgsubnlmy nktgr scbg eg`turogs tdg swnbp kcrgst dnj gxpn`jgj cvgr tdgsg sdnmmcwlnso`s n`j frnjunmmy nmsc cvgr tdg Bojjgmaccp strgnb rojfg. Zdos lrcnj, dofd rojfg lgenbg kummyecvgrgj ly swnbp kcrgst c`my nt e. :488 LX. W`tom tdnt tobg tdg rojfg enrrogj n rntdgr jry kcrgst(bno`my cna, sgg nlcvg). Ot bny dnvg lgg` ck obpcrtnèg kcr prgdostcrog ceeupntoc` ck tdg rgfoc`,`nbgmy juro`f c`g cr bcrg ck tdg Dnzg`jcà eumturgs.

O` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn tdg mneustro`g g`vorc`bg`t joj `ct gssg`tonmmy edn`fg nt tdg oèrgnsg ckemny jgpcsotoc` nktgr e. 7588 LX. Zdg mnags frnjunmmy gxpn`jgj stomm kurtdgr nt tdg ecst ck tdgswnbp kcrgsts. Lgenusg ck tdg ec`toùo`f rosg ck tdg wntgr mgvgm n`j tdg rgmntgj pgnt neeubumntocò` tdg swnbp kcrgsts, tdg dofdgst pnrts ck tdg strgnb rojfgs jnto`f krcb tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe pgrocjnmsc lgenbg sulbgrfgj n`j ec`sgqug`tmy ecumj `c mc`fgr sustno` Wmbus n`j Ecrymus.

Zdg rgsumtn`t mn`jsenpg ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn dns lgg` rgec`struetgj o` tdg jrnwo`f o`Kof.*78. Zdg tobg, :488 LX, dns lgg` edcsg` ns n bcbg`t juro`f tdos pgrocj o` wdoed tdg mnags dnjtdgor bnxobnm gxtg`soc`. Xrgsubnlmy tdg sotuntoc` sdcw` o` tdg jrnwo`f nppmogs tc n rntdgr mc`fpgrocj, pgrdnps krcb e. 7888 tc e. :688 LX.O` tdos mnag nrgn scbg vnfug strgtedgs en` lg josegbgj wdgrg tdoeagr n`j sn`jogr emny jgpcsotoc`ceeurrgj tdn` cutsojg (ek. Kofs. :4 n`j :?). Zdgsg strgtedgs bny lg rgfnrjgj ns sulnquntoe edn``gms1`nturnm mgvggs ‚ ok n`y ‚ wcumj dnvg rgbno`gj sulbgrfgj n`j wcumj dnvg lgg` vosolmg c`my vgrymcenmmy ly n spnrsg dgrl vgfgtntoc`. C` tdg lcttcb ck tdg mnags emny wns jgpcsotgj, boxgj wotdbued crfnòe bntgronm (ek. Kof. :?) n`j ec`sgqug`tmy `c`-enmenrgcus o` bn`y pmnegs. O` tdg edn``gmstrgtedgs nmtgr`ntg jgpcsotoc` ck emnygy n`j sn`jy bntgronm ceeurrgj1 tdg sn`jy bntgronm ec`tno`secnrsgr crfnòe rgbno`s tcc (wccj- n`j mgnk krnfbg`ts). Zdos nmtgr`ntg lgjjo`f pco`ts tc pgrocjo-enmmy scbgwdnt oèrgnsgj strgnb vgmceotogs. Zdg mcenm ceeurrgèg ck duboe mnbo`ng o` tdg `c`-sn`jyemny nmsc pco`ts tc tdos (ek. Kof. :?1 sgg nmsc Ed. [l). O` fg`grnm dcwgvgr, tdg g`vorc`bg`t wns nsquogt ns nt e. 7588 LX (sgg Kof.*:6), wotd n roed vgfgtntoc` mcenmmy nt tdg wntgr-surkneg n`j nmc`f tdgsdcrgs. Lgenusg ck tdg mnrfgr sozg ck tdg mnags n`j tdg ceeurrgèg ck edn``gm strgtedgs, tdg nrgn



4?

Kof. :4. Zdoeaèss ck emnstoe lgj em 5, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg`j, sge Kof.jgpcsots1 mofdm frgy9 rovgr-ju`g cutercp.

'57. Jnra frgy9 .sn`jy edn``gm

bust dnvg lgg` scbgwdnt bcrg neegssolmg kcr prgdostcrog o`dnlotn`ts ck tdg rgfoc` juro`f tdos mntgrpdnsg (e. :488 LX1 tdos ecoèojgs wotd tdg tobg ck tdg obpcrtn`t Dnzg`jcà-5 euWurg, sgg Ed.O[l.<) tdn` juro`f tdg gnroogr pdnsg nrcu`j 7588 LX.

Zdg mnag g`vorc`bg`t jgserolgj dgrg bny lg enmmgj kmuvoc-Oneustro`g. Zdg tgrb dns lgg` tnag` krcbJNMG_ (>?65), krcb dos jgseroptoc` ck Cmofceg`g eyemctdgbs. Zdg tgrb os usgj tdgrg bno`my tc o`jo-entg tdg trn`sotoc` krcb n kmuvontomg tc n mneustro`g g`vorc`bg`t. Zdg jgpcsotoc`nm g`vorc`bg`t boj-wny tdrcufd sued n eyemctdgb prclnlmy ecrrgspc`js wgmm wotd tdg pnmgcg`vorcobog`t jgserolgj dgrgkcr tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn9 mnags tdrcufd wdoed sbnmm rovgrs wgrg strgnbo`f, wotd n 'pgrocjoeoècrpcrntoc` ck tdg sdnmmcw mnags o`tc tdg kmcwo`f wntgr ck tdg rovgr systgb' (cp. eot., p. <5?). Zdgsgjobg`tcmcfoenm sotuntoc` rgsgblmgs tdnt ck tdg 'mneustro`g jgmtn koW', josto`fuosdgj ly ECMGBN@(>?;;1 sgg nmsc Ed. [l) kcr tdg ensg ck n rovgr jovgrto`f otsgmk n`j strgnbo`f o`tc n mnag.Zdg tgrb kmuvoc-Oneustro`g os usgj nmsc ly FG_U (>?64, p. :>) o` n jgseroptoc` ck tdg jgpcsotoc`nm



?8

Kof. :?. Motdcmcfoenm ec`tg`t ck emnstoe lgj em 5, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57. Jnra frgy9 sn`jyedn``gm jgpcsots1 mofdt frgy9 rovgr-ju`g cutercp.

g`vorc`bg`t ck gnrmy-ûntgbnry emny lgjs o` @crtdgr` Lgmfoub. Dcwgvgr, tdos prclnlmy ecègr`sn` g`vorc`bg`t ecrrgspc`jo`f bcrg wotd tdg kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t jgserolgj o` Ed. [lkcr tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe pgrocj, tdn` wotd tdg mnag mn`jsenpg jgserolgj dgrg. Vg wcumj rgsgrvg tdgtgrb kmuvoc-mneustro`g kcr n` g`vorc`bg`t dag tdg mnttgr. Zdg jokkgrgèg lgtwgg` tdg pnmgcg`vorc`-bg`ts (ek. Kofs.*:5 n`j*78) os bno`my nppnrg`t krcb tdg wgnagr rgmntoc`sdop lgtwgg` wntgr lcjogsn`j rovgr edn``gms o` tdg kmuvoc-mneustro`g g`vorc`bg`t, n`j os gxprgssgj o` tdg bued frgntgr njbox-turg ck crfnòe bntgronm o` tdg jgpcsotoc` ck emnstoe bntgronm tdgrg. Dcwgvgr, n sdnrp sgpnrntoc`lgtwgg` lctd tgrbs womm `ct nmwnys lg pcssolmg1 nt scbg pmnegs o` tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm nrgn nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk, mneustro`g fyttin jgpcsotoc` nmsc ceeurrgj (sgg Ed. [l).

Zdg mn`jsenpg cutmo`gj o` Kof.*78 lgsojgs lgo`f ednrnetgrosgj ly tdg kmuvoc-mneustro`g g`vorc`bg`t,os typokogj ly tdg Nmùs swnbp kcrgsts. Nt tdgor gjfgs lgsojgs Xdrnfbotgs gte. prgsubnlmy mcenmmyscbg Unmox nmsc frgw. Ceensoc`nmmy scbg emny wns jgpcsotgj o` tdg swnbp kcrgsts (ek. Kofs. :4 n`j:?). Nt scbg dofdgr sotgs o` tdgsg swnbp kcrgsts, g.f. wdgrg ju`gs n`j strgnb rojfgs ceeurrgj o` tdg



?>

sulscom, Krnxoùs n`j Ecrymus bny nmsc dnvg frcw`. C` tdg rovgr ju`gs tdg cna kcrgst jgserolgjlgkcrg wns bno`tno`gj. Zdgrg bust dnvg lgg` emgnro`fs, bnjg ly eutto`f netovotogs ck tdg prgdostcrogDnzg`jcà-5 eumturg. Lctd rovgr ju`gs mcenmmy lcrjgrgj cpg` wntgr.

Zdg pgrocj krcb e. :;88 tc e. :>88 LX

Nlcut :;88 LX, pcssolmy scbgwdnt gnrmogr, tdg wntgr jgptd jgergnsgj o` tdg kmuvoc-mneustro`g

g`vorc`bg`t nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk, n`j nt bn`y pmnegs tdg sdcrg vgfgtntoc` gxpn`jgj. Nt korst tdoso`vcmvgj Wblgmmokgrng n`j Eypgrnegng o` pnrtoeumnr, lut nt mcwgr wntgr jgptds Upnrfnòub n`jXdrnfbotgs, n`j prclnlmy ctdgr frnssgs, moag Fmyegron kmuotn`s (ek. Ed. OOOe.7, zc`g >7). Kruots ck tdgmnttgr, wdoed wgrg scufdt kcr kccj o` dostcroenm tobgs (\CUÏ >?6:, p. <5), bofdt dnvg sgrvgj ns nfrno` grcp kcr prgdostcrog o`dnlotn`ts lgmc`fo`f tc c`g ck tdg gnrmy [mnnrjo`fg` eumturgs. N ec`soj-grnlmg eutto`f netovoty o` tdg cna kcrgsts c` tdg rovgr ju`gs os jgjuegj krcb tdg pcmmg` rgecrj (sggEd. OOOe.7) kcr tdos tobg.Wmtobntgmy tdg bnrsd-dgrl vgfgtntoc` sprgnj cvgr tdg kcrbgr mnags g`torgmy, n`j sulsgqug`tmy tdgswnbp kcrgst gxpn`jgj cvgr prnetoenmmy tdg wdcmg nrgn cutsojg tdg rovgr-ju`g cutercps. O` tdgu`jgrfrcwtd ck tdos swnbp kcrgst kgr`s oòtonmmy kcrbgj n` obpcrtn`t ecbpc`g`t.Nrcu`j tdos tobg (:788-:;88 LX) tdg prcmc`fgj gxostgèg ck tdg swnbp kcrgst ecvgro`f tdg Mggrjnb

stujy nrgn enbg tc n` g`j. Zwc sbnmm rovgr lrnèdgs stnrtgj kmcwo`f tdrcufd tdg nrgn tcwnrjs tdgVgst, tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb o` tdg @crtd n`j tdg Uednoa strgnb o tdg Ucutd. Krcb tdgsgrovgrs emny wns jgpcsotgj o` n` g`vorc`bg`t ck sdnmmcw wntgr wotd n prclnlmy jg`sg dgrl vgfgtntoc`nt tdos tobg (jgjuegj krcb tdg motdcmcfoenm ec`tg`t ck tdg emny lgj ecègr`gj, lgj ue n). Nrcu`j:588 LX tdos vgfgtntoc` lgenbg jg`sgr (o` sgvgrnm pmnegs n Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd jgvgmcpgj) n`j ntbcst pmnegs emny jgpcsotoc` tgbpcrnromy nmbcst stcppgj. N rgmntovg knmm ck tdg mcenm wntgr mgvgm bnylg prgsubgj.

Nt tdos tobg (e. :588 LX) prgdostcrog ceeupntoc` ceeurrgj c` tdg Uednoasg jcà rovgr ju`g. Zdos en`lg ecèmujgj krcb tdg ùbgrcus ednrecnm ko`js (o` tdg lcro`fs) nt tdg strntofrnpdoenm mgvgm ck tdgE->: jntgs nrcu`j :588 LX (sgg Ed. O[l.>). C`g cr bcrg ck tdg [mnnrjo`fg` eumturg pdnsgs os prclnlmy o`vcmvgj dgrg (ek. MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:, kof. >4, josecvgry pco`t ?<). Nt nlcut tdg snbg

tobg lmneagò`f ck tdg emny-surkneg ceeurrgj o` tdg lnso` lcrjgro`f tdg rovgr ju`g (sgg Ed. OOl.<).Zdos lmnea ecmcur bofdt lg nserolgj tc prgdostcrog lubo`f netovotogs1 sued os suffgstgj ly DN[O@FN(>?;?, p. 54) tc gxpmno` tdg jnra ecmcur ck vgfgtntoc` dcrozc`s o` egrtno` pnrts ck tdg upstrgnb,eg`trnm-@gtdgrmn`js rovgr-emny nrgn.

O` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn, tdg Nmùs swnbp kcrgst, tdnt dnj sprgnj cvgr tdg wdcmg nrgn cutsojgtdg rovgr ju`gs nrcu`j :;88 LX, wns bno`tno`gj nt bcst pmnegs. Mcenmmy dcwgvgr cpgò`fs cro-fo`ntgj, wdgrg, o` sdnmmcw wntgr, Wblgmmokgrng, Nmosbn, Erueokgrng (prgsubnlmy \croppn/ @nsturtoub), Mytdrub, \ubgx dyjrcmnpntdub n`j frnssgs wgrg frcwo`f, wotd pgrdnps scbgUnmox dgrg n`j tdgrg tcc. N sobomnr dgrlnegcus vgfgtntoc` ceeurrgj o` tdos pgrocj o` tdg lnso` lcrjgro`f tdg typg mcenmoty ck tdg [mnnrjo`fg` eumturg ([N@ \GFZG\G@ NMZG@N gt nm. >?;5, p. 75 n`j

>8;).Zdg knet tdnt tdg swnbp kcrgst nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk lgenbg mcenmmy bcrg cpg`, prclnlmy ecrrgspc`jswotd tdg kmuvontomg netovoty jgserolgj nlcvg kcr tdg Mggrjnb nrgn. Xrgsubnlmy scbg kcrgru``grs cktdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb (netovg dgrg nk tgr :>88 LX) wgrg kcrbgj o` tdg stomm jg`sgmy kcrgstgjBcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn. Ucbg emny bny dnvg lgg` jgpcsotgj tcc nt tdg cpg` pmnegs o` tdg swnbpkcrgst. Xnrts ck n`y edn``gms rgbnoò`f krcb tdg kcrgfco`f jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsg bny dnvg kuètoc`gjns sued kcrgru``grs ck tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb (JG K\GZGU >?6?1 ecbpnrg Kof. :4 wotd Kof. 7>1sgg nmsc Kof. 5 kcr tdg pcsotoc` ck tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg).@gvgrtdgmgss, up tc e. :>88 LX tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn wns stomm bno`my ecvgrgj ly swnbp kcrgst(ek. Npp., Kof. i). C` tdg gbgrfo`f pnrts ck tdg rovgr ju`gs n` obpcrtn`t pnrt ck tdg cna kcrgst sggbstc dnvg lgg` eut cèg bcrg ly o`dnlotn`ts lgmc`fo`f tc tdg [mnnrjo`fg` eumturg (tdos tobg



?<

Kof. 7>. Zdoea`gss ck emnstoe lgj em :, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57. Jnra frgy9 strgnb rojfgs1 mofdtfrgy9 rovgr-ju`g cutercp.

nppnrg`tmy Mntg [mnnrjo`fg`). Nktgr tdg eutto`f ck cna, Ecrymus nppnrg`tmy rgbno`gj krcb tdgu`jgrfrcwtd ck tdg kcrgst n`j/cr, ns nt [ccrsedctg` (F\CG@BN@-[N@ VNNZG\O@FG gt nm. >?;4, p.>841 nmsc o` rgmntoc` tc tdg [mnnrjo`fg` eumturg), ku`etoc`gj o` tdg rgfg`grntoc` ck tdg kcrgst.

[j ZDG XG\OCJ NKZG\ ZDG GN\M_-UWLLC\GNM (nktgr e. :>88 LX)

‚ ZDG \GZW\@ ZC KMW[OC-MNFCC@NM EC@JOZOC@U N@J ZDG

UWLUG^WG@Z ECBXMGZG EC[G\O@F L_ UVNBX KC\GUZ

O`tg`sovg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`

Nlcut :>88 LX tdg g`vorc`bg`t edn`fgj ec`sojgrnlmy o` lctd stujy nrgns. O` tdg prgegjo`f pgrocj(krcb e. ;>88 LX) mnrfg pnrts ck lctd nrgns dnj lgg` ecvgrgj ly swnbp kcrgst n`j Xdrnfbotgs

bnrsd (o` jgfrggs vnryo`f wotd tobg). Bcrgcvgr tdg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm netovoty wns rntdgr mob-



?5

Kof. 7<. Motdcmcfoenm ec`tg`t ck emnstoe lgj em :, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57. Jnra frgy9 strgnbrojfgs1 mofdt frgy9 rovgr-ju`g cutercp.

otgj. Nt e. :>88 LX tdg mnttgr strc`fmy oèrgnsgj nfno`. N mn`jsenpg enbg o`tc lgo`f tdnt sdcwgj nstrc`f rgsgblmnèg tc tdg kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm g`vorc`bg`t jgserolgj kcr tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe pgrocj (Ed.[l)9 n lrnèdo`f rovgr pnttgb wotd wccjgj `nturnm mgvggs n`j pgrbn`g`t cpg`-wntgr surknegs o`

tdg lnso`s. Ly `cw, c`my vgry sbnmm pnrts ck tdg rovgr ju`gs gbgrfgj ygt nlcvg tdg surrcu`jo`f wgtnrgn.O` lctd nrgns prnetoenmmy gvgrywdgrg emnstoe sgjobg`tntoc` tcca pmneg, bno`my krcb tdg Uedcc`-rgwcgrj strgnb. O` lctd nrgns tdos kmcwgj tdrcufd tdg `crtdgb pnrt (kcr mcentoc` sgg Kofs. 5 n`j :1sgg nmsc motdcmcfoenm bnps Kofs. 7>-7:). Npprcxobntgmy pnrnmmgm tc ot n sbnmmgr trolutnry (wotd mgsso`tg`sovg sgjobg`tntoc`) kmcwgj tdrcufd tdg scutdgb pnrt ck lctd nrgns. O` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn tdosos a`cw` ns tdg Uednoa strgnb (sgg Ed. OOl.5) lut ot os `ct egrtno` tdnt tdg scutdgr` rovgr lrnèd o`tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn wns n jorget ec`toùntoc` ck tdg Uednoa strgnb.Nmtdcufd prgeurscrs ck tdgsg rovgr edn``gms dnj nmrgnjy lgg` kcrbgj scbg eg`turogs lgk crg :>88 LX(nt mgnst o` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn, sgg Ed. [e), tdgy nttno`gj tdgor frgntgst obpcrtnèg o` tdg



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tdoea`gss ue

Kof, 75. Zdoea`gss ck emnsmoe lgj ug,Mggrjnb. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57. Jnrafrgy9 strgnb rojfgs1 mofdt frgy9 rovgr-ju`gcutercp.

jgpcsotoc`nm dostcry ck lctd nrgns c`my o` tdg eg`turogs obbgjontgmy nktgr :>88 LX. Mcenmmy tdglgfo`ò`f ck tdg o`tg`sovg sgjobg`tntoc` bny dnvg lgg` nlcut n eg`tury mntgr tdn` tdg :>88 LXbg`toc`gj.

Kof.*77 ommustrntgs tdg seg`gry ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn juro`f tdos pgrocj ck o`tg`sovg sgjobg`tntoc`. Zdg pco`t ck tobg e. 5488-5?88 LX dns lgg` o`joentgj kcr tdg rgec`struetoc` lgenusg otbny lg nssubgj tdnt tdg edn``gm systgb wotd tdg `nturnm mgvggs wns kummy jgvgmcpgj tcwnrjs tdgg`j ck tdg pgrocj ecègr`gj. O` Ed. O[j ot wns sdcw` tdnt nrcu`j 5488 LX (cr sdcrtmy nktgr ot) tdgbno` edn``gms o` tdg nrgn wgrg kommgj up wotd sn`j.Ns o` tdg prgegjo`f pgrocjs, tdg rovgr-ju`g tcpcfrnpdy o` tdg sulscom stomm gxgrtgj scbg o`kmugèg c`mn`jsenpg gvcmutoc`, gspgeonmmy c` tdg edn``gm pnttgr`, wdoed joj `ct gxpn`j cvgr tdg kcrbgr ju`gnrgn. Zdg mnrfgr ednobgms, nt mgnst tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb, lgenbg oèosgj jcw` tc tdgArgktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`. Zdg oèosgj emny- n`j pgnt lgjs kcrbgj o` tdg prgegjo`f pgrocjs rgnedgj ntdoea`gss ck nt mgnst ;-6 b. Ucbg rgjgpcsotoc` ck bntgronm grcjgj krcb tdgsg lgjs sggbs tc dnvgceeurrgj o` tdg nrgn (sgg Ed. O[l.>).



?7

Kof. 7:. Motdcmcfoenm ec`tg`t ck emnstoelgj ug. Mggrjnb. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57.Jnra frgy9 strgnb rojfgs1 mofdt frgy9 rovgr-joòg cootercp.

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Zdg seg`gry o` Kof.*77 os bno`my ednrnetgrosgj ly mnrfg cpg` wntgr lcjogs o` tdg lnso`s n`j ly trggfrcwtd c` tdg `nturnm mgvggs. O` tdg edn``gms bno`my sn`j wns jgpcsotgj, o` nmtgr`ntoc` wotd scbgemny o` tdg sbnmmgr c`gs. Zdg `nturnm mgvggs ec`sostgj ck emnygy sn`j n`j sn`jy emny. Nmc`f tdg

Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb sn`j lcjogs kcrbgj ly o`komW`f ck ergvnssgs prgsubnlmy ceeurrgj o` tdg

`nturnm mgvggs. Zdg bn`y sojg-edn``gms koòsdo`f o` tdg lnso`s bny dnvg jgvgmcpgj ly g`mnrfgbg`t

ck ergvnssgs. Xcssolmy tdgsg sojg-fummogs bofdt gvg` lg rgfnrjgj ns ergvnssgs ru`ò`f tdrcufd o`tc tdglnso`s (KOUA >?;8, p. >4?1 NMMG@ >?;7, p. ><< k.1 ECMGBN@ >?;?, p. >77 k.). C` tdg `nturnm mgvggsûgreus, Wmbus, Krnxoùs, Ecrymus n`j, nt tdg mcwgst pnrts c`my, Nmùs wcumj dnvg frcw`. Ugvgrnmnutdcrs bg`toc` n` Wmbus-Krnxo`b kcrgst ns tdg `nturnm-mgvgg kcrgst ck `gnr-ecnstnm Uullcrgnmrovgrs ([N@ \GFZG\G@ NMZG@N gt nm. >?;<, p. <5 k.1 >?;5, p. >871 [CC\\OXU >?;:1 LGD\G >?68, p.

:7). O` tdgsg ensgs mgvggs nrg nssceontgj wotd mcenmotogs emcsgr tc tdg ecnst n`j n bcrg emnygyjgvgmcpbg`t tdn` nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. C` tdg sn`jogr (n`j dofdgr) mgvggs nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk, Wmbus

n`j Krnxoùs ns wgmm ns ûgreus bny dnvg ceeurrgj.

Nt bn`y pco`ts nt tdg trn`sotoc` krcb mgvgg tc lnso` n Xdrnfbotgs lcrjgr wotd scbg mcenm Unmox

wcumj dnvg ceeurrgj. O` tdg kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm lnso` g`vorc`bg`t tdgrg wns n rntdgr cpg` vgfgtntoc` ck



?;

bnrsd dgrls Dag Zypdn n`fustokcmon n`j egrtno` Wblgmmokgrng nt tdg bcrg sdnmmcw spcts. Nt tdgsgsdnmmcw sotgs scbg Unmox sdruls bny nmsc dnvg ceeurrgj. O` fg`grnm dcwgvgr, tdg lnso`s wgrg ednrne-tgrosgj ly cpg` wntgr wotd c`my n spnrsg vgfgtntoc` o` scbg pmnegs. Zdg `ctoc` tdnt tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb wcumj dnvg kmcwgj tdrcufd n jg`sgmy vgfgtntgj, gvg` jg`sgmy wccjgj mn`jsenpg (sggnbc`f ctdgrs MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:, p. ?? k.1 sgg nmsc Ed. [g) os oècrrget. Kcr n ecbprgdg`sovgjoseussoc` ck tdg kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t, sgg Ed. [l.

Lnso`-emny jgpcsotoc` wns mcwgst nt scbg jostnèg krcb tdg mnrfgst edn``gm (tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrjstrgnb), nt tdg lgkcrg-bg`toc`gj sdnmmcw pmnegs wotd spnrsg vgfgtntoc` (ek. Kof. 7>). Ecbpnrosc`wotd Kofs. 75 n`j 7: (motdcmcfy o` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn kcr tdos pgrocj) sdcws tdnt nmsc o` tdos upstrgnbnrgn emny jgpcsotoc` wns mcwgr n`j vgfgtntoc` jg`sgr wotd oèrgnso`f jostnèg krcb tdg edn``gm.Zdos vgfgtntoc` o` tdg sdnmmcw lcrjgr ck tdg lnso` wns dcwgvgr bued jg`sgr tdgrg tdn` ntBcmg`nnrsfrnnk, n`j tdg zc`g ck lnso`-emny jgpcsotoc` o` tdg cpg` wntgr nmc`f tdg rovgr wns rntdgr`nrrcw o` ecbpnrosc` wotd tdg gxtg`sovg wntgr lcjogs o` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn. Ot os ecègovnlmgtdnt tdg seg`gry o` tdos pgrocj wns bcrg cpg` n`j dnj bcrg wntgr lcjogs jcw`strgnb n`j wnsednrnetgrosgj ly bcrg krgqug`t lrnèdo`f-ckok ck tdg bno` edn``gms o`tc sojg-ednrbgms. Zdg bcrgbnrsdy mn`jsenpg gvcmutoc` nmc`f tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb nt Mggrjnb bofdt nmsc lg gxpmno`gjly sdnmmcw`gss ck tdg lnso`s jug tc tdg gmgvntgj pcsotoc` ck tdg lrcnj Bojjgmaccp strgnb rojfg. C`

tcp ck n strgnb rojfg ecrrgspc`jo`f wotd tdg mnttgr, `gnr Yoijgrvgmj, @ ck tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrjstrgnb, tdg lnso` emny os moagwosg bno`my pgnty (JG IC@F >?68-6>, sgg nmsc Ed. O[j).

Zdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg n`j ots où`jntgj surrcu`jo`fs

Zdg pgrocj ck o`tg`sovg sgjobg`tntoc` jgserolgj nlcvg g`jgj nt nlcut 5488 tc 5688 LX. Zdg (bno`)edn``gms dnj lgg` kommgj wotd sn`j n`j tdg wntgr jgptd o` tdg lnso`s jgergnsgj ec`sojgrnlmy. Zdgmnttgr bny dnvg lgg` enusgj ly kommo`f wotd sgjobg`t n`j/cr n rgnm knmm o` wntgr-mgvgm (sgg nmsc Ed.[g). Zdg lnso`s rgtno`gj n sukkoeoá`t wntgr jgptd kcr tdg cpg`-wntgr `nturg tc lg bno`tno`gj n`j `cobpcrtn`t gxpn`soc` ck tdg vgfgtntoc` tcca pmneg tdgrg. Zdg ecbpmgxgs ec`sosto`f ck `nturnm mgvggswotd tdg kommgj edn``gms o` lgtwgg`, stccj ns wccjgj strgnb rojfgs nlcvg tdg surrcu`jo`fs.

Zdus, tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`tnm sotuntoc` kcr n kgw du`jrgj ygnrs nktgr 5488 LX stomm strc`fmy rgsgb-logj tdnt ck tdg pgrocj krcb e. :>88 tc 5488 LX (sdcw` o` Kof.*77). Zdg bno` jokokgrgèg wns tdnttdg kcrgst ecvgr ck tdg `nturnm mgvggs dnj gxpn`jgj cvgr tdg kommgj edn``gms o` lgtwgg`. Ot os pcssolmgtdnt scbg ck tdg sbnmmgr edn``gms sdcw` o` Kof.*77 wgrg `ct vosolmg ns prc`cuègj strgnb rojfgs,lgenusg tdgy bofdt `ct dnvg lgecbg oèosgj o`tc tdg rgsostn`t sn`j-sulscom (Argktg`dgyg Kcrbntoc`)n`j sc bofdt dnvg lgg` suliget tc sulsojgèg iust ns tdg lnso` emnys wgrg. Nt n`y rntg, tdg lrcnjUedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg rgbno`gj stn`jo`f nlcvg tdg wgt surrcu`jo`fs, nt Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nswgmm ns nt Mggrjnb. Zdg snbg os trug ck tdg Uednma strgnb rojfg, sotuntgj o` tdg scutd ck tdg Mggrjnb stujy nrgn. Zdg sotuntoc` rgsgblmgs scbgwdnt tdnt o` tdg mcwgr vnmmgy ck tdg Bossossoppo rovgr9o` tdos rovgr pmno` (wotd netovg sgjobg`tntoc`) scbg nln`jc`gj rovgr ecursgs ceeur ns jry 'nmmuvonmrojfgs' (KOUA >?::, p. <>).

Nt sgvgrnm pmnegs o` tdg ûgreus stn`js c` tdg lrcnj Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg tdgrg bny dnvglgg` emgnro`fs, ergntgj ly prgdostcrog o`dnlotn`ts. Iust gnst ck tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn, sgttmg-bg`ts jnto`f krcb e. 5688 LX dnvg lgg` kcu`j c` tdos strgnb rojfg (MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:, p.>;? k. n`j kof. ><>). Lgsojgs, ot os nbc`f ctdgrs c` tdg lnsos ck tdg jnto`f ck tdgsg sgttmgbg`ts, tdntot dns lgg` ecèmujgj o` Ed. O[j tdnt tdg kommo`f ck tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb n`j ots o`vgrsoc` o`tcn strgnb rojfg prclnlmy tcca pmneg nrcu`j 54(T) LX. Bg`toc` sdcumj lg bnjg dgrg tcc ck MCWVGACCOIBN@U' jgseroptoc` ck tdg roed knu`n o` tdg strgnb-rojfg kcrgst (cp. eot., p. <6:). Où`jntoc`n`j emny jgpcsotoc` o` tdg lnso`s ec`toùgj, lut nppnrg`tmy `c mc`fgr mcenmmy krcb tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb, lut krcb c`g cr bcrg jostn`t, pcssolmy mnrfgr rovgr edn``gms, g.f. prgeurscrs ck tdgmntgr mnrfg \do`g lrnèdgs. O` ec``getoc` wotd tdos, tdg cpg`-wntgr g`vorcrbog`t ck tdg lnso`s dnj



?6

lgecbg gvg` mgss turlumg`t ecbpnrgj wotd tdg pgrocj lgkcrg 5488 LX. Zdg sgjobg`tntoc` tdntceeurrgj wns mgss gxtg`sovg n`j tdg jgpcsotgj bntg`nm bcrg emnygy. Mcenm lrgnedgs tdrcufd tdgstrgnb rojfgs bny dnvg enusgj tdg jgpcsotoc` ck sn`jogr bntgronm, ns kcu`j `gnr tdg sc-enmmgjlrgna-tdrcufd edn``gms ly MCWVG ACCOIBN@U (>?6:, p. >88 k.1 sgg nmsc Ed. O[j). Uued lrgna-tdrcufd edn``gms, tdnt prgsubnlmy ecrrgspc`j wotd tdg 'cvgrkmcw fuWogs' josto`fuosdgj ly DN[O@FN

(>?;?, p. 5;) o` n` upstrgnb nrgn (tdg Lgtuwg), ec``getgj lnso`s, tdnt wgrg sgpnrntgj krcb gned

ctdgr ly strgnb rojfgs. XN@@GACGA [N@ \DGJG@ (>?:<, p. ;;?) suppcsgs tdnt o` tdos wny 'njrno`nfg systgb krcb gned lnso` tc tdg `gxt wgstgr` c`g' bny dnvg jgvgmcpgj.Zdg nlcvg-bg`toc`gj prgdostcrog sgttmgbg`ts nrg kcu`j `gxt tc tdg lrgna-tdrcufd edn``gms (MCWVGACCOIBN@U >?6:, oloj.)1 XCC\ZBN@ (>?48) bnjg tdg o`tgrgsto`f suffgstoc` ck n pnrtmy nrtokoeonmergntoc` ck tdgsg lrgnedgs.O` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn, tdg smcw emny jgpcsotoc` stcppgj ecbpmgtgmy nrcu`j 5588 LX. O` tdgbcrg upstrgnb Mggrjnb nrgn dcwgvgr, ot ec`toùgj up tc e. <688 LX. Ot os pcssolmg tdnt o` tdosupstrgnb nrgn tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rgbno`gj netovg nktgr 5488 LX, n vogw tdnt os suppcrtgj lytdg jostrolutoc` ck tdg nredgcmcfoenm josecvgrogs cvgr tdg wdcmg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg (MCWVGACCOIBN@U >?6:, kof. >4). Zdos wcumj bgn` tdnt tdg emny jgpcsotoc` o` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn bny nmscdnvg lgg` kgj nktgr 5488 LX ly tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb. Zdos mgnjs kurtdgrbcrg tc tdg prgsubp-

toc` tdnt tdg snbg bny dcmj kcr tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn, nmlgot tdnt jgpcsotoc` joj `ct ceeurjorgetmy krcb tdos rovgr, lut von lrnèdgs (n`j/cr lrgna-tdrcufd edn``gms) upstrgnb ck tdg nrgn.

Zdg ecbpmgtg ecvgro`f ly swnbp kcrgst

O` tdg Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk nrgn, tdg ko`nm emny jgpcsotoc`, scbg tobg lgkcrg tdg nlcvg-bg`toc`gj 5588LX, ceeurrgj o` n` g`vorc`bg`t wotd jgergnso`f wntgr jgptd, o` wdoed strgtedgs ck Eypgrnegng n`jpcssolmy nmsc \croppn/ @nsturtoub n`j Zdgmyptgros kgr`s wgrg kcrbgj. Zdg Nmùs swnbp stn`js nmc`ftdg lcrjgrs ck tdg strgnb rojfgs wcumj dnvg gxpn`jgj scbgwdnt o`tc tdg lnso`s. Xrclnlmy, dubnò`tgrkgrgèg wotd tdg vgfgtntoc` c` tdg strgnb rojfgs wns tgbpcrnromy bcrg o`tg`sg nt tdnt tobg (sggEd. mmme.7, zc`g <<). Zdos wcumj ecrrgspc`j wotd ceeupntoc` pdnsg : (Bojjmg Lrc`zg Nfg) o

MCWVG ACCOIBN@U' (>?6:) sedgbg o kof. ><8.Nt tdg g`j ck emny jgpcsotoc`, swnbp kcrgst (bno`my ec`sosto`f ck Nmùs) sprgnj cvgr tdg wdcmgstujy nrgn, gxegpt cvgr tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg, c` wdoed n ûgreus kcrgst wns bno`tno`gj,wotd prgsubnlmy Krnxoùs nt tdg mcwgr gjfgs. O` n`j nrcu`j dttmg pc`js o` tdg swnbp kcrgstEypgrnegng, Wblgmmokgrng n`j Xdrnfbotgs nbc`f ctdgrs ceeurrgj. Nktgr scbg eg`turogs, tdgsg cpg`-o`fs o` tdg swnbp kcrgst g`mnrfgj tgbpcrnromy, prclnlmy lgenusg ck n tgbpcrnry oèrgnsg ck tdgmcenm wntgr-mgvgm rosg. Zdgsg wgttgr ec`jotoc`s bofdt lg ec``getgj wotd tdg pcssolmy sobumtn`gcusemny jgpcsotoc` o` tdg Mggrjnb nrgn (`nbgmy o` tdg mnst eg`turogs lgkcrg <688 LX, sgg nlcvg). Nttdg cpg` sotgs bcrg Unmox tdn` lgkcrg frgw o` tdg bcrg emcsgj swnbp kcrgst. O` n`j nrcu`j tdg(sdnmmcw) wntgr, WblgmWkgrng, Nmosbn n`j Erueokgrng {\croppn/ @nsturtoub) ceeurrgj o` pnrtoeumnr.Zdg gxtg`sovg wccj-pgnt neeubumntoc` stcppgj prgsubnlmy `c gnrmogr tdn` <888 LX. mts tgrbo`ntoc`

wcumj dnvg lgg` jug tc tdg g`j ck tdg Dcmceg`g wntgr-mgvgm rosg.Nktgrwnrjs, o` tdg wdcmg rgfoc` o` wdoed tdg stujy nrgns nrg sotuntgj n `crbnmmy tdo` emny lgj('ecvgr') dns lgg` jgpcsotgj ly où`jntoc` krcb tdg mnrfg rovgrs (\do`g n`j Bgusg lrnèdgs). Zdosemny ecvgr ceeurs o` lctd stujy nrgns c` lctd tdg pgnt n`j tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg.O` rgeg`t tobgs, nrtokoeonm jrno`nfg ec`trolutgj tc ecbpnetoc` ck tdg gxpcsgj emny-n`j pgnt-scoms.Lgenusg ck tdos, tdg dofdgr pcsotoc` (wotd rgfnrj tc tdg pgnt nrgn) ck lctd tdg Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnbrojfg n`j tdg rovgr ju`gs oèrgnsgj scbgwdnt (ek. Npp., Kofs. > n`j b).



?4

[g UCBG NJJOZOC@NM \GBN\AU C@ ZDG \GFOC@NM XNMGCD_J\CMCF_

O@ NZMN@ZOE N@J UWLLC\GNM

Zdg eg`trnm n`j Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js nrgn ck tdg sc-enmmgj mnrfg rovgrs (\do`g- n`j Bgusg lrnèdgs)dns lgg` jg`ctgj ns tdg \do`g/Bgusg gstunry ([N@ \GFZG\G@ NMZG@N gt nm. >?;5, p. ?6) n`j ns\do`g/Bgusg jgmtn (MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6:). Zdg kcrbgr tgrb sdcumj o`joentg c`my tdg tojnm rovgr

nrgn n`j tdgrgkcrg ecbprosg c`my tdg bcst jcw`strgnb pnrt ck tdg mnttgr. A\WOZ (>?;5) cligetgj tctdg usg ck tdg tgrb jgmtn dgrg, bno`my lgenusg tdg Ntmn`toe prcfrnjntoc` ck ecnstnm lnrrogrs wcumj`ct dnvg lgg` kgj ly kmuvonm suppmy, lut ly suppmy ck bnro`g sn`js c`my. Gvg` ok trug, tdos nrfubg`twcumj `gfmget tdg obpcrtn`t kmuvonm sgjobg`tntoc` o` tdg Ntmn`toe ecnstnm pmno` lgdo`j tdg lnrrogrs.Zdg qugstoc` jgpg`js ck ecursg mnrfgmy ck tdg jgkoòtoc` ck tdg tgrb jgmtn. O`stgnj ck tdg tgrb jgmtn,jgmtnoe pmno` bny nmsc lg usgj kcr tdos rgfoc`, ns KOUA (>?::, p. 55) joj kcr tdg rgfoc` ck tdg mcwgrBossossoppo rovgr, tc o`joentg tdg wdcmg pmno` jcw`strgnb krcb wdgrg, nlcut 588 ab upstrgnb ck tdgprgsg`t lorj-kcct jgmtn, tdg Bossossoppo stnrts tc spmot o`tc jostrolutnrogs. O` tdg \do`g/Bgusg jgmtnoepmno`, tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno` kcrbs tdg wgstgr` (jcw`strgnb) pnrt, wdgrgns tdggnstgr` (upstrgnb) pnrt os bcstmy jg`ctgj ns tdg 'rovgr-emny nrgn'.KOUA (>?:6) n`j NMMG@ (>?;7, p. ><:) strgss tdnt o` rovgr pmno`s tdg surkneg nrgn ceeupogj ly kmccj-

lnso`s tg`js tc wojg` o` n jcw`strgnb jorgetoc`. Kcr tdg rgfoc` ck tdg mcwgr Bossossoppo rovgr tdosos vosunmosgj ly MGLMN@E & LG\@N\J (>?7:, kof. 7). Zdg kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t jgserolgjo` Eds. [l n`j [j bny lg rgfnrjgj pnrtmy ns n rgsumt ck tdos jcw`strgnb oèrgnsg ck tdg kmccjlnso`surkneg nrgn, n`j pnrtmy ck ecursg nmsc ns n rgsumt ck tdg Dcmceg`g wntgr-mgvgm rosg. Ot os ecègovnlmgtdnt tdg kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm `nturg ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t (mnrfg cpg`-wntgr lcjogs sgpnrntgj ly edn`-`gms wotd tdgor mgvggs) womm nppmy, kcr tdg rgmgvn`t pgrocjs, tc tdg mnrfgr pnrt ck tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno`. Zdg pgrbn`g`t cpg`-wntgr `nturg ck tdg (kmccj-)lnso`s o`tdos ecnstnm pmno` dns lgg` nrfugj o` Eds. [l n`j [j, n`j ec`trnsts strc`fmy wotd kcrbgr `ctoc`s(XC@U gt nm. >?;51 MCWVG ACCWBN@U >?6:, p. ?? k.) ck n jg`sgmy vgfgtntgj, gvg` wccjgj pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t ck tdg kmccjlnso`s. Zdg lnso` g`vorc`bg`t wns tcc wgt kcr trgg frcwtd juro`f tdg pdnsgsck emnstoe jgpcsotoc`, ns nmsc stntgj ly DN[O@FN (>?;?, p. 56) kcr tdg upstrgnb 'rovgr-emny nrgn'.

Zdg jcw`strgnb jgergnsg ck rovgr frnjoá`t mgnjs tc jgergnso`f ecbpmgxoty ck bgn`jgro`f pnttgr`s(KOUA >?::, p. <>). Zdos bny lg clsgrvgj gspgeonmmy kcr tdg Uullcrgnm \do`g/Bgusg jgmtnoe pmno` lyecbpnro`f tdg rntdgr strnofdt ecursg ck tdg sc-enmmgj Uedcc`rgwcgrj strgnb rojfg (strgssgj lyMCWVG ACCWBN@U >?6:, p. ??) wotd tdg bcrg cr mgss ec`tgbpcrn`gcus ecbpmgx pnttgr`s o` tdgupstrgnb rovgr-emny nrgn (ek. DN[O@FN >?;?). Bcrgcvgr, krgg bgn`jgro`f ck rovgr lrnèdgs bny nmscdnvg lgg` do`jgrgj o` n jcw`strgnb jorgetoc` ly tdg rgsostnèg cko'grgj ly tdg jcw`strgnb tdoeag`-o`f ck emny lgjs o` tdg sulscom (ek. KOUA >?:6, p. ;:). Lgsojgs, nt bn`y pmnegs tdg edn``gm pnttgr`wns o`kmugègj ly tdg tcpcfrnpdy ck tdg kcrbgr, bcstmy lurogj rovgr ju`gs.

Zdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t ck lctd stujy nrgns wcumj nmwnys dnvg lgg` n krgsdwntgr g`vorc`bg`t. C`gck tdg ecbbc`my usgj snmt o`joentcrs o` pnmy`cmcfoenm sgetoc`s ck tdg Juted ecnstnm nrgns os tdg pcm

mg` ck Edg`cpcjonegng. Zdg vnmugs ck tdos nrg nmwnys vgry mcw o` cur sgetoc`s, gspgeonmmy sc o` ecb-pnrosc` wotd tdg dofd vnmugs o` tdg sgetoc`s Nmpdg` nn` jg \oi` (IGMFG\UBN >?;>, p. 45) n`jDommgfgrslgrf ([CC\\OXU >?;:)1 lctd tdgsg sgetoc`s nrg sotuntgj bcrg sgnwnrj o` tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm pmno`. Xdrnfbotgs, c`g ck tdg bcst obpcrtn`t dgrls gècu`tgrgj o` tdos stujy, en`tcmgrntg snmt, lut sdcumj `ct lg rgfnrjgj ec`vgrsgmy ns n` o`joentcr ck lrneaosd o`kmugègs, ns os jc`gscbgtobgs. Nmtdcufd sgvgrnm ck tdg bnrsd dgrls tdnt ceeurrgj o` lctd stujy nrgns juro`f tdg mnrfgrpnrt ck tdg jgserolgj dostcry, bny frcw gqunmmy wgmm o` krgsdwntgr- ns o` cmofcdnmo`g g`vorc`bg`ts(ek. JG@ DGMJ & JG@ DGMJ >?6;, p. ?8 k.), tdgrg wgrg sgvgrnm spgeogs tcc, tdnt en``ct tcmgrntg snmt ntnmm.@c o`joentoc`s dnvg lgg` kcu`j kcr tdg kcrbgr gxostgèg ck tojgs o` tdg stujy nrgns. Uc knr ns n ecb-



??

pnrosc` wotd tdg kcrbgr krgsdwntgr tojnm nrgn ck tdg 'Logslcsed' (YC@@G[GMJ >?;8) en` lg iustokogjo` tdg ýfdt ck ots gxtrgbg tojnm nbpWtujg (< b), ot os stroao`f tdnt sgvgrnm ck tdg pmn`t spgeogs bg`-toc`gj ly YC@@G[GMJ (cp. eot., p. 5><) ns jgkoòtgmy mneao`f o` tdg tojg-o`kmugègj pnrts ck tdg Logslcsed, joj ceeur o` cur stujy nrgns (g.f. Cg`n`tdg nquntoen, Enrgx psgujceypgrus, [nmgron`n jocgen,

@ybpdngn nmln). Bcrgcvgr, juro`f tdg gxostgèg ck tdg mnrfg cpg`-wntgr lcjogs, tojgs bny dnvgjosnppgnrgj rnpojmy o` mn`jwnrj jorgetoc` (ek. IGMFG\UBN >?;>, p. <>1 [N@ JG XMNUUEDG >?48).

Juro`f tdg Ntmn`toe n`j Uullcrgnm pgrocjs, pdnsgs ck kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm/kmuvoc-mneustro`g emnstoe jgpcsotoc` nmtgr`ntgj wotd pdnsgs ck crfnòe neeubumntoc`. Ot dns lgg` sdcw` o` Ed. [ tdnt tdos nmtgr`n-toc` wns bcrg cr mgss syèdrc`cus tdrcufdcut n mnrfg pnrt ck tdg rgfoc` (tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomgecnstnm pmno`). Zdg nmtgr`ntoc` prclnlmy rgkmgets wntgr-mgvgm kmuetuntoc`s9 tdg fg`gsos ck strgnbrojfgs n`j tdg crofo` ck swnbp kcrgsts (fovo`f rosg tc wccj-pgnt neeubumntoc`) sdcumj dnvg lgg` oò-tontgj ly n tgbpcrnry rgmntovg knmm ck tdg wntgr-mgvgm, wdgrgns tdg pdnsgs ck emnstoe jgpcsotoc` lgfn`wotd n jrcwò`f ck tdg swnbps n`j bnrsdgs ns n ec`sgqugèg ck n tgbpcrnry oèrgnsg o` tdg rgmntovg wntgr-mgvgm rosg. Zdg rgmntovg knmm ck tdg wntgr mgvgm bny dnvg lgg` enusgj ly dgofdtgò`f, n`jtdg tgbpcrnromy oèrgnsgj rosg ck tdg wntgr mgvgm ly sulsojgèg ck tdg sgjobg`t- n`j pgnt-surkneg.Dcwgvgr, o` vogw ck tdg gbgrfgèg ck edn``gm komms ns strgnb rojfgs, tdgrg bny nmsc dnvg lgg` n`

nlscmutg ecbpc`g`t o` tdg rgmntovg wntgr-mgvgm knmm1 tdos nppmogs gspgeonmmy tc tdg tobgs ;>88 n`j 5488LX (sgg Eds. [l n`j [j).

Zdg pdnsgs ck emnstoe jgpcsotoc` o` tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno` nppgnrgj (sgg Ed. O[) tcsdcw n (pnrtonm) syèdrc`y wotd tdg bnro`g trn`sfrgssovg pdnsgs josto`fuosdgj ly DNFGBN@ (>?;?)c`my kcr tdg gnrmy- n`j bojjmg-Uullcrgnm pgrocj. N jorget rgmntoc` lgtwgg` tdg bnro`g n`j tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg nrgn rgfnrjo`f tdgor jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs n`j wntgr-mgvgm kmuetuntoc`s, ns suppcsgjly DNFGBN@ (oloj., sgg nmsc Eds. On n`j O[g), os tdus vgry uègrtno`. N pcssolmg obpgjo`f ck bnro`go`kmugègs c` tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg nrgn bny dnvg lgg` enusgj ly sued obpcrtn`t knetcrs ns tdgfrnjoá`t gkkget n`j tdg kmccjlnso` gkkget (o.g., tdg rnoso`f gkkget ck tdg rovgr frnjoá`t c` tdg wntgrmgvgm, n`j tdg gkkget ck stcrnfg o` tdg dufg kmccjlnso`s1 sgg kurtdgr MCWVG ACCOIBN@U >?6: n`j>?6;l, n`j [N@ JG XMNUUEDG >?48). C` tdg gtdgr dn`j, pgrocjoenm oèrgnsg ck tdg wntgr-mgvgm rosg o`

tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg nrgn en``ct lg gnsomy moàgj c`my tc oèrgnsgj kmuvonm netovoty o` tdg do`tgrmn`j9 tdg sgec`j ck tdg tdrgg bno` jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs josto`fuosdgj o` tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomgnrgn, tdg mntg-Ntmn`toe/gnrmy-Uullcrgnm pdnsg, sdcws dofd wntgr-mgvgms moag tdg ctdgr twc, lut buedmgss o`tg`sovg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm netovoty.

Zdg lgttgr ecrrgmntoc` bg`toc`gj nlcvg lgtwgg` tdg bnro`g nrgn n`j tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg nrgnkcr tdg gnrmy- n`j bojjmg-Uullcrgnm pgrocj bofdt o`joentg n mnrfgr obpnet ck sgn-mgvgm kmuetuntoc sc` tdg pgrobnro`g nrgn o` tdos pgrocj ecbpnrgj wotd tdg prgegjo`f Ntmn`toe pgrocj. Zdos wcumj `ctlg surproso`f o` vogw ck tdg jgergnsg o` tdg kmuvonm frnjoá`t n`j tdg jgergnsg o` tdg fg`grnm wntgr-mgvgm rosg juro`f tdg Dcmceg`g. Zdg korst os ommustrntgj ly tdg kcmmcwo`f tobg/jgptd jntn9

Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn

Mggrjnb stujy nrgn

Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk stujy nrgn

Mggrjnb stujy nrgn

jgptd lgmcw @ N X ck

tobg-ecrrgmntovg jgpcsot

c` rovgr-ju`g kmnà

;8;8 ¾ 48 LX (sgg Kof. <6) ;.48 b

;8?8 ¾ 68 LX (sgg Kof. 58l) <.<7 b

:768 ¾ 67 LX (sgg Kof. <6) <.78 b

:<?8+>?8 LX (sgg Kof. 5>l) 8.67 b



>88

Zdg frnjoá`t lgtwgg` lctd stujy nrgns o` tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg ecnstnm pmno` nppgnrs tc dnvglgg` rcufdmy tdrgg tobgs dofdgr o tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe tdn` o` tdg gnrmy-/bojjmg-Uullcrgnm . Zdosnfrggs wgmm wotd jntn puldsdgj ly MCWVG ACCOIBN@U (>?6:, kof. <5). Ot os ecègovnlmg tdnt tdgstggpgr kmuvonm frnjoá`t o` tdg Ntmn`toe pgrocj obpgjgj o`kmugègs ck sgn-mgvgm kmuetuntoc`s bcrgstrc`fmy tdn` o` tdg Uullcrgnm. Ot os gvg` pcssolmg tdnt juro`f tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe, o` pnrtoeumnr tdgpgrocj krcb e. ;:78 tc e. ;>88 LX (sgg Ed. O[l), tdgrg wns n kmuvonm jcbo`nèg cvgr bnro`g

o`kmugègs. Zdus, tdg strc`f kmuvontomg gxpn`soc` o` tdnt pgrocj bofdt dnvg lrcufdt krgsdwntgr‚ kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm ‚ ec`jotoc`s tc n mnrfg pnrt ck tdg ecnstnm pmno` n`j tdgrgly dnvg ec`trolutgj tc(cr gvg` joetntgj3) tdg bnro`g wotdjrnwnm a`cw` ns tdg rgfrgssoc`-o`tgrvnm Enmnos O-OO (sgg nmsc Ed.O[g). Zdos wcumj nfrgg wotd tdg ojgn vg`turgj scbgtobgs (DNFGBN@ >?68l1 JG IC@F >?6>, p. >:4)tdnt bnro`g rgfrgssoc`s bny dnvg lgg` stobumntgj ly o`kmcw ck rovgr wntgr.Ns tc tdg sgec`j knetcr, tdg jgergnsg ck tdg fg`grnm Dcmceg`g wntgr-mgvgm rosg, ot os `ctgwcrtdy tdntscbg nutdcrs (g.f. DNFGBN@ >?68l) suppcsg bcrg prc`cuègj sgn-mgvgm kmuetuntoc`s juro`f tdgUullcrgnm tdn` juro`f tdg Ntmn`toe, wdg` sued kmuetuntoc`s wcumj dnvg lgg` cvgrtnag` ly tdg knstfg`grnm sgn-mgvgm rosg. Zdos tcc bofdt dnvg ec`trolutgj tc tdg suppcsgjmy mnrfgr o`kmugèg ck sgn-mgvgm kmuetuntoc s c` tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg nrgn o` tdg Uullcrgnm. C` tdg ctdgr dn`j, gspgeonmmykcr tdg bojjmg-Uullcrgnm, bg`toc` sdcumj lg bnjg nfno` ck tdg suppcsotoc` (ly [N@ UZ\NNZG@

>?;5, p. >7;1 IGMFG\UBN >?;;, p. ;71 YNFVOI@ & [N@ UZNNMJWO@G@ >?67, p. >>>1 JG IC@F >?6>, p.>7?1 ek. Ed. On) tdnt bnro`g trn`sfrgssovg pdnsgs bofdt ecrrgspc`j emobntoenmmy wotd pgrocjs ckoèrgnsgj prgeopotntoc` n`j eyemcòe netovoty, n`j dgèg pcssolmy wotd pgrocjs ck oèrgnsgj kmuvonmjosednrfg. Uued n rgmntoc`sdop ‚ quotg cppcsotg tc tdnt o` tdg Ntmn`toe (sgg nlcvg) ‚, bofdt lggkm'getgj, lut c`my juro`f tdg smcwo`f jcw` ck tdg sgn-mgvgm rosg nk tgr tdg Ntmn`toe.



>8>

NLUZ\NEZ

O` tdg Vgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js, o` tdg rgfoc` tc lg jg`ctgj o` n Dcmceg`g-fgcmcfoenm pgrspgetovg ns tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg

ecnstnm pmno` (wdgrg tdg vgrtoenm spneg kcr kmuvontomg n`j rgmntgj crfnòe neeubbumntoc` wns ckkgrgj ly tdg mcenm wntgr-mgvgm

rosg o`juegj ly tdg Dcmceg`g sgn-mgvgm rosg), twc sbnmm ensg-stujy nrgns wgrg sgmgetgj kcr n rgec`struetoc` ck tdg pnmgcg`vorc`-

bg`tnm gvcmutoc`. Zdos rgec`struetoc` dns lgg` lnsgj c` gxtg`sovg fgcmcfoenm bnppo`f, jgtnomgj pnmgclctnòenm n`nmysgs, n`j

ùbgrcus rnjocenrlc` jntgs krcb sgvgrnm sgetoc`s. Npnrt krcb sdcwo`f n bued bcrg jgtnomgj pnmgcg`vorc`bg`tnm poeturg ck

tdg rgfoc` tdn` dotdgrtc nvnomnlmg, tdg rgsumts prcvojg nmtgr`ntovgs kcr sgvgrnm ck tdg gxosto`f `ctoc`s.

O` tdg stujy nrgns kmuvontomg emnstoe lgjs (emny- n`j sn`j jgpcsots) nmtgr`ntg wotd crfnòe lgjs {Xdrnfbomgs pgnt n`j wccj

pgnt, pnrtonmmy nmsc jgtrotus fyttin). Zdg mcnby tcp ck tdg lrnojgj-rovgr jgpcsots nt tdg lnsg ck tdos emny/pgnt nmtgr`ntoc` bny

dnvg crofo`ntgj ns n pnrtmy kmuvonm, pnrtmy gcmon` jgpcsot n`j tdus bny lg ýàgj fg`gtoenmmy wotd tdg rovgr ju`gs tdnt nmsc

ceeur nlu`jn`tmy nt tdg lnsg ck tdg emny/pgnt nmtgr`ntoc` n`j nt sgvgrnm pmnegs pogreg tdrcufd ot (ns sc-enmmgj jcàg`). Lctd

tdg mcnb n`j tdg rovgr ju`gs bny lg jntgj prclnlmy ns Mntg-Vgoedsgýn` eub gnrmy-Dcmceg`g. Krcb e. 6:88 LX tdg Dcmceg`g

(frcu`j-)wntgr-mgvgm rosg lrcufdt ec`stn`tmy bcost ec`jotoc`s ck n strc`fmy vnryo`f `nturg tc tdg rgfoc`. Nktgr smcw oòtonm

crfnòe mneustro`g jgpcsotoc`, Xdrnfbomgs-pgnt neeubumntoc`, n`j prgeurscry kmuvonm emny jgpcsotoc`, gxtg`sovg kmuvonm jgpcso-

toc` ck emny n`j sn`j tcca pmneg o` tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe o` tdg wdcmg rgfoc`, o` n sc-enmmgj kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm g`vorc`bg`t9 pgrbn`g`t cpg`-wntgr surknegs ecvgrgj tdg nrgn cutsojg tdg cutercppo`f rovgr ju`gs n`j tdg wccjgj `nturnm mgvggs ck tdg bn`y

sbnmm rovgr lrnèdgs. N` obpcrtn`t rgmntovg, pgrdnps pnrtmy nmsc nlscmutg wntgr-mgvgm knmm nt e. ;>88 LX enusgj tdg rgfoc` tc

lgecbg ecvgrgj ly swnbp kcrgst (bno`my Nmùs swnbp) n`j tc n mgssgr jgfrgg Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd. Zdgsg swnbp kcrgsts pgr-

sostgj nt bn`y pmnegs `ctwotdstn`jo`f tdg ec`toùntoc` ck tdg Dcmceg`g wntgr-mgvgm rosg, prclnlmy lgenusg ck ots frnjunm smcw-

o`f jcw` o` tdg ecursg ck tdg Dcmceg`g. O` tdg bcrg sgnwnrj ck tdg twc stujy nrgns, wgttgr ec`jotoc`s ergntgj bn`y mnags

nbojst tdg swnbp kcrgsts. O` tdgsg mnags crfnòe (fyttin) neeubumntoc` tcca pmneg, n`j krcb e. 7588 LX nmsc emny jgpcsotoc`,

o` vgry quogt ec`jotoc`s (tdg sc-enmmgj kmuvoc-Oneustro g pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t). Zdos mntg-Ntmn`toe /gnrmy-Uullcrgnm jgpcsotoc`nm

pdnsg (g`jo`f e. :;88 LX b tdg jcw`strgnb stujy nrgn) wns kcmocwgj juro`f sgvgrnm eg`turogs ly n` g`vorc`bg`t ck emcsgj

swnbp kcrgst n`j Xdrnfbotgs bnrsd. O` tdg bojjmg-Uullcrgnm (krcb e. :>88 LX) gxtg`sovg kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm netovoty

rgtur`gj tc tdg rgfoc` wotd n` g`vorc`bg`t bued moag tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe kmuvoc-mnfcc`nm c`g. Zdos pdnsg n`j tdg ko`nm pnrt

ck tdg kcrgfco`f pdnsg sdcw scbg syèdrc`y wotd tdg bnro`g jgpcsotoc`nm (trn`sfrgssovg) pdnsgs o` tdg kcrgmn`j, n`j tdos

bofdt o`joentg n tgbpcrnry bnro`g o`kmugèg c` tdg pgrobnro`g nrgn1 tdos ec`trnsts wotd tdg sotuntoc` o` tdg Ntmn`toe pgrocj,

wdg` tdgrg wns `c sued syèdrc`y. Nktgr tdg smcwo f jcw` ck tdg bno` kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm netovoty o` tdg rgfoc`, nrcu`j

5488 LX, sdnmmcw cpg`-wntgr ec`jotoc`s pgrsostgj kcr sgvgrnm eg`turogs. Zdg umtobntg ecbpmgtg ecvgro`f ly swnbp kcrgst

(bno`my Nmùs) korst tcca pmneg o` tdg jcw`strgnb stujy nrgn, nrcu`j 5588 LX, n`j c`my ceeurrgj o` tdg upstrgnb stujy nrgn

sox eg`turogs mntgr. O` tdg jcw`strgnb stujy nrgn, tdg mcenm n`j tgbpcrnry gxostgèg ck cpg` sotgs (wotd [blgmmokgrng) o` tdg

swnbp kcrgst bny pcssolmy lg rgmntgj tc n tgbpcrnry oèrgnsg ck tdg mcenm Dcmceg`g wntgr-mgvgm rosg. Zdg swnbp kcrgst pgr

sostgj nt mgnst up tc e. <888 LX.

Juro`f tdg Ntmn`toe n`j Uullcrgnm gvcmutoc` ck tdg rgfoc`, nbojst tdg fg`grnmmy bcost g`vorc`bg`t jry sotgs, suotnlmg kcr

prgdostcrog ceeupntoc`, wgrg ckmgrgj ly tdg cutercppo`f Mntg-Vgoedsgýn`/gnrmy-Dcmceg`g rovgr ju`gs, tdg `nturnm mgvggs ck

tdg bn`y sbnmm rovgr lrnèdgs o` tdg bojjmg-Ntmn`toe n`j bojjmg-Uullcrgnm, n`j ly tdg strgnb rojfgs (edn``gm koWs wotd

mgvggs) crofo`nto`f krcb tdgsg rovgr lrnèdgs. Zdg nrlcrgnm vgfgtntoc` ck tdgsg jry sotgs ec`sostgj bno`my ck ûgreus, Wmbus

n`j Ecrymus, n`j scbg Zomon c` tdg dofdgr pnrts ck tdg rovgr ju`gs. Xrgdostcrog wccj eutto`f, ceeurro`f nt o`tgrvnms c` tdgsg

jry sotgs, sggbs tc dnvg lgg` ec`km`gj mnrfgmy tc ûgreus. Bnrsd dgrls ceeurro`f nmc`f tdg bnrfo`s n`j nt sdnmmcw pmnegs ck

tdg wgt lnso`s, n`j nt cpg` sotgs o` tdg swnbp kcrgsts, wgrg nbc`f ctdgrs Xdrnfbomgs (n`j ctdgr dyfrcpdomcus frnssgs),

Zypdn n`fusmokcmon, kgr`s, Ueorpus (n`j ctdgr Eypgrnegng), Nmosbn n`j Wblgmmokgrng.



> <

\GKG\G@EGU

Ndmlrn`jt, Zd . U. U. N`jrgws & J. Z. Fwy``g >?64. Locturlntoc` o` gcmon` jgpcsots. I. Ugj. Xgtrcm. :4, p. 45?-4:4.

Nmmg`, I. \. M.>?;7. N rgvogw ck tdg crofo` n`j ednrnetgrostoes ck rgeg`t nmmuvonm sgjobg`ts. Ugjobg`tcmcfy 7, p. 4?->?>.

Lgeagr, L. >?48. Jg`jrcedrc`cmcfy ck Dcmceg`g cna trgg jgpcsots nmc`f tdg Bno` n`j \gfòtz rovgrs. O`9 Uedorbgr, V. (gj.).Fuojg-lcca kcr tdg Uybpcsoub Krnàg`. Dcmceg`g vnmmgy jgvgmcpbg`t ‚ bgtdcjs n`j rgsumts. Jýssgmjcrk.

Lgeagr, L. & V. Uedorbgr >?66. Xnmgcgecmcfoenm stujy c` tdg Dcmceg`g vnmmgy jgvgmcpbg`t ck tdg rovgr Bno`, scutdgr` Fgr-

bn`y. Lcrgns ;, p. 585-5<>.

Lgdrg, A.-G. >?68. Jog G`twoeamu`fsfgsedoedtg jgr `ntýrmoedg` [gfgtntoc` ob Fglogt jgr u`tgrg` Gbs u`j odrg Nldn`fofagot

vc` jg` Lgwgfu`fg` jgs Bggrgsspogfgms. Xrclm. j. Aýstg`kcrsed. ob sýjm. @crjsggfgl. ?, p. >5-:6.

Lg``gbn, I.>?:?. Dgt cppgrvmnatgvgg` o` Vgst-@gjgrmn`j. Lccr g` Upnjg 5, p. >5?->:?.

Lgrg`jsg`, D. I. N. o` prgp. Zdgsos, Wtrgedt.

Lcsed, I. D. N. & N. X. Xruossgrs >?6?. Jg mnntstg :788 innr \oi` loi Mgojg`. Innrvgrsmnf nredgcm. lgfgm. eog. Mgojg` >?64, p.

<7-5;.

Ecmgbn`, I. B.>?;;. Gecmcfoenm edn`fgs o` n bnssovg krgsdwntgr emny sgqugèg. Zrn`s. Fumk Ecnst Nss. Fgcm. Uce. >;, p. >7?-

>6:.

Ecmgbn`, I. B.>?;?. Lrndbnputrn rovgr9 edn``gm prcegssgs n`j sgjobg`tntoc`. Ugjobg`t. Fgcm. 5, p. ><?-<5?.

Jnmgy, L. >?65. Kmuvoc-mneustro`g eyemctdgbs krcb tdg Cmofceg`g ck Dnbpsdorg. Fgcm. Bnf. >>8, p. <57-<:<.

Jg Lnaagr, D. & N. V. Gjgmbn`-[mnb >?6;. Jg @gjgrmn`jsg lcjgb o` amgur. Vnfgò`fg`, >:4 p.

Jg Lcgr, Zd. N. & M. I. Xc`s >?;8. Lcjgb g` frnsmn`j o` jg [oikdggrg`mn`jg`. [grsm. mn`jlcuwa. c`jgrz. ;;.;, 6< p.

Jg Krgtgs, I. N. >?6?. [grsmnf vgmjwgra Nmlmnssgrwnnrj Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. O`tgr`nm rgpcrt O`stotu tg ck Gnrtd Ueogègs, Krgg

Wòvgrsoty Nbstgrjnb.

Jg Ic`f, I. >?68-6>. Xcmmg` n`j E>: n`nmysos ck Dcmceg`g jgpcsots o` Yoijgrvgmj n`j g`vorc`s. Lgr. \oiasj. Cujd.

Loxmgbc`jgrz. <8-<>, p. 67-44.

Jg Ic`f, I.J. >?;6. Zdg ûntgr`nry ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js. O`9 \nànbn, A. (gj.). Zdg ûntgr`nry O O. Vomgy, @gw _cra.

Jg Ic`f, I. J. >?6>. Zdg seg`gry ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js nfno`st tdg lneafrcu`j ck Dcmceg`g fgcmcfy1 n rgvogw ck tdg rgeg`t

motgrnturg. \gv. fïcfr. pdys. fäcm. jy`. (<) >5, p. >:5->;<.

Jg` Dgmj, I. I. & N. I. jg` Dgmj >?6;. Dgt @oguwaccpsg Xmnssg` fglogj. Yutpdg`, 5>: p.

G`tg, X. I. >?6>. Ugjobg`tnry fgcmcfy ck tdg Dcmceg`g o` Mnag OIssgm rgfoc`. Fgcm. Boi`lcuw 78, p. 565-54<.

Kngfro, A. (& I. Ovgrsg`) >?67. Zgxtlcca ck pcmmg` n`nmysos. 5rj. gj. Lmneawgmm Ue. Xulm., <?7 p.

Korlns, K. >?:?. Upnt- u`j `nedgoszgotmoedg Vnmjfgsedoedtg Bottgmgurcpns `crjmoed jgr Nmpg`. O9 Nmmfgbgo`g Vnmjfgsedoedtg.

F. Kosedgr [grmnf, Ig`n, :48 p.

Kosa, D. @. >?::. Fgcmcfoenm o`vgstofntoc` ck tdg nmmuvonm vnmmgy ck tdg Mcwgr Bossossoppo \ovgr. Boss. \ovgr Ecbbossoc`,

[oeaslurf, Boss., WUN, 64 p.



>85

Kosa, D. @. >?:6. Ko`g-frno`gj nmmuvonm jgpcsots n`j tdgor gkkgets c` Bossossoppo \ovgr netovoty. Boss. \ovgr Ecbbossoc`,

[oeaslurf, Boss., WUN, 4< p.

Kosa, D. @. >?;8. \geg`t Bossossoppo \ovgr sgjobg`tntoc` n`j pgnt neeubumntoc`. ûntr. ec`fr. p. m'nvnè. j. ïtuj. jg strn-

tofr. gt jg fäcm. ju Enrlcòkärg, Dggrmg` >?74, Ecbptg rg`ju O, p. >46->??.

Kmcrsedootz, K. & K. X. Icàgr >?5?. N lctnòenm n`nmysos ck n mntg Xmgostceg`g n`j Dcmceg`g prckomg o` tdg \do`g jgmtn.\gv. trnv. lct. `ïgrm., p. ;4;-;?;.

Krnzogr, J. G. & N. Csnòa >?;?. \geg`t pgnt jgpcsots ‚ Mcuoson`n ecnstnm pmno`. O` 1 Jnppmgs, G. E. & B. G. Dcpao`s (gj.).

G`vorc`bg`ts ck ecnm jgpcsotoc`. Uybpcs. Ecnm Fgcm. Jov., Fgcm. Uce. Nb., Upgeonm pnpgr >>:, p. ;5-45.

Fgys, I. K. >?64. Zdg pnmgcg`vorc`bg`t ck tdg Agbpg`mn`j emny jgpcsots (Mcwgr ûntgr`nry, @. Lgmfoub). Fgcm. Boi`lcuw

76, p. 55-:5.

Frogjg , I. V. >?64. Dgt c`tstnn` vn` Krogsmn`js @ccrjdcga. Zdgsos, Nbstgrjnb, >4; p.

Frcg`bn`-vn` Vnntgro`fg, V. N. [ccrrops & M. D. vn` Voi`fnnrjg`-Lnaagr >?;4. Ugttmgbg`ts ck tdg [mnnrjo`fg` eumturg nt

[ccrsedctg` n`j Mgojsedg`jnb (gecmcfy). DgWòub 4, p. >87->58.

Frcssg-Lrnueabn``, F. >?;>. Yur Zgrbo`cmcfog crfn`cfg`gr Ugjobg`tg. Fgcm. Indrl., p. >>6->:5.

Dnfgbn`, L. X. >?;5. Jg prckogmtypg-mgfg`jn vn` jg òguwg fgcmcfosedg annrt vccr dgt zggamgo- g` rovogramgofglogj.

Zoijsedr. Nnrjr. Fg`. 48, p. <>6-<<?.

Dnfgbn`, L. X. >?;?. Jgvgmcpbg`t ck tdg wgstgr` pnrt ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js juro`f tdg Dcmceg`g. Fgcm. Boi`lcuw :4, p. 565-

544.

Dnfgbn`, L. X. >?68n. Amobnntvgrlgtgro`f g` zggspogfgmroizo`f, O`tgrbgjonor :?.

Dnfgbn`, L. X. >?68l. Jg fgcmcfosedg c`twoaagmo`f o c`s austfglogj. O`tgrbgjonor 7>.

Dnrtbn`, N. N. >?;4. N stujy c` pcmmg` jospgrsnm n`j sgjobg`tntoc` o` tdg wgstgr` pnrt ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js. Zdgsos, Nbstgr

jnb, :4 p. Nmsc puldsdgj o` Netn Lct. @ggrm. >6.

Dnvo`fn, N. I. >?;?. N pdysocfrnpdoe n`nmysos ck n pnrt ck tdg Lgtuwg, n Juted rovgr emny nrgn. Bgjgj. Mn`jlcuwdcfgsedccm

Vnfgò`fg` ;?-5, p. >-:6.

Dnvo`fn, N. I. >?6:. Xrclmgbs o` tdg o`tgrprgtntoc` ck pcmmg` jonfrnbs ck bo`grnm scoms. Fgcm. Boi`lcuw 75, p. ::?-:75.

Dgjlgrf, D. J. (gj.) >?6;. O`tgr`ntoc`nm strntofrnpdoe fuojg. Vomgy, @gw _cra.

Dguagms, D. & U. I. vn` Ccststrccb >?;4. Kmcrn vn` @gjgrmn`j. Frcò`fg`, 4?< p.

In`ssg`, E. \. >?7?. Nmùs ns n josturlo`f knetcr o` pcmmg` jonfrnbs. Netn Lct. @ggrm. 4, p. 77.

Igmfgrsbn, U. >?;>. Dcmceg`g sgn mgvgm edn`fgs o` tdg @gtdgrmn`js. Zdgsos, Mgojg`, >8> p.

Igmfgrsbn, U. >?;;. Ugn mgvgm edn`fgs juro`f tdg mnst >8.888 ygnrs. \cynm Bgt. Uce., Xrce. O`tgr`. Uybpcs. c` wcrmj emobntg

krcb 4888-8 LE, p. 7:-6>.

Igmfgrsbn, U., I. jg Ic`f, V. D. Ynfwoi` & I. K. vn` \gfogrg` Nmtg`n >?68. Zdg ecnstnm ju`gs ck tdg wgstgr` @gtdgrmn`js9

fgcmcfy, vgfgtntoc`nm dostcry n`j nredgcmcfy. Bgjgj. \oias Fgcm. Jog`st, @. U. <>, p. ?5->;6.

Aruot, E. >?;5. Os tdg \do`g jgmtn n jgmtn3 [grln`j. Ac`. @gj. Fgcm. Boi`l. Fg`., Fgcm. sgrog <>-<, p. <7?-<;;.



>8:

Mglmnè, \. I. & D. N. Lgr`nrj >?7:. \ïsubï ck mntg \geg`t fgcmcfoenm dostcry ck tdg Fumk ecnst . Fgcm. Boi`lcuw @.U. >;, p.

>47->?:.

Mcuwg Accoibn`s, M. X. >?6:. Zdg \do`g/Bgusg jgmtn. Zdgsos Mgojg`. Nmsc o`9 Cujd. Bgjgj. Mgojg` 75-7:, :<> p.

Mcuwg Accoibn`s, M. X. >?6;n. Zdg @gcmotdoe nt tdg Mcwgr \do`g. Joss. Nred. Fn`j. >;, p. >78->65.

Mcuwg Accoibn`s, M. X. >?6;l. Xrndostcrosedg Lgsogjmu`f ob \dgo`-Bnns-Jgmtnfglogt u`j jog Lgstobbu`f gdgbnmofgrVnssgrdûdg`. Xrclm. j. Aýstg`kcrsed. ob sýjm. @crjsggfgl. >>, p. >>?->:5.

Mcuwg Accoibn`s, M. X. >?6;e. Mcenm jgvgmcpbg`ts o` n lcrjgrmn`j. N survgy ck tdg @gcmotdoe nt tdg Mcwgr \do`g.

Cujd. Bgjgj. Mgojg` 76, p. <<6-<?6.

Mcuwg Accoibn`s, M. X. >?64. Dnzg`jcà, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Nred. @oguws, Luom. Ac`. @gj. Cujd. Lc`j 66, p. <8<-<85.

Mcuwg Accoibn`s, M. X. >?6?. Jg Mnfg Mn`jg` tcg`. Xrgdostcrosedg lgwcò`f vn` c`zg auststrgag`. O`tgrbgjonor :<.

Bcjjgrbn`, X. I. \. >?77. Jg lgwcc`lnnrdgoj vn` dgt rovogramgofglogj o` jg mccp jgr gguwg`. Zoijsedr. Nnrjr. Fg`. 6<, p.

58-54.

@np, I. >?6?. Fgcfg`gsg vn` jg cbfgvo`f vn` jg Uednoasg jcà loi Mggrjnb. O`tgr`nm rgpcrt O`stotutg ck Gnrtd Ueogègs,

Krgg Wòvgrsoty Nbstgrjnb.

Cvgrlgea, K. >?67. Lctnòsed-fgcmcfosedg Bccrau`jg. @gubý`stgr.

Xnos, I. X., L. vn` Fggm & N. Jgmkcs >?48. Xnmgcgecmcfoenm stujogs o` tdg Amcaagwggm lcf `gnr Dccfanrspgm (prcv. ck @ccrj-

Dcmmn`j) . \gv. Xnmgclct. Xnmy`cm. 58, p. 56>-:>4.

Xn``gacga vn` \dgjg`, I. I. >?:<. Cvgr jg rgec`struetog vn` vccrbnmofg rovogrmcpg`. Zoijsedr. Ac`. @gj. Nnrjr. Fg`.,

<g rggas, 7?, p. ;;>-;4?, 4:?-464.

Xc`s, M. I. >?76. Jg fgcmcfog, jg lcjgbvcrbo`f g` jg wntgrstnntau`jofg c`twoaagmo`f vn` dgt Mn`j vn` Bnns g` Vnnm g`

gg` fgjggmtg vn` dgt \oia vn` @oibgfg`. Bgjgj. Utoedt, v. lcjgba., Lcjgba. Utujogs 5, Vnfgò`fg`, >7; p.

Xc`s, M. I. & I. Lg``gbn >?74. Jg bcrkcmcfog vn` dgt Xmgostceg`g cppgrvmna o` wgstgmoia @gjgrmn`j, vccrzcvgr fgmgfg`

lg`gjg` fgbojjgmj zggòvgnu (@.N.X.). Zoijsedr. Ac`. @gj. Nnrjr. Fg`. 67, p. ><8->5?.

Xc`s, M. I., U. Igmfgrsbn, N. I. Voffgrs & I. J. jg Ic`f >?;5. Gvcmutoc` ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js ecnstnm nrgn juro`f tdg Dcmc

eg`g. [grln`j. Ac`. @gj. Fgcm. Boi`l. Fg`., Fgcm. sgrog <>-<, p. >?6-<84.

Xc`s, M. I. & B. K. vn` Ccstg` >?6:. Jg lcjgb vn` @ccrj-Dcmmn`j. Vnfgò`fg`.

Xc`s, M. I. & N. I. Voffgrs >?7?-;8. Jg Dcmceg`g wcrjo`fsfgsedogjgòs vn` @ccrj-Dcmmn`j g` dgt Yuojgrzggfglogj.

Zoijsedr. Ac`. @gj. Nnrjr. Fg`. 6;, p. >8:->7<1 66, p. 5-76.

Xccrtbn`, D. D. >?48. [grsmnf jcatcrnnm vgmjwgra Nmlmnssgrwnnrj. O`tgr`nm rgpcrt O`sto tutg ck Gnrtd Ueogègs, Krgg Wòvgr

soty Nbstgrjnb.

\go`gea, D.-G. & O. L. Uo`fd >?65. Jgpcsotoc`nm sgjobg`tnry g`vorc`bg`ts . Upro`fgr [grmnf, :5? p.

\ogzglcs, X. N. & N. ju Unnr >?;?. Gg` jwnrsjccrs`gjg jccr jg bnrog`g Dcmceg`g nkzgtto`fg` tussg` [oikduozg` g`

[oàgvgg`. Bgjgj. \oias Fgcm. Jog`st, @.U. <8, p. 47-?<.

\cgmgvgmj, V. >?6:. Zdg Frcò`fg` ecnstnm nrgn. N stujy o` Dcmceg`g fgcmcfy n`j mcw-mn`j pdysoenm fgcfrnpdy. Zdgsos,

Nbstgrjnb, <7< p.



>87

\csï, K. >?6:. Zdg clsgrvgr's lcca ck frnssgs, sgjfgs n`j rusdgs. Krgj. Vnr`g & Ec., Mc`jc`, >?< p.

Uedgmmo`f, I. >?7>. Gg` lcjgbanrtgro`f vn` @ccrj-Moblurf. [grsm. Mn`jlcuwa. C`jgrz. 76.>6, >5? p.

Uectt, N. E. >?6?. Zdg gecmcfy ck Ecnm Bgnsurg kmcrns krcb `crtdgr` Lrotno`. Xrce. Fggm. Nss. ?8, p. ?6->>;.

Ugmmgy, \. E. >?64. Nèog`t sgjobg`tnry g`vorc`bg`ts. Uge. gj., Mc`jc`, <46 p.

Ucom Uurvgy Bnùnm >?;<. W.U. Jgpt. ck Nfroeumturg, Vnsdo`ftc`.

Utgg`lgga, \. >?6?. Gàgmg fgcmcfosedg c`jgrzcgao`fg` loi jg Dnzg`jcà. O`tgr`nm rgpcrt O`stotu tg ck Gnrtd Ueog egs, Krgg

Wòvgrsoty Nbstgrjnb.

Utoedto`f vccr lcjgbanrtgro`f >?;7. Jg lcjgb vn` @gjgrmn`j. Zcgýedto`f loi jg Lcjgbannrt vn` @gjgrmn`j >9<88888.

Vnfgò`fg`.

Utrgok, D. >?6>. Utrntofrnpdog u`j Knzogsg`twoeamu`f ob Aýstg`fglogt vc` Vcmtzgtg` o` Cstkrogsmn`j. Lgod. j. Fgcm. Indrl.

>>?, Dn``cvgr.

Znulgr. D. >?66. O`vgstofntoc`s ck ngronm pcmmg` trn`spcrt o` n kcrgstgj nrgn. Jn`sa Lctnòsa Nraov 5<, p. >-><>.

Zo`smgy, D. B. & Z. \. Ubotd >?6:. Uurkneg pcmmg stujogs nercss n wccjmn`j /dgntd trn`sotoc` n`j tdgor nppýentoc` tc tdg

o`tgrprgtntoc` ck pcmmg` jonfrnbs. @gw Xdytcm. 65, p. 7:6-7;7.

Zrnvgrsg, N. & \. @. Fo`slurf >?;;. Xnmy`cmcfy ck tdg surkneg sgjobg`ts ck Frgnt Lndnbn Lnà, ns rgmntgj tc wntgr bcvg-

bg`t n`j sgjobg`tntoc`. Bnro`g Fgcm. :, p. :>6-:7?.

[n` jg Bgg`g, G. N. >?48. Fgcmcfy n`j fgcbcrpdcmcfy ck n kcssom ngcmon` mn`jsenpg o` tdg Mogbgrs (Gnstgr` @gtdgrmn`js).

Fgcm. Boi`lcuw 7?, p. >>5-><8.

[n` jg Xmnssedg, C. >?6?-48. \gjueo`f tdg gkkget ck rcct ec`tnbo`ntoc` ck pgnt snbpmgs. Cegnòs 7, p. <>7-<>4.

[n` jg Xmnssedg, C. >?48. Dcmceg`g wntgr-mgvgm edn`fgs o` tdg \do`g-Bgusg jgmtn ns n kuètoc` ck edn`fgs o` rgmntovg sgn

mgvgm, mcenm tojnm rn`fg, n`j rovgr frnjoá`t. Fgcm. Boi`lcuw 7?, p. 5:5-57>.

[n` jgr [cc, G. G. & [. Vgstdckk >?;>. N` nutgecmcfoenm stujy ck scbg myb`cpdytgs n`j dgmcpdytgs o` tdg nrgn ck tdg mnrfg

rovgrs. Vg`ton 7, p. >;5-<74.

[n` jgr Vogm, N. B.. o` prgp. N pnmngcgecmcfoenm stujy ck n sgetoc` tnag` `gxt tc tdg Dnzg`jcà (Yuoj-Dcmmn`j, Zdg @gtdgr

mn`js). \gv. Xnmngclct. 54, >?4<, p. 57-?8.

[n` jgr Vcujg, I. J. >?6?. Edrc`cmcfy ck tdg pgrobnro`g kmuvontomg jgpcsotoc`nm pdnsgs n t Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Fgcm. Boi`lcuw

74, p. 54>-54<.

[n` Joia, F. I., \. B. vn` Dggro`fg` & B. [grlruffg` >?6;. Jg Dnzg`jcà. O`tgr`nm rgpcrt O`sto tutg ck Gnrtd Ueogègs,Krgg Wòvgrsoty Nbstgrjnb.

[n` Jc`sgmnnr, I. >?;>. C` tdg vgfgtntoc` ck tdg kcrbgr rovgr lgjs o` tdg @gtdgrmn`js. Vg`ton 7-;, p. >-47.

[n` Gs, V. N. & V. N. Enspnrog >?;4. BgscWtdoe wccjg` stn tugttg krcb tdg [cmagrna, `gnr Vommgbstnj, @crtd Lrnln`t.

Lgr. Cujd. Lcjgbc`jgrz. >4, p. >>>->>;.

[n` \gftgrg` Nmtg`n, I. K., I. N. Lnaagr, N. Z. Emnsc`, V. Fmnslgrfg`, V. Frcg`bn`- vn` Vnntgro`fg & M. I. Xc`s >?;<,

>?;5. Zdg [mnnrjo`fg` eumturg. Dgmoòub <, p. 5-57, ?6->85, <>7-<:51 5, p. 5?-7:, ?6-><8.



>8;

[n` \ubbgmg`, K. K. K. G. >?68. Zcgmoedto`f loi jg fgcmcfosedg annrt vn` @gjgrmn`j >978888, lmnj Uedcuwg`-Juovgmn`j.

\oias Fgcm. Jog`st, Dnnrmgb.

[n` Utnnmjuo`g`, E. I. >?6?. ZcgWedto`f loi jg fgcmcfosedg annrt vn` @gjgrmn`j >978888, lmnj \cttgrjnb-Vgst (56V). \oias

Fgcm. Jog`st, Dnnrmgb.

[n` Utrnntg`, M. B. I. W. >?;5. Nspgets ck Dcmceg`g sgjobg`tntoc` o` tdg @gtdgrmn`js. [grd. Ac`. @gj. Fgcm. Boi`l. Fg`.,Fgcm. sgrog <>->, p. >:?->6<.

[gmjanbp, N. E , Z. Dnfg` & I. J. vn` jgr Vcujg >?4>. Mnsgr pmctto`f ck pcmmg` jonfrnbs. \gv. Xnmngclct. Xnmy`cm. 5<, p.

::>-::5.

[grlrngea, N. >?68. Zcgmoedto`f loi jg fgcmcfosedg annrt vn` @gjgrmn`j >978888, lmnj Fcraub-Ccst (54 C). \oias Fgcm.

Jog`st, Dnnrmgb, >:8 p.

[grlrngea, N. >?6:. Zdg fg`gsos n`j nfg ck tdg rovgr ju`gs (jcàg`) o` tdg Nmlmnssgrwnnrj. Bgjgj. \oias Fgcm. Jog`st, @.U.

<7, p. >-4.

[grlrngea, N. & I. D. Lossedcps >?6>. Zcgmoedto`f loi jg fgcmcfosedg annrt vn` @gjgrmn`j >978888, lmnj Vommgbstnj Ccst (:5

C). \oias Fgcm. Jog`st, Dnnrmgb, >>< p.

[oà, Z. >?7:. Jg rovogrstrgga. Lnnr`, 4:8 p.

[ccrrops, N. >?;:. N pcmmg`n`nmytoenm o`vgstofntoc` ck n lcro`f bnjg `gnr n rovgr ju`g o` Ucutd-DcWn`j. Netn Lct. @ggrm. >5,

p. <56-<:7.

VgstdckZ, [., X. N. Lnaagr, E. F. vn` Mgguwg` & G. G. vn` jgr [cc >?6>, Vomjg pmn`tg`. Jggm <9 dgt mnfg mn`j. Nbstg rjnb,

585 p.

Vgstdckk, [. & N. I. jg` Dgmj >?67. Xmn`tg`fgbgg`sednppg` o` @gjgrmn`j. <`j gj. Yutpdg`, 5<: p.

Voffgrs, N. I. >?77. Jg wcrjo`f vn` dgt @ccrjccstpcmjgrfglogj. Zdgsos, Ywcmmg, <>: p.

Ynfwoi`, V. D. >?;7. XcWg`n`nmytoe ecrrgmntoc`s o` tdg ecnstnm lnrrogr jgpcsots `gnr Zdg Dnfug (Zdg @gtdgrmn`js).

Bgjgj. Fgcm. Utoedt., @.U. >6, p. 45-44.

Ynfwoi`, V.D. >?6:. Xnmngcfgcfrnpdoe gvcmutoc` ck tdg @gtdgrmn`js juro`f tdg ûntgr`nry. Fgcm. Boi`lcuw 75, p. 5;?-547.

Ynfwoi`, V. D. & E. I. vn` Utnnmjuo`g` (gjs.) >?67. Zcgmoedto`f loi jg fgcmcfosedg cvgrzoedtsannrtg` vn` @gjgrmn`j.

\oias Fgcm. Jog`st, Dnnrmgb, >5: p.

Yc``gvgmj, >. U. >?;8. Jg Lrnln`tsg Logslcsed. Zdgsos, Vnfgò`fg`, 5?; p.



>86

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Kof. n. Motdcmcfoenm ec`tg`t ck crfn`oe lgj cm l, Bcmg`nnrsfrnnk. Kcr mgfg`j, sgg Kof. *57.



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APL16 Holocene Paleoenvironmental Evolotion of a Perimarine Fluviatile Area

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Transcript of APL16 Holocene Paleoenvironmental Evolotion of a Perimarine Fluviatile Area