APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by...
Transcript of APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by...
![Page 1: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 1
15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A system’s internal energy can be changed
by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat:
ΔU = Q - W
W is negative if work is done on the system Compression of the gas
What is the state of the system? Described by P, V, T, m, U
![Page 2: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 2
15.2 Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law Isothermal: T = constant → ΔU = 0 → W
= Q
Adiabatic: Q = 0 → ΔU = -W
![Page 3: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 3
15.2 Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law
If pressure is constant then W = Fd = PAd = P ΔV
![Page 4: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 4
15.2 Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law The total work done during a process is
equal to the area under the PV diagram
![Page 5: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 5
15.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat can flow spontaneously only from a hot object to a cold object.
A reversible process is one that is always in equilibrium and can return to its initial conditions along the same path
Most natural processes are irreversible Sets an upper limit on efficiency of heat
engines
![Page 6: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 6
15.5 Heat Engines Heat engines convert U into other
useful forms of energy – mechanical, electrical, …
ΔUcycle = 0 → QH = W + QL
Automobile engines
![Page 7: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 7
15.5 Heat Engines The efficiency of a heat engine is
Carnot (ideal) engine Reversible processes Too slow for real engines
H
L
H Q
Q
Q
We 1
![Page 8: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 8
15.6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
A heat engine in reverse.W
QCOP L
![Page 9: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 9
15.6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
![Page 10: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 10
5 64186 J1400 kcal 6.262 10 J 5.2 10 J
1 kcalU Q W
2. (a) The work done by a gas at constant pressure is found from Eq. 15-3.
(b) The change in internal energy is calculated from the first law of thermodynamics
![Page 11: APHY201 5/31/2014 1 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics A systems internal energy can be changed by doing work or by the addition/removal of heat: ΔU.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649b5c550346318e8dc87d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
APHY20104/18/23 11
26. Find the exhaust temperature from the original Carnot efficiency, and then recalculate the intake temperature for the new Carnot efficiency, using the same exhaust temperature.