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Apheresis Instrumentation
Edwin A. Burgstaler MT, HP(ASCP)Associate Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
ASFA 2017Annual MeetingMay 3,2017
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Conflict of Interest
• Consulting:Fresenius Kabi
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Objectives• Introduction• Historical events• Principles of operation• Types of separation• Selective removal• Common features of apheresis equipment• Maintenance & cleaning• Safety• Extracorporeal photopheresis• Stem cell collections• Apheresis vs. Hemodialysis
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Reference Book
• Principles of Apheresis Technology 5th , 6th Edition
Technical Principles of Apheresis MedicineWalter Linz, MD.MBA: Senior Editor
• Chapter 2: Apheresis InstrumentationDobri D. Kiprov MD, HP (ASCP)Edwin A. Burgstaler MT,HP(ASCP)Amber P. Sanchez, MD
Editors: Hans Vrielink, MD,PhD, Sheryl M. Kempin RN,MAASFA, 2014,2017
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Principles of OperationThree Steps
• Draw and separate the blood
• Remove the target component
• Return or replace the remaining components
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Types of Separation
• Centrifugation
• Elutriation
• Filtration
• Combination of filtration and centrifugation
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Specific Gravities
Linz W (ed). Principles of Apheresis Technology, Technical Principles of Apheresis Medicine, Fifth Edition. ASFA 2014:p27
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CENTRIFUGATION
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Centrifuge Apheresis
Permission of Dr. Dobri Kiprov
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CentrifugationSeparation by weight (specific gravity)
• Can be used for cells or plasma• G force defined by RPM and rotor radius• Dwell time is important• High viscosity can affect• RBC size can affect• Dual stage channels= multiple G forces• Continuous flow versus intermittent flow
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Component Separation- TPE
Ramp
Platelets/White Cells
Low-G Wall
High-G Wall
OutletPlasma (low platelets)
InletWhole Blood
OutletPacked RedBlood Cells
Ramp
G- Force
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ELUTRIATION
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Basic Principles of MNC Collection
1. Whole blood enters the channel
2. Blood separates in the connector
3. Buffy coat layer is pumped into the chamber
4. Platelets are returned to the patient and MNC cells are pumped into the collection bag
1
3
2
4
30 Introduction | Protocol Value | Performance | Comparison | AppendixHome |
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Centrifugal force
Collect pump flow rate
2. Chamber Fills
Separation in the chamber • Target cells accumulate in
the chamber• Platelets are continuously
pumped back to the patient
31 Introduction | Protocol Value | Performance | Comparison | AppendixHome |
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FILTRATION
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←Plasma
Whole Blood
←Cells
←Air (Pressure)
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Membrane Apheresis
Permission of Dr. Dobri Kiprov
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FILTRATION & CENTRIFUGATION
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SELECTIVE REMOVAL THERAPY
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Membrane Differential Filtration
Who
le B
lood
Treated Plasma
Plasma
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Blood Cell Adsorption by Adacolumn®
• The Adacolumn is filled cellulose acetate beads that adsorb approx 50% of granulocytes and 40% of monocytes from patient’s blood for each passage.
• The effects on RBC is minimal.
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Adacolumn
Adastand
Adamonitor
Adacircuit
Adacolumn
Vein
P
Vein
Anticoagulant Port
Blo
od re
turn
Blo
od d
raw
Venous Pressure Monitor
Air sensor
Pump
Adacolumn
Graphics courtesy of Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc
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Immunosorba PA
Plasma separation
via centrifuge
AnticoagulationBuffer PA Eluant PA
Wastebag
Fractionbag
Graphics courtesy of Fresenius HemoCare
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Immunosorba PA
• Immunoglobulins adsorbed with Staph Protein A bound to Sepharose
• Column regenerated with sodium citrate 0.13 M buffer at a pH of 2.2
• Removes:• 97% IgG1• 98% IgG2• 40% IgG3• 77% IgG4• 56% IgM• 55% IgAGraphics courtesy of Fresenius HemoCare
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Liposorber® System
Graphics courtesy of Kaneka Pharma America Corporation
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Heparin-induced Extracorporeal LDL Precipitation
Graphics courtesy of B Braun.
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COMMON FEATURES ofAPHERESIS EQUIPMENT
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PUMPS
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VALVES
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SENSORS
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SEPARATORS
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MICROPROCESSORS
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MAINTENACE & CLEANING
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Maintenance
• Follow manufacturer recommendations• Annual or semiannual PM• Routine maintenance
• Watch for worn or damaged parts• Keep the equipment clean
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Cleaning
• Very important• Blood, plasma, albumin, ACD-A,HES = sticky• Also contaminating agents• Saline is corrosive
• Follow manufacturer recommendations• Use appropriate cleaning agents• Extreme spills may require service personnel
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SAFETY
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Safety
• Follow manufacturer operating instructions• Watch for hemolysis
• Kinked tubing• Wrong fluids• Hot centrifuge• High TMP during filtration
• Prevent large spills- fluids & electricity=bad day• Keep safety sensors and latches in place• Prevent loose items near centrifuges
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EXTRACORPOREALPHOTOPHERESIS
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PERIPHERAL BLOODSTEM CELLS (HPC)& MNC COLLECTIONS
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Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells
• Autologous• Allogeneic• Long procedures• Mobilized patients/donors• Difficult to get the specific cells• Consider extra corporeal volume (ECV)• Consider citrate toxicity
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Mononuclear Cell Collections
• Dendritic cell collections
• Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI)
• Research collections
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Apheresis versus HemodialysisApheresis Hemodiaylsis
Removal Cell or protein pathogens Small to midsized diffusible molecules
Large molecular mass Spares proteins and cells
Slow rate of formation
Low volume of distribution
Mechanism Separates by blood fractions, removes or replaces fractions
Uses semi-permeable membranes and concurrent flow, small molecules and electrolytes exchanged
Technique Primarily Centrifugation separates by density
Membrane separation (filter) separates by size
Courtesy of Amber Sanchez MD
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Apheresis versus Hemodialysis (cont)
Apheresis Hemodiaylsis
Reduce Fluid Very limited Ultrafiltration to restore fluid balance
Flow Rates 15-165 mL/min, can use peripheral or IV catheter
100-500 mL/min, requires high flow catheter
Duration Usually short term treatment, days-months
Usually long term treatment, up to years
Anticoagulant Usually citrate or citrate/heparin combined
Heparin only
Courtesy of Amber Sanchez MD
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SUMMARY
• Can’t do apheresis without the instruments
• Need operator and instrument team work to help the patient/donor
• Remember: the instruments are your friends