APES Semester 1 Reviewkalaheoapes.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/0/3/42033425/apes_review.pdf– Net Primary...
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APES Semester 1 Review
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2
Positive and Negative Feedback
• Positive Feedback
• Often a BAD thing
• Something causes the mechanism to accelerate in one
direction
• Ex: Climate Change; Childbirth
• Negative Feedback
• Often a GOOD thing
• Something causes the mechanism to slow down and
return to original condition (keeps it at equilibrium)
• Ex: Body temperature regulation; Predator/Prey
relationships
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3
Chemistry Basics
• Atoms – basic units of matter
• Atoms can gain and lose
electrons (-) – ions
• Gains electons – negative ion
• Loses electrons – positive ion
• Atoms can gain and lose
neutrons – isotopes
• Changes overall mass of atom
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4
Water Chemistry
• Water is unique among most chemicals• Covalent molecule (shared electrons) with one
Oxygen and two hydrogens
• Water molecules can bond to OTHER water
molecules via Hydrogen bonds
• Oxygen is more electronegative so electrons
trend to Oxygen and away from Hydrogens
• Creates positive (H) and negative (O) ends of
molecule
• These charges can create bonds (Hydrogen
Bonds)
• These attractive forces between water
molecules leads to its properties (surface
tension, cohesion, adhesion, etc.)
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Primary vs. Secondary Succession
During
succession
organisms
modify their
surroundings
which in turn
creates
suitable
conditions for
succeeding
organisms
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Primary vs. Secondary Succession (cont.)
Secondary succession begins on the soil where there was living
organisms previously, but have vanished due to natural or
anthropogenic causes
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Soil Horizons
O Horizon
A Horizon
E Horizon
B Horizon
C Horizon
Partly decayed organic material
Mineral matter with some humus
Partially altered parent material
Zone of accumulation (Nutrient/H2O)
Zone of leaching
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Productivity in Ecosystems• Plants obtain sunlight and convert it into usable,
chemical energy
– This is Primary Production
– Gross Primary Production is ALL the chemical energy
produced
– Net Primary Production is the energy NOT used by the plant
after it uses what it needs for basic processes (growth,
reproduction, etc.)
• To determine the difference, take GPP and subtract Energy Used by
Plants to see how much energy is theoretically available to any consumer
(the NPP)
• Animals and other organisms can CONSUME plants,
taking in that usable chemical energy
– They then use these nutrients to grow, reproduce, and create
new biomass
– This is known as Secondary Production
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An organism’s role in their environment and
the resources they exploit
Ecological Niche
Realized Niche –
the actual part of the niche an
organism occupies due to
competition
Fundamental Niche –
overall niche an organism can
live in
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Competition
Intra-specific competition is competition between members of the same species for resources.
Inter-specific competition is when two different species compete for the same resources.
Competitive exclusion principle states
that the niches of organisms can only
overlap for a very brief time.
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Phase Shift
• Change in dominant species
in an ecosystem
–Common example: Coral vs
Algae (such as in Kaneohe
Bay)• Nutrients go up and make the
ecosystem more suitable for algae– They bloom and cover the coral
• As either nutrient content or light availability
go down, algae die off and substrate is
available again for coral recruitment; the
coral animal flourishes
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Thermal Stratification of Lakes
1. Epilimnion
2. Thermocline
3. Hypolimnion
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Biomes
Both abiotic and biotic factors characterize large terrestrial
regions of the biosphere. These are classified as biomes.
Each one is characterized by distinct climate and specific life-
forms. climate – long term patterns of weather
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Edge Effect or Ecotone
Land zone Transition zone Aquatic zone
Number
of species
Species in land zoneSpecies in aquatic zone
Species in transition zone only
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Hunter-gatherers survived
collecting wild plants and
hunting native animals.
Generally nomadic. High
infant mortality rate short life
span (30-40 years).
Advanced groups used more
advanced tools, converted
forests to grasslands, and
contributed to the extinction
of some large animals.
Small
population
Small
ecological
footprint
Migration
Limited
technology
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Agricultural Revolution
Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering
to a settled community.
• Farmers provided
more food than
needed by their
own family
• Towns and
villages formed
(Urbanization)
• Increased life
span
• Habitat
destruction/sla
sh-and-burn
• Soil erosion
and
overgrazing
• Pollution
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Industrial RevolutionBegan in England and spread to the United States in the early 1800‘s. Shift from renewable resources such as wood and water to nonrenewable fossil fuels.
• Centralized factories to mass-produce goods
• Improved agricultural technology led to increase in urban population
• Air pollution• Dangerous
work conditions
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Green Revolution (1950-1970)
Increased yields per unit of area of cropland
Involved three steps:
• developing and planting monocultures of
key crops
• lavishing fertilizer, pesticides and water on
crops to produce high yields
• increasing the intensity and frequency of
cropping