Neil WildgustBASICS OF GEOLOGICAL STORAGE

Global CCS InstituteWORKSHOP FOR CIVIL, CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS:

INTRODUCTION TO CAPTURE, USE AND GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CO2

October 13-14, 2014

DF CFE Technology Museum

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Geological Storage Scenarios

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Effective Storage in Dense Phase

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Trapping Mechanisms

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Structural and Stratigraphic Trapping

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Seals or Caprocks

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• Principal types – shale and salt• Shales:

• Clay-rich rocks• Variable, low permeability• May allow slow migration of formation brine to alleviate

pressurization

• Salts:• Extremely low permeability• Combined with ductile properties – very secure caprock• Negligible scope for brine migration and pressure

alleviation

Residual Trapping

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Solubility Trapping

• CONTROLLING FACTORS:• Temperature• Pressure• Brine salinity• Hydrogeological systems• Effects of reservoir

heterogeneity

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Mineral Trapping

• Potentially most secure trapping mechanism

• Variety of minerals can precipitate

• Long and uncertain timescales

• Modelling complexity• e.g. reservoir

heterogeneity

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Characterization Methods

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Seismic Surveys

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Predictive Modelling

• Regulatory requirement• Based on existing

knowledge e.g. reservoir engineering, hydrogeology

• Flow simulations can be coupled with other processes e.g. geochemistry, geomechanics etc

• Iterative process – re-calibrate with monitoring data

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Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV)

• May be focused on the reservoir or for environmental protection

• Suite of existing technologies available – choice should be site-specific

• Baseline (pre-operational) data required

• Cost-effective approaches for commercial deployment

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Risk Assessment

• Regulatory requirement• Framework for project

assessment and management

• Integrity of storage is paramount consideration

• Key risk scenarios for deep aquifers include capacity and injectivity

• Key risk scenario for CO2-EOR is wellbore integrity

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Storage Costs

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• Generally regarded as significant but minor portion of overall costs for whole chain CCS

• Usually quoted in $/tonne (or Euros/tonne) over project lifecycle

• ZEP produced a comprehensive review of CCS costs including storage

• http://www.zeroemissionsplatform.eu

• Compared to capture engineering: storage costs may be relatively low, but storage is the most uncertain part of the CCS chain and can be the longest to prove for an investment decision……..

• CAPTURE IS MORE EXPENSIVE BUT STORAGE LESS CERTAIN

Public Outreach

• Early engagement with stakeholders is crucial

• Local opposition can stop projects e.g. Netherlands

• Community outreach is stipulated in emerging best practices and standards

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