APARTHEIDAPARTHEID

by Julia Pasqualini

A forewordA forewordLife was born in Africa

more precisely in Ethiopia

but

The whole of Africa was colonised and abused by the white man.

Why ?

Africans were thought to be “uncivilised”

whites considered themselves superior to every other “race”

the white man was chosen by God and blacks were a subservient species.

• a

real motivations were based on economical considerations

Are we really different?

Apartheid: an old idea, a new term

• Apartheid was a form of segregation based on racial differences launched by Malan.

• It became a law in 1948 with the National Party.

• Declared to be a“crime against humanity” in 1972

Motivations

Ideological motivationsIdeological motivations Real motivationsReal motivations

Each racial group will have the possibility of enhancing their culture and traditions

Real motivations were based on economic considerations

Botha’s speech (1980)

What are the main features of apartheid?

National Party

A.N.C

Umkhoto we Sizwe

Inkata party for freedom

Black consciousness movement

National PartyNational Party

• The party ruling from 1948 to 1994 imposed apartheid on South Africa.

• N.P imposed also the segregation of blacks in reserved areas called “bantustan” * or “homeland”.

*Natives were called Bantù by whites

A.N.C & Umkhoto we SizweA.N.C & Umkhoto we Sizwe

• A.N.C promoted a policy characterized by the presence of democratic and anti-racial -segregation elements. It was inspired by Gandhi’s non-violence movements.

• Some important personalities like Nelson Mandela belonged to A.N.C

Umkhoto we SizweUmkhoto we Sizwe

• When A.N.C was banned, Mandela launched an armed struggle by forming “Umkhoto we Sizwe” also known as MK.

So MK represented the armed wing of the ANC

Inkata party for freedomInkata party for freedom

• An illegal party, which opposed the A.N.C on tribal issues.

• They also created concentration camps where the spies of the government where tortured and killed

Black consciousness movementBlack consciousness movement

• A protest movement of black university students led by Steve Biko

Resistance and repression Resistance and repression

• During the1960s and 1970s black university students began to react against the government. The most important leader was Steve Biko a very charismatic figure

• He became a martyr and a symbol of black resistance to the oppressive regime.

• Massacre of Soweto 1976

What measures were adopted by What measures were adopted by the National Party?the National Party?

• 1913-1936 reserves were created for blacks

• 1948-1951 3, 5 million people were transported in “Bantustans”

• 1959: N.P deliberated “The different development”

• 1960: creation of “Pass Law” and of different rights.

What apartheid entailed

…

Times of change:Times of change: from 1989 to 1994 from 1989 to 1994

• De Klerk understood that apartheid must be abolished.

• In 1991 he decided to make a referendum to re-write the Constitution and to abolish racial segregation.

• In February 1993 Chris Hani was killed.• 1994 Mandela and De Klerk received the

Nobel prize for peace.• 1994 South Africa’s first free elections