APA Style Guidelines
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Transcript of APA Style Guidelines
APA Style Guidelines
Getting Started
Physical Format
No title page necessary.Black ink on white paper.Non-descript font (Times Roman—12).1-inch margins all around (except for
page #s).Double-spaced throughout.Fasten pages with a paper clip.
Heading, Title, and Page Number
Heading—top line, flush left (ds)(1) Your name(2) Professor’s name(3) Course title and number(4) Date
References Page
New PageDouble-spaced Center References at the top.Alphabetical Order--If no author,
alphabetize by the title.
References
Indent all but the first line in each entry by one-half inch.
Italicize the titles of books and periodicals.
Go through your paper to make sure all sources are on the list
Works Cited—Authors
Ball, E. (2000). Slaves in the family. New York: Ballantine Books.
If an editor: Rasgon, N. L. (Ed.). (2006). The effects of estrogen on brain function. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Do not include titles of authors—e.g. PhD, Dr., Sir.
Works by the Same Author
Arrange according to date, earliest first:Jules, R. (2003). Internal memos and other classified documents. London: Hutchinson.Jules, R. (2004). Derelict Cabinet. London: Corgi-Transworld.
Works Cited—Two Authors
Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UniversityPress.
Works Cited—Journal Article
Kellogg, R. T. (2001). Competition for working memory among writing processes. American Journal of Psychology, 114, 175-192.
Works Cited—Electronic Sources
Online publication by known author:Carr, A. (2003, May 22). AAUW applauds Senate support of title IX
resolution. Retrieved from http://www.aauw.org/about/
newsroom/press_releases/030522.cfm
Online Publications
Newspaper:Erard, M. (2001, November 16). A
colossal wreck. Austin Chronicle. Retrieved from
http://www.austinchronicle.com
Online Publications
Article in an online magazine:McClure, L. (2003, February 18). The
Salon interview: Molly Ivins. Salon. Retrieved from:
http://www.salon.com
Review of Capitalization
Manuscript page header:
Just the Important Words
The Remains of the Day
Review of Capitalization
Book Edition
(ed.)
Person is an editor
(Ed.)
Punctuating Quotations
[. . .] – use within brackets to show omissions within a quote.
[ ] – use brackets around your comments or explanations in a quote.
( ) – use parentheses outside the quote.
In-Text Citations
Author named in your text: “The influential sociologist Daniel Bell (1973) noted a shift in the United States to the ‘postindustrial society’” (p. 3).
Author not named in your text: “In 1997, the Gallup poll reported that 55% of adults think secondhand smoke is ‘very harmful’” (Saad, 1993, p. 4).
In-Text Citations
Work by a single author:(Bell, 1973, p. 3).
Work by two authors: (Suzuki & Irabu, 2002, p. 404).
Work by six or more authors:(Francisco et al., 2006, p. 17).
In-Text Citations
Work by an unknown author:(“Dealing the Peace Process,” 2003, p. 44).
Parts of an electronic source:(Robinson, 2007 ¶7).
Work quoted in another source:Saunders and Kellman’s study (as cited in Rice, 2006a)
Punctuating Block Quotes
In a rare circumstance your quote runs more than four lines. . .
Set it off beginning a new line.Indent ten spaces from the left margin.Type it double-spaced without quotation
marks.Place the page number after the final
period.
Ending Quotes
What to do when the quote has ending punctuation such as “?” or “!”
“How can I describe my emotions?” wonders the doctor in Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein (42).
“You’ve got to be carefully taught,” wrote Oscar Hammerstein II about how racial prejudice is perpetuated.
Annotations
Provide a brief summary of the chapter, article, book, or website here. Use quotations sparingly. Use words such as claims, explains, or suggests to introduce the thesis of the article. For example, Dibattista claims that there are many sides to Chloe.
Annotations
In your second paragraph, assess the work and its value. Is it factual, unbiased, well documented? Is the source current? Then mention if you will be using the source in your research paper.
Reducing Bias in Language
Be more specific, not less- Age ranges rather than broad categories.
- Men and women—rather than ‘mankind’
- Avoid the generic ‘he’ - Specific ethnic or race labelingMention differences only when relevant.
Be Sensitive to Labels
Respect people’s preferences.Avoid labeling when possible Example: the depressed, LDs, the
elderlyUse ‘people first’ language Example: people over the age of 65,
people with learning disabilities.
Standards of Comparison
Be aware of hidden standards that compare the study group to an invisible (standard) group.
Example: “culturally deprived” (by what standard?)
Unparallel nounsExample: man and wife—instead of husband and wife.
Standards of Comparison
Avoid abnormal/normal comparisonsExample: Lesbians and the general public—instead, Lesbians and women identified as heterosexual.
Example: People with disabilities and normal people—instead, People with disabilities and people without disabilities.