To avoid plagiarism by showing that an idea, information

or actual text is derived from a source. To use the authority of a source to support the writer. To demonstrate scholarly and critical familiarity with the

field of study.

To help readers who want to gain access to the original source of the reference.

To show differences in the approaches or findings of previous researchers

Any quoted text.

Direct quotations must be indicated using quotation marks (short quotes) or single spaced indented paragraphs (longer passages).

Any idea or information (paraphrased or summarised) from a source which is not common knowledge.

In-text referencing is when you acknowledge the source of your information or ideas within the text of your work.

The imposition of western-style education on traditional societies has been labelled assimilationist (Christie, 1985).

or

Christie (1985) believes that the imposition of western –style education on traditional societies is assimilationist.

Includes only the references that you have cited in the text of your assignment.

A reference list is placed on a separate page at the end of your assignment.

References are listed alphabetically.

Example: (using APA style) Christie, M. (1985). Aboriginal perspectives on

experience and learning: The role of language in Aboriginal learning. Geelong, Australia: Deakin Press.

When referring to sources, you can choose to emphasise

a) The author

Or

b) The information and ideas

‘Author prominent’ (the author’s name is outside the

parentheses):

Cochrane (2007) concluded that…

‘Information prominent’ (the author’s name is within

parentheses):

The conclusion reached in a recent study (Cochrane,

2007) was that…

Phrases for author prominent citation:

In an article / a study by Cochrane (2007)… As Cochrane (2007) has pointed out… Cochrane (2007) has expressed a similar view…

A study by Cochrane (2007) indicates that…

Cochrane (2007) has drawn attention to the fact that…

Cochrane (2007) claims that…

Cochrane (2007) found / discovered that…

Research by Cochrane (2007) suggests that…

Cochrane (2007) argues that…

Cochrane, A. (2007). Understanding urban

policy: A critical approach. Malden, MA:

Blackwell Publishing.

The authors’ names are given in parenthesis

Qualitative methodology is concerned with ‘images, feelings, impressions and qualities’ (Bouma, 2000, p.19).

Sociological studies have tried to identify the common values which exist in Australian society (Horne, 1964; Mackay, 1993).

Contemporary food retailers, demonstrate their interest in sustainable food through different discursive marketing campaigns using a variety of media (Sandlin, Schultz & Burdick, 2010; Luke, 1996; Probyn, 2000).

An interesting view was expressed that “the connection of high

profile developments to their surrounding environment has

increasingly been questioned” (Cochrane, 2007, p. 117).

OR

An interesting view was expressed by Cochrane (2007) that “the

connection of high profile developments to their surrounding

environment has increasingly been questioned” (p. 117).

Much has been written about acute care. Finkelman (2006), for example, points out that:

There are many changes in acute care services occurring almost daily, and due to the increasing use of outpatient surgery, surgical services have experienced major changes. Hospitals are increasing the size of their outpatient or ambulatory surgery departments and adjusting to the need of moving patients into and out of the surgical service in 1 day or even a few hours. (p. 184)

Finkelman, A. W. (2006). Leadership and

management in nursing. Upper Saddle River,

NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

When considering context and communication

Littlejohn and Foss (2005) maintained that…

BUT

…(Littlejohn & Foss, 2005)…

Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, K. A. (2005). Theories of human communication (8th ed.). Southbank, Australia: Thomas Wadsworth.

1st time:

A recent study (Duffy, Deakin, Wieniawa-Narkiewicz, & Wilson, 2001, p. 20) concluded that…

Subsequent mention:

(Duffy et al., 2001, p. 20)

When do we use ‘&’?

Only in parenthesis

Duffy, A., Deakin, V., Wieniawa-Narkiewicz, E., & Wilson, K. (2001). Guide to writing in biomedical sciences. Australia: University of Canberra.

Dietz, P. M., Williams, S. B., Callaghan, W. M., Bachman, D. J., Whitlock, E. P., & Hornbrook, M. C. (2007). Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (10), 1515-1520. Retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/

1st time: (Dietz et al., 2007) Subsequent mention: (Dietz et al., 2007)

Use the title in the position of the author

What if the title is really long?

Use the first few words

Macroeconomics, prices and quantities: Essays in memory of Arthur M. Okun (1983). Oxford, England: Blackwell.

(Macroeconomics, prices and quantities, 1983)

OR

According to Macroeconomics, prices and quantities (1983)…

Some aspects of forensic science are more

challenging than others (Browne, n.d.) and for

this reason…

Reference List

Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. London, England: Tower Publishing.

Kramer and Bloggs (2002) stipulated in their

latest article…

OR

This article on art (Kramer & Bloggs, 2002)

stipulated that…

Kramer, E., & Bloggs, T. (2002). On quality in

art and art therapy. American Journal of Art

Therapy, 40, 218-231.

St. Vincent Welch, S. (2009). Unit 8147 Writing

short narratives, lecture 1, week 1: What is

fiction? [Lecture PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved

from http://learnonline.canberra.edu.au/

A Guide to Referencing with examples in the

APA & Harvard styles Sixth Edition

University of Canberra Library and Academic

Skills Program 2010

Thursday

2 to 5pm

To arrange a consultation, email me at Isabel.Kum@newcastle.edu.au

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For further information and support

please contact: Isabel Kum

Isabel.Kum@newcastle.edu.au

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