APA American Psychological Association. APA by C. Simpson© 2011.

APAAmerican Psychological Association

APA

by C. Simpson© 2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Parts of a cover page What is APA Why is it used Parts of a cover page Abstract Body of essay In-text citation Secondary citations Headings Sample of headings punctuation

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONT..

How to reference a book How to reference an article in a periodical How to reference an article in a journal How to reference an article in a newspaper How to reference an article in a magazine How to reference an article in a newspaper How to reference an article on the internet How to reference an online book Resources for teacher References for power point

WHAT IS APA?WHAT IS APA?

According to American Psychological Association (2011) scientific writing was very difficult, so a group of professionals decided to create a system of writing called APA. This system was to standardize the way scientists documented their findings.

WHY IS IT NEEDED?

To standardize college essays

PARTS OF COVER PAGE Header Running head Colon space SHORTENED VERSION OF TITLE Not longer than 50 (full caps) Page number beside abbreviated title

OUT of Header Enter 2 spaces down on your vertical margin And type:(must be double spaced) Name Full title Class School

ABSTRACT Enter page break Re type abbreviated title Do not rewrite the words Running head: Center the word Abstract a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not

indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words.

BODY OF ESSAY

Left aligned Centre‘ Full title of your page Indent Start paragraph Allow computer to use word wrapping Only use enter to start a paragraph

IN-TEXT CITATIONNO AUTHOR

no date , no author and no pagination include:

Sex Drive: How Do Men and Women Compare? Author :none Date: none "n.d." for no date

A woman’s desire to have sexual intercourse is greatly influenced by societal norms and the environment (“Sex Drive, n.d. para. 1)

IN-TEXT CITATIONORGANIZATION AS AN AUTHOR

Print

Use the organization for the author (American Psychological Association [APA], 2009).

IN TEXT CITATIONS

Quotations If you use the exact words of the author, put

the: quotation in quotation marks. author, date and page numbers in parentheses after

the quotation. Example

Black (as cited in Blue, 2004) stated that "Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water" (p. 459).

It is argued that “Snow white was very naïve and gullible (Cole & Cole, 2000, p. 459"). In contrast, it can be argued that since she was taller than the dwarves she was very abusive and they paid the old woman to get rid of her. However, the dwarves underestimated Snow white’s beauty. Thus, as a result of fear they did not warn the handsome prince of the evil woman called Snow white.

IN TEXT CITATION

In text According to Smith (2005) short women are

beautiful.

Some men are dogs (Smith, 2005).

References Book (Print)

Smith, S.T. (2005). Counseling as an art : The creative arts in counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

SECONDARY CITINGYOU MUST RARELY USE SECONDARY

CITATION

You read a book by Jennifer Blue Jack and Jill went up the hill (Black, 2004). you use the source you did read in References and the

secondary source(the one you did not read) in the body of essay

In essay you write Black (as cited in Blue, 2004) stated that Jack

and Jill ascended the mound.

Reference List Blue, J. (2004). Hills and Valley (3rd ed.).

Auckland, New Zealand: Addison Wesley Longman.

HEADINGS First Heading

centered boldface

uppercase and lowercase

Level 2 headings are:

flush left

boldface

uppercase and lowercase

Level 3 and Level 4: indented boldface sentence case (only 1st letter capitalized) followed by a period, and then immediately by words in essay

Level 5 headings are: indented italicized sentence case (only 1st letter capitalized) followed by a period, and then immediately by text

HEADINGS Level One Heading

Level Two Heading

Level three heading. text text text text text text text text text text text text text

text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text



Level four heading. text text text text text text text text text text text text text



text text text text text text.

Level five heading. text text text text text text text text text text text text text



text text text

SAMPLE APA for College Students

What is APA

According to American Psychological Association (2011) scientific writing was very difficult, so a

group of so a group of professionals decided to create a system of writing called APA. This system was

to

standardize the way scientists documented their findings. In order to write a research paper , the

student must ensure that the grammar is correct, the punctuation signs are used appropriately and

the body of the essay is formatted using in text citation (American Psychological Association [APA],

2011). However, to avoid plagiarism the student must find credible sources, make an annotated

bibliography, use APA in text-citation and include the said source on the References page.

Finding credible sources. Students must learn to find credible sources. A student can know if

he is using a credible source if the website does not use a tilde sign, the qualifications and area of

expertise of the person’s building the website can be verified by special logos and the absence of

SAMPLE

phishing (Payton & Procter 2004). In addition, authentic website will not usually ask for personal

information such as user name and password (Procter, n.d.)

Using an annotated bibliography. This list includes a list of all the sources in

alphabetical order. In addition it provides a summary of the source and a paragraph about the

credibility of the sources based on a given topic (Knott, 2004). It also helps the student to check if each

source is relevant to the essay topic (Coe, D. L. & Driscoll D. L., 2011). It also helps the student to

formulate the thesis (Samuels, 2011).

Paraphrasing using APA in text citation. The main ideas from the annotated bibliography

should be formed into sentences. Students must use their own words to paraphrase or summarize the

main ideas relevant to the thesis statement. The student should then include the same source in APA in

text citation on the References page (Northwestern University, 2005).

SAMPLE

No wonder students are sometimes tempted to plagiarize as the APA format is difficult. Yet,

plagiarism can be avoided if students start the assignment way before the due date and follow

some

simple steps such as evaluating sources, using an annotated bibliography, and adhering to the

APA

rules when writing their college essays. To a college student, writing the APA way is sometimes

difficult but not impossible.

PUNCTUATION

Students can read chapter 4 from the APA Manual in the library

Basic One space after

Commas Colons Semicolons Full stops that separate reference citations

HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK

Basic Format for Books Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:

Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. Single Author Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social

development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

Two Authors Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood

management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.


More than seven Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland,

A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication, 57, 323-335


Edited Book, No Author Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).

(1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

Edited Book with an Author or Authors Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals. K.

V. Kukil (Ed.). New York, NY: Anchor.

HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK Three to seven Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow,

T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

More Than Seven Authors List by last names and initials; commas separate author

names. After the sixth author's name, use an ellipses in place of the author names. Then provide the final author name. There should be no more than seven names.

.

PERIODICALS

Format Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.

(Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.

Article in Journal Paginated by Volume Journals that are paginated by volume begin

with page one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.

JOURNALS

Article in Journal Paginated by Issue Journals paginated by issue begin with page

one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined.

Example Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening.

The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.

ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS

Example Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for

preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

HOW TO REFERENCE A NEWSPAPER

Article in a Newspaper Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes

page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4.

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made

to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.

HOW TO REFERENCE A MAGAZINE

Article in a Magazine

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

HOW TO REFERENCE INTERNET

De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html

Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the

Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-9780931686108-0

ELECTRONIC BOOK

De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html

Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the

Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-9780931686108-0

RESOURCES FOR THE TEACHER

Must watch this website and allow class to see it

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY

Good website to use http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/

560/01/ Book Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association (6th edition) in both libraries

REFERENCES

American Psychological Association. (2011). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org

Gladding, S.T. (2005). Counseling as an art : The creative arts in counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association

Loyola Notre Dame Library. (2011). In-Text Parenthetical. Baltimore, Maryland: Author Retrieved from http://www.loyola.edu/library/ref/apastyle.htm#book

The University Of Wisconsin. (2011). APA headings. Madison, WI: Author. Retrieved from

http://writing.wisc.edu/Handboo. k/DocAPAHeadings.html

Women and Sexuality. (n.d.). In Sex Drive: How Do Men and Women Compare? In Women’s Guide (3rd.) Retrieved from

http://www.m-/womenandmen.com/relationships/sexuality.html

University of Canterbury. (n.d.). Citing a source within a source (secondary sources) Christchurch, New Zealand University of Canterbury. Retrieved fromhttp://library.canterbury.ac.nz/services/ref/apa/secondary.shtml

APA American Psychological Association. APA by C. Simpson© 2011.

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