AP World HistoryAP World HistoryPOD #25 – American POD #25 – American

SupremacySupremacy

U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin AmericaAmerica

Class Discussion NotesClass Discussion NotesBulliet – “American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central Bulliet – “American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central

America, 1901-1914”, pp. 758-759America, 1901-1914”, pp. 758-759

Bulliet – “Revolutions, Repression, and Democratic Reform in Bulliet – “Revolutions, Repression, and Democratic Reform in Latin America”, pp. 874-877Latin America”, pp. 874-877

Beck – “U.S. Economic Imperialism”, pp. 816-821Beck – “U.S. Economic Imperialism”, pp. 816-821

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

1823 – President James Monroe1823 – President James Monroe “…“…the American continents…are the American continents…are

henceforth not to be considered as henceforth not to be considered as subjects of future colonization by any subjects of future colonization by any European powers.”European powers.”

USA did little until 1898 to enforce USA did little until 1898 to enforce this policythis policy

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

1904 – President Theodore Roosevelt1904 – President Theodore Roosevelt An extension of the Monroe DoctrineAn extension of the Monroe Doctrine Gave the USA the right to be “an Gave the USA the right to be “an

international police power” in the international police power” in the Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere

Used by the USA to justify Used by the USA to justify intervention into many Latin intervention into many Latin American nations during the 20American nations during the 20thth century (was not applied to Canada)century (was not applied to Canada)

American Foreign PolicyAmerican Foreign Policy

President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) – encouraged friendly regimes– encouraged friendly regimes

President William Howard Taft (1909-1913) President William Howard Taft (1909-1913) – sought influence in the region through – sought influence in the region through loans from American banksloans from American banks

President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) – President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) – tried to impose clean governments by tried to impose clean governments by military meansmilitary means

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment ““Having ‘liberated’ Cuba from Spain, in 1901 the Having ‘liberated’ Cuba from Spain, in 1901 the

United States forced the Cuban government to United States forced the Cuban government to accept the Platt Amendment, which gave the accept the Platt Amendment, which gave the United States the ‘right to intervene’ to maintain United States the ‘right to intervene’ to maintain order on the island. The United States used this order on the island. The United States used this excuse to occupy Cuba militarily from 1906 to excuse to occupy Cuba militarily from 1906 to 1909, in 1912, and again from 1917 to 1922. In 1909, in 1912, and again from 1917 to 1922. In all but name Cuba became an American all but name Cuba became an American protectorate, U.S. troops also occupied the protectorate, U.S. troops also occupied the Dominican Republic from 1904 to 1907 and again Dominican Republic from 1904 to 1907 and again in 1916, Nicaragua and Honduras in 1912, and in 1916, Nicaragua and Honduras in 1912, and Haiti in 1915. They brought sanitation and Haiti in 1915. They brought sanitation and material progress but no political improvements.” material progress but no political improvements.” (Bulliet, p. 759)(Bulliet, p. 759)

Panama CanalPanama Canal Panama was province in Columbia and was the Panama was province in Columbia and was the

narrowest stretch of land separating the Atlantic narrowest stretch of land separating the Atlantic and Pacific Oceansand Pacific Oceans

With the United States having taken control of With the United States having taken control of Hawaii and the Philippines, there was a need for a Hawaii and the Philippines, there was a need for a short, quicker trade route between the two oceansshort, quicker trade route between the two oceans

1903 the United States supported a Panamanian 1903 the United States supported a Panamanian rebellion against Columbia (Columbia would not rebellion against Columbia (Columbia would not agree to give us the land) and quickly recognized agree to give us the land) and quickly recognized their independence in exchange for the right to their independence in exchange for the right to occupy a 5 mile wide zone on both sides of the occupy a 5 mile wide zone on both sides of the CanalCanal

August 15, 1914 – Panama Canal openedAugust 15, 1914 – Panama Canal opened

Brazilian SolutionBrazilian Solution ““Brazil was the first nation to experience conservative Brazil was the first nation to experience conservative

reaction to the Cuban Revolution. Claiming that reaction to the Cuban Revolution. Claiming that Brazil’s civilian political leaders could not protect the Brazil’s civilian political leaders could not protect the nation from communist subversion, the army nation from communist subversion, the army overthrew the constitutional government of Preside overthrew the constitutional government of Preside Joao Goulart in 1964. The military suspended the Joao Goulart in 1964. The military suspended the constitution, outlawed all existing political parties, and constitution, outlawed all existing political parties, and exiled former presidents and opposition leaders. exiled former presidents and opposition leaders. Death squads – illegal paramilitary organizations Death squads – illegal paramilitary organizations sanctioned by the government – detained, tortured, sanctioned by the government – detained, tortured, and executed thousands of citizens. The dictatorship and executed thousands of citizens. The dictatorship also undertook an ambitious economic program that also undertook an ambitious economic program that promoted industrialization through import promoted industrialization through import substitution, using tax and tariff policies to compel substitution, using tax and tariff policies to compel foreign-owned companies to increase investment foreign-owned companies to increase investment manufacturing.” (Bulliet, p. 874)manufacturing.” (Bulliet, p. 874)

Chile: Salvador AllendeChile: Salvador Allende

Program of socialist reforms and Program of socialist reforms and nationalizing heavy industry in Chilenationalizing heavy industry in Chile

President Richard Nixon tried to subvert President Richard Nixon tried to subvert his government in an effort to protect the his government in an effort to protect the American copper companies in the regionAmerican copper companies in the region

Supported a military uprising led by Supported a military uprising led by General Augusto Pinochet, leading to the General Augusto Pinochet, leading to the death of thousands and a rolling back of death of thousands and a rolling back of Allende’s programsAllende’s programs

Argentina: Isabel Martinez de Peron & Argentina: Isabel Martinez de Peron & Dirty WarDirty War

Became president after the death of Became president after the death of her husband Juan Peronher husband Juan Peron

Moved the nation towards Moved the nation towards dictatorshipdictatorship

Facing a guerilla insurgency, inflation Facing a guerilla insurgency, inflation and labor protests, she conducted a and labor protests, she conducted a 7 year “Dirty War” against terrorism 7 year “Dirty War” against terrorism in which more than 9,000 lost their in which more than 9,000 lost their liveslives

Nicaragua: Sandinistas & ContrasNicaragua: Sandinistas & Contras

Sandinstas – left leaning communists led Sandinstas – left leaning communists led by Daniel Ortegaby Daniel Ortega

Contra – non-communist Contra – non-communist President Ronald Reagan was determined President Ronald Reagan was determined

to support the Contras in their struggle to to support the Contras in their struggle to defeat the Sandinistas, even if this meant defeat the Sandinistas, even if this meant employing Machiavellian politics in an employing Machiavellian politics in an event known as the Iran-Contra Affair event known as the Iran-Contra Affair

Iran-Contra AffairIran-Contra Affair USA (CIA) sells weapons and military parts USA (CIA) sells weapons and military parts

to Iran for use in their war against Iraq, to Iran for use in their war against Iraq, despite the lack of diplomatic relations despite the lack of diplomatic relations between the USA and Iranbetween the USA and Iran

Iran orders Hezbollah (its terrorist arm in Iran orders Hezbollah (its terrorist arm in the Middle East) to release western the Middle East) to release western hostages held in Lebanonhostages held in Lebanon

USA launders the money earned selling USA launders the money earned selling the weapons to Iran and send the money the weapons to Iran and send the money to Nicaragua to support the Contras to Nicaragua to support the Contras despite the Bollen Amendment preventing despite the Bollen Amendment preventing such supportsuch support

FMLNFMLN

Farabundo Marti National Liberation FrontFarabundo Marti National Liberation Front El SalvadorEl Salvador Guerilla movementGuerilla movement The electoral defeat of the Sandinistas and The electoral defeat of the Sandinistas and

the collapse of the Soviet Union forced the the collapse of the Soviet Union forced the guerilla rebels to negotiate peace and guerilla rebels to negotiate peace and transform into a civilian political partytransform into a civilian political party

United States Military InterventionUnited States Military Intervention

““At the same time, the influence of the At the same time, the influence of the United States grew substantially. The United States grew substantially. The United States had thwarted the left in United States had thwarted the left in Nicaragua and El Salvador by funding Nicaragua and El Salvador by funding military proxies. It used its own military in military proxies. It used its own military in a 1983 invasion of the tiny Caribbean a 1983 invasion of the tiny Caribbean nation of Grenada and again in 1989 to nation of Grenada and again in 1989 to overthrow and arrest dictator General overthrow and arrest dictator General Manuel Noriega of Panama. These actions Manuel Noriega of Panama. These actions were powerful reminders of American were powerful reminders of American power at a time when socialism was power at a time when socialism was discredited by the collapse of the Soviet discredited by the collapse of the Soviet Bloc.” (Bulliet, p. 877)Bloc.” (Bulliet, p. 877)

United States Economic AgendaUnited States Economic Agenda

Encouraged and pushed the nations of Latin Encouraged and pushed the nations of Latin America to reform their economies by America to reform their economies by encouraging foreign investment through the encouraging foreign investment through the ending of restrictions, eliminating social welfare ending of restrictions, eliminating social welfare programs, and reducing public-sector programs, and reducing public-sector employmentemployment

Many nations began selling public sector Many nations began selling public sector industries, manufacturing facilities and utilities to industries, manufacturing facilities and utilities to foreign corporationsforeign corporations

These programs quickly lost popular public These programs quickly lost popular public support as the world economy declined and support as the world economy declined and corruption was deep rooted in these governmentscorruption was deep rooted in these governments

NAFTANAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementNorth American Free Trade Agreement Eliminates tariffs on goods produced in Eliminates tariffs on goods produced in

and shipped between the United States, and shipped between the United States, Mexico and CanadaMexico and Canada

Benefit – with no import tariff, the price Benefit – with no import tariff, the price paid by consumers for merchandise paid by consumers for merchandise declinesdeclines

Unintended Consequence – manufacturing Unintended Consequence – manufacturing jobs have left the United States and jobs have left the United States and Canada and relocated in Mexico to Canada and relocated in Mexico to capitalize on lower wages and capitalize on lower wages and environment regulationsenvironment regulations