AP World History – Final Exam Review Session
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Transcript of AP World History – Final Exam Review Session
AP World History – Final Exam Review SessionPeriod 1Technological and Environmental Transformations
1. Characteristics of the Homo erectus world Tool making Language Bipedalism (moving on two legs) Hunting and gathering
2. Another label for “Paleolithic” Old Stone Age
3. Practices of the Paleolithic era that lasted in to the Neolithic era Domestication of animals
To train animals to live in a human environment
4. Advantages agricultural people had over hunter-gatherer groups Immunities built up to new diseases due
to denser population Regular armed forces capable of
sustained offensive and defensive campaigns
Greater ability to store food in preparation for times of scarcity
Tools and weapons made of metal
5. Domestication of animals – where? Sheep – southwest Asia Cows – Eurasia Camels – Arabia Horses - Eurasia
6. Importance of pastorialism for human development Domesticated mammals began to
provide more consistent sources of hides, bone, and protein
7. What makes the Neolithic Revolution unique? Attentuated (gradual) unfolding over
thousands of years in diverse locals The term revolution suggests an abrupt
shift in the course of human events that was sparked in a specific location or region.
8. Where did the Neolithic Revolution likely take place first? The Middle East
9. Characteristics of early agricultural systems Domestication of perennial (growing
once a year) plants in each region Mesoamerica - maize
10. Dates and locations of the first appearances of agriculture Fertile Crescent – 8500 BCE China – by 7500 BCE Mesoamerica – by 3500 BCE Eastern U.S. – by 2500 BCE Andes South America – by 500 BCE
11. Slash and burn agriculture Used by subsistence farmers to provide
temporary fertility to the soil by burning plants
Least intensive and sophisticated agricultural practice
Requires little manipulation of the natural world
Typical of populations transitioning from nomadic to agricultural practices
Ancient Mayans
12. Changing role of women with the Neolithic Revolution Greater confinement to the home to
care for more numerous children Result of increased population
13. What effect did food surpluses have on early agricultural societies?
Trade practices emerged with the capacity to feed artisans who then had time to practice craft specialization. In other words, SPECIALIZATION OF
LABOR
14. How did the health of humans change with the Neolithic Revolution?
Greater exposure to pathogens (infectious germs) due to proximity to farm animals and human waste caused new sicknesses. Chicken pox, swine flu, bird flu – all due to
sharing of germs with animals Takes awhile for plumbing to be invented Nomadic people moved away from their
waste
15. “Out of Africa” theory of human origins Origin of anatomically modern humans
in Africa based on genetic research
16. Region of the world that was the most recent to see human settlement
South America
17. Common traits of early civilizations Writing Formal state structures (complex, formal
governments) Urban life Monument building Reliable surpluses of food Highly specialized occupations (more complex jobs
including government, trade, religion) Clear social class distinctions Long-distance trade Advanced technology
18. Location of the earliest civilizations River valleys
19. Which region of the world saw the development of the earliest civilizations?
The Middle East
20. Which group of people founded Mesopotamian civilization? Sumerians
21. Mesopotamian city-states and empires Sumerians Akkadians Babylonians Assyrians
22. Hammurabi’s Code Built on regional laws Based on lex talionis (law of retribution)
– punishments tied closely to offenses Punishments were not equal if they
crossed class lines Judges could still make their own
decisions
23. Characteristics of ancient Egyptian pyramids Served as tombs for pharaohs Were built by slave and corvee
(mandatory and unpaid) labor Are reflective of advanced geometric
knowledge Contained numerous hieroglyphic
symbols
24. Egypt’s three kingdoms – how did they change over time? Egypt became more expansionistic and
had more contact with other civilizations Reached imperial status in the New
Kingdom after conquest of Nubia and coastal Mediterranean
Pyramids = Old Kingdom
25. Which river valley civilization was the most isolated? Huang He River (China)
26. Who developed the first phonetic alphabet? Phoenicians Easier for ordinary people to learn than
earlier written languages
27. Purpose of writing for early civilizations Writing permitted record keeping for
trade and government Religion Taxes
Incas were an exception – no writing system
28. Characteristics of ancient writing Oldest known written language is
Sumerian cuneiform. All ancient civilizations had a form of
writing except the Inca civilization in South America
Evolution of writing = pictures – symbols – phonetic letters
Their use was largely restricted to priests
29. Early religious practices Focused on animals and nature Mesopotamians = studied the stars Chinese shamans = Oracle bones
30. Early characteristics of Jewish monotheism Traces its origins to Abraham Cultural traits of Mesopotamia Viewed God as all knowing and all
powerful History, belief system, and legal code
recorded in the Torah
31. Characteristics of river valley civilizations Typically in warm, dry climates Flood of rivers provided fertile soil Creation of calendars to predict flooding
seasons Irrigation system of control the floods Large building projects required
organized government
32. Characteristics of Harappan society Indus river valley Disappeared mysteriously Multistory structures
33. Characteristics of Mesoamerica early civilizations Not located in river valleys First complex society was the Olmec civilization Economies were based on market exchange
and agriculture. They practiced similar religions
Similar deities Belief in cosmic cycle of creation and destruction Human sacrifice Large ceremonial centers
34. What caused the decline of each river valley civilization? Mesoamerica – large population growth
and overfarming Indus Valley – catastrophic event,
climate change China (Zhou) – pressure from nomads to
the north, could not control nobles – led to period of the “warring states”
Babylonians (Mesopotamia) – invasions from nomads
35. Impact of the rise of metalwork in the ancient world Made farming easier Revolutionized war fighting Led to the further specialization of labor Metallic coins facilitated trade
36. Timeframe of the ancient and classical civilizations Sumerian Shang Roman Han
37. Characteristics of the later Zhou dynasty that are lasting features of Chinese civilization
Origin and early spread of a Daoist worldview
Dynastic rule and the conception of the Mandate of Heaven
Intensive river valley irrigation and agriculture
Significant Buddhist penetration and influence among the broad masses of the people
38. The Bhagavad Gita Hindu text
39. The Law of Manu Basic text for Hindu gurus Reflects Indian patriarchal society