AP WH Chap 08 PPT

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The Rise of Islam 600-1200 C.E.

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Lecture notes on Islam

Transcript of AP WH Chap 08 PPT

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The Rise of Islam

600-1200 C.E.

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Part One:

Origins of Islam

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Map of Arabia

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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5 Pillars of IslamIslam – Bellwork #1

1) FAITH - There is no god worthy of worship except God and Muhammad is His messenger.

2) PRAYER - Salat is the name for the obligatory prayers which are performed five times a day, and are a direct link between the worshipper and God.

3) THE 'ZAKAT„ - One of the most important principles of Islam is that all things belong to God, and that wealth is therefore held by human beings in trust.

4) THE FAST - Every year in the month of Ramadan, all Muslims fast from first light until sundown, abstaining from food, drink, and sexual relations.

5) PILGRIMAGE (HAJJ) - The annual pilgrimage to Makkah - the Hajj - is an obligation only for those who are physically and financially able to perform it.

1) How would the following requirements help unite a group of people?2) How would the Pillars dictate how one lived their life?

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A. Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad

Most Arabs were settled people.

Nomads a minority, but important in caravan trade that linked Yemen to Mesopotamia and Mediterranean.

Caravan trade gave rise to and supported merchants of caravan cities such as Petra and Palmyra.

Brought Arabs into contact with the Byzantine and Sasanid civilizations.

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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B. Nomads and Caravan Cities

Nomads were polytheists who worshipped natural forces and celestial bodies, but they were also familiar with other religions including Christianity.

Mecca was a caravan city between Yemen and Syria.

Mecca was also a cult center that attracted nomads to worship the idols enshrined in a small cubical shrine called the Ka‟ba.

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Ka’ba in Mecca

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Map of Arabia

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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570 A.D. – Muhammed was born in Mecca

620 A.D. – He received visions & began to teach

622 A.D. – He and his followers moved to Medina

630 A.D. – Muslims defeated Mecca and returned

632 A.D. – Muhammed died

Muhammad’s Life

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Father died before he was born

Mother died when he was 6 years old

Muhammad’s 1st wife was 40 yrs old, he was 25

One wife, Aisha, was 6 yrs old when they married

Married between 11 & 13 wives

Had 6 children: 4 daughters & 2 sons

His sons did not survive past infancy

Muhammad’s Life

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C. Muhammad in Mecca

Muhammad: Born in Mecca

Grew up as an orphan

Got involved in the caravan trade

In 610 C.E. he began receiving revelations that he concluded were the words of his god, Allah.

Others in his community thought he was possessed by a spirit.

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Muhammad

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Muhammad

Message of Muhammad‟s revelations was that there is one god, Allah and that all people ought to submit to him.

At the final judgment, those who had submitted to Allah would go to paradise; those who did not, to hell.

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Muhammad - Revelations

Muhammad‟s revelations were considered to be the final revelations, following and superseding the earlier revelations of God to Noah, Moses, and Jesus (The Bible).

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Quiz – Part 1

1. The followers of Islam are called _____________________.

2. The most sacred book of Islam is _____________________.

3. The man who founded Islam was named _______________.

4. The pilgrimage to Mecca which all followers of Islam should

make is called ____________________ .

5. Mecca, the holiest city of Islam, is located in what country?

___________________.

Muslims

Qur'an

Muhammad

Hajj

Saudi Arabia

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Origins of Islam Video

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Quiz – Part 2Multiple Choice: Choose the correct answer:

1. The Arabic word Islam means:a. Win at all costsb. Surrenderc. Freedom

2. Approximately how many Muslims are there in the world today?

a. One millionb. More than one billionc. One hundred million

3. Muslims believe they should pray:a. Whenever it is convenientb. Only on Saturdayc. Five times each day

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Quiz – Part 24. Muslims believe they should:

a. Keep all the wealth God gives themb. Give a portion of what they have to the poorc. Give alms only when they have more than they need

5. Mohammed, the founder of Islam was:a. Born a prince in Indiab. Found by a Pharaoh's daughterc. Orphaned at a young age

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Quiz – Part 2

True or False: Write TRUE or FALSE after each statement.

1. Mohamed is believed by Muslims to be directly descended from the Angel Gabriel. _____

2. Muslims believe they should live their lives in a way that will please their creator. _____

3. Fasting is one of the five pillars of Islam. _____

4. Mosques are visually richly furnished as a sign of respect to God. _____

5. Perhaps the strongest form of Islamic artistic expression is its architecture. _____

FALSE

TRUE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

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D. The Formation of the Umma

Muhammad and his followers fled from Mecca to Medina in 622.

In Medina, Muhammad‟s Meccanfollowers and converts from Medina formed a single community of believers, the umma.

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Umma in Medina

The umma in Medina developed into the core of the Islamic state that would later expand to include all of Arabia and lands beyond in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia.

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Spread of Islam

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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E. Caliphates

Muhammad‟s father-in-law Abu Bakrtook over leadership of the umma as the successor or caliph of Muhammad.

Faced two tasks: Standardization of Islamic religion

Consolidation of Islamic state

Successfully reestablished Muslim authority over the Arabs and oversaw the compilation and organization of the Quran.

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Caliphates

Disagreements over the question of succession to the caliphate emergedfollowing the assassination of the third caliph, Uthman.

Civil war was fought between those who supported keeping the caliphate in Uthman‟sclan (the Ummaya) and those who supported the claim of Muhammad‟s first cousin and son-in-law Ali.

Ummaya forces won and established the Umayyad Caliphate in 661.

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Caliphates

Led to development of two rival sects in the Muslim community.

Shi‟ites supported Ali‟s claim to the caliphate and believed the position of caliph belonged to descendents of Ali. (minority)

Sunnis believed the first three caliphs had been correctly chosen and supported the Umayyan Caliphate. (majority)

Part 1: Origins of Islam

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Part II

632-1258 C.E.

Rise and Fall of the

Caliphate

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A. Islamic Conquests

634-711 C.E.

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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The first important Islamic shrine to be built was the celebrated Dome of the Rock, begun in 691 in Jerusalem by the caliph Abd al-Malik on the spot where faithful Muslims believe that Muhammad began his Night-Journey as he ascended to heaven. Both the octagonal shape of the centralized plan and the lavishly ornamented interior demonstrate the influence of Byzantine architecture. The shrine is capped by a gilded dome. (Sonia Halliday Photographs)

Dome of the Rock

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Dome of the Rock

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When the Abbasids attempted to massacre 800 family members of the Umayyad dynasty at a dinner of peace, a few of them escaped, fled to Spain, and established Cordoba as their capital. The Great Mosque of Cordoba, begun in 786, contains all of the usual features of a mosque, but it is best known for its interior double set of horseshoe-shaped arches, one above the other, which are mounted on the capitals of granite and marble columns. (Christopher Rennie/Robert Harding Picture Library)

Great Mosque at Cordoba, 786

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Great Mosque at Cordoba, 786 C.E.

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A. 1. Conquests

Conquests of areas outside Arabia began in the seventh century.

First wave of conquest:

Arabs took Syria, Egypt, and SasanidEmpire.

Late seventh and early eighth centuries:

Islamic forces took Tunisia, Spain, Algeria, Morocco, and Sind.

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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A.2. The Advance of Muslims

Reason for advancing rapidly:

Lust for booty

Religious conversion

Weakness of enemies

Most convincing explanation finds the causes of Muslim expansion in the talent of the Muslim leaders and societal structure.

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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A.3. Arab Forces

During expansion Arab forces were organized into regular, paid armies

Kept military camps and garrison towns so that they did not overrun the countryside.

Arab Muslims became minority rulers, thinly spread over non-Muslim societies they dominated and taxed.

Did not try to convert conquered peoples.

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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B. UMAYYAD AND EARLY

ABBASID CALIPHATES

661-850 C.E.

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B.1. Umayyads

Ruled an Arab empire, not a Muslim empire.

Administered territory through established Sasanid and Byzantine apparatus, gradually bringing in Muslim bureaucrats and Arabic language.

Rebellions overthrew the Umayyads in 750

one branch of the family retained power in Spain

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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B.2. The Fall of Umayyads

The family of Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad, took over and established the Abbasid Caliphate.

Provided renewed religious leadership combined with style of ruling and royal ceremony derived from the Sasanids.

Held caliphate until 1258.

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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Literature and Learning

Thrived under the Abbasids.

Translated Greek texts and secular Arab poetry.

Baghdad was center of Abbasid culture

Other areas shared this culture to varying extents

Acceleration of the rate of conversion of non-Muslim subjects to Islam at this time.

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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C. Political

Fragmentation

850-1050 C.E.

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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C.1. Decline of Abbasid Power

Second half of ninth century as the caliphs found it impossible to maintain control over their vast territory.

Factors in decline:

Difficulty of transportation and communications

Dissatisfaction of non-Muslim provincial populations with a political and economic system that was centered on Baghdad.

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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C.2. Result of Decline

Ninth century local revolts carved the Abbasid realm into smaller Muslim states that did not pay taxes or homage to the caliphs in Baghdad.

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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Baghdad

Caliphs in Baghdad relied on Turkish slave troops called Mamluks.

Late ninth century – Mamulks not paid properly

They then took control of the caliphate

Chose the caliph

Dominated the government

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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The Fall of Abbasid Caliphate

945 – caliphate under control of Iranian Shi‟ite Buyids

Abbasid Caliphate declined

Various provincial regimes rose to power

Samanids in Bukhara

Fatimids in Egypt

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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C.3. Umayyads in Spain

Islamic, Roman, German, and Jewish cultures combined to form a unique Iberian variant of Islamic civilization.

Muslim Spain: Substantial urbanization

Introduction of citrus crops

Diverse irrigated agricultural sector

Florescence of Muslim and Jewish intellectual activity

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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Political Diversity

Underlying the political diversity of the fragmented Muslim world was a strong sense of religious identity preserved by the religious scholars: the ULAMA.

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Assault from Within and Without

In Central Asia and Middle East a nomad group called the Seljuk Turks took advantage of the decline of the Abbasids to establish the SuljikSultanate.

Ruled a territory stretching from Afghanistan to Baghdad and took Anatolia from the Byzantines in 1071.

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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C.4. Collapse of Baghdad

Caused by:

Turkish depredations

Deterioration of the Tigris-Euphrates irrigation system

Insufficient revenue

Insufficient food resources

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Crusades

Put some pressure on the Islamic lands

Muslims able to unite under Saladin and his descendants to drive the Christians out.

Saladin‟s descendants were not able to restore unity and order to the Islamic world

Further invasions by: Turkish in 1250

Mongols in 13th century

Part 2: Rise & Fall of the Caliphate

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Part Three:

Islamic Civilization

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A. Law and Dogma

Islamic Law – Shari‟a – evolved over time in response to the Muslim community‟s need for a legal system.

Shari‟a developed over a period of centuries.

Held that all Muslims are brothers and sisters and shared the same moral values.

Part 3: Islamic Civilization

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A. 1. Hadith

Most important source of law was the traditions of the Prophet (sunna) as revealed in the reports (hadith) about his words and deeds.

Specialists on Islamic law collected and edited tens of thousands of hadith

Discarded those that seemed to be dubious

Published those that were “good”

Part 3: Islamic Civilization

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Converts and Cities

Conversion and urbanization were related.

During early expansion, converts to Islam needed to learn about their new religion. Found that best way to do so was to move

to wealthy, expanding areas where Muslim populations were concentrated.

Discrimination in native rural non-Muslim villages also spurred new converts to move to cities.

Part 3: Islamic Civilization

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Urban Life

Urban social life and the practice of Islam itself were varied because the Muslims had no central authority to prescribe religious dogma.

Growing cities provided an expanding market for agricultural and manufactured products and contributed to an increase in trade.

Part 3: Islamic Civilization

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A.2. Academic Advances

Significant advances in medicine and astronomy.

Muslim scholars built on and surpassed the work of the Greek and Hellenistic civilizations.

Developed skills and theories far more sophisticated than those of Christian Europe.

Part 3: Islamic Civilization

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B. Islam and Women

Muslim women were veiled and secluded as they had previously been in the Byzantine and Sasanid Empires.

Women could be influential in the family, but only slave women could have a public role or appear in public before men.

Muslim men feared women committing sexual infidelity or meddling in politics.

Part 3: Islamic Civilization

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B.1. Rights of Muslim Women

Included:

Right to own property

Retain property in marriage

Right to divorce and remarry

Right to testify in court

Right to go on pilgramage

Part 3: Islamic Civilization

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Islam and Slaves

Muslims were not permitted to enslave their fellow Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians

Exception: when taken as prisoners of war.

Muslims could and did hold non-Muslim slaves, but the status of slaves was not hereditary.

Part 3: Islamic Civilization

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Recentering of Islam

Decline of caliphate and factionalism with the ulama deprived Islam of a religious center.

During the 12th and 13th centuries two sources of religious authority developed:

Madrasas (religious colleges)

Sufi brotherhoods

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Sufi Brotherhoods

Mystic fraternities whose members sought union with God through rituals and training.

Early Sufis were mystics who went into ecstasies and expressed ideas in poetry.

Later developed into more prosaic organizations of Muslim men.

Sufi brotherhoods provided their members with spiritual guidance and rules for everyday life.

Brotherhoods originated in the urban areas and then spread to the countryside.