AP-Unit2-TestBank

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    AP Unit 2 Test BankThese are a lot of review questions on material from last year. Refresh your brains.

    1) The primary goal of the American Revolution was toA) establish a new political system

    B) create a new economic orderC) institutionalize new social values based on equalityD) restore rights the colonists felt were already theirs as British subjects

    6) Right after the Revolutionary War, a dramatic change swept through the new country:A) a dramatic increase in democracy and freedom.B) a population shift from country to city.C) an explosion in prosperity.D) a population shift from the cities to the country.E) full-scale industrialization.

    4) After the Revolution, James Madison observed that the most common and durable sourceof faction has been

    A) racial inequalities.B) the various and unequal divisions of property.C) urban and rural divisions.D) aristocracy.E) the British army.

    3) Beginning in 1781, the U.S. was governed under theA) Articles of ConfederationB) British Constitution

    C) Mayflower CompactD) current U.S. ConstitutionE) Basic Law of 1781

    5) Among the factors that contributed to economic turmoil under the Articles of Confederationwas theA) power shift from middle-class farmers to wealthy landowners.B) state legislatures that favored creditors and created more debt.C) postwar depression that left many small farmers unable to pay their debts and threatened

    mortgage foreclosure.D) decreasing economic viability of slavery.

    E) existence of all these factors.

    2) A small band of farmers in Western Massachusetts took up arm in what is remembered asA) Shays Rebellion.B) the Whiskey Rebellion.C) King Georges War.D) the Farmers Revolt.E) the Boston Tea Party.

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    7) Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress had the power toA) maintain an army and navy.B) levy taxes.C) regulate commerce.D) overturn state laws.

    E) All of these.

    8) What was the original, sole, and express purpose of the Constitutional Convention inPhiladelphia?

    A) Revise the Articles of ConfederationB) Abolish the Articles of ConfederationC) To grant women the right to voteD) To choose the first presidentE) To negotiate the peace treaty with Great Britain

    9) The view of human nature most prevalent among the Founding Fathers was that

    A) People are basically cooperative and community-orientedB) People are self-interested in acquiring wealth and powerC) Human nature can be perfected, given the right social and political institutionsD) Men abhor power and the burdens that come with it

    (Hint: Think about Madisons view on the reason for factions)

    10) At the time of the Constitutional Convention, slaveryA) was illegal only in MassachusettsB) was prohibited north of the Mason Dixon lineC) existed only in Georgia and the CarolinasD) was permitted in all 13 statesE) was prohibited by the Connecticut Compromise, which was never put into effect

    11) The Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional ConventionA) resolved the impasse between those who favored the New Jersey Plan and those who

    preferred the Virginia PlanB) threw out the idea of having a monarchy in the United States, opting instead for an

    indirectly elected presidentC) settled the dispute over whether slavery should be allowed in the final constitutionD) added the Bill of Rights to the Constitution in order to lessen concerns about too muchpower for the new governmentE) involved all of these elements

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    13) On the issue of slaves, the Constitution specifiedA) that slaves would count as three-fifths person for counting the nations population and

    determining seats in the HouseB) nothingit was too controversial a subject and the delegates could not agree on anything

    regarding it.

    C) that a gradual end to slavery must be worked out by Congress and the states within tenyearsD) a boundary, known as the Mason Dixon line, south of which slavery would be legal.E) that slavery would be banned beginning in 1800

    15) Regarding the right to vote in national elections, the framers of the ConstitutionA) decided to leave it up to the individual states to determine voter qualifications in their own

    statesB) included a requirement that all free, adult males be allowed to voteC) required that all free adult males with p[property be worth at least 50$ to be allowed to vote

    D) provided that free men and women over the age of 20 be allowed to voteE) finally granted women the right to vote

    16) A major purpose of the economic provisions in the Constitution was toA) guarantee the states a significant economic roleB) preserve and strengthen the farm economy to the disadvantage ofmanufacturingC) create a strong national government so as to bring stability out ofeconomic chaosD) establish a comprehensive set of social welfare programs to assist peoplein times of need

    17) The Madisonian requirement that each branch of government acquire theconsent of the others for many of its actions created a system ofA) separation of powersB) checks and balancesC) constitutional republicD) confederated governmentE) cross-cutting requirements

    18) The Federalist Papers were

    A) essays in support of ratification of the constitution.B) the original name of the constitution written by the Constitutional Convention.C) essays written that were critical of the constitution.D) the notes that George Washington took at the Constitutional Convention.E) newspapers which backed the Federalist Party in the early U.S. elections.

    19) Ratification of the ConstitutionA) needed the approval of nine states.

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    B) occurred when it was approved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.C) needed the approval of a majority of the people.D) needed the approval of all the states.E) was by two-thirds vote of the Continental Congress.

    20) Which of the following statements about the Anti-Federalists is false?

    A) The Anti-Federalists were basically unpatriotic and un-American.B) The Anti-Federalists believed that the new government was an enemy of freedom.C) The Anti-Federalists believed the new Constitution was a class-based document.D) The Anti-Federalists believed the new government would erode fundamental liberties.E) The Anti-Federalists fought to prevent ratification of the new constitution.

    21) The Constitution was ratified byA) the state legislatures.B) special conventions in each of the states.C) popular vote in each of the states.D) state representatives to the Constitutional Convention.

    E) the electoral college.

    23) Constitutional amendments are usually ratified byA) a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress.B) a national convention.C) legislatures of three-fourths of the states.D) state conventions called by two-thirds vote in Congress.E) a majority of the Supreme Court.

    26) To propose a formal amendment to the Constitution, one needs to have aA) majority vote of the Supreme Court.B) two-thirds vote in Congress.C) three-quarters vote in Congress.D) national convention requested by half the states.

    24) The most important effect of the constitutional amendments had been toA) strengthen the capitalist economy.B) expand liberty and equality.C) expand the powers of the states.D) reinforce elite control of the government.E) do all of these.

    (Especially in terms of the right to vote.)

    25) Which of the following statements about the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is false?A) The ERA was first proposed in 1923.B) The ERA was proposed by Congress in 1978.C) Public opinion polls showed little support for the ERA after 1960.D) The ERA was opposed by many southern states.E) The ERA never became part of the Constitution.

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    27) The failure of the Equal Rights Amendment showed that

    A) a national majority in favor of an amendment is not sufficient to add it to theConstitution.B) Congress was unwilling to support a measure opposed by a strong minority of the

    public.C) most states did not want to grant constitutional equality.D) men are pigs, still unwilling to grant women equal rights.E) we are a democracy, and majority opinion prevails.

    30) How has the electoral college changed from the original intent of the framers?A. Almost all electors vote for the presidential candidate who wins the most popular

    votes in their state.

    B. Today, electors vote for whom they personally feel would make the bestpresident.C. The number of electors has decreased dramatically.D. The President must now be elected by two-thirds vote of the electoral college

    rather than a simple majority.E. Affirmative action programs have made the student body much more diverse,

    although standards have also been lowered.

    31) The Supreme Court in Marbury vs. Madison (1803) asserted the power of the Court toA. check the actions of the other branches through judicial review.B. determine its own size and makeup.C. confirm presidential appointments.D. nullify constitutional amendments.E. impeach the President.

    22) The unwritten constitutionA) has no effect on the written constitution.B) consists of traditions that are never changed.C) may have an impact on the interpretation of the Constitution.D) is gradually being written into the Constitution.E) was the Constitution that Thomas Jefferson proposed to the ConstitutionalConvention, which was rejected by the delegates.

    28) Which of the following is established by the written Constitution?A) the committee system in Congress.B) political partiesC) the right to an abortion.D) All of these are mentioned to the written Constitution.E) None of these are mentioned in the written Constitution.

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    29) Informal changes to the Constitution have reflected changes in all of the following EXCEPT:

    A) technology.B) judicial interpretation.C) constitutional amendments.D) political practice.

    32) Political parties are an important example of theA. formal amendment process.B. unwritten constitution.C. rigidity of the Constitution.D. wishes of the founders.E. Third Amendment.

    33) The development of the two-party system is an example of informal constitutionalchange through:

    A. political practice.B. judicial interpretation.C. technology.D. increasing demands on policymakers.E. All of these.

    34) The U.S. ConstitutionA. is one of the oldest and longest constitutions in the world.B. gives particular detail to the function of the judiciary.C. does not prescribe the function and structure of government in detail.D. lists the executive departments that are required to advise the President.E. was modeled on the British Constitution.

    35) Some scholars have suggested that a consequence of a separation of powers andchecks and balances has been

    A. the inability of groups to get their grievances heard.B. the tyranny of the majority.C. political instability.D. fragmented policymaking processes.E. Streamlined, but hasty, government decision making.

    36) In the U.S. v. Lopez, the Supreme Court ruled thata) The Gun Free School Zones Act violated citizens rights to bear arms.b) Illegal immigrants can be denied access to basic social services.c) The Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded congresss authority to regulate

    commerce among the states.d) The Gun Free School Zones Act was constitutional.

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    37) Federalism is

    a) The same as unitary government.b) Sole government authority in the states.c) Sole government authority in the national government.d) A system of shared power by the state and national governments.e) A three-branch government with a system of checks and

    balances.

    38) Federalism isa) Unique to the U.S.b) Practiced by fewer than 20 nations worldwide.c) Practiced by about half the nations worldwide.

    d) Practiced by nearly all of the 190 nations worldwide.e) Practiced in about half the American states.

    39) A form of government structure in witch the national government is weakand most or all power is in the hands of its components (e.g., states) isknown as

    a) Federalism.b) A unitary government.c) Parliamentary.d) A confederation.e) Statist.

    40) The workings of the federal system are sometimes calleda) International relations.b) Intergovernmental relations.c) Internal relations.d) Interstate relations.e) Intrastate relations.

    41) Which of the following is NOT true?a) Most federal systems are democracies.b) Only some democracies use federal systems.c) Authoritarian regimes generally do not use federalist systems.d) No unitary governments are democratic.e) Few countries have federal systems.

    42) Most of the governments in the world today are ____, in which all powerresides in the central national government.

    a) Federalist.b) Confederations.

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    c) Fiscal.d) Unitary.e) Nationalist.

    43) A unitary system is a way of organizing government so thata) Both national and state levels of government have authority overthe same land and people.

    b) Power is concentrated in a central government.c) Power is concentrated in state and local governments.d) National and state governments have separate powers over

    different areas and people.e) Every single government is independent of the others and

    possesses its own specialized power and authority.

    44) Federalism is a way of organizing a nation so that

    a) Both nation and state levels of government have authority overthe same land and people.b) Power is centralized in the national government.c) Power is centralized in state and local government.d) There are three branches of government and a system of checks

    and balances.e) There is one federal government and all regional governments

    are administrative subunits of it.

    45) Which one of the following countries has federalism as its method ofgoverning?

    a) Canada.b) France.c) China.d) Kenya.e) No other country uses federalism.

    49) Which of the following is NOT an effect of federalism?a) It simplifies the governmental systemb) It decentralizes the political powerc) It increases more access points to governmentd) Courts are called upon to be referees, and they gain powere) All of these are characteristics of a federal system

    50) The power to directly regulate drinking ages, marriage and divorce, and sexual behavior andthe like has been granted

    a) to state governmentsb) to the national governmentc) to both the state and national governmentsd) to all governments by the Bill of Rights

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    e) to the President

    51) States are responsible for most public policies dealing with each of the following issuesexcepta) social issuesb) economic issuesc) family issuesd) moral issuese) police powers

    52) Laws that directly regulate abortion, drinking ages, marriage and divorce, or sexual behaviorare policy prerogatives that belong to

    a) the states

    b) Congressc) local governmentsd) the bureaucracye) federal courts

    53) Which of these is NOT among the factors that tend to lead to the creation of a federal form ofgovernment in a country?

    a) industrializationb) large land areac) large populationd) diverse populatione) the existence of multiple religions

    54) In our federal system, the powers of the state governments are ultimately granted bya) the U.S. Constitutionb) the U.S. governmentc) theirs states Supreme Courtd) their state legislaturee) the people of their state

    55) As the framers wrote the Constitution, they had no practical choice but to adopt a federalsystem for all but which of the following reasons?a) America had always had a federal system and it would have been too radical and

    disruptive a change to adopt another systemb) Americans loyalty to state governments was stronger than it was to the United Statesc) The population was too dispersed for a unitary system to workd) The countrys transportation and communication systems were too primitive for a unitary

    government to worke) The confederation had clearly failed in managing the countrys problems

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    56) From clean-air legislation to welfare reforms, the states constitute a ________ to develop

    and test public policies and share the results with other states and the national governmenta) major roadblockb) neglected resourcec) national laboratoryd) severe reluctancee) last chance

    57) Almost every policy the national government has adopted has originated witha) the Presidentb) the statesc) the Supreme Court

    d) the Senatee) the House of Representatives

    59) The supremacy clause of the Constitution states that all of the following are the supreme lawof the land, EXCEPTa) state constitutionsb) the U.S. Constitutionc) laws of the national government (when consistent with the Constitution)d) treaties of the national government (when consistent with the Constitution)e) C and D

    60) The Constitutions supremacy clauseA) does not apply to state and local matters.B) is vague about which level of government should prevail in a dispute involving

    federalism.C) gives the states superiority over the national governments Constitution and

    laws.D) made the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and the national

    Governments treaties the supreme law of the land.E) makes the President supreme in any constitutional conflicts with the other two

    branches.

    Answer: D

    61) The efforts of Candy Lightner and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) to raise thelegal drinking age to 21 are an example of

    A) the constitutional authority of the national government to impose policies onstate governments.B) states acting as policy innovators.

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    C) the ability of the national government to influence state policy.D) the supremacy of state governments to regulate its own affairs.E) the unconstitutionality of age discrimination.

    62) The primary thrust of the original intent and wording of the Tenth Amendment is thatA) States have certain powers that the national government cannot encroach upon.B) national laws override state laws when there is a conflict between the two.C) the national government can take control of a state government during a

    national emergency.D) state legislatures have the ultimate authority to determine what a stage governments

    powers are.E) both the states and national government are bound by limitations in the Bill of

    Rights.

    63) In the Constitution, the powers to coin money, to enter into treaties, and to regulate

    commerce with foreign nations and among the states were given toA) the individual states.B) the national government.C) both the individual states and the national government.D) neither the individual states nor the national government.E) the Senate only.

    64) What was the main criticism of the national bank created by the U.S. government?A) It was an instrument of the elite and gave the national government too much

    control of the economy.B) It was printing too much worthless paper money which debtors were using to

    Pay off their debts with.C) It was borrowing too much money, putting the U.S. government hopelessly in debt.D) It was charging exorbitant interest rates on its loans.

    65) The principle that the national government has certain implied powers that go beyond itsenumerated powers was first elaborated in the Supreme Courts decision in ____.

    A) Marbury v. MadisonB) McCulloch v. MarylandC) Gibbons v. OgdenD) Miranda v. ArizonaE) United States v. the States

    66) The enumerated powers of Congress and the national government are thoseA) involving taxes, spending, and fiscal policy.B) requiring ratification by the states.C) specifically spelled out in the Constitution.D) not specifically spelled out in the Constitution, but nonetheless acknowledged.E) set out in the first ten amendments.

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    67) Federal policies to regulate food and drugs, build interstate highways, protect consumers, try

    to clean up dirty air and water, and do many other things are all justified as ____ of Congress.A) categorical grantsB) constitutionally specified powersC) enumerated powersD) implied powersE) reserved powers

    68) The Constitutions provision that Congress has the right to make all laws necessary andproper for carrying into execution its powers is often referred to as the

    A) enumerated powers.B) elastic clause.

    C) privileges and immunities.D) heart of fiscal federalismE) Unwritten Amendment

    69) In determining the power of Congress to regulate commerce in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden(1824), the Supreme Court

    A) listed the enumerated powers of Congress and the national government.B) listed the implied powers of Congress and the national government.C) defined commerce very broadly, encompassing virtually every form of commercial

    activity.D) defined commerce very narrowly in considering the right of Congress to regulate it.E) prohibited Congress from regulating business activity on the grounds it violated

    private property rights.

    70) In the decision to what Supreme Court case did the majority of the justices rule that statescan pass legislation that deals with health, safety, morals, and the public welfare.

    a) Marbury v. Madisonb) McCulloch v. Marylandc) Schechter Poultry v. USd) Schenck v. USe) Muller v. Oregon

    74) In the 1950s and 1960s, the proclamation of states rights was usually made by thoseopposing the national governments efforts in the area of

    A) civil rights for African-Americans.B) abortion rightsC) the Vietnam WarD) the interstate highway system

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    75) The fact that a drivers license from one state is valid in another state is an example of

    A) privileges and immunitiesB) full faith and creditC) extraditionD) implied powersE) unmandated reciprocity

    76) The national government has exclusive control over foreign and military policy, thepostal system, and monetary policy, while the states have exclusive control over otherspecific areas. This division of responsibilities reflects

    A) fiscal federalismB) cooperative federalism

    C) dual federalismD) tripartite federalismE) divided federalism

    77) Over time, there has been a gradual change from a dual federalism to a _____Federalism

    A) FiscalB) CooperativeC) SingleD) TripartiteE) Unitary

    78) Extradition is the requirement that statesA) recognize each others public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings.B) cannot discriminate against citizens of other states.C) must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or

    imprisonment.D) provide sanctuary for federal criminals.E) enforce federal law within their state.

    80) In cooperative federalism,A) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres.B) powers and policy assignments of the layers of government are distinct.C) responsibilities are mingled and distinctions are blurred between the levels of

    government.D) states are supreme over the national government.E) A and B.

    81) Funding for the interstate highway system is an example ofA) a unitary system of government.

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    B) cooperative federalism.C) dual federalism.D) tripartite federalism.E) national federalism.

    82) The National Defense Education Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and the

    Interstate Highway System are all examples ofA) layer cake federalism.B) dual federalism.C) cooperative federalism.D) unitary federalism.E) triangulation.

    83) In cooperative federalism, in order to qualify for federal grant money, cities and states mustA) match federal funding dollar for dollar.B) follow federal guidelines for adopting and enforcing federal laws.C) allow federal agencies to administer the funds.

    D) propose standard operating procedures.E) all of these.

    84) Which of these was nota principle established in the case of McCulloch vs. Maryland?A) State laws preempt national laws when the national government clearly exceeds its

    constitutional powers and intrudes upon state powers.B) The national government has certain implied powers that go beyond its enumerated

    powers.C) The national government is supreme to the states when it is acting within its sphere of

    action.D) The national government can establish a national bank, even though the Constitution

    does not say it can.E) State governments are forbidden spending more money than they raise each year,

    which there is no such requirement on the national government.

    85) About ______ of the funds state and local governments spend comes from the federalgovernment.

    A) 20% B) 33% C)50% D) 75% E) 90%

    86) The main instrument of the national government uses to influence state governments isA) grants-in-aidB) Presidential DecreesC) mandatesD) The Tenth AmendmentE) Judicial Review

    87) Fiscal federalism isA) The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system.B) the distinct separation of national government spending versus state and local

    government spending.

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    C) The federal income tax.D) as sharing of local and national resources practiced in other countries but not in

    the United States.E) the federal governments regulation of the money supply and interest rates.

    88) The principle type of federal aid for states and localities is

    A) block grants.B) categorical grants.C) revenue sharing.D) disaster loans.E) urban renewal grants.

    89) The requirement of a drinking age provision before states can receive federal highway aid isan example of

    A) a project grant supported by the interest groups.B) a string attached to categorical grants.C) the efforts of state agencies to get federal funds.

    D) an important element of the formula used to calculate formula grants.E) an un mandate

    90) The most common type of categorical grant isA) revenue sharing.B) block grants.C) project grants.D) disaster relief.E) a rescission fund.

    91) Programs such as Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children, where applicantsautomatically qualify for aid if they meet the requirements, are examples of

    A. dual federalismB. block grantsC. project grantsD. formula grantsE. welfare.

    92. The fact that the new Republican majority in Congress prefers block grants to categoricalgrants indicates that

    A. they want the federal government to exercise less authority over the states.B. they to increase federal aid to state governments.C. the want to decrease federal aid to state government.D. they intend to raise more money from state governments to reduce the federal budget

    deficit.E. they want federal money to be spent at the neighborhood level rather than the state

    level.

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    93. In response to complaints from state and local governments about the paperwork andrequirements attached to most grants, Congress has established ___________ to spurt programs

    in areas like community development and social services.A. block grantsB. categorical grantsC. formula grantsD. project grantsE. computerized grant applications

    95. On the whole, federal grant distribution follows the principle ofA. universalism.B. needs-testing.C. stinginess.

    D. to the victors go the spoils.E. cronyism.

    96. Expansions of mandated programs by the national government present especially difficultfunding problems for

    A. foreign governments,B. the recipient of the service or program.C. CongressD. state and local government.E. Federal taxpayers

    97. The new Republican majority in Congress, in contrast to previous Democratic Congresses,has (This does NOT include the Bush presidency who required the states to make educationalchanges as part of his No Child Left Behind legislation without providing any money)

    A. limited the use of unfunded mandates.B. limited the use of block grants.C. avoided funded mandates.D. prohibited the stats from using unfunded mandates.E. All of these.

    98) Medicaid is an example ofA) a federal block grantB) a federal grant program that receives little support from the political partiesC) a federal grant program that puts an economic strain on the statesD) a federal grant program that produces considerable competition between the states.E) all of these

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    99) A number of states have sued the federal government for reimbursement of funds on thegrounds that

    A) The federal government isnt preventing illegal immigration into their states

    B) Overcrowded prisons are a form of cruel and unusual punishment.C) It has no right to charter a national bankD) The Federal Reserve board has pushed interest rates too high, increasing state

    borrowing costsE) Trick question! States cannot sue the federal government

    100) Spending on public education illustratesA) The diversity in the quality of education among states as a result of federalismB) The advantages of fiscal federalismC) Cooperation between states and federal government for unified policyD) Advantages of relying on states to supply public services

    E) The national curriculum that exists in the United States

    101) Over the last 125 years the people of the United States have turned increasingly to thenational government to solve problems or provide assistance because

    A) Of a corruption at the state levelB) A problem or policy often requires the authority and resources of the national

    governmentC) The tenth amendment gave increased power to the national governmentD) We have a unitary governmentE) Of the lessons of the Civil War

    102) Which of the following statements is false?A) The national government has increasingly involved itself in the economic marketplaceB) The national government took a direct interest in economic affairs form the very

    founding of the republicC) As the country became more industrialized and urbanized, economic interest groups

    turned to the state governments rather than the federal governmentD) As the country became more industrialized and urbanized, economic interest groups

    turned to the state governments rather than the federal government for helpE) The federal government has given billions of dollars in subsidies to private industries

    103) Today roughly ____ of the gross domestic product is spent by state and local governmentsA 2.5%B 15%C 9%D 25%E 5%

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    104) Today, the national government spends roughly _____ of the gross domestic product.A) 2.5%B) 9%

    C) 20%D) 44%E) 15%

    105) Federalism is advantageous for democracy for each of the following reasons EXCEPT:A) it allows more opportunity for political participationB) it increases access to the governmentC) it allows for a greater diversity of opinion to be reflected in public policyD) it increases the number of decisions and compromises made at the national levelE) it allows customization of policies for local needs

    Some other questions from Chapter 2:

    114) The foundation of John Lockes philosophy was that human beingsA) Derive their rights from natureB) Determine their own rightsC) Derive their rights from GodD) Have rights that are granted to them by the governmentE) Are granted their rights by their King

    115) Which of these were NOT among John Lockes key philosophyA) Checks and balancesB) Natural rightsC) Limited governmentD) Consent of the governedE) Property rights

    116) Johns Lockes ideas on natural rights were related to human law in thatA) Natural rights were considered higher than human lawB) Natural rights were less important than human lawC) Human law and natural rights were unimportant after revolution

    D) Human law protected property rights, making human law equal to naturalrightsE) Human law was the source of natural rights

    117) John Locke believed in each of the following EXCEPT!A) Natural rightsB) Consent of the governedC) Divine rights of Kings

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    D) Limited governmentE) C and D

    Answer Key:

    1) D 6) A 4) B 3) A 5) C 2) A 7) A 8) A 9) B 10) A 11) A 13) A15) A 16) C 17) B 18) A 19) A 20) A 21) B 27) A 23) C 26) B 24) B 25) C30) A 31) A 22) C 28) E 29) C 32) B 33) A 34) C 35) D 36) C 37) D 38) B39) D 40) B 41) A 42) D 43) B 44) A 45) A 49) A 50) A 51) B 52) A 53) A54) A 55) A 56) C 57) B 59) A 60) D 61) C 62) A 63) C 64) A 65) B 66) C67) D 68) B 69) C 70) E 74) A 75) B 76) C 77) B 78) C 80) C 81) B 82) C83) B 84) E 85) A 86) A 87) A 88) B 89) B 90) C 91) D 92) A 93) A 95) A96) D 97) A 98) C 99) A 100) A 101) B 102) D 103) C104) C 105) D 114) A 115) A 116) A 117) C