AP Psychology Unit 12and 13 Notecards
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Transcript of AP Psychology Unit 12and 13 Notecards
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AP Psychology Unit 12 Notecards
Paa Adu
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Medical Model
The concept that diseases, in this case psychological
disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed,
treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through
treatment in a hospital.
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DSM-IV-TR
The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, FOurth Edition, w
an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for
classifying psychological disorders
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Anxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing,
persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce
anxiety
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually ten
apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous syste
arousal.
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Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-
long episodes of intense dread in which a person
experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, chokin
or other frightening sensations.
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Phobia
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fe
and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitiv
thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memorie
nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/ or
insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a
traumatic experience.
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Post-Traumatic Growth
Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling
with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
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Somatoform Disorder
Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a
somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
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Conversion Disorder
A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experienc
very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no
physiological basis can be found.
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Hypochondriasis
A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets
normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.
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Dissociative Disorders
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes
separated (dissociated) from previous memories, though
and feelings.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits tw
or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also calle
multiple personality disorder.
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Mood Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional
extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and
bipolar disorder.
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Major Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent
reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed
moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes intere
or pleasure in most activities.
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Mania
A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly
optimistic state.
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Bipolar Disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between
the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the
overexcited state of mania (formerly called manic-
depressive disorder).
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Schizophrenia
A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganiz
and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and
inappropriate emotions and actions.
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Delusions
False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may
accompany psychotic disorders.
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Personality Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and
enduring behavior patterns that impair social functionin
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a ma
exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towa
friends and family members; may be aggressive and
ruthless or a clever con artist
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AP Psychology Unit 13 Notecards
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Eclectic Approach
An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the
clients problems, uses techniques from various forms o
therapy.
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Psychotherapy
Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists
interactions between a trained therapist and someone
seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achiev
personal growth.
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Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Frued believed t
patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and
transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them
released previously repressed feelings, allowing the
patient to gain self-insight.
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Resistance
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of
anxiety-laden material.
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Interpretation
In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream
meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors i
order to promote insight.
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Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst o
emotions linked with other relationships (such as love o
hatred for a parent).
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Psychodynamic Therapy
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that
views individuals as responding to unconscious forces a
childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-
insight.
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Insight Therapies
A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychologic
functioning by increasing the client's awareness of
underlying motives and defenses.
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Client-Centered Therapy
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in whic
the therapist uses techniques such as active listening
within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to
facilitate clients' growth, also called person-centered
therapy.
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Active Listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates
and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client centered therap
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Unconditional Positive Regard
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl
Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-
awareness and self-acceptance.
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Behavior Therapy
Therapy that applies learning principles to the eliminatio
of unwanted behaviors.
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Counterconditioning
A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical
conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are
triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure
therapies and aversive conditioning.
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Exposure Therapies
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitizatio
that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination o
actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.
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Systematic Desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant
relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggerin
stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias.
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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people
simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flyin
spiders, or public speaking.
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Aversive Conditioning
A type of counterconditioning that associates an
unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted
behavior (such as drinking alcohol).
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Token Economy
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn
token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and
can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or
treats.
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Cognitive Therapy
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways o
thinking and acting; based on the assumption that
thoughts intervene between events and our emotional
reactions.
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Family Therapy
Therapy that treats the family as a system. views an
individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or
directed at, other family members.
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Regression Toward the Mean
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back
(regress) toward their average.
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Meta-analysis
A procedure for statistically combining the results of ma
different research studies.
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Evidence-Based Practice
Clinical decision-making that integrates the best availab
research with clinical expertise and patient characteristi
and preferences.
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Biomedical Therapy
Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act
directly on the patient's nervous system.
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Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.
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Antipsychotic Drugs
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of
severe thought disorder.
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Tardive Dyskinesia
Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, an
limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term us
of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine
receptors.
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Antianxiety Drugs
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.
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Antidepressant Drugs
Drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly
prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering
availability of various neurotransmitters.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in
which a brief electric current is sent through the brain o
an anesthetized patient.
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy t
the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
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Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effo
to change behavior.
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Lobotomy
A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm
uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the proced
cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the
emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
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Resilience
The personal strength that helps most people cope with
stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.
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