AP Psychology NCVPS. AP Psychology NCVPS The electrochemical communication system of the body Two...

AP PsychologyNCVPS

• The electrochemical communication system of the body

• Two way communications:• from the brain to the body for

movement• to the brain from the senses

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• Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system, a nerve cell.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg

• The Cell Body, or Soma, contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell viable.


• Dendrites are the receiving extensions of a neuron. Electrical impulses are received and moved toward the cell body.


• Axons are the sending extensions of a neuron. Electrical impulses are received and moved away from the cell body toward the axon terminals.


• The myelin sheath acts like insulation, covering the axon and increasing the speed of the neural impulses.


• A neural impulse moves from the dendrites, through the cell body, and through the axon before reaching the axon terminal.


• Between neurons is a tiny gap known as the synapse, synaptic gap, or synaptic cleft.

• Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters carry signals across this fluid filled space from one cell’s axons to another’s dendrites.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg

• Different neurotransmitters affect behavior in different ways.

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zi63tXYCG8I/T1CXcGt1YDI/AAAAAAAAAOA/ALVMw3a-

GGs/s1600/neurotransmitters.gif

• Some neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect, making it more likely that the next neuron will “fire.”

• Others have an inhibitory effect, making it less likely the next neuron will respond.

http://stoppullinghairout.com/blog/

http://www.docstoc.com/?doc_id=2240369&download=1

• Therapeutic drugs have been devised to help with specific behavior issues.• Agonists mimic a specific

neurotransmitter.• Antagonists block a

neurotransmitter’s effects.• Others prevent reuptake

or re-absorption. http://www.neurosurgical.com/Images/07_Med_Info/7.14%20Medication%20Function%20550.jpg

• Some neurons have specialized functions.• Receptor cells• Sensory Neurons• Interneurons• Motor Neurons

http://www.popsci.com/files/imagecache/article_image_large/articles/nerve%20cell.jpg

Receptor cells are cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into neural impulses that the brain can process.

http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~ikovacs/SandP/prepI_2.html

Receptor cells

http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~ikovacs/SandP/prepI_2.html

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) carry information from the receptors cells to the spinal cord and brain.

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Interneurons process information in the brain and spinal cord.

http://img.tfd.com/dorland/thumbs/interneuron.jpg

Motor neurons (efferent neurons) carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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AP PsychologyNCVPS

• Remember, the Nervous System is:

• The electrochemical communication system of the body

• Two way communications:• from the brain to the body for

movement• to the brain from the sensesht

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• The nervous system has multiple divisions.

• The Central Nervous System

• The Peripheral Nervous System• The Somatic Nervous System

• The Autonomic Nervous System• The Sympathetic Nervous System

• The Parasympathetic Nervous System

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http://www.neurosciencerus.org/wyDiagramNervousSystem.jpg

• The Central Nervous System• Consists of the brain and the

spinal cord

• Most information processing occurs in the brain.

• The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain.

http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/19588.htm

• The Peripheral Nervous System• The system that connects the brain

and the spinal cord to the rest of the body.

• It is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Images/Cancerinfo/Longdescriptions/Cancertypes/Nervoussystem_2011_large.jpg

• The Peripheral Nervous System

http://lmtorbust.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/somatic-autonomic-venn-diagram.jpg


• The Autonomic Nervous System

• The Sympathetic Nervous System

• The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body

• Fight or flight responsehttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html


• The Autonomic Nervous System

• The Parasympathetic Nervous System

• The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html

AP PsychologyNCVPS

The Brain is the most complex organ of the human body and is responsible for processing all of neural impulses generated by the Nervous System.

http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/brain_structures_000334.htm

The most primitive part of our brain.

Contains the hindbrain and the midbrain

From an evolutionary perspective, it controls survival functions of the body.

http://fultoncountybraininjurysupportgroup.health.officelive.com/stem.aspx

Sometimes referred to as the medulla oblongata.

Located at the base of the brainstem

Controls life-supporting functions like heartbeat and breathing

Damage to this area can lead to death.

http://www.interactive-biology.com/107/what-parts-of-the-brain-control-respiration/

◦ The “Little Brain”

◦ Processing center for reflexes involved in balance

◦ Also in those used in gross motor coordination

http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/18008.htm

Located in the midbrain Involved with sleep, arousal,

and sustained attention Damage to this area can cause

a coma Not fully developed in

children (i.e. the shorter attention span of younger children)

https://ewwgrosser.wikispaces.com/Reticular+Activating+System+-+Period+9

Located where the brainstem and the reticular formation end.

Serves as a communications relay for sensory input

Also involved in sleep and arousal

http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/thalamus.htm

A system of structures closely link with the hypothalamus.

Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

Plays a role in regulating eating, drinking, and sexual activity.

Also linked with aggression

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg

Part of the Limbic system

Located below the thalamus

Linked to hunger, thirst, sexual activity, and emotionality

Also connected to stress reactions

http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/HumanBody/NervousSystem/Hypothalamus.htm


Plays a role in memory, especially short term memory and memory of recent events.

http://www.memorylossonline.com/glossary/hippocampus.html


Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger

http://brainconnection.positscience.com/topics/?main=fa/fear-conditioning2

The most developed structure in the human brain.

Consists of two layers, the outer of which is known as the cerebral cortex.

http://www.memorylossonline.com/glossary/hippocampus.html

The outer layer of the cerebrum.

Divided into two hemispheres

Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes, each with a different function.

http://morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/cerebral_cortex_lobes.html

A wide band of neurons that connect the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Allows communication between the two portions.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8753.htm

The long crevice that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres

This and other fissures in the brain create major divisions in the brain called lobes

http://minuscript.wordpress.com/2011/07/14/a-headache/

Located behind the forehead.

Involved in planning and judgment

Contains the motor cortex and is involved in all bodily movements.

http://contemporaryhealthnutritionfitness.com/contemporary/?tag=frontal-lobe-development

Located on the top of the head and toward the rear

Includes the somatosensory cortex and general association areas used in processing information, including general processing and mathematical reasoning

http://www.health.qld.gov.au/abios/asp/bparietal.asp

Located at the rear of the cerebral cortex

Contains the primary visual processing center of the brain.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsycerebrum.html

Located roughly above the ears

Contains the auditory processing areas of the brain

http://introspectional.com/section2/page3.php

Involved in all bodily movement, both gross and fine.

Much is devoted to fine motor control.


Involved in all bodily sensations.


AP PsychologyNCVPS

The concept of being “left-brained” or “right-brained” is no longer given much credit.

The brain is divided into two hemispheres but the two parts work together

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Click here for a quick test of right/left brain abilities!

Both sides communicate through the corpus callosum, except in those with split brains*.

*For more about split brain surgeries, see http://nawrot.psych.ndsu.nodak.edu/courses/465projects05/splitbrain/splitbrain4.htm http://nawrot.psych.ndsu.nodak.edu/courses/465projects05/splitbrain/splitbrain4.htm

http://www.thecomeupfoundation.com/2012_02_01_archive.html

Contains the brain’s spatial abilities

Allows organizing things in a given space, judging distances, etc.

Helps make connections between words

http://www.thecomeupfoundation.com/2012_02_01_archive.html

Language functions are in the left hemisphere for the majority of the population

For a small percentage of people, language functions are in the right

hemisphere.

The brain area of the left frontal lobe

Directs the muscle movements involve in speech

If damaged the person can form the ideas but cannot express them as speech

http://faculty.vassar.edu/abbaird/resources/brain_science/images/brocas_area.jpg

A brain area of the left temporal lobe

Involved in language comprehension and expression

Our ability to understand what is said to us

Usually in the left temporal lobe

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/second.html

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