AP Practice Essays

Last week of review

Timing• 15 minutes to read• 115 minutes to write• 130 minutes total• 38.3 minutes per essay• You will have 35 minutes per essay today

• “Luther was both a revolutionary and a conservative.” Evaluate this statement with respect to Luther’s responses to the political and social questions of the day.

• Discuss the rise and fall of Napoleon. Be sure to include an evaluation of the factors that made him an effective leader as well as the traits that led to his demise

• Compare and contrast the extent to which Catherine the Great and Joseph Stalin were “Westernizers”.

LutherRevolutionary

• 95 Theses– Indulgences– Pluralism, absenteesm– No celibacy

• Sola Scriptura• Church is entire community• Consubstantiation• Burned letter from Pope

publically• Diet of Worms• Denied power of the Pope• Originally sides with peasants• All vocations have equal merit

Conservative• Not wanting to overthrow

Church, only change it• Wanted debate of church

practices• Failure to support peasant

revolutions-supported non-violence

• Supported secular power

NapoleonEffective Leader

• Victories in Italy• Napoleonic-Civil- Code• Establishes Bank of France• Confirmed gains of peasants• Grants amnesty to emigres• Appoints bureaucrats & mayors

loyal to him• Took power to nominate

bishops but gave Catholics right to practice religion freely

Traits to Demise• Chauvinist-Women became

dependent to husbands-Father’s power was absolute

• Paranoid-Freedom of speech and press violated and spy system put in place

• Ambitious- challenged Britain on the water and failed- Continental system fails

• Egotistical- refused to accept a compromise that Metternich offered-let France keeps its original borders

Catherine/StalinComparisons

• Admired the West• New classes of educated

Russians prosper• Gain territory for Russia

– Peter-Sweden, Latvia, Estonia– Catherine-Poland

• Imported Western ideas• Oppressed serfs• Prized education

ContrastsStalin admired Western

Technology, Catherine admired Western Art

Stalin westernized the army, Catherine westernized thinking of Russian nobility

Stalin bullied the classes while Catherine gave power to the nobles

Stalin rewarded the industrial elite while Catherine rewarded the intellectual elite

Stalin imported talent, Catherine preferred homies

• To what extent and in what way may the Renaissance be regarded as a turning point in the Western intellectual and cultural tradition?

• In what ways did the “new monarchs” of Europe continue to use religion as a tool for nation building during the age of Religious Wars?

• Identify the major social groups in France on the eve of the 1789 Revolution. Assess the extent to which their aspirations were achieved in the period from the meeting of the Estates General to the Declaration of the Republic.

RenaissanceIntellectual

• Individualism• Humanism

– Rejection of classical ideas that were opposed to Chrisianity

• Art– Glorification of human body

• Status of Artist– Not mechanic but free worker

• Secularism– People more materialistic– Art more secular than religious

CulturalPrinted Word-GutenbergClocksRenaissance Man

CastiglioneWomen and Work- lower class

women go to work but upper class women lose status

Rape decriminalizedHomosexual acts trivializedBlack slaves prized

New Monarchs

• Taxation- supported by bureaucracies• Strong armies-supported by heavy taxes• Binding marriages• Intimidation-Star Chamber, Inquisition,

Hermandades• Tolerance- Queen Elizabeth, Edict of Nantes• National churches- power to appoint clergy– Concordat of Bologna

• Common commercial interests-tariffs

French Revolution 1789-92• First Estate- Church loses lands to National

Assembly, abolished monasteries, constitution declares national church, priests chosen by voters, must give loyalty oath

• Second Estate- nobles lose rights to National Assembly, many leave country

• Third Estate-landowners sacked by Great Fear, peasants gain rights and buy Church land, women gain rights

French Revolution 1789-92• Intellectuals- rights of man established, republic

established• Businessmen- Church taxed, nobility banished,

uniform laws passed, taxes cut• Peasants-peasants gain rights and buy Church land,

women gain rights