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Exam 1:Chapters 1,2,3,4Cells and Metabolism
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Molecular Formula: H20 Structural Formula: H/0/H
3 Types of Bons include:-Covalent-Ionic-Hydrogen
Carbon is the most important element
Organic Chemistry- defined by chemistry of carbon
Inorganic Chemistry- not dealing with carbon
Ionic Bond- when one electron jumps from one to another,, the attraction between two atoms
pH=-log[H+]the more hydrogen the more pH and the lower the number the more hydrogen ions
Acid- releases H+ into a solution
Base- solutions that releases OH ions
Hydroxyl- OH-
Cation- positive charges +
Anion- negative charges
Inorganic vs. Organic
H20, BiomoleculesIons [Na+,K+,H+]O2, CO2
Carbon is so important because it has 4 potential bonvalence of carbon is 4 -C-
H2O is an excellent salt, liquid from 32 degrees to 212 degrees Fahrenheit, high heat vaporization
Organic Molecules can be put into four categories such as: -Nucleic Acid -Carbohydrates -Lipids -Protein Simple Sugars are the building blocks: -Glucose C6H12O6 Alpha A1, 4Glycolic Bond Glycogen Lipids include triglycerides (neutral fats), phosphocipids, steroids Lipid- insoluble in H2O
Saturated fat is a solid
Energy and Insulation are more effective than sugar
A+BC
Anabolic- can be like A+A+A3A Catabolic- can be like 3AA+A+A Exchange reaction- can be like AB+CAC+B
Dehydration synthesis: refers to the process of two sugars together. Water is taken away Hydrolysis: breaking of water-uses water in the processUses Water Hydrophillis Doesnt use water
Amino Acids are the building blocks for protein. There are 20 Amino Acids
Amino Acid Carboxyl
Amino Acids
^Peptide Bond
---Ana.------
| | ATP ADP+P Cat. | CO2
Enzyme: lower activation energy, the enzyme is catalyst
Metabolic Pathway: ABCD
Anaerobic- doesnt need oxygen (glycosis) Aerobic- needs oxygen, Krebs Cycle, election transport chain
Mitochondria
There are 13 proteins directed from mitochondria
Cristae- folds
Krebs Cycle:
CO2 is produced
Pro-levels of organization
A.A (Amino Acids) sequence 375 Alpha helix/betta sheet Globular Subunits
Hemoglobin- Carries oxygen
Cell
Inside the nucleus is the DNA
In the cell membrane is the phospholipid Bilayer
Ribosomes structure is ribonucleic acid
Proteins are produced RNA+PRO
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is in the cytoplasm and the structure is like the cell membrane-Rough (RER)- Pros out (secretion)-Smooth (SER)- Steroids, Detoxification in the liver, calcium storage, and detoxiation and production of steroids in Mitosis
Ribosomes are free or attached to the membrane
Golgi Packaging includes Biosynthesis (ANA-), Endocytosis (coming in), Exo (going out), RER Golgi SU out, and Glycosyliation Glycopro
Lysosomes are hydrolytic enzymes, there are 40 different ones. Lysosomes storage diseases are genetic for example taysachs.
Peroxisome can produces cholesterol, has enzymes and catalase
Interphase is the lifetime of a cell
Chromatin is a mix of DNA and protiens
Phases of Mitosis
The first phase is Prophase which centrioles replicate
The second phase is Metaphase
The third phase is Anaphase
The fourth phase is Telophase and the cells begin to separate
PCD= Programed cell death Diffusion- the movement from an area of high concentration to low concentration Osmosis- diffusion of water
There are 46 chromosomes,23 pairs
The nucleus in a cell is surrounded by nuclear envelope and inner membrane
Chromatin has DNA and protein DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid There are four bases of DNA: -Adenine (A) -Thymine (T) -Guanine (G) -Cytosine (C)
In 1950 Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA by using x-ray diffraction
Spindle Fibers are made of microtubules Lysosomes get rid of the old organelles
Replication of DNA
Transcription and Translation is the replication of DNA
Transcription- manufacturing a complementary RNA from DNA Translation- Assembly of an amino acid chain according to the sequence of base triplets in an mRNA molecule