A.P. MITRA - HTAP 2/Mitra.pdf · W.B. Bihar M.P. U.P. Orissa A.P. Assam T.N. Punjab MAH KAR HR...
Transcript of A.P. MITRA - HTAP 2/Mitra.pdf · W.B. Bihar M.P. U.P. Orissa A.P. Assam T.N. Punjab MAH KAR HR...
MAJOR PROGRAMMES
1992 PADDY FIELD CAMPAIGN
ALGAS 1996-97
MAC-98 1998
INDOEX 1997/1998
NATCOM 2002-2004
ABC CURRENT
Redefined Indo-Gangetic Plain Region
Pakistan
12
34
5
1. Defining Basins of both the rivers : GANGES and INDUS (with tributaries)
2. Defining Plain : Topography, Slope, Contours
3. Defining Alluvial Plain :
4. Redefining with respect to
I. Administrative Boundary : District / Tehsil
II. Contiguity and / or Mapability
5. Defining Biophysical settings
* Climate, Soil, Vegetation, Land Use land Cover
Hierarchical Steps Followed
OZONE EFFORTSEMRC SITES
IMD OZONESONDESDOBSONBREWERSURFACE
NOT YET DECIDED
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
DELHI *AHMEDABADMOUNT ABUTRIVANDRUMPUNE-SINIGARH *
ABC SITES (?)
SPECIAL SITES
HANLEDARJEELING *SUNDARBANSPOET BLAIR *IIT-KHARAGPUR *
Hanle, Laddakh Observatory
Lat.: 32046’NLong.: 78057’EAlt.: 14823 feet
Observatory of Indian Institute of Astrophysics
At Mount SarswatiLaddakh, India
Darjeeling Hills Campaign Measurements July, 1999May, 2001April, 2003 November, 2003
Ozone CONOxCO2AerosolUV
Darjeeling2500 meters
Sangdongfu4200 meters
North Bengal University, Siliguri
Pyramid Station
5034 meters
Kathmandu ICIMOD-
UCSD Station
Altitude Gradient
CONCEPTUAL NETWORK
Observational Site
Campaigns:Dec 10, 2001- Jan 4, 2002Apr 11 – Apr 21, 2003January 2004
Parameters:OzoneCONOxAerosol UV
Fig 11-1 : Location and countries covered in the Tropical Asia region.
181.7 Myanmar
2.1
2.7 Vietnam
2.6
29.1
Jakarta
4.9
2.7
ALGAS-II 67.6 Tg
ALGAS-II / WORLD 18%
CH4 Emissions In Tg/4
1.5
ALGAS 1990 VALUESCO2 CH4/CH4eq CH4-CO2/CO2
%Bangladesh 34 1.7 (36) 106PRC 1816 29 (609) 34India 585 18 (378) 65Pakistan 76 2.6 (55) 72Philippines 124 1.5 (32) 26Thailand 164 2.7 (57) 35Vietnam 53 2.6 (55) 104USA 4521 27 (567) 13ALGAS-II 2905 68 (1428) 49Annex-II 9774 65 (1365) 14World 26400 375 (7875) 30
India 1990(million
tons)
1994(million
tons)
CAGR (%)1990-1994
2000(million
tons)
CAGR(%)1994-2000
CO2
Fossil Fuel 536 668 5.7 950 6.02
Forestry 0.4 15 147 29 11.5
Cement 24 36 10.7 90 16.4
Total 560.4 719 6.4 1069 6.8
CH4 (CO2-Eq) 267 283.5 2.3 420 6.7
N2O (CO2-Eq) 84.0 87.0 0.3 100 2.3
TOTAL (CO2-Eq) 911(2.6 %)
1090(3%)
3.9 1589(6.6%)
6.4
China*** CO2-Eq 2570 4403(10.3%)
Japan! CO2-Eq 149.2(0.4%)
156.4(0.42%)
1.2% 138(0.32%)
-2%
Germany! 1212(3.45%)
1085(2.9%)
-4.3% 10262.4%
0.9%
USA* CO2-Eq *6043(17.2%)
*6325(17.2%)
1.0 *6816(16%)
1.2
Global* CO2 -Eq. **35116 **36876 2.6 !42826 2.5
Comparison of Indian GHG emissions with other countries and global emissions
*Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States, DOE/EIA-0573(00);: down loaded from http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/plugs/plgg2000.html
! From second national communication to the UNFCCC of the respective countries
**From EDGAR 3.2!From IPCC, SRES scenarios, WKG-I, 2001, b2 scenario
Figures within brackets indicate % of the world emissions
***Case Study: Issues and Options in Greenhouse Emissions Control for China, Summary Report sponsored by the Chinese National Environmental Protection Agency, the State Planning Commission for China, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank.
TREND IN TOTAL METHANE EMISSION FROM INDIAN RICE PADDY FIELDS FROM 1979 TO 1999
3.500
3.600
3.700
3.800
3.900
4.000
4.100
4.20019
79
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
TOTA
L M
ETH
AN
E EM
ISSI
ON
(Tg/
Y)
TOTAL Methane Emission [Growth Rate: 0.0114 Tg/Y]
CUMULATIVE METHANE EMISSIONS FROM INDIAN PADDY WATER REGIMES FROM 1979 TO 1999
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
TOTA
L M
ETH
AN
E EM
ISSI
ON
(Tg/
Y)
Rainfed- FP Rainfed-DP Irrigated- CFIrrigated- IF-SA Irrigated- IF-MA Deep Water
VARIABILITY IN METHANE EMISSION FROM INDIAN STATES (Tg/Y) -1994
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80W
.B.
Bih
ar
M.P
.
U.P
.
Oris
sa A.P
.
Ass
am T.N
.
Punj
ab
MA
H
KA
R
HR
Oth
ers
Guj
arat
Ker
ala
RA
J
J &
K
H.P
.
CH
4 Em
issi
ons
(Tg/
Y)
CUMULATIVE METHANE EMISSIONS FROM PADDY WATER REGIMES IN INDIAN STATES (1994)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
W.B
.
Bih
ar
M.P
.
U.P
.
Oris
sa A.P
.
Ass
am T.N
.
Punj
ab
MA
H
KA
R
HR
Oth
ers
Guj
arat
Ker
ala
RA
J
J &
K
H.P
.
Met
hane
Em
issi
ons
(Tg/
Y)
Rainfed- FP Rainfed-DP Irrigated- CFIrrigated- IF-SA Irrigated- IF-MA Deep Water
0.49 0.56 0.
994 4.
24.
56.
6 6.9 7.
30.
86 0.88 0.91
0.61
8 1.81 2.
244.
24
012345678
CH4
emis
sion
in
mill
ion
tons
Mines Animals Agriculturalresidue
199019942000
Comparative CH4 emission
INDIAN CHANGING SCENARIO
SPECIES/YEAR 1990 1995 2000
CO2 640 860 1040
CH4-CO2 330 420 510
RATIO (%) 52 49 49
Hanle
DarjeelingSundarbans
Port Blair
CO ~ 150-600 ppbvO3 ~ 30-45 bbbv
CO ~ 250-700 ppbvO3 ~ 20-30 bbbv
CO ~ 150-650 ppbvO3 ~ 25-70 bbbv
O3~20-70 ppbv
DelhiO3- 20-100 ppbvBC- 5-25 µg/m3
Trace gas measurements facilities in India
Special Observation SitesTotal Ozone : DobsonTotal Ozone : Brewer
Ozone SurfaceOzonesonde
New Observing Stations in India
Hanle
DarjeelingSundarbans
Port Blair
CO ~ 150-600 ppbvO3 ~30-45 ppbv
CO ~ 250-700 ppbvO3 ~ 20-30 bbbv
CO ~ 150-650 ppbvO3 ~ 25-70 ppbv
O3~20-70 ppbv
DelhiO3- 20-100 ppbvBC- 5-25 µg/m3
PM2.5 EquipmentPrecipitation Station
K2 StationKathmandu
Stakana (20 km from Leh)
Weekly grab sampling for GHG
O C C U R R E N C E S O F S U R F A C E O Z O N E M O R E T H A N 8 0 P P B A T N E W D E L H I D U R IN G 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 2
8 3
3 9
1 1 3
2 5
1 5 8
1 1 2
02 04 06 08 0
1 0 01 2 01 4 01 6 01 8 0
1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2
Y e a r s
Occ
urre
nces
80PPB
Year Location Latitude Longitude Jan Feb Mar Mean2001 Ludhiana 30.9 75.84 52.7 48.2 49.4 50.12001 Hissar 29.03 75.75 43.6 41.2 39.9 41.566672001 Delhi 28.4 77.22 43.6 39.4 40.6 41.22001 Lucknow 26.85 80.92 45.5 40.8 42.9 43.066672001 Bhagalpur 25.62 86.13 50 46.6 49.1 48.566672001 Calcutta 22.57 88.36 62.3 63.1 60.7 62.033332002 Location Latitude Longitude Jan Feb Mar Mean2002 Ludhiana 30.9 75.84 72.6 51.4 48 57.333332002 Hissar 29.03 75.75 46.9 47.5 46.4 46.933332002 Delhi 28.4 77.22 45.9 42.9 46.4 45.066672002 Lucknow 26.85 80.92 54.7 50.1 53.1 52.633332002 Bhagalpur 25.62 86.13 54 52.8 57.6 54.82002 Calcutta 22.57 88.36 60.7 60.5 61 60.73333
BeigBeig, IITM, IITM
O3 concentrations in different areas in and around Varanasi city
0102030405060
Ref
eren
cear
ea
Indu
stria
l and
urba
n ar
ea
Periu
rban
are
a
Urba
n ar
ea
Rur
al a
rea
Sites
O3
conc
entra
tion
(ppb
)
summer winterrainy annual mean
z
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Pune (18o)
Jul'03 Sep'03 Nov'03 Jan'04 Mar'04 May'04
Observation Model
O3 (
ppb)
Time (Months)
3
Figure 2a: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) for rural sector from biofuel source as obtained in this work after gridding
1
2
5
4
3
Mumbai
New Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
Index for States 1. Uttar Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu 5.
Kerala2. Maharashtra 4. Andhra Pradesh Figure 2b: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) for
urban sector from biofuel source as obtained in this work after gridding
1
2
5
4
Mumbai
New Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
Index for States 1. Uttar Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu 5.
Kerala2. Maharashtra 4. Andhra Pradesh
Figure 2c: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) combined for rural and urban sectors from biofuel source obtained after gridding
1
2
5
4
3
Mumbai
New Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
Index for States 1. Uttar Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu 5.
Kerala2. Maharashtra 4. Andhra Pradesh
Figure 3: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) for vehicular traffic (liquid fossil fuels) source obtained in this work aftergridding
Mumbai
New Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
1
2
5
4
3
6
7
8
9
Pune
Ahmedabad
Index for States 1. Uttar Pradesh 4. Andhra Pradesh 7. West Bengal 2. Maharashtra 5. Karnataka 8. Punjab3. Tamil Nadu 6. Gujarat 9. Bihar
Figure 4: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) from coal combustion obtained in this work after gridding
1
3
2
Mumbai
New Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
Index for States
1. Uttar Pradesh 2. Madhya Pradesh 3. West Bengal
Mumbai
New Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
1
2
5
3
4
6
Index for States 1. Uttar Pradesh 3. Tamil Nadu 5.
Karnataka 2. Maharashtra 4. Punjab 6. BiharFigure 5: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) from
burning of agricultural crop residue obtained in this work after gridding
Figure 6: Distribution of CO emissions (2001) from all sources as obtained in this work after gridding
Index for States 1. Jammu & Kashmir 2. Rajasthan 3.
West Bengal
1
3
Mumbai
New Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
2
3-D Model simulated Change (ppbv) in Ozone, CO, and NOx, from 1991 to 2001 (July) at the surface
(Beig & Brasseur, GRL, 2006)
Model Experiment-2
• Scenario-2 (India zero scenario):
The emissions of for Indian geographical regions are set to zero, while for other regions they are kept as in scenario-1.
• Background level (SA-Impact) Or• Influence of anthropogenic south Asian region
emissions on India.
Location Campaign(Year/Moth)
Continuous (Month/Year)
Source of Data(UV Based measurement)
July, 1999, May 2001, April 2003, September 2005
December, 2003
August, 2005
September, 2003
2006 (Planned)
April 1997
Ahmedabad 1991 Dr. Shyam Lal, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
Gadanki 1993 Dr. Shyam Lal, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
Tranquebar 1997-2000 Dr. D.B.Jadhav, India Institute of Tropical Meterology, Pune
Pune 2000 Dr. G.Beig, India Institute of Tropical Meterology, Pune
Delhi 1997 Dr.S.L.Jain, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
Mt. Abu 1993-2000 Dr. Shyam Lal, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
Varanasi 2001 Dr. Madhoolika Agarwal, Banaras University, Varanasi
North East 2002 Dr.T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
Anantapur 2000 Dr. R. Reddy, Anantapur University, Aanatapur
March, 2002
Dr.T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
Dr.T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
Dr. T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
Dr.T.K.Mandal, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi
December 2001, January 2002, April 2003
Hanle May, 1999, May 2000,July 2003
Dr, P.R.Nair, Space Physics Laboratory, Trivandrum
Darjeeling
Port Blair
Sunderban
Thumba
KEY REFERENCESOn CH41. A.P. Mitra (Ed), Greenhouse Gas Emission in India: 1991 Methane Campaign,
Centre On Global Change, National Physical Laboratory Scientific Report No. 2, June 1992
2. Prabhat K. Gupta and A.P. Mitra, Greenhouse Gas Emission in India, ADB_ Methane Asia Campaign [MAC98], Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 19, Oct 2004
3. Sumana Bhattacharya and A.P. Mitra, A Scientific Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 20, Dec 2004
4. Prabhat K. Gupta, C.Sharma and A.P. Mitra, Methane Measurements from Rice Fields in India, Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 21, 2004
5. Prabhat K. Gupta et al, Reducing uncertainties in Methane Emission from Rice Cultivation in : Climate Change and India – Uncertainity Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Inventory Estimates Ed. A.P. Mitra et al, Universities Press, Delhi, 171-222, 2004
6. Mahadeswara Swamy et al, Reduction in Uncertainities from Livestock Emissions, in : Climate Change and India- uncertainities Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Inventory Estimates, Ed A.P. Mitra et al, University Press, Delhi 223 – 243, 2004
On Ozone1. Mandal T.K, Beig G. and Mitra A.P., Ozone and UV Scenario over India: Climatology,
Trend and Future, Centre On Global Change, NPL, Scientific Report No. 22, 2004.
2. INDOEX Campaigns
3. S.Lal et al, High levels of ozone and related gases over Bay of Bengal during winter and early spring of 2001, Atm.Env., 40, 1633- 1644, 2006
4. Gufran Beig and Grey P. Brasseur, Influence of anthropogenic emissions on tropospheric ozone and its precursors over the Indian tropical region during a monsoon GRL, 33, L07808, 2006
5. Mohit, Dalvi et al, A GIS based methodology for gridding of large scale emission inventories: Application to carbon monoxide emissions over Indian Region, Atm. Env., 2006.
Books1. Climate Change and India: Uncertainity Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Inventory Estimates,
Ed. A.P.Mitra et al, Universities Press, 2004.
2. Climate Change and India: Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation, Ed. P.R. Shukla et al , University Press, Delhi, 2004.
Table-13: India's Inventory for CH4 Emission from Rice Paddy Cultivation (1979-1999, Tg/Y)
Years Methane Emission Tg/Y Methane Emission Range
1979 3.68 1.021980 3.73 1.031981 3.79 1.051982 3.62 1.001983 3.75 1.041984 3.80 1.061985 3.80 1.061986 3.79 1.061987 3.63 1.011988 3.75 1.051989 3.83 1.081990 3.88 1.091991 3.86 1.091992 3.78 1.081993 3.80 1.081994 4.09 1.191995 3.82 1.091996 3.84 1.101997 3.85 1.111998 3.92 1.131999 3.95 1.14
Table 14: Indian States' Methane Budget from Rice Paddy Field for the base year 1994 [Tg/Y]----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------STATES TOTAL Methane Emission (Tg/Y) TOTAL Methane Emission Range
W.B. 0.59 0.17Bihar 0.57 0.17M.P. 0.53 0.16U.P. 0.52 0.15Orissa 0.42 0.12A.P. 0.35 0.10Assam 0.28 0.08T.N. 0.21 0.06Punjab 0.20 0.06Maharashtra 0.13 0.04Karnataka 0.08 0.02Haryana 0.07 0.02Others 0.05 0.01Gujarat 0.05 0.01Kerala 0.02 0.01Rajasthan 0.01 0.00J & K 0.00 0.00H.P. 0.00 0.00---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 4.09 1.19
Table-3: State wise methane emission(Gg/yr) from Enteric fermentation
State IPCC CLRI NDRI NPL NATCOM ALGAS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AP 787.18 539.68 735.61 708.42±62.54 661.69±174.40 474.90Arunachal 10.19 7.93 9.07 10.84±1.06 9.32±1.93 6.81Assam 347.29 250.30 295.69 343.26±35.69 297.44±66.95 211.88Bihar 986.35 714.30 866.60 974.69±90.51 856.92±209.07 626.24Goa 5.10 3.56 4.58 4.69±0.48 4.28±1.04 2.99Gujrat 486.43 325.86 446.86 419.72±38.31 398.94±105.82 288.89Haryana 281.15 176.25 251.79 222.37±20.78 216.90±60.45 155.95Himachal 108.74 78.24 100.24 102.59±9.77 93.83±22.52 69.31J&K 147.84 108.24 130.24 142.00±13.67 126.38±28.88 98.73Karnataka 642.25 453.64 575.07 603.35±56.89 544.81±132.95 399.10Kerala 131.75 95.49 104.17 122.52±17.66 107.51±21.13 78.95MP 1265.43 870.88 1100.54 1166.90±118.03 1048.45±254.53 744.73Maharastra 835.66 594.35 759.29 789.01±77.46 717.20±170.22 518.66Manipur 26.22 20.26 24.13 27.64±2.84 24.04±5.23 16.55Meghalaya 20.38 14.76 16.52 20.11±2.18 17.15±3.98 12.38Mizoram 2.24 1.58 1.80 2.08±0.23 1.82±0.39 1.36Nagaland 12.04 9.32 10.41 12.37±1.42 10.72±2.10 7.90Orissa 506.96 367.51 436.54 502.73±51.35 436.39±98.02 313.70Punjab 381.22 247.44 360.71 306.62±31.62 305.26±85.25 213.02Rajasthan 868.67 569.34 733.82 735.01±60.15 680.31±171.24 545.99Sikkim 6.22 4.82 5.28 6.53±0.72 5.57±1.16 4.18TamilNadu 460.37 326.96 407.98 432.13±42.51 389.22±91.18 294.05Tripura 30.07 22.09 24.77 29.92±3.36 25.70±5.57 18.69UttarPradesh 1757.46 1174.13 1599.36 1542.29±146.53 1443.39±377.50 1028.15WestBengal 623.36 448.09 516.64 618.60±61.92 531.20±119.19 397.91Union Territories 22.10 14.52 20.60 17.99±1.88 17.78±4.90 12.58-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
India 10752.67 7439.54 9538.30 9864.37±949.59 8972.23±2215.58 6543.60
Table-6: State wise methane emission (Gg/yr) from manure managementIPCC CLRI NPL NATCOM
AP 76.71 63.25 75.48±9.80 67.66±11.45Arunachal 1.87 1.71 2.03±1.09 1.89±0.21Assam 37.74 31.59 40.29±8.92 36.34±5.94Bihar 91.54 76.26 100.53±14.87 89.79±15.98Goa 0.84 0.75 0.84±0.40 0.79±0.07Gujrat 45.99 37.13 44.37±4.41 39.97±6.48Haryana 29.40 24.07 25.28±3.95 23.68±2.32Himachal 9.94 8.03 10.30±1.20 9.13±1.73J&K 13.22 10.81 13.39±2.19 12.09±1.91Karnataka 60.37 49.25 62.54±8.22 55.82±9.97Kerala 13.45 10.31 11.96±1.71 11.08±1.27MP 122.54 98.71 124.61±13 112±19Maharastra 78.90 63.69 81.39±10 72±14Manipur 3.96 3.54 4.34±2 4±1Meghalaya 3.07 2.72 3.19±1 3±0Mizoram 0.66 0.62 0.660± 1±0 Nagaland 3.22 3.02 3.26±2 3±0Orissa 48.92 39.92 52.74±8 47±9Punjab 38.01 30.37 32.72±2 30±4Rajasthan 78.85 63.83 71.48±12 66±8Sikkim 0.73 0.63 0.79±0 1±0TamilNadu 44.85 36.63 44.56±8 40±6Tripura 3.54 2.98 3.72±1 3±0UttarPradesh 178.50 146.83 171.20±25 156±23WestBengal 59.22 48.59 63.26±11 57±9Union Territories 2.36 1.90 2.10±0 2±0
India 1048.39 857.16 1047.03±153 946±150
Methane Emission from Livestock – 1994 (Gg/ year)NATCOM IPCC
EF MM EF MMCattle 201843 5343.43 565.87 6243.48 591.85Dairy 57019 1682.26 201.27 2622.87 302.20Indigenous 51304 1436.51 179.56 2359.98 271.91Crossbred 5715 245.75 21.71 262.89 30.29Non dairy 144824 3661.17 364.60 3620.61 289.65Indigenous 135525 3451.53 346.48 3388.13 271.050-1 yr. 25411 228.69 30.491-3 yr. 33424 768.75 93.59Adult 76690 2454.08 222.40Crossbred 9299 209.64 18.12 232.48 18.600-1 yr. 3271 35.98 3.601-3 yr. 2748 68.70 6.32Adult 3280 104.96 8.20
Description Population
Methane Emission from Livestock – 1994 (Gg/ year)NATCOM IPCC
EF MM EF MMBuffalo 86059 3055.93 312.19 4733.25 404.48Dairy 41162 2058.10 181.113 2263.91 193.46Non dairy 44897 997.83 131.077 2469.34 211.020-1 yr. 17935 143.48 32.281-3 yr. 15090 331.98 51.31Adult 11872 522.37 47.49Sheep 53180 212.72 9.57 265.90 9.57Goat 117469 469.88 21.14 587.35 21.14Hor. & Pon. 725 13.05 1.16 13.05 1.16Donkeys 835 8.35 0.81 8.35 0.81Camels 971 44.67 1.90 44.67 1.90Pigs 13105 13.11 58.97 13.11 58.97Total 474187 9161.12 971.63 11909.13 1089.89EF + MM 10132.75 12999.02
Description Population
Defining Biophysical Settings ; Vegetation
NDVI Image of SPOT sensor during Feb 21, 2005 in IGPR showing agriculturally productive zone of the region
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Locations
(1. W. Bengal, 2.Bihar Plateau, 3. Bihar Plains, 4. UP-East, 5. UP-West, 6. Punjab, 7. Haryana, 8. Rajasthan)
Av.
Ann
ual R
ainf
all (
mm
)
Rainfall distribution in Indo-Gangetic Plains
Defining Biophysical Settings ; Climate