AP GOVERNMENT INTEREST GROUPS Chapter 9 Ms Windows.
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Transcript of AP GOVERNMENT INTEREST GROUPS Chapter 9 Ms Windows.
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AP GOVERNMENTAP GOVERNMENT
INTEREST GROUPSINTEREST GROUPSChapter 9Chapter 9
Ms WindowsMs Windows
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What is an Interest Group?What is an Interest Group?
A group of individuals with A group of individuals with common interests and seek to common interests and seek to influence the government in influence the government in some way (“Special Interests”)some way (“Special Interests”)
Issue AdvocacyIssue Advocacy James Madison called them James Madison called them
“factions”“factions”
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How does an Interest Group begin?How does an Interest Group begin? USUALLY an interest group USUALLY an interest group
begins as a movementbegins as a movement Examples-abolitionists, civil Examples-abolitionists, civil
rights, women’s rights, rights, women’s rights, animal rights, etc.animal rights, etc.
Movements start b/c people Movements start b/c people want their voices heard by want their voices heard by _______________ ?_______________ ?
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Types of Interest GroupsTypes of Interest Groups Economic (including Prof Assoc)Economic (including Prof Assoc) IdeologicalIdeological Single IssueSingle Issue Public InterestPublic Interest Foreign PolicyForeign Policy Government ItselfGovernment Itself
Not all interest groups are mutually Not all interest groups are mutually exclusive-some overlap into different exclusive-some overlap into different typestypes
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1. Economic Interest Groups1. Economic Interest Groups
BusinessesBusinesses-large corporations (one -large corporations (one person to large conglomerates) person to large conglomerates)
McD’s, Coke, AT&T, Microsoft, McD’s, Coke, AT&T, Microsoft, AmazonAmazon
Trade & Other Associations Trade & Other Associations --businesses with similar interest join businesses with similar interest join together.together.
Chambers of Commerce Chambers of Commerce
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Workers associations or Labor Workers associations or Labor unionsunions• Represent workers’ interestsRepresent workers’ interests• Membership is low in the US Membership is low in the US
compared to other industrialized compared to other industrialized countries countries
• Although entire work force Although entire work force increases, membership has increases, membership has decreased in last 60 years. WHY?decreased in last 60 years. WHY?
• ALF-CIO has many unions, IBEWALF-CIO has many unions, IBEW
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Open Shop Open Shop -membership in -membership in union is not required as a union is not required as a condition of employmentcondition of employment
Closed Shop Closed Shop -must join a union -must join a union to workto work
Either case, union negotiates for Either case, union negotiates for the workersthe workers
FreeFree Riders Riders -get what is -get what is negotiated for but do not join negotiated for but do not join unionunion
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Right to Work States (Open Shop)Right to Work States (Open Shop)
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Professional Associations-Professional Associations-Professionals form of a union.Professionals form of a union.•Can be national or stateCan be national or state•American Bar Association, American Bar Association,
National Education Association, National Education Association, AMAAMA
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2. GOVERNMENT Interest 2. GOVERNMENT Interest GroupsGroups
Government employees want to Government employees want to be organized and heardbe organized and heard
National Governors Association, National Governors Association, National Conference of Mayors, National Conference of Mayors, National Education AssociationNational Education Association
Try to get federal grantsTry to get federal grants!!
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3. IDEOLOGICAL IGs3. IDEOLOGICAL IGs
IdeologicalIdeological-specific political -specific political views or set of issuesviews or set of issues•MARXISTS, SOCIALISTSMARXISTS, SOCIALISTS
Civil Liberties, environment, Civil Liberties, environment, nuclear disarmamentnuclear disarmament
ACLU, Christian CoalitionACLU, Christian Coalition
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Single Issue Single Issue (more specific)(more specific) Very adamant about position Very adamant about position
(right or left) and unwilling to (right or left) and unwilling to compromisecompromise
NRA (2NRA (2ndnd Amend), Abortion -- Amend), Abortion --Emily’s List (PAC) v. Right to Emily’s List (PAC) v. Right to LifeLife
4. Single Issue IGs4. Single Issue IGs
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5. PUBLIC Interest Groups5. PUBLIC Interest Groups
““for the public interest”for the public interest” Common Cause Common Cause -to reform -to reform
the electoral processthe electoral process Ralph Nader-Ralph Nader-PIRGsPIRGs promote promote
environmental issues, safe environmental issues, safe energy, consumer protection, energy, consumer protection, good gov’tgood gov’t
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Certain types of public interest Certain types of public interest groups are tax-exemptgroups are tax-exempt• Girl Scouts, American Heart Girl Scouts, American Heart
Association, American Cancer Association, American Cancer SocietySociety
• Benefits-donations tax-deductible, Benefits-donations tax-deductible, donors can remain anonymousdonors can remain anonymous
• Cannot support candidates or Cannot support candidates or elections but can do what?elections but can do what? Voter registration drives and Voter registration drives and issue adsissue ads
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FOREIGN POLICY Interest GroupsFOREIGN POLICY Interest Groups
To promote or oppose certain To promote or oppose certain foreign policiesforeign policies
Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, American-Israel Political Action American-Israel Political Action Committee, National Association Committee, National Association of Arab Americansof Arab Americans
What would NAAA lobby for now?What would NAAA lobby for now?
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CHARACTERISTICS of Interest CHARACTERISTICS of Interest GroupsGroups
1. 1. Size and Resources Size and Resources -the -the more, the better!more, the better!
Motivations to join-incentives Motivations to join-incentives (material or otherwise)(material or otherwise)
What is the membership What is the membership “spread”? Are the members “spread”? Are the members concentrated in one area or concentrated in one area or dispersed?dispersed?
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2. 2. COHESIVENESSCOHESIVENESS -How is -How is the membership organized?the membership organized?
Small # of leaders who have Small # of leaders who have formal positions (full or part-formal positions (full or part-time); ORtime); OR
People involved in the group People involved in the group do all the leg work; ORdo all the leg work; OR
People are members in name People are members in name only (no participation)only (no participation)
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How is the organization How is the organization structured?structured?•Strong, formal organizationStrong, formal organization•Local groups that join together Local groups that join together
to form national groupto form national group
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3. 3. Leadership Leadership -Strong or Weak?-Strong or Weak?
4. 4. TechniquesTechniques -Methods they use to -Methods they use to influence people and governmentinfluence people and government
Publicity/Mass Media AppealPublicity/Mass Media Appeal Mass MailingMass Mailing Influence Rule MakingInfluence Rule Making Litigation--USING THE COURT SYSTEM!Litigation--USING THE COURT SYSTEM! Election ActivitiesElection Activities Forming Political PartiesForming Political Parties LobbyingLobbying Cooperative Lobbying (power in #s)Cooperative Lobbying (power in #s)
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TYPES OF INCENTIVESTYPES OF INCENTIVES Solidary incentives Solidary incentives – sense – sense
of pleasure, status, or of pleasure, status, or companionship (PTA, NAACP)companionship (PTA, NAACP)
Material incentives Material incentives – money, – money, services, things valued in services, things valued in monetary terms (AARP)monetary terms (AARP)
Purposive incentives Purposive incentives – the – the appeal of the group’s goals appeal of the group’s goals (ideological, public-interest)(ideological, public-interest)
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What are LobbyistsWhat are Lobbyists?? Employees of an association that Employees of an association that
try to influence policy decisions try to influence policy decisions and positions in the governmentand positions in the government
Revolving Door Revolving Door - moving from a - moving from a government job to a lobbying job government job to a lobbying job (common-good contacts already (common-good contacts already made)made)
A former gov’t worker cannot A former gov’t worker cannot directly lobby their former agency directly lobby their former agency or officeor office
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What do Lobbyists do?What do Lobbyists do?
Helps provide money for Helps provide money for members of Congress for their members of Congress for their next campaignnext campaign
Provide two types of information: Provide two types of information: Political (who supports what) Political (who supports what) and Substantive (impact of and Substantive (impact of proposed legislation)proposed legislation)
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Revolving Doors produce Revolving Doors produce networks of people involved networks of people involved with certain issues. These with certain issues. These networks are called networks are called IRON IRON TRIANGLES or issue TRIANGLES or issue networks.networks.•Mutually supporting relationships Mutually supporting relationships
among interest groups, among interest groups, congressional committees, and congressional committees, and gov’t agenciesgov’t agencies
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Iron Triangle or Issue NetworkIron Triangle or Issue Network
CorporationsOr gov’tcontractors
Congressional Committee
Gov’talAgency
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What are What are PACsPACs??
Political Action Committee is the Political Action Committee is the political part of an interest grouppolitical part of an interest group
Can legally raise money for candidates Can legally raise money for candidates or political parties from members, or political parties from members, stockholders, or employees (of interest stockholders, or employees (of interest group)group)
in number when the in number when the Campaign Campaign Reform Act 1974Reform Act 1974 limited individual limited individual contributions (over 4000 today)contributions (over 4000 today)
Individual candidates set up PACS – Individual candidates set up PACS – Sarah PalinSarah Palin
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How PACs Invest their MoneyHow PACs Invest their Money
PACs invest in influential PACs invest in influential candidates (the Speaker, candidates (the Speaker, committee chairs)committee chairs)
PACs also give to important PACs also give to important minority members because minority members because they never know when the they never know when the balance switches in the balance switches in the House and SenateHouse and Senate
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PAC LIMITSPAC LIMITS Federal Elections Campaign Act Federal Elections Campaign Act
(1971) limits PACs to $5000 per (1971) limits PACs to $5000 per election or $10,000 per election election or $10,000 per election cycle (primary and general election)cycle (primary and general election)
OFT MONEY OFT MONEY -PACs have no limits to -PACs have no limits to contributions made to a political contributions made to a political party for party-building purposesparty for party-building purposes
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Effectiveness of PACsEffectiveness of PACs Individuals can only contribute Individuals can only contribute
$2400 while a PAC can give $2400 while a PAC can give $5000$5000
““BundlingBundling” helps PACs get ” helps PACs get around the limitsaround the limits
Help campaigns through phone Help campaigns through phone calls, mailings, and televisioncalls, mailings, and television
Issue Advocacy-promote or Issue Advocacy-promote or oppose a particular issue in the oppose a particular issue in the campaigncampaign
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527 Groups527 Groups
Tax-exempt organizations Tax-exempt organizations created to influence electionscreated to influence elections
Not subjected to the same Not subjected to the same restrictions as PACsrestrictions as PACs•Texans for Truth, America Texans for Truth, America
Coming TogetherComing Together
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FEC and Interest GroupsFEC and Interest Groups Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
2002 (McCain-Feingold Act)2002 (McCain-Feingold Act)• Purpose to control $ that comes Purpose to control $ that comes
into federal campaigns and provide into federal campaigns and provide transparency for the $ collectedtransparency for the $ collected
McConnell v. FEC (2003)McConnell v. FEC (2003) – 527 – 527 groups exempt especially for groups exempt especially for non-partisan issues, no non-partisan issues, no regulation of internet ads regulation of internet ads
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Honest Leadership & Open Honest Leadership & Open Govt Act (2007)Govt Act (2007)
FEC developed regulations to FEC developed regulations to limit the workings of lobbyistslimit the workings of lobbyists• lobbyists would bundle $ lobbyists would bundle $
for a candidate for a candidate •PACs now need to disclose PACs now need to disclose
lobbyists who bundle fundslobbyists who bundle funds