A&P Exam 2 Review

8/17/2019 A&P Exam 2 Review

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EXAM 2 SHORT ANSWER REVIEW

1. Describe the factors that control blood pressure.

• Vessel diameter

• Total Cross Sectional Areas: Blood pressre and t!e speed o" #lood "lo$ are

proportional to t!e cross%sectional area o" t!e &essels in&ol&ed'

• (ressres: As arteries #ranc!) t!eir total cross%sectional area increases and #lood

pressre "alls rapidl*'

• Velocit* o" Blood +lo$: As t!e total cross sectional area o" t!e &essels increases "romt!e aorta to$ard t!e capillaries) t!e &elocit* o" #lood "lo$ decreases'



2. Discuss the mechanisms that regulate filtration in capillaries.

+iltration is t!e remo&al o" soltes as a soltion "lo$s across a poros mem#rane' Soltes

too lar,e to pass t!ro,! t!e pores are "iltered ot o" t!e soltion' T!e dri&in, "orce "or"iltration is !*drostatic pressre -ps!es $ater "rom an area o" !i,!er pressre to an area o"

lo$er pressre.' In capillar* "iltration) $ater and small soltes are "orced across a capillar*

$all) lea&in, lar,er soltes and sspended proteins in t!e #loodstream' T!e solte

molecles t!at lea&e t!e #loodstream are small eno,! to pass #et$een ad/acent endot!elial

cells or t!ro,! t!e pores in a "enestrated capillar*' +iltration ta0es place primaril* at t!e

arterial end o" t!e capillar*) $!ere !*drostatic pressre -CH(. is !i,!est'

3. Describe the structure and function of lymph nodes.

• 1*mp! nodes are small l*mp!oid or,ans ran,in, in diameter "rom mmt to 23mm'

• A t*pical l*mp! node is s!aped li0e a 0idne*'



• Strctre:

o Tra#eclae: #ndles o" colla,en "i#ers t!at e4tend "rom t!e capsle into t!e

interior o" t!e node o" t!e dense connecti&e tisse t!at co&ers eac! l*mp!

node

o Hilm: #lood &essels and ner&es reac! t!e l*mp! node at t!is s!allo$

indentation

o A""erent l*mp!atics: is attac!ed to t!e l*mp! node tp #rin, l*mp! to t!e

l*mp! node "rom perip!eral tisses

o E""ererent l*mp!atics: is attac!ed to t!e l*mp! nodes5 lea&e t!e l*mp! node

at t!e !ilm5 t!ese &essels carr* l*mp! a$a* "rom t!e l*mp! node and to$ard

t!e &enos circlation'

• 1*mp! +lo$

o 1*mp! "rom t!e a""erent l*mp!atics "lo$s t!ro,! t!e l*mp! node $it!in a

net$or0 o" sinses) open passa,e$a*s $it! incomplete $alls'

o 1*mp! "irst enters a s#capslar space' It contains a mes!$or0 o" #ranc!in,

reticlar "i#ers) macrop!a,es) and dendritic cells' 6endritic cells are in&ol&ed

in startin, t!e immne response' 1*mp! passes t!ro,! t!e s#capslar

space and t!en "lo$s t!ro,! t!e oter corte4 o" t!e node' T!e oter corte4

contains B cells $it!in ,erminal centers similar to t!ose o" l*mp!oidmodles'

o 1*mp! t!en contines t!ro,! l*mp! sinses in t!e deep corte4) $!ic! is

dominated #* T cells' Here l*mp!oc*tes lea&e t!e #loodstream and enter t!e

l*mp! node #* crossin, t!e $alls o" #lood &essels'

o A"ter "lo$in, t!ro,! t!e sinses o" t!e deep corte4) l*mp! contines into t!e

core) or medlla) o" t!e l*mp! node' T!e medlla contains B cells and plasma

cells or,ani7ed into elon,ate masses 0no$n as medllar* cords' 1*mp!

passes t!ro,! a net$or0 o" sinses in t!e medlla and t!en enters t!ee""erent l*mp!atics at t!e !ilm'

• +nction

o +ilterin,: T!e l*mp! node pri"ies l*mp! #e"ore it reac!es t!e &eins' +i4ed

macrop!a,es in t!e $alls o" t!e l*mp!atic sinses en,l" de#ris or pat!o,ens



in t!e l*mp! as it "lo$s #*' Anti,ens remo&ed in t!is $a* are t!en processed

and #* t!e macrop!a,es and presented to near#* l*mp!oc*tes' Ot!er

anti,ens #ind to receptors on t!e sr"aces o" dendritic cells) $!ere t!e* can

stimlate l*mp!oc*te acti&it*' Antigen presentation is ,enerall* t!e "irst step

in t!e acti&ation o" t!e immne response'

o Earl* Warnin, s*stem: An* in"ection or ot!er a#normalit* in a perip!eral

tisse pts anti,ens into t!e interstitial "lid ) and t!s into t!e l*mp! lea&in,

t!e area' T!ese anti,ens t!en stimlate macrop!a,es and l*mp!oc*tes in

near#* l*mp! nodes'

o 8ards Entrances: 1*mp! is monitored in t!e l*mp! ,lands to detect

potential pro#lems #e"ore t!e* e""ect &ital or,ans o" t!e trn0'

o 1*mp!odenopat!*: c!ronic or e4cessi&e enlar,ement o" t!e l*mp! nodes



9' E4plain t!e si,ni"icance o" in"lammator* #od* response' 1ist steps in in"lammator*

process'

In"lammation !as se&eral e""ects:

• T!e in/r* is temporaril* repaired) and additional pat!o,ens are pre&ented "romenterin, t!e $ond'

• T!e spread o" pat!o,ens a$a* "rom t!e in/r* is slo$ed'

• 1ocal) re,ional) and s*stemic de"enses are mo#ili7ed to o&ercome t!e pat!o,ens and

"acilitate permanent repairs' T!is repair process is called re,eneration'



3' W!at are t!e most important c!emical re,lators o" respiration E4plain !o$ t!e s$itc!

"rom "etal to adlt #lood circlation; t*pe does occr'



<' 6escri#e t!e respirator* mscles and t!eir inner&ation' W!at #rain centers do control

t!eir acti&it*

A&P Exam 2 Review

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