AP EUROPEAN UNITS 1&2 REVIEWMiddle Ages

Agriculture and the Feudal System

• Less attacks in country=more security• Horse collar brings about more animal power • New inventions + Christian clergy= serfdom replacing slavery• Medieval Christian's did NOT enslave each other• Communications improved and there was less isolation

Three Field System• Peasant village is divided into three parts:– 1st field: sown with one crop (ex: wheat)– 2nd field: sown with another crop (ex: barley)– 3rd field: left to lie fallow

• Fields were rotated each year• 2/3 of land came into annual use• Increase in supply of food

Feudalism• Political and social government system that is

based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, etc.

• Charlemagne’s death brings about the power of “counts”

• There was no central ruler who could take charge and repel invaders, so defense became localized

• Lords protected vassal and assured justice and tenure of land– Ended disputes

Feudalism Breakdown• Fief: land granted• Vassal: one who received the land and fights

for his lord when the situation arises• Lord: one who grants the land and protects

the vassalsKING-provide $$ and

knights

NOBELS-provide protection& military

service

KNIGHTS-provide food and service

PEASANTS/SERFS

900’s AD

The Normans in England• Conquered by Duke of Normandy,

William the Conqueror in 1066 at Battle of Hastings– Served as King of England and France

for a while• King had considerable power-more

civil peace and security• Brought feudalism, Norse influence,

and French language to England• Early form of constitutional

governmentBATTLE OF HASTINGS

The Manor and Serfs• Manor: estate of a lord• Serfs were “bound to the soil”• While lords provided protection

and administration of justice, serfs worked the land

• No money in feudalism, because there was no $$$ in circulation

The Rise of Towns and Commerce

• No great commercial centers or merchant class

• Early traders are Jews because Judaism offered communication among different Mediterranean cultures

• Venice founded in 570-brought Eastern goods up the Adriatic Sea

Towns (cont.)• Trade puts > money in circulation • Great migration from country cities• Local governments wished to govern

themselves• Towns were largest and closest @ trade routes• Many towns became imperial free cities within

the HRE• More intensive town prevents political

unification

Corporate Liberties• Built walls for defense • Economic solidarity– Locally grown and sold to prevent competition– Tariffs/tolls; coined own money

• No individual rights– Didn’t want individual rights; wanted to band

together

• Ex: Italy and Germany

Guilds• Masters supervised affairs of

specific trade• Women worked in clothing

guilds• Apprenticeship Journeyman

Master• Improper to work for monetary

gain

Towns and Decline of Serfdom

• Lords offered freer terms to entice peasants to settle on new land

• Peasants obtain personal freedom from their own lands in return for payments

• Serfdom disappears by 15th century

Changes in Monarchial Rule

• Hereditary• Rule by executive orders• Main pillar of government is assertion of legal

jurisdiction and military might

Taxation

• Kings needed money for govt. machinery/war

• Magna Carta in England 1215– English lords joined by reps from

London required King John to confirm and guarantee historic liberties

Origins of Parliament• Kings hold great talks with chief retainers– Spanish: Cortes– Germany: Diets– France: Estates General– British Isles: Parliament

• Called as means of publicizing/strengthening royal rule

The Three Estates

• Parliament represents “estates of the realm”– Clergy: first and highest class– Landed/Noble: second in rank– Burghers: lowliest

England’s Parliament

• England was small and jealousy rare

• Two houses: Lords and Commons– Lords: great prelates and lay magnates– House of Commons: lesser landholders

Early Middle Ages Timeline

• 410 AD-Visigoths sack Rome and Roman Empire deteriorates– Byzantine Empire is left

• 476 AD-End of the Roman Empire• Emperor Romulus Augustus deposed by Goths

Timeline (cont.)• 732 AD-Battle of Tours– Franks repel Muslim invasion– Dark Ages (400-1000); period of

recovery/stagnation– Christianity is official religion– Muslims have N. Africa and move up Iberian

Peninsula

Timeline (cont.)• 800 AD-Coronation of Charlemagne as Holy

Roman Emperor and King of the Franks– Marks beginning of the rise of power of the popes– Church + state– Amassed largest empire since the fall of the

Roman Empire

Timeline (cont.)

• 1000’s- Agricultural Revolution– Increased productivity through the use of:• Iron plow• 3 field system• Horse collar

Timeline (cont.)

• 1054 AD-Great Schism: split in the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches– Unite to fight for the Holy Land

Timeline (cont.)

• 1066 AD-Normans capture England with leadership of William the Conqueror – French chivalric code– Domesday Book (survey of land/property)– Old Vikings

Timeline (cont.)

• 1095 AD- Pope Urban II calls for a “great crusade”– 1st Crusade: led by Peter the Hermit• Leaders take up call • Successful in taking back the Holy Land

– 3rd Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted vs. Saladin• Christians are allowed passage for pilgrimages by

Saladin • Holy Land is not gained back

Timeline (cont.)• Effects of Crusades– Increased wealth and power of Church and papacy– Expanded trade routes and new markets– Breakdown of feudal aristocracy because nobles

are dying off– Intellectual development-resurgence of Eastern

learning– Voyages of Discovery

European Civilization in 1300

• Separate institutions of church and state• Economic institutions, long distance trade,

judicial councils, universities• Enduring faith in Christianity

Scholasticism• Intellectual movement of the late 13th and 14th

centuries• Based on work of Thomas Aquinas’ Summa

Theologica – Wrote over 80 works assimilating ancient

knowledge with Medieval Christianity

• Marriage of faith and reason

Scholasticism (cont.)

• And reasoning about faith was a form of weakness• Developed in medieval universities– These started as educational guilds– 1st University: Bologna, Italy

Thomas Aquinas• Summa Theologica • Influenced by Aristotelian empirialism • 5 ways in which God’s existence can be proved– First mover– Efficient causes– Necessity– Graduation– Living for salvation

Medieval Church and Papacy

• The Church in Crisis– Clergy is only literate class– Christian beliefs merged with pagan mysticism– Rome is something legendary and far away– Pope had no influence

Medieval Church and Papacy (cont.)

• 962 AD-Holy Roman Empire proclaimed– Preserve and extend the Christian faith– Purify monastic life and set higher standards for

papacy– Refused to accept any authority except Rome

• 1022-bishops recognize emperor as feudal head but look to Rome for spiritual authority

Innocent III

• Feudal overlord in realms of England, Aragon, and Portugal

• Struggled to repress heresy• 1215-calls for a great church council– Keeping clergy away from worldly temptations– Regularize the belief in supernatural– Sacraments are channel of God’s saving grace

Theology

• Study of religion • Anslem wrote treatise called Cur Deus Homo

(Why Did God Become Man?)– Reason supported faith

• Abelard wrote Sic es No (Yes or No?)– Inconsistent statements made by St. Augustine

and others– Apply logic, show truth, make faith consistent

Disasters of the 14th Century • Babylonian Captivity-keeping French popes in

France and benefitting the French kings• Pope’s political position– Ruler of papal states– Needed to maintain armies to hold position– Often threatened by Germanic, French, and Italian

city statesROMAN CATHOLIC HEIRARCHY

POPES

PRIESTS/MONKS

BISHOPS/ABBOTS

ARCHBISHOPS

CARDINALS

Babylonian Captivity

• Move to Avignon– Roman partisan families battling for influence

deposed Pope Boniface VIII– French influence elects Clement V as Pope• Decides to reside in Avignon

Critics of Babylonian Captivity

• Marsiglio of Padua– “Defensor Pacis”– 1st to write for a separation of church and state

• William of Ockham – “Ockham’s Razor”– Accused Pope John XXII of heresay

Papacy Restored to Rome

• Great Western Schism-two popes– Rome & Avignon– Rise of concillar movement

• Babylonian Captivity ends in 1378 and papacy is restored to Rome only

The Great Schism

• Papal revenues rose and new papal taxes implemented

• Complaints of extravagance and worldliness of papacy

100 Years War

• Fought over English area in Northern France• England vs. France• Powers of Parliament expand as kings need

more $$$• Battle of Crecy: emergence of longbow/cavalry• Battle of Agincourt: win for Henry V• Battle of Orleans: Joan of Arc– Burned at stake for heresy and witchcraft

Happenings

• Black Death (1356)• Peasants Revolt (1381)• War of the Roses-upper class war in England

between opposing noble factions

The Upheaval in Western Christendom

• Authority of papacy and Roman Catholic church questioned

• Less regard for Christian values

The Black Death

• ½ of all of Europe died• First struck in 1348• Disrupted marriage and family life• Trade exchange was disrupted• Deaths famine

Revolts and Repression

• Worker’s rebel as upper class tries to control wages– Wat Tyler’s Rebellion– Jaqueries

• Royalty spending more money• Inflation and higher prices• New taxes• “Golden Age” of medieval parliaments

Troubles of the Medieval Church

• Centralized in papacy • Weakened by believing in exists for benefit of

clergy• Papacy becomes corrupt• Unwilling to reform

Lollards and Hussites

• Lollards-those who held unsettling ideas about Church

• Thoughts of poor expressed by Jon Wyatt– True church could do w/o elaborate possessions– Ordinary people can attain salvation through

reading the Bible• Hussite Wars ravage Europe in 15th century• Hussite vs. Germans

• Thoughts of poor expressed by Jon Wyatt

The Concillar Movement

• 1409-church council met at Pisa– Both reigning popes deposed and due election of

another– First two refused to resign

• 1414-council met at Constance w/ 3 goals• End threefold schism (all three withdrew and Martin V

elected)• Extradite heresy• Reform church

• Unity of church restored

Church Corruption and Indulgences

• Church corrupted by $$$• Simony-buy or sell a church office• Churchmen living with mistresses• 1300-Pope Boniface gave encourage of sale of

indulgences

Middle Ages Questions

1. What important institutions began in the mid-12th century?

1. Universities

Middle Ages Questions

2. During which war was Joan of Arc alive?

2. Hundred Years War

Middle Ages Questions

3. During which century did the Church first seek to increase its control over heretics?

13th century

Middle Ages Questions

• What was between the English nobility began in the 1400s?

War of the Roses