Ap ch. 17 enlight.teach.copy-lect.1
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Lecture 1: Enlightenment philosophy, RaceLecture 2: Salons, Music, Literature, Enlightened Despotism
Lecture 1: Enlightenment philosophy, RaceLecture 2: Salons, Music, Literature, Enlightened Despotism
Chapter 17: Toward a New World View
“Siecle de Lumiere”“The Century of Light”
Chapter 17: Toward a New World View
“Siecle de Lumiere”“The Century of Light”
Why did the Enlightenment begin(reached its height) in
France?
Why did the Enlightenment begin(reached its height) in
France?1. French was the international
language of the educated classes in the 18thc.
2. In France, intellectual radicals could battle opposition without level of restraints found in rest of Europe.
3. French philosophes were indeed asking fundamental questions.
1. French was the international language of the educated classes in the 18thc.
2. In France, intellectual radicals could battle opposition without level of restraints found in rest of Europe.
3. French philosophes were indeed asking fundamental questions.
Deism: “Religion of the Thinker’s
Deism: “Religion of the Thinker’s
Enlightenment thinker’s did not denounce religion.
These thinker’s opted for Deismis a religious and philosophical belief that a supreme being created the universe, and that this (and religious truth in general) can be determined using reason and observation of the natural world alone, without a need for either faith or organized religion.
Enlightenment thinker’s did not denounce religion.
These thinker’s opted for Deismis a religious and philosophical belief that a supreme being created the universe, and that this (and religious truth in general) can be determined using reason and observation of the natural world alone, without a need for either faith or organized religion.
Connection across time:Connection across time: Today: World Union of Diests—God
gave us reason-not religionThe World Union of Deists and
THINK! were founded in Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A., on April 10, 1993 by Bob Johnson.
Today: World Union of Diests—God gave us reason-not religion
The World Union of Deists and THINK! were founded in Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A., on April 10, 1993 by Bob Johnson.
Philosophes met in salons to discuss the issues of
the day!
Philosophes met in salons to discuss the issues of
the day!
Turn to pg. 536 and review the questions:Turn to pg. 536 and
review the questions:
Denis Diderot& Jean le Rond d’Alembert
Denis Diderot& Jean le Rond d’Alembert
Editors of a 17 volume encyclopedia with 100,000s of articles that exalted science, questioned religion, & criticized intolerance, legal injustice, and anachronistic social institutions.
Editors of a 17 volume encyclopedia with 100,000s of articles that exalted science, questioned religion, & criticized intolerance, legal injustice, and anachronistic social institutions.
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
English Civil War People were selfish &
wicked by nature
social contract People must give up
their rights to a strong rule to gain law & order
Leviathan Ruler needs total
power to keep citizens under control
Absolute Monarchy
English Civil War People were selfish &
wicked by nature
social contract People must give up
their rights to a strong rule to gain law & order
Leviathan Ruler needs total
power to keep citizens under control
Absolute Monarchy
John LockeJohn Locke Natural Rights
Life, liberty & property; Property most impt.
U.S. Dec.Indep.espouses these rights!(Jefferson)
Govt.’s power comes by consent of peoplePopular consent & Right to
rebel if gov’t doesn’t protect rights!
Foundation of modern democracy
Concept of tabula rasa!!Children are born blank slates…The unformed, featureless mind.The importance of parents’ influence
then in paramount
Natural RightsLife, liberty & property;
Property most impt. U.S. Dec.Indep.espouses
these rights!(Jefferson) Govt.’s power comes by
consent of peoplePopular consent & Right to
rebel if gov’t doesn’t protect rights!
Foundation of modern democracy
Concept of tabula rasa!!Children are born blank slates…The unformed, featureless mind.The importance of parents’ influence
then in paramount
Locke, con’t Locke, con’t
3 concepts of gov’t:1. Consent of the
goverened2. a social contract
between a fair gov’t & responsible citizens
3. right to revolution!
3 concepts of gov’t:1. Consent of the
goverened2. a social contract
between a fair gov’t & responsible citizens
3. right to revolution!
Locke believed Property was the most impt. of his natural rights!
Locke believed Property was the most impt. of his natural rights!
Philosophes Advocate Reason
Philosophes Advocate Reason
5 Important Concepts…Reason/Logical
ThinkingNatureHappinessProgressLiberty
5 Important Concepts…Reason/Logical
ThinkingNatureHappinessProgressLiberty
VoltaireVoltaire Most brilliant & influential: “Ecrasez l’infame!”
Targeted clergy, aristocracy & govt.
Arrested twice & exiled to England
Mocked French laws, customs & Christianity
Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief & freedom of speech
Humanity’s worst enemies: Intolerance, prejudice &
superstition “I may not agree with a word
you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it!”
Most brilliant & influential: “Ecrasez l’infame!”
Targeted clergy, aristocracy & govt.
Arrested twice & exiled to England
Mocked French laws, customs & Christianity
Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief & freedom of speech
Humanity’s worst enemies: Intolerance, prejudice &
superstition “I may not agree with a word
you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it!”
MontesquieuMontesquieuPolitical Liberty“Spirit of Laws”Separation of
powersDivision of power
among different branches
Check & balancesBlueprint for U.S.
Constitution“Power should be
a check to power”
Political Liberty“Spirit of Laws”Separation of
powersDivision of power
among different branches
Check & balancesBlueprint for U.S.
Constitution“Power should be
a check to power”
Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseau Individual Freedom Civilization corrupted
people's natural goodness Strongest among people
forced obedience of unjust laws Freedom & equality were
destroyed Direct Democracy The Social Contract “Man is born free, but
everywhere in chains.” Belief in popular
sovereignty
Individual Freedom Civilization corrupted
people's natural goodness Strongest among people
forced obedience of unjust laws Freedom & equality were
destroyed Direct Democracy The Social Contract “Man is born free, but
everywhere in chains.” Belief in popular
sovereignty
Rousseau (con’t)Rousseau (con’t)
Civilization represents decay, not progress
Emile-protect children from too many books
The Social Contract(1762) and the “General Will”
Civilization represents decay, not progress
Emile-protect children from too many books
The Social Contract(1762) and the “General Will”
Justice systemLaws exist to
preserve social order, not avenge crimes
On Crimes & Punishments(1764)
Punishment = CrimeAbolish torture &
capital punishment8th Amendment
Justice systemLaws exist to
preserve social order, not avenge crimes
On Crimes & Punishments(1764)
Punishment = CrimeAbolish torture &
capital punishment8th Amendment
Cesare BeccariaCesare Beccaria
Mary WollstonecraftMary WollstonecraftVery persuasive Equality
Women VS. MenEducationPoliticsOccupationsA Vindication of the
Rights of Woman
Mary Shelley: daughterWrote Frankenstein
Very persuasive Equality
Women VS. MenEducationPoliticsOccupationsA Vindication of the
Rights of Woman
Mary Shelley: daughterWrote Frankenstein
Baruch Spinoza 1632-1677Baruch Spinoza 1632-1677
Jewish Philosopher Amsterdam Mind and body united
in one substance God and nature were
two names of the same things
Good and evil were merely relative values
Jewish Philosopher Amsterdam Mind and body united
in one substance God and nature were
two names of the same things
Good and evil were merely relative values
Immanuel Kant(1724-1804)
Immanuel Kant(1724-1804) One of the few philosophes to
see the French Rev. Prussian philosopher and author More optimistic than Rousseau. Critique of Pure Reason He said, Sapere aude! (dare to
know)! ’Have the courage to use your own understanding’ is therefore the motto of enlightenment that Kant gave in “What is Enlightenment?”
One of the few philosophes to see the French Rev.
Prussian philosopher and author More optimistic than Rousseau. Critique of Pure Reason He said, Sapere aude! (dare to
know)! ’Have the courage to use your own understanding’ is therefore the motto of enlightenment that Kant gave in “What is Enlightenment?”
Human mind is nothing but a bundle of impressions
Reason can’t decipher anything about the origins of the universe or the existence of God
Was an empiricist-knowledge comes to a person exclusively through experience.
Underminded the Enlightenment philosophy of reason!
Human mind is nothing but a bundle of impressions
Reason can’t decipher anything about the origins of the universe or the existence of God
Was an empiricist-knowledge comes to a person exclusively through experience.
Underminded the Enlightenment philosophy of reason!
David Hume(1711-1776)David Hume(1711-1776)
Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift
Gulliver’s Travels – 1726
A Modest Proposal - 1729
(Text Page 177)
Gulliver’s Travels – 1726
A Modest Proposal - 1729
(Text Page 177)
Impact of EnlightenmentOutcomes…
Impact of EnlightenmentOutcomes…
Human reason could solve social problems
Secular, worldly outlookBetter society as a
whole
Rise of Individualism
Human reason could solve social problems
Secular, worldly outlookBetter society as a
whole
Rise of Individualism
Impact Cont.Impact Cont.Physiocrats
developedGroup of thinkers
called “economists” by their critics
Laissez-faire->gov’t “hands off.” French for “let do.”
Adam SmithEnglishPublished Wealth of
Nations - 1776
Physiocrats developedGroup of thinkers
called “economists” by their critics
Laissez-faire->gov’t “hands off.” French for “let do.”
Adam SmithEnglishPublished Wealth of
Nations - 1776
II. The Enlightenment
E. Race and the Enlightenment 1. Carl von Linne 2. David Hume and Immanuel Kant 3. The Concept of “Race”
II. The Enlightenment
E. Race and the Enlightenment 1. Carl von Linne 2. David Hume and Immanuel Kant 3. The Concept of “Race”
. Race and the Enlightenment (the Enlightenment represented a turning point in European ideas about race)
. Race and the Enlightenment (the Enlightenment represented a turning point in European ideas about race)
1. Carl von Linne – Swedish botanist and author of The System of Nature (1735)
who claimed that nature was organized into a God-given hierarchy with distinct species and races
2. David Hume and Immanuel Kant - Claimed that there were four human races that had derived
from a original race of “white brunette” people, the white inhabitants of northern Germany.
3. The Concept of “Race” –Used to designate biologically distinct groups of humans and
contained assumptions of superiority and inferiority (which could justify enslavement or conquest). Not all Enlightenment thinkers, however, agreed with such concepts of race.
1. Carl von Linne – Swedish botanist and author of The System of Nature (1735)
who claimed that nature was organized into a God-given hierarchy with distinct species and races
2. David Hume and Immanuel Kant - Claimed that there were four human races that had derived
from a original race of “white brunette” people, the white inhabitants of northern Germany.
3. The Concept of “Race” –Used to designate biologically distinct groups of humans and
contained assumptions of superiority and inferiority (which could justify enslavement or conquest). Not all Enlightenment thinkers, however, agreed with such concepts of race.
Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened
Absolutism 1. Jewish Life 2. Haskalah 3. Tolerance
Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened
Absolutism 1. Jewish Life 2. Haskalah 3. Tolerance
Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened Absolutism
Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened Absolutism
1. Jewish Life – Characterized by legal discrimination, confinement to tiny ghettos,
and prominence in international trade. 2. Haskalah – Enlightenment movement led by Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786)
that argued for freedom and civil rights for European Jews. 3. Tolerance – Attempts to naturalize Jews gained some ground (in Austria), but
moved slowly because of public hostility (as in Britain) or the opposition of monarchs (like Frederick the Great or Catherine the Great). The French Revolution was the first time when all restrictions were abolished in Western and Central Europe.
1. Jewish Life – Characterized by legal discrimination, confinement to tiny ghettos,
and prominence in international trade. 2. Haskalah – Enlightenment movement led by Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786)
that argued for freedom and civil rights for European Jews. 3. Tolerance – Attempts to naturalize Jews gained some ground (in Austria), but
moved slowly because of public hostility (as in Britain) or the opposition of monarchs (like Frederick the Great or Catherine the Great). The French Revolution was the first time when all restrictions were abolished in Western and Central Europe.
To know…from your reading
To know…from your reading
Reading revolutionThe transition in Europe from a society where literacy
consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse.
Public sphereAn idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe
during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics
Coffeehouse Culture: Living in the Past, page 538!
Reading revolutionThe transition in Europe from a society where literacy
consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse.
Public sphereAn idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe
during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics
Coffeehouse Culture: Living in the Past, page 538!