AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria &...
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Transcript of AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria &...
![Page 1: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore BiologyAP Biology
Chapter 6.
The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
![Page 2: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AP Biology
Overview Mitochondria & chloroplasts are the
organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work mitochondria:
from glucose to ATP chloroplasts:
from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates ATP = active energy carbohydrates = stored energy
ATP
+ATP
![Page 3: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
AP Biology
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Important to see the similarities
transform energy generate ATP
double membranes = 2 membranes semi-autonomous organelles
move, change shape, divide internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes
![Page 4: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
AP Biology
Mitochondria Function
cellular respiration generate ATP
from breakdown of sugars, fats & other fuels
in the presence of oxygen break down larger molecules into smaller to
generate energy = catabolism generate energy in presence of O2 = aerobic
respiration
![Page 5: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
AP Biology
Mitochondria Structure
2 membranes smooth outer membrane highly folded inner membrane
the cristae
fluid-filled space between 2 membranes
internal fluid-filled space mitochondrial matrix DNA, ribosomes & enzymes
Why 2 membranes?
increase surface area for membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP
![Page 6: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
AP Biology
Mitochondria
![Page 7: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
AP Biology
Membrane-bound Enzymes
![Page 8: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
AP Biology
Dividing MitochondriaWho else divides
like that?
What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes?
![Page 9: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
AP Biology
Mitochondria Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria
there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or 100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria
number of mitochondria is correlated with aerobic metabolic activity more activity = more energy
needed = more mitochondria
What cells would have a lot of mitochondria?
active cells: • muscle cells • nerve cells
![Page 10: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
AP Biology
![Page 11: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
AP Biology
![Page 12: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
AP Biology
Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are plant organelles
class of plant structures = plastids amyloplasts
store starch in roots & tubers
chromoplasts store pigments for fruits & flowers
chloroplasts store chlorophyll & function
in photosynthesis in leaves, other green
structures of plants & in eukaryotic algae
![Page 13: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
AP Biology
Chloroplasts Structure
2 membranes outer membrane inner membrane
internal fluid-filled space = stroma DNA, ribosomes & enzymes thylakoids = membranous sacs where ATP is made grana = stacks of thylakoids
Why internal sac membranes?
increase surface area for membrane-bound enzymes that synthesize ATP
![Page 14: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
AP Biology
Membrane-bound Enzymes
![Page 15: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
AP Biology
Chloroplasts Function
photosynthesis generate ATP & synthesize sugars
transform solar energy into chemical energy produce sugars from CO2 & H2O
Semi-autonomous moving, changing shape & dividing can reproduce by pinching in two
Who else divides like that?
bacteria!
![Page 16: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
AP Biology
Chloroplasts
Why are chloroplasts green?
![Page 17: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
AP Biology
Mitochondria & chloroplasts are different
Organelles not part of endomembrane system Grow & reproduce
semi-autonomous organelles
Proteins primarily from free ribosomes in cytosol & a few from their own ribosomes
Own circular chromosome directs synthesis of proteins produced by own
internal ribosomes
Who else has a circular chromosome no bound within a nucleus?
bacteria
![Page 18: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
AP Biology
Endosymbiosis theory Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once
free living bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryote
Endosymbiont cell that lives within another cell (host)
as a partnership evolutionary advantage
for both one supplies energy the other supplies raw materials
& protectionLynn MargulisU of M, Amherst
1981 | ??
![Page 19: AP Biology Modified from: Kim Folgia, Explore Biology Chapter 6. The Cell: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cb25503460f94977874/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
AP Biology
Endosymbiosis theoryEvolution of eukaryotes