AP Biology Discussion Notes Monday 1/25/2016. WELCOME BACK! You may choose your seat.
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Transcript of AP Biology Discussion Notes Monday 1/25/2016. WELCOME BACK! You may choose your seat.
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AP Biology Discussion Notes
Monday 1/25/2016
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WELCOMEBACK!
You may choose your seat
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Semester 2 AP BIOLOGY• DNA Structure & Function
– DNA replication, Protein synthesis• Gene Activity & Biotechnology
– (Genetics & Inheritance)• Diversity & Organisms• Ecology & Evolution
– Animal behavior, community & population Ecology
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We’ll learn:• How to decode the code of all living things• How to bring extinct animals back from the dead
(and discuss whether we should)!• How to stop smugglers• Discuss why & how “3-person babies” are being
made & “1-person” babies – cloning.• Learn how to & then do DNA fingerprinting• Learn how to & then do genetic modification of
an organism to give an organism new traits• Basics & Applications of Individual & Population
Genetics & Genetic Disorders
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Things to think about:1. Look over material before the next class
– Write down thoughts, connections or questions
2. Read the chapter – even when not “assigned”
3. Watch Videos about topics – even when not assigned
4. Start reviewing topics from last semester– Tie them to topics this semester and write
down connections or questions5. ASK QUESTIONS
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PANIC now and avoid the rush!
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AP BIO TEST
May 9th
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Goals for Today• Be able to name the scientists that helped
build our knowledge of DNA and be able to describe their contributions
• Be able to discuss how scientific understanding is built
• Be able to list or understand the contributions of less known scientists
• Be name the 3 basic components of DNA
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QoD Reminders:• Each day in class I will put up a
question of the day. • Students will be responsible for writing
the question & their best answer.• After each student has answered the
question on their own we will discuss it as a class
• QODs will be collected before each test for points!!!
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Question of the Day 1/25• What is DNA? Write your thoughts
down, and what you know about it, you don’t have to be sure you are correct!
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How long have we known what was the genetic material? (What
molecules allow us to inherit similarities and characteristics
from our parents?)
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3 likely candidates• DNA• RNA• Protein
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What do we know about the relationship between DNA & Protein?
• DNA• RNA• Protein
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Griffith’s Experiments (1928 – publication)
Griffith discovered that harmless bacteria could turn virulent when mixed with bacteria that cause disease.
A bacteria that is virulent is able to cause disease.
Griffith had discovered what is now called transformation, a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.
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Oswald Avery’s Experiments (1930 – 1944)
•Series of experiments showed that the activity of the material responsible for transformation is not affected by protein-destroying enzymes.
•The activity is stopped, however, by a DNA-destroying enzyme.
•Thus, almost 100 years after Mendel’s experiments, Oswald Avery and his co-workers demonstrated that
DNA is the material responsible for transformation NOT protein.
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DNA or Proteins?
• Even after Avery’s experiments it was not widely accepted that DNA was the genetic material, but this line of research did spark a race of sorts to figure out more about the physical structure of DNA
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Avery’s Experiment
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DNA or Proteins?
• Even after Avery’s experiments it was not widely accepted that DNA was the genetic material, but this line of research did spark a race of sorts to figure out more about the physical structure of DNA
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DNA Nucleotide – a nucleotide is the three component parts together
PhosphateGroup N
Nitrogenous base(Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Thymine)
Sugar(deoxyribose)
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Erwin Chargaff
• Chargaff’s research analyzed the amount of each nitrogen base in different organisms
• Humans Adenine= 30.4%• E. coli Adenine = 24.7%
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Erwin Chargaff
• Chargaff’s research determined that in DNA there were always equal parts
• Adenine = Thymine As well as equal parts • Cytosine = Guanine
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Erwin Chargaff
• Chargaff’s research determined that in DNA there were always equal parts
• Humans Adenine = 30%• Humans Thymine = ?• Humans Guanine = ?• Humans Cytosine = ?
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One more for practice…
• If you have a species with 35% Cytosine what percentage of the other base pairs would there be? –A-–G-–T-
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Base Pairing Purines:
Pyrimidines:
Purine - Pyrimidine
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Base Pairing Look carefully
—
Why can A only pair with T and C can only pair with G???
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Base Pairing
Which pairs would come apart more easily? (Take less _______ to pull apart)
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Base Pairing Which DNA strand
would come apart at a lower temperature?
1.25% Adenine
2. 45% Adenine
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DNA’s Role Revealed
In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used the bacteriophage (__________) to prove that DNA carried genetic material.
A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria.
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Life Cycle of a virus (bacteriophage)
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Hershey & Chase use viruses to prove DNA is the genetic material
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Hershey & Chase use viruses to prove DNA is the genetic material
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Still needed to know the structure!
• What is the structure of DNA?
• Who discovered the structure of DNA?
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DNA is shaped like a double helix (a twisted ladder)
This shape was discovered by two scientists: James Watson & Francis Crick
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Scientific Knowledge• Scientific knowledge and discovery is
always built on what we already know, past discovery & knowledge
• Were Watson & Crick the only ones responsible for discovering the structure of the DNA molecule?
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Who is Rosalind Franklin?
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Secret of Photo 51
Initial Thoughts & Questions• What is the climate like for women in
the 1940s?• Historical Treatment of Minorities• What was her first nickname? • Why was it so bad?
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Secret of Photo 51Thoughts & Questions?• Time to reflect maybe on how we
“other people”• Are there people that you don’t treat
well?• What do you do when people around
you are not acting respectfully?
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ASSIGNMENT DUE TOMORROW
Set 2 goals for the quarterList 3 ways you can help yourself
to achieve each goal