AP biologyCh.1

Why is AP biology the best class ever??• What you need to know about:

• The class• The test• Understanding the scope and relativity

The test

• 65 multiple choice questions

• 4 short answer questions

• 4 open response questions with multiple sub-questions

Themes

• Evolution

• Energy transfer

• Structure and function

• Regulation

• Communication

Topics

• Chemistry

• Cells

• Energy

• Genetics

• Evolution

• Plants and animals: anatomy and physiology

• Ecology

hierarchy

• Atoms- molecules – organelles – cell – tissue – organ- organ system – organism – population – communities – ecosystem - biosphere

• Emergent properties…as climb the hierachy• Cell is more than sum of it’s parts• Due to arrangement and interactions of

parts• Examle: brain injury: all parts still present,

but does NOT work properly

Hierarchy• Tissue: similar cells with similar

function

• Organ: mult. Types of cells with complex function

• Organ system

• Organism

• Population: all individuals of 1 species in 1 area

• Community: all living things in 1 area

• Ecosystem: all living and non-living things in 1 area

Activities of life

• Cell is the lowest level capable of all activities of life• Growth• Reproduction• Response to stim• Regulation• Energy processing

Discovery

• Cell discovered: • Robert Hooke 1665• cork

Cell theory

• Cell Theory:• Schleiden and Schwann• All living things consist of cells• All cells come from other cells

Two types of cells

• Prokaryote: bacteria

• Eukaryote: fungi, plants, animals

prokaryote

• Prokaryotic cells: • No membrane bound organelles

• What does it have?

eukaryote

• Eukaryotic cells: • More complex• Internal membranes• nuclues

3 Domains of life

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Eukarya

Regulation

• Feedback mechanisms

• Negative feedback: most common• The output or product of a process

(negatively) regulates that very process

• Positive feedback• Product of a process positively

enhances the process

Evolution

• Introduced by Charles Darwin in the book

• The Origin of Species• Current species arose from a succession

of ancestors• Descent with modification: Natural

selection• Natural environment “selects” for the

propagation of certain traits

Tree of life

• Family tree

• Adaptive radiation

Data

• Data: recorded observations• Items of information on which scientific

inquiry is based.

• Qualitative: recorded descriptions • (color of leaves)

• Quantitative: numerical information

Scientific method

• Hypothesis: educated supposition of what will happen when certain changes are made.

• Experimental design: variable, control

• Data collection: will there be qualitative (pics) or quantitative

• Format results: graphs

• Conclusion: what does it mean

DNA

• DNA: ALL cells contain DNA at some point• Universality of genetic code

Nucleotides

• DNA • double helix• 4 nucleotides A T C G

• Adenine• Thymine• Guinine• Cyosine

DNA

• Nucleus of each human cell has entire genome

• 3 billion chemical letters long