“LUKOIL Uzbekistan Operating Company” LLC “TEXNET ... · “LUKOIL Uzbekistan Operating...

“LUKOIL Uzbekistan Operating Company” LLC

“TEXNET” Scientific Production Enterprise

APPROVED

“LUKOIL Uzbekistan OperatingCompany” LLC

_____________ Gurzhiy S.L.

“_20_” _September_ 2013

DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTSUPPLEMENTS TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FOR CONSTRUCTION OF WELLSAT KHAUZAK-SHADY BLOCK OF DENGIZKUL FIELD

Director“TEXNET” SPE

_____________ A. Kh. Nurjanov

“___” _______________ 2013

Tashkent 2013

2

“Dengizkul field Khauzak-Shady Block Wells Construction Environmental Impact Assessment” EIAS ProjectAddendum

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

DRILLING WASTES - the wastes generated during well drilling, they include drillingcuttings, drilling sewage waters, waste drilling mud.

DRILLING SEWAGE WATERS - the waters produced during washing of drilling site,drilling equipment and tool; contain drilling mud and chemicals residues.

DRILLING CUTTINGS - a mix of the rocks particles, cutting agent, formed duringdrilling and waste drilling mud.

RECIRCULATED WATER (circulating) - the water used in technological process or forcooling of products and the equipment and re-supplied for the same purposes (aggregativenorms) following treating and cooling in water-cooling towers or other facilities.

WATER INTAKE – water intake from a reservoir, waterway or from groundwatersource.

WATER-SUPPLY WELL – well for subsurface water intake, equipped, as a rule, bycasing pipes and filter.

WATER-BEARING HORIZON – the water-bearing beds family, close by conditions offormation and geological structure and hydrological interconnected.

SALINE WATERS - the waters containing mineral substances in significant amount.Distinguish low - (0.5-5g/dm3), medium - (5-30g/dm3) and high-salt (more than 30 g/dm3 ofsoluble salts) waters.

POTABLE WATERS – the waters in which bacteriological, organoleptic indexes andindexes of toxic chemical substances are within the range of potable water supply norms.

WASTE WATERS - the waters which are drained following use in human household andindustrial activity.

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS – the waters following use in production process.HOUSEHOLD WASTE WATERS - the waters produced from dumps of settlements.ATMOSPHERIC AIR - 1) the natural gases mix which have developed during Earth

evolution; 2) air out of living spaces or industrial premises.WASTES TEMPORARY DISPOSAL – wastes storage in the plant’s territory in places

specially equipped for these purposes or in other allowed and equipped areas prior to their use inthe subsequent process cycle or sending for processing, recycling to other plant or permanentwastes disposal facility.

EMERGENCY EMISSION – ingress of pollutants in natural environment as a result ofbreakdown in technological process or accident

POLLUTION – introduction in environment or occurrence in it of new physical,chemical, information and biological agents, normally not specific for it or excess of naturalaverage and long-term level during the period in question.

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION – introduction in air or formation in it of physical agents,chemical substances or the organisms adversely effecting on life environment or causing loss tomaterial assets.

LOCAL POLLUTION – the pollution of small region (normally, in the vicinity ofindustrial plant, settlement, etc.); distinguish also spot pollution from the unit tube or fugitivesource.

HARMFUL SUBSTANCES DIACHARGE SOURCE - the technological unit,installation, device, apparatus, etc., discharged pollutants substances while in operation.

HARMFUL SUBSTANCES EMISSION SOURCE - the device (a pipe, aerationskylight, airshaft, etc.), by means of which there is pollutants emission into the atmosphere.

3


ENVIRONMENTAL (HUMAN) MONITORING – monitoring of natural humanenvironmental conditions and prevention of created critical situations harmful or hazardous tohuman health and other live organisms.

BOWELS - the part of earth crust located below the soil layer, and in its absence - belowthe earth surface or the bottom of the water bodies reaching to the depths accessible forexploration and development.

WASTES - the residues of raw materials, materials, half-finished products, and otherproducts or products which were formed during manufacture or consumption, as well as goods(products) which lost consumer properties.

PRODUCED WATERS – the water from water-bearing bed, one or several lithologicallyhomogeneous layers containing gravitational water and characterized by close hydraulicinterrelation. In this PFS the waste waters containing in reservoir conditions of gas storage invaporous state and passing into liquid phase during gas production concern to produced waters.

FERTILE SOIL LAYER – top humus part of soil body possessing favorable chemical,physical and biological properties for plants growth.

NATURAL RESOURCES – the natural objects and phenomenon used for direct andindirect consumption for the purpose of creation of material benefits, maintenance of humanliving conditions and products quality improvement.

LANDS RESTORATION – the complex of works directed to restoration of productivityand national-economic value of the disturbed lands, as well as to improvement of environmentalconditions according to society interests. At the operating plants attributable to disturbed landsthe lands restoration shall be an integral part of technological processes.

4


USED ABBREVIATIONS

MMS Mud Mixing SystemDWW Drilling Waste WatersBKR Bukhara-Khiva RegionDC Drilling CuttingsDB Derrick BuildingGWL Geophysical Well LoggingGOA Gas-oil AreaFL Fuels and LubricantsICE Internal Combustion EngineCMC Carboxymethyl CelluloseOBA Oil Bearing AreaPS Production StringWDM Waste Drilling MudEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentLLC Limited Liability CompanySE Surrounding EnvironmentDEIS Draft Environmental Impact StatementBOP Blow-out PreventerMPC Maximum Permissible Concentration, mg/m3NC Natural ComplexBS Blowout SafetyRD Regulation DocumentSM Safety MeasuresHHW Household WasteHC Hydrocarbons

5


TABLE OF CONTENTSTERMS AND DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 2

USED ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................................... 4

LIST OF TEXT TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. 6

TABLE OF TEXT FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ 7

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 8

1 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ........................................... 91.2 SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE WATERS ............................................................................131.3 SOILS AND GROUNDS .........................................................................................................181.4 BOWELS ................................................................................................................................201.5 FLORA AND FAUNA ............................................................................................................211.6 EXISTING SOURCES OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ......................................................281.7 OVERVIEW OF KHAUZAK AND SHADY BLOCK..............................................................301.8 PERSONNEL HEALTH STATUS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS ...............................31

2 PLANNED ACTIVITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT .............................................................................32

3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES ......................................................................48

3.1 EXPECTED EMISSIONS .......................................................................................................483.2 EXPECTED WATER RESOURCES WITHDRAWAL AND WASTE WATERS DISPOSAL ..793.3 EXPECTED WASTE ..............................................................................................................833.4 NOISE AND VIBRATION .....................................................................................................92

4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES OF PLANNED ACTIVITY AND TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT ....................................95

5 ORGANIZATIONAL, TECHNICAL AND PROCESS SOLUTIONS, AND MEASURES EXCLUDING NEGATIVEENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES DURING WELL CONSTRUCTION PERIOD ........................................................96

6 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 102

7 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING IN DRILLING .............................................................................. 110

8 FORECAST OF ENVIRONMENT CHANGES .................................................................................................. 115

CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................................... 119

LIST OF LITERATURE ........................................................................................................................................... 120

6


LIST OF TEXT TABLES

TABLE 1.1 – MONTHLY AVERAGE WIND SPEED .........................................................................................11

TABLE 1.2 – KARAKUL DELTA SOIL-WATER EXTRACT ANALYSIS RESULTS, ARID SOIL WEIGHTRATIO (%)...........................................................................................................................................................18

TABLE 1.3 – RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF WATER EXTRACT FROM SALINE SOILS, ARID SOIL WEIGHTRATIO (%)...........................................................................................................................................................19

TABLE 1.4 – AVERAGE RESULTS OF SOILS AND GROUNDS MONITORING AT THE KHAUZAK GPDFACILITIES IN THE FIRST HALF OF 2013 .......................................................................................................20

TABLE 1.5 – LIST OF BIRDS OF DENGIZKUL LAKE IDENTIFIED IN 2012 ..................................................23

TABLE 1.6 – ACTUAL EMISSIONS FROM KHAUZAK GPD STATIONARY SOURCES ................................28

TABLE 1.7 – AVERAGE RESULTS OF ATMOSPHERE MONITORING AT KHAUZAK GPD FACILITIES INTHE FIRST HALF OF 2013 .................................................................................................................................29

TABLE 3.1 – ATMOSPHERIC AIR IMPACT SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................54

TABLE 3.2 – LIST OF POLLUTANTS DURING ADDITIONAL WELL CONSTRUCTION ..............................56

TABLE 3.3 – GROSS EMISSIONS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE DURING WELL CONSTRUCTION ................56

TABLE 3.4 – PROCESS WATER FLOW RATE FOR VERTICAL WELLS ........................................................80

TABLE 3.5 – PROCESS WATER FLOW RATE FOR DIRECTIONAL WELLS .................................................80

TABLE 3.6 – WATER FLOW RATE FOR DRINKING NEEDS ..........................................................................80

TABLE 3.7 – TOTAL WATER REQUIREMENT FOR THE DRILLING PERIOD ..............................................81

TABLE 3.8 – TOTAL WATER REQUIREMENT FOR THE PERIOD OF EIGHT WELLS DRILLING ..............81

TABLE 3.9 – WATER QUALITY FOR RECYCLING WATER SUPPLY ...........................................................82

TABLE 3.10 – WATER REMOVAL FOR THE PERIOD OF ONE WELL DRILLING ........................................83

TABLE 3.11 – WATER REMOVAL FOR THE PERIOD OF EIGHT WELLS DRILLING ..................................83

TABLE 3.12 – DRILLING WASTE GENERATION RATE DESIGN DATA .......................................................85

TABLE 3.13 – DATA FOR DRILLING WASTE GENERATION NORM CALCULATION ................................88

TABLE 3.14 – CHARACTERISTIC AND ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF WASTES TO BE GENERATEDDURING CONSTRUCTION OF ONE WELL ......................................................................................................90

TABLE 3.15 – CHARACTERISTIC AND ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF WASTES TO BE GENERATEDDURING CONSTRUCTION OF EIGHT WELLS ................................................................................................92

TABLE 3.16 – SOME SOUND LEVELS ..............................................................................................................92

TABLE 3.17 - DRILL RIG NOISE LEVEL DATA ...............................................................................................94

TABLE 3.18 – DRILL RIG VIBRATION LEVEL DATA ....................................................................................94

TABLE 5.1 – ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES .........................................................................97

TABLE 5.2 – LANDS TECHNICAL RESTORATION EQUIPMENT ..................................................................99

TABLE 5.3 – LANDS TECHNICAL RESTORATION WORKS SCOPE AND TYPES ........................................99

7


TABLE OF TEXT FIGURES

Figure 1.1 – Situation Diagram of Shady Block Designed Well Location ................................. 10Figure 1.2 – Location Diagram of Wells 1053 NSh and 1054 NSh at Khauzak-Shady Block ofDengizkul field ......................................................................................................................... 36Figure 1.3 – Location Diagram of Well 1057X at Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkul field..... 37Figure 1.4 – Location Diagram of Well 1057X at Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkul field..... 38Figure 1.5 – Location Diagram of Well 1058X at Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkul field..... 39Figure 1.6 – Location Diagram of Wells 1058 and 1081 at Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkulfield .......................................................................................................................................... 40Figure 3.1 – Nitrogen Dioxide Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air .......................... 59Figure 3.2 – Carbon Oxide Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................... 60Figure 3.3 – Sulfur Dioxide Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air .............................. 61Figure 3.4 – Hydrocarbons Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................... 62Figure 3.5 – Soot Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air .............................................. 63Figure 3.6 – Formaldehyde Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................... 64Figure 3.7 – Nitrogen Dioxide Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air .......................... 66Figure 3.8 – Carbon Oxide Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................... 67Figure 3.9 – Sulfur Dioxide Atmospheric Air Maximum Concentrations .................................. 68Figure 3.10 – Hydrocarbons Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................. 69Figure 3.11 – Soot Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................................ 70Figure 3.12 – Formaldehyde Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................. 71Figure 3.13 – Nitrogen Dioxide Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ........................ 73Figure 3.14 – Carbon Oxide Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................. 74Figure 3.15 – Sulfur Dioxide Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................ 75Figure 3.16 – Hydrocarbons Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................. 76Figure 3.17 – Soot Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................................ 77Figure 3.18 – Formaldehyde Maximum Concentrations in Atmospheric Air ............................. 78Figure 7.1 - Location Diagram of Monitoring Stations at Khauzak-Shady Block in 2013 ........ 112

8


INTRODUCTION

In accordance with the development project of Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkul field“LUKOIL Uzbekistan Operating Company” LLC provides for construction of additional eightback-up wells in the northern part of Shady Block (2 wells), in the western part of Shady Block(2 wells), and on the Khauzak site (4 wells). Technologically the wells are production of verticaland directional type with the design depth of 2600m and 3070m, respectively. Wells are locatedin order to field development efficiency improvement.

Administratively all wells are located in Alat District of Bukhara Region.Additional wells pad selection is made based on engineering and environmental surveys

data.Well construction on the Khauzak site is planned within the existing cluster sites in the

water protection zone of Dengizkul Lake. Well pads in the western part of Shady Block are atconsiderable distance from lake, in the vicinity of cluster site. Drilling of wells in the northernpart of Shady Block will be performed in the vicinity of existing wells.

Designed wells location in existing utilities zone is ecologically and economicallyreasonable. In the design of these wells all technical solutions (well construction period, usedtechnique and equipment, well design, design depth and bed, drilling mud composition, drillingcuttings disposal, as well as environmental protection measures package) are made similarly toalready-existing wells at Khauzak-Shady Block, drilled according to construction workingproject documentation.

Procedure of well construction impact assessment at Khauzak-Shady Block wasaccompanied repeatedly. In 2005 there have been developed:

Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for drilling of production wells at Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkul field (directional wells) with the positive findings of SEER No.18/226z dated 29.08.2005;Draft EIS for drilling of production wells at Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkul Field(horizontal wells) with the positive findings of SEER No. 18/243z dated 09.09.2005;Draft EIS for drilling of production wells at Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkul field(vertical wells) with the positive finding of SEER NO. 18/227z dated 29.08.2005.

Based on the available technical and ecological documentation the technical assignmentof the Customer prescribes Addendum to “Dengizkul field Khauzak-Shady Block WellConstruction Environmental Impact Assessment”.

Taking into account provided engineering and environmental surveys data and DengizkulLake Enhanced Biodiversity Monitoring Plan this paper gives environmental assessment prior tostart of operations with specification of rare and protected flora and fauna species. In addition wehave considered technical solutions, provided environmental analysis and proposedenvironmental protection measures package. We have made potential emergencies analysistaking into account their occurrence risk factor.

In execution of this paper we were guided by “On Approval of the Regulations on StateEnvironmental Expertise in the Republic of Uzbekistan” approved by Resolution of the Cabinetof Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 31.12.2001 No. 491 which regulates contentsand volume of EIA Procedure documents.

We used legislative, normative and technical documents with regard to natureconservation and facilities design, input data and reports provided by the Customer, which arelisted in the bibliography.

9


1 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Administratively Khauzak and Shady Blocks are located in a desert zone of Alat Districtof Bukhara Region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The adjacent human settlement – Alat countrytown is located 60km to the north-west. North of facilities at the distance of 8-10km there isDengizkul village and Mubarek town 60km to the north-west. Urtabulak gas-condensate field isin 20km to the south-east.

No outside organizations, transportation and railway services in sites location zone.No residential areas nearly considered region, as well as intensive business activities of

other industries prompting mention the fact of minor disturbance of ground surface (Figure 1.1).Bukhara Region irrigated zone entirely covers desert zone, its central and southern

subzone.The climate of this territory is characterized by sharp continentality, small amount of

precipitation, high temperatures in the summer and low ones in the winter. All of this, as well aslow relative air humidity and frequent winds increase of moisture evaporating capacity of soilstratum and contribute to soil salinization processes. Winter low temperatures cause to topsoilfreezing that deteriorates its hydro-physical properties and complicates treatment and washing.

Average annual air temperature at Khauzak-Shady Block fluctuates within the 16.1-16.4°C, average monthly temperature of the hottest month – July makes 29.0-29.4°C, duringdaylight the maximum air temperature reaches 43.4-45.0° , and minimum temperature duringwinter cold snaps (December) goes below 15.2-15.3°C at monthly average of 4.8-5.5°C.Average daily temperature: maximum temperature falls on the end of July and the beginning ofAugust, minimum temperature falls on January and December.

Soil average annual temperature fluctuates within the 19.0-19.5°C in which case theaverage annual maximum temperature makes 37.6-37.8°C, and minimum temperature makes7.5-8.2°C. Soil level temperature during the summer is very high and absolute maxima reach 70-71°C at that time. At the same time during the winter season it goes below -18-20°C in whichcase the annual range of soil temperature makes 45.2-49.2°C.

Average annual precipitations fallout in Bukhara and Karakul oases makes 208.6mm and162.0 mm, respectively, 114.9 and 76.8mm of which fallout at night, and during the day – 93.7and 85.2mm, respectively. Maximum precipitations fallout within 24 hours by meteorologicalstations “Bukhara” and “Karakul” makes 23.1 and 18.8mm, respectively or 66.6 and 39.4% ofaverage monthly rainfall.

Maximum precipitations fall on the spring season (42.5-52.6%), 30.7-57.1% in the wintermonths, 1.4-16.1% in the autumn, and there are actually no rains in the summer (0.5-3.1%).Winter-spring to summer-autumn precipitations ratio makes approximately 8.8:1. Last springfrosts average long-term period falls on the second ten-days of March (sometimes on the third),and the first autumn frosts – at the beginning of October. The snow cover on the average has 4-5cm depth, normally it is thin and weak and often disappears, but in the hard winters it mayreach certain thickness whereupon it is lead to soil freezing up to 50-60cm.

A major contribution to soil cover formation and its salinization makes relative airhumidity determining water evaporation rate from soil level. Relative humidity pattern dependson local conditions, it actively affected by irrigation and collector-drainage networks, multiplesmall lakes, bogs, water bodies, irrigation fields, ground water levels and etc.

10


Figure1.1–SituationDiagramofShadyBlockDesignedWellLocation

11


Average annual relative air humidity fluctuates over a wide range of 52-55% at themeteorological station “Karakul”, and up to 59-61% at the meteorological station “Bukhara”.The winter month are characterized by maximum rates of relative humidity which remain at thelevel of 74-85%, and by minimum rates in the summer – 33-45%. Average relative air humidityat 01.00 pm in the summer makes 22-28%. Average annual number of days with relative airhumidity no more than 30% makes 12.8-17.0%, and in case of less than 80% makes 2.2-3.4%.

Small precipitations amount, high air temperatures, high solar radiation, and high relativeair humidity causes extreme evaporation in the territory of oases. Annual evaporation makes1750-2040mm. More than 80% of soil discharge falls on warm half-year. Moisture deficit makes1580-1770mm. During the summer season evaporating moisture content exceeds atmosphericprecipitation approximately 40-45 times. First of all, that goes to high soil salinization.

Large solar radiation intensity of desert zone and related to it high air temperature,especially in the summer, lead to flash evaporation of a falling out moisture. In desert the mostpart of a solar energy during the summer is expended for heating of surface soils with thesubsequent their heat emission into the lower air layers (turbulent heat exchange) that causessharp temperature rise of these layers. In oases the part of receivable heat is expended forevaporation due to which the temperature is significantly below here.

The territory of Khauzak-Shady Block is exposed both to low and intensive wind loadingrate. Average annual wind speed makes by meteorological stations “Bukhara” and “Karakul” –3.8 and 2.9m/s respectively, with prevalence of north and north-east, in many cases north-westwinds. Maximum of strong winds (16-20m/s) falls on March-May. Number of days with strongwind which speed makes 15m/s is 8-12 days, and number of days with dusty storms is 18-24days. Maximum number of days with strong winds (> 15m/s) falls on winter-spring season.Average annual maximum wind speed fluctuates from 15.7 to 14.3m/s (Table 1.1).

Table1.1–MonthlyAverageWindSpeed

Year Months Wind Speed by Meteorological Stations, m/s“Bukhara” “Karakul”

Average Averagemaximum Average Average

maximumJanuary 3.4 13.0 2.6 13.0February 3.7 18.5 3.0 14.0March 4.5 18.5 3.0 16.0April 4.1 18.0 3.1 15.0May 3.6 16.0 2.8 15.0June 4.3 19.5 3.3 16.5July 4.4 16.5 3.3 16.0August 4.2 13.0 2.9 11.0September 4.0 14.0 2.9 12.5October 3.1 16.5 2.5 13.5November 3.0 12.5 2.6 11.5December 3.3 12.0 2.8 13.0Per annum 3.8 15.7 2.9 14.3

Maximum north winds prevalence intensity is more characteristic to the summer months.During the winter season directivity is much the same, except for south-west winds.

12


According to the atmosphere pollution potential (a combination of the meteorologicalfactors conditioning possible atmosphere pollution level from sources in this geographical area)the territory of Khauzak-Shady Block – Kyzylkum Desert – is located in zone of moderateatmosphere pollution potential.

Within the framework of the environment audit conducted in the end of 2004 – at thebeginning of 2005 there have been air sampling. At number of points there was observed highmaximum one-time dustiness which may be accounted for that the Kyzylkum Desert in whichterritory Khauzak and Shady Block is located relates to natural sources of atmosphere dustiness.3-4-fold increase in MPC of atmospheric air dustiness is observed in the southern and, inparticular, in the south-west part of considered territory. Maximum dust concentration values arefixed at level of 2.778mg/m3 (5.6 MPC), and minimum – 0.429mg/m3 (0.9 MPC).

There was detected methane in all samples collected at Khauzak-Shady Block, howeverits concentrations not exceed approximately safe impact level (ASIL). Hydrocarbon 2 6 insamples was not detected.

Oxygen content in all samples to be analyzed is slightly below against dust-free air.Carbon in samples was not detected.

There is noted high concentration of:- nitrogen dioxide – 1.29 MPC to 7.94 MPC;- nitrogen oxide – 1.12 MPC to 2.35 MPC;- ammonia – 1.07 MPC to 40.835 MPC;- xylene – 4.22 MPC to 5.46 MPC;- toluene – 2.76 MPC to 4.17 MPC.As a result of the collected samples analysis high concentration of hydrogen sulfide (up

to 0.11mg/m3) and phenol (up to 1.092 mg/m3) are detected.In other investigated components (carbon oxide, sulfur dioxide, benzene) MPC excess

was not detected.In 2012 State Specialized Inspection of Analytical Control conducted departmental

monitoring of environment condition during Oil and Gas Operations at Khauzak-Shady block ofDengizkul field. Condition of air was assessed based on maximum permissible concentrations(MPC) of pollutants in the air of populated areas, set by the Ministry of Health for the territory ofthe Republic of Uzbekistan as standard sanitary and hygienic norms of air quality (SanPiN RUzNo0293-11).

As well as in 2011 content of hydrogen sulfide and, at some stations, sulfur dioxideexceeds maximum permissible concentrations at Block atmosphere.

In 2011 content of hydrogen sulfide at the background station varied from 0.6 to 2.2MPC; in 2012– 1.05-3.6 MPC,

In 2011 in I stage of monitoring excess of hydrogen sulfide was recorded at all localstations except of multiple-well platforms Nos 9, 12 and pig receiver. Maximum excess of 4.4MPC was observed at Drilling Waste Landfill.

In 2012 in I stage of monitoring excess of hydrogen sulfide was recorded at all localstations except for Drilling Waste Landfill. Maximum concentration was recorded at well padNo1 – 10.5 MPC, minimum – at the point closest to Field Base on the border with sanitaryprotection zone of Gas Primary Treatment Facility – 2.1 MPC.

Detected excess of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide in air is connected with naturaland anthropogenic changes, taking place in the territory of the whole region. No considerableimpact of oil and gas operations on air condition is detected.

13


1.2 SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE WATERS

No permanent hydrographic network at Khauzak-Shady Block. Within their limits well-developed drainage network and discharge headers are noted only. Largest of them is the SouthDengizkul discharge header. South Dengizkul header flow rates vary within 0.31 to 1.4m3/s,respectively. Collector and drainage waters salinization fluctuates from 10.9 to 13.7g/l.

Dengizkul Lake is located in Alat District of Bukhara Region and has spring-fed origin.East part of Bukhara-Khiva zones in relation to the Central Kyzylkum is area of deflections. Oneof such deflections is also Dengizkul depression (in the past lake). Such depression nowadaysrepresents the huge saline hollow which is the basic point for drainage waters ballasting 267km2

in area and volume of 2723.4x106m3. At present Dengizkul Lake is located in the lower courseof the Zarafshan River, in the deepest place of the large tectonic depression, fed by main canal ofthe Zarafshan River – Taykyr, as well as several channels with waste and drainage waters.Dengizkul Lake is the lake not having outflow.

Lake water-surface area and depth vary regularly: in high-water years the lake surfacereached 110-120 thousand hectares with water volume of 3-3.5 BCM, inmost depth of 25-30m.Currently its water-surface area is equal to 50-60 thousand hectares. Water is briny; its bed iscovered by salt by 4-6cm. According to the RUz Main Department of Water Economy data theexpected water level in Dengizkul Lake makes 184.2-184.4m.

In 1993-2003 water inflow made just 150-230 MCM against 480-550 MCM in 1985-90.This water inflow quantity does not cover evaporation losses and water volume was reduced by60%. As a result the lake water-surface area has reduced near twofold and has bared saline shore.Water salinization has increased about 5-8 times, including: chlorides 8 times, sulfates 26 times,nitrate 7 times, biological oxygen demand (BOD) 6 times.

Lake water-surface area coverage with the reeds and bushes by 25-30% is deemed to befavorable for breeding and development of fishes. In the spring and autumn the birds migrationpaths run across the lake and many of them stay for the winter (Chapter 1.3.5). The lake isornithological reserve, has the international importance and entered in water body list of RamsarWetlands Protection Convention.

Dengizkul Lake is the most mass wintering of water birds (more than 50 species) inUzbekistan, more than hundred species of avifauna use the lake as flyway during spring-autumnseasons.

By now Dengizkul Lake actually has lost all its natural resources. A favorableenvironment for increase of fishes and birds is lost. There are some reasons of fish loss on thelake. As a result of lake’s water-surface level lowering reeds have dried up and favorablespawning areas of fishes have decreased. Mineral salt content in the lake reached 20g/l that is alimit of fishes’ breeding capability.

During environmental audit at Khauzak and Shady Block the analyses of samples wasmade for three groups on an individual bases: the water taken from open water bodies,groundwater and potable water. 22 water samples were collected in total of which 10 samplesfrom surface water bodies, 6 samples of groundwater and 6 samples of potable water.

Results of analyses have shown the following:Dengizkul Lake water mainly is sulfate-magnesium, however its salinization reaches 20-

25g/l that multiple exceeds the established MPC level. As far as moving from discharge headerinflow point into the lake the water salinization increases and at the small distance fromdischarge header its content becomes above 25g/l, i.e. Dengizkul Lake water actually relates tobrackish water category. Biological and chemical oxygen demand indexes however exceed levelof permissible MPC values over the whole lake water-surface area, they increases 3 and 15times, respectively as far as moving from discharge header inflow point into the lake. BOD and

14


COD indexes reach maximum values on the south-west lakeshore of Dengizkul (to 70 and 50MPC respectively).

Dissolved oxygen availability in lake makes average 0.5mgO/l that 8 times less thanminimum limit established for 2 category fishery facilities. At the same time water-dissolvedoxygen level in discharge header meets the value established for 1 category fishery facilities.

Phenol content in Dengizkul Lake water increases as far as moving from dischargeheader inflow point, and excess of its concentration against the established value of MPC isreached approximately in the mid-lake’s water table, and its maximum values are observed onthe north-east lakeshore of Dengizkul. Comparison of phenol distribution in Dengizkul Lakewater and atmospheric air of the Khauzak-Shady Block indicates regularity of phenolconcentration increase on drawing near the north-east lakeshore of Dengizkul (approximately inthe vicinity of mining lease of the site, located in the mid-lake).

All sampling points of Khauzak-Shady Block found out benzene and oil products contentin groundwater, however they concentration do not exceed established MPC level. Generally,there is excess against the established MPC value of suspended particles content, dry residue 25times (9.25 to 48 MPC), total dissolved solids 27.5 times (9.18 to 47.8 MPC), BOD and COD(4.29 to 41.2 MPC), BOD (3.07 to 29.4 MPC) in groundwater. Ions of ammonium, nitrites, andcarbonates are not detected in groundwater. There was detected high xylene content ingroundwater – 3.4 to 105 MPC.

Ammonium, cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, iron and zinc content is detected in potablewater, however their water concentration much less than permissible MPC level. MPC excess isdetected for cadmium (3 to 10 MPC), aluminum (2.3 times more than MPC), however its contentin artesian wells is not detected actually. Pesticides in potable water also are not detected. Therewas detected benzene and oil products content, however their concentration in potable watermuch less than MPC. Artesian wells water used on the site as potable water has salinization 6.6-7.2 times exceeding MPC. According to sanitary-bacteriological indexes only one artesian chinkand well water meets the requirements of the established norms.

In accordance with Specifications of State Specialized Inspection of Analytical Controlresearches at Khauzak-Shady block were continued in 2012 in order to assess impact of oil andgas operations on condition of surface and ground water.

In 2012 level of surface water salinity, COD, content of suspended matter, petroleumproducts, xylol and iron at background section and Dengizkul lake remain high. As comparedwith 2011 salinity is up to 1.9 times less, COD is up to 1.7 times less, petroleum, xylol and ironcontent is up to 1.5 times less and hydrogen sulfide content in water is up to 1.4 times higher.

Based on the results of monitoring of Dengizkul lake surface water condition it isdetected that maximum salinity (up to 30.66 g/l), COD (up to 30.2 MPC), maximum content ofpetroleum products (up to 4.7 MPC), xylol (up to 2.2 MPC), hydrogen sulfide (up to 0.0168mg/l) and iron (up to 4,8 MPC) are observed in the Dengizkul lake water near multiple-wellplatform 16, furthest from the mouth of waste water manifold. Maximum concentration ofpetroleum products, xylol and iron in the Dengizkul lake water is observed in autumn.

High concentration of pollutants in the Dengizkul lake is result of accumulation of theseingredients in the lake, where waste and drain water of whole Alat district is discharged.

Monitoring of ground water condition was conducted at 12 observation wells, located in4 rows at the landfill for temporary storage and disposal of drilling waste, including territory ofits sanitary protection zone.

Changes in salinity of ground water in regime wells of Drilling Waste Landfill areinsignificant (10,7-12,42 g/l) and salinity remains at 2011 level.

Content of petroleum products and xylol in ground water in the third stage of rows I-IIis up to 2.2 times higher than values of the previous stages and 2011; at row III it is up to 2.6

15


times higher than values of the previous stages and 2011; at row IV it is up to 1.7 times higherand practically unchanged as compared with 2011.

Oxidizability of ground water in wells varies greatly from 0.54 MPC (2.7 mg/l) to 8.6MPC (43.2 mg/l). Oxidizability of ground water in wells Nos 1, 2, 5, 6 and 8 is 1.1-8.6 timeshigher than MPC. In III stage oxidizability is from 6 (well No 6) to 8.3 (well No 5) times higherthan values of previous stages and is respectively 1.7 and 9.8 times higher than values of similarperiod in 2011.

Content of hydrogen sulfide in ground water varies from 0.0022 to 0.2284 mg/l, and it isobserved that in some wells (No 5 and No 6) its content is up to 26.8 times higher. In wells No10 and No 11 this value is up to 5.7 times less, than in previous stages, and remains at 2011level.

In 2012 as compared with 2011 higher concentration of iron was observed in groundwater of wells No 5 and No 6.

It is worth mentioning that it is not subsoil water that is monitored in the area of DrillingWaste Landfill, but ground water of the second aquifer which is under pressure and has highnatural protection against penetration of contaminants from surface that practically excludesinfiltration of contaminants from waste storage area.

The microorganisms capable to develop due to oil hydrocarbons oxidation are detected inall water samples (except for water discharge header) and bottom sediments collected atKhauzak-Shady Block. Abundance of the most water samples fluctuates within 103-104 cells per1ml.

According to the association of subsurface waters to various age and lithological varietyof sediments in the considered territory there are pointed out the following hydrogeologicaldivisions (water-bearing, locally water-bearing, water-permeable, but waterless and moisture-proof systems, water-bearing fracture zones):

Water-bearing system of alluvial Upper Neo Pleistocene and Holocene sediments isprevailed in periphery of the Zeravshan and Kashkadarya deltas in Karakul oasis north-west partof which enters into Khauzak-Shady Block. At this point water-bearing system of Upper NeoPleistocene and Holocene alluvia occur the first from daylight surface. System subsurface watershave free surface. Groundwater level occurs at a depth of 1.2-3.7m, stage of water table to agreat extent depends on relief, and feed conditions. Groundwater level on irrigating lands occursat a depth of 1-3m, but on rain-fed lands up to 5-7m. Level amplitude on the irrigated areas mayreach 1.5-2m (at the maximum stage of water table in April-May and minimum - in October-November). At the delta periphery, in its non-irrigated part, at a distance from irrigationchannels, level amplitudes do not exceed 0.5m. Thus, subsurface water level fluctuations showthat there is connectivity of the latter with irrigation waters, rate of water feed of surface waters.

In zones of irrigation channels and irrigated areas impact the system water is brackish (interms of total dissolved solids 1.2-2.7g/l), of sodium sulfate composition, on fallows insideirrigation projects water salinization increases up to 8-12g/l, and at oasis periphery up to 23-32g/l. Chemically they generally are sodium chloride. Similar regularity is observed in sub-bottom profile. It is possible to say that along the extent area of water-bearing system the freshwaters generally are absent. At this point, as a result of low natural subsurface water outflowthere is mainly observed vertical water cycle.

Subsurface waters fed, mainly, by infiltration from irrigation schemes and from theirrigated areas (to 95% of water input). They are consumed for evaporation – to 89% anddrainage effluent – 10%.

Water-bearing system of the Upper Pliocene (Sayat and Dengizkul series) sediments ispervasive. Water-bearing system at Khauzak-Shady Block occurs under water-bearing alluvial

16


sediments of the Upper Pliocene and Holocene. In the northern and southern edges of DengizkulLake the Upper Pliocene water-bearing system occur the first from daylight surface.

In the most of its extent area the water-bearing system has free surface, the establishedlevel occurs at a depth of 4-16m. Within the Karakul oasis the Upper Pliocene and Upper NeoPleistocene subsurface waters are hydraulic interconnected. At this point level of the second(Upper Pliocene) system is established approximately at a depth with ground waters or slightlybelow. In deep parts of section the Upper Pliocene sediments water get a head. Water-bearingsystem surface is flatly inclined to the west-north-west; its elevations vary in the same directionfrom 190m of altitude to 170m. Thickness reaches 200-220m.

Subsurface waters of this system generally are characterized as brackish and salty. Theirsalinization fluctuates within 8-12g/l, reaching in many cases 38-46g/l. Some wells tapped upwaters with the salinization to 3-5g/l. Chemically the waters are sulfate, sodium or chloride, andsodium. Subsurface waters of Upper Pliocene sediments are formed due to infiltration ofatmospheric precipitation and underground water inflow from the top and middle parts of theZaravshan and Kashkadarya deltas within the Karakul oasis, and partially due to infiltration ofsurface waters. Their discharge occurs in the multiple closed depressions, including depressionin which Dengizkul Lake is located. Condition of the system ground waters level is characteristicfor deserts. Level amplitude is low (0.3-1.0) with a maximum in the spring and a minimum in theautumn.

Waterproof system of Eocene sediments is pervasive. The system rocks crop out on thedaylight surface on the northern edge of Denizkul Lake and occur directly under the UpperPliocene drained formations at Khauzak-Shady Block (the southern edge of Dengizkul Lake). Inrespect of hydrology the clays, siltstones, marls stratum is the regional water confining stratumdividing a hydrogeologic cross-section in which top the ground waters are prevailed, and inlower part – head concordant waters and salt waters. In the underbody of described territoryoverlying confining bed is tapped up at a depth of 50-150m. Eocene water confining stratumthickness reaches 240m.

Water-bearing system of the Turonian-Paleocene sediments is prevailed at Khauzak-Shady Block. Water-bearing system overlying confining bed is tapped up by wells at a depth of150-200m. Hydrophilic rocks are presented by fractured limestones with layers of gypsums,calcareous sandstones and clays in Upper Paleocene part of system cross-section and alternatestratum of clays, sand, sandstones, siltstones, limestones in the lower Turonian-Maastricht partof cross-section. System hydrophilic rocks total thickness reaches 700-800m being reduced to200-400m in the brachyanticlinal structural highs.

Subsurface waters of Turonian-Paleocene sediments over the area, in the most of its part,are brackish with the salinization of 3.2-7.6g/l, more rarely total dissolved solids contentincreases to 8.9-11.6g/l. However, waters of the system Paleocene sediments are more salinethan Turonian-Maastricht. Chemically the system subsurface waters are sodium sulfate andsodium chloride. Waters are not characterized by high concentration of lithium, strontium,chrome, and lead, but considerably lower than their relative minimum-industrial concentration.System waters are thermal; their mouth temperature reaches 36-45°C.

Water-bearing system of Turonian-Paleocene sediments fed by subsurface inflow on thepart of mountain frame and to the small extent – downstream of hydrophilic rocks, in thebrachyanticlinal structure highs, in subsurface waters transit zone – due to infiltration ofatmospheric precipitation. System subsurface waters are discharged through overflowing intooverlying water-bearing systems along the fractured zones, as well as into multiple blinddepressions. Subsurface waters of Turonian-Paleocene sediments have significant practicalimportance. In desert zone they are one of the major sources of pastures flooding, system watersare widely used for oil-gas exploration process water supply.

17


Water-bearing system of the Cenomanian sediments is developed universally. Systemconfining bed is tapped up by oil wells at a depth of 800-1000m under the Turonian-Maastrichtsediments. Clay and siltstones of the Lower Turonian having thickness to 80-100m divide theCenomanian water-bearing system from overlying Turonian-Paleocene. Hydrophilic rocks arepresented by interbedding of sandstones, limestones, clays and siltstones. System thicknessreaches 400m.

Salinity of subsurface waters increases according to the hydrophilic rocks drowning.Chemically the waters are sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. Subsurface waters fed bysubsurface inflow on the part of mountain discovery; discharge – as a result of outflow andoverflowing along the fractured zones into overlying water-bearing systems. Waters are thermal;temperature varies from 40 to 68°C.

Water-bearing system of the Albian sediments is pervasive. Water-bearing systemconfining bed occurs at a depths from 970-1200m to 1400-1700m. Hydrophilic stratum ispresented by sandstones, clays with the sand bands, siltstones, and limestones. System thicknessis up to 160-450m. System water salinization varies from 8-12g/l to 60g/l. Chemically the watersmainly are sodium chloride. System subsurface waters contain iodine at a rate of 0.515mg/l,bromine – 15-113mg/l. Waters are thermal; temperature reaches 70°C.

Water-bearing system fed by subsurface inflow from in the part of mountain frame,discharge due to outflow and overflowing into overlying hydro-geological subdivisions along thetectonic deformation (faults). Waters of Albian sediments have no practical importance.

Water-bearing system of the Berriasian-Aptian sediments is pervasive. Systemconfining bed is tapped up by wells at a depth of 1080-2000m. Hydrophilic rocks are presentedby stratum of sandstones, clays, siltstones alternating among themselves by interlayers ofgypsum, limestones and dolomite with the gross thickness from 220-275m to 380-450m. Systemwaters salinization is significant as a whole. In the territory adjacent from the north it fluctuatesfrom 4 to 42g/l, within the sites the water salinization increases to 50-220g/l. Chemically thewater mainly are sodium chloride. Water contains iodine at a rate up to 142mg/l, bromine to370mg/l. Water temperature is 60-80°C. Such waters can be considered as raw materials foriodine and bromine commercial production.

Water-bearing system of the Jurassic sediments is pervasive. System confining bed ispresented by waterproof stratum of saliferous rocks of Kimmeridgian-Tithonian, halite,anhydrite, gypsum, occurs at a depth of 1200-3000m. Terrigennous-carbon bearing sediments ofthe lower and middle Jurassic and carbonate formations of the upper Jurassic combine accordingto the field nomenclature XV, XVI, XVII and XVIII water-bearing horizons divided bywaterproof layers of clays, siltstones, and mudstones. Jurassic water-bearing system thicknessreaches 1500m.

Jurassic system subsurface waters are characterized by high salinity. Waters of XVhorizon over the Khauzak area represent salt waters with the salinization from 113.1-159.3 to88.6g/l, respectively. Chemically the waters are calcium chloride. Jurassic system subsurfacewaters are thermal with the temperature changing from 99 to 107°C. Iodine and brominecommercial content (more than 10 and 200mg/l in case of their commonly content in water) inJurassic water-bearing system is established.

18


1.3 SOILS AND GROUNDS

Complex morphological conditions, hydro-geological conditions and economic activitiescause development of multiple soil formations.

Meadow-oasis soils are the most prevailed in Karakul delta. Agro-irrigation mudsthickness do not exceed 1-1.5m. Meadow-oasis soils are developed under the influence ofshallow ground waters (1-3m), irrigational feed regime salinization defining in soils and dependon feed regime ground waters outflow. In this respect, soils developed in the top part of delta arein more favorable conditions than developed in the remaining territory. Totally, area soilcondition is shown in the Table 1.2.

Table1.2–KarakulDeltaSoil-waterExtractAnalysisResults,AridSoilWeightRatio(%)

Depth,cm

DissolvedSolids

TotalAlkalinity CI SO4 Ca Mg Na K

0-46 0.174 0.015 0.045 0.055 0.021 0.007 0.022 0.00346-70 0.274 0.012 0.038 0.110 0.017 0.016 0.031 0.00270-156 0.420 0.015 0.066 0.208 0.027 0.034 0.050 0.002

156-180 1.876 0.015 0.447 0.708 0.119 0.125 0.260 0.003

Meadow alluvial irrigated soils are the most widespread in the investigated territory,ground waters depth level in them falls within the limits of 1.5-3m therefore soils are exposed tothe constant capillary humidifying. Depending on limiting of irrigation the soils are subdividedinto old and newly irrigated.

In case of long-term irrigation the irrigated grey-brown soils of the Karakuls oasis losetheir basic regional soil conditions (crusty, cloddiness, gypsum content, etc.). As a result of along-term irrigation with muddy waters containing considerable amount of suspended smallparticles the profile of such soils accumulates agro-irrigation muds. On the old irrigated landswith grey-brown soils thickness of agro-irrigation muds reaches 100-120cm, on the newlyirrigated – 50-80cm and on the rain-fed lands – 30-50cm only.

Agro-irrigation alluviation on the one hand indicates changing of natural soil-formingprocess towards anthropogenous soil-forming process, and on the other hand on occurrence ofthe soils essentially differing from virgin according to their water chemistry, both physical andchemical and chemical properties and regime, i.e. soils pass from idiomorphic to eluvial-hydrogenic series.

Such soils contain small quantity of humus (0.4-0.8%). Nitrogen, phosphorus andpotassium content makes 0.030-0.042%; 0.035-0.13% and 0.350-1.95% respectively. They alsoare a little provided by labile phosphorus (13-15.0mg/kg) and exchange potassium (130-150mg/kg). They are formed at close ground waters occurrence from ground surface (1.5-2m).

Saline soils are characterized by availability of salt crust of 0.3-2cm thickness underwhich the loose subcrustal layer is located and lower subhorizon consisting of complexsediments. Texturally saline soils are various. They are not developed on complex alluvialsediments of various textures. They contain small quantity of nutrients, their humus contentmakes 0.1-0.3%. According to the salinity quality the saline soils normally are sulfate-chlorideand chloride, and by cations are calcium-magnesian or sodium-magnesian. Results of theanalysis of the water extract from saline soils are shown in the Table 1.3.

19


Table1.3–ResultsofAnalysisofWaterExtractfromSalineSoils,AridSoilWeightRatio(%)

Depth,cm

DissolvedSolids O3 I SO4 Ca Mg Na+K

0-2 15.700 0.015 4.300 5.932 3.920 0.560 0.0232-15 9.200 0.009 2.191 3.789 2.00 0.364 0.050

13-65 6.250 0.009 1.706 1.448 1.998 0.192 0.04465-104 3.810 0.017 1.747 1.145 0.241 0.120 0.081

104-151 2.700 0.008 0.878 1.042 0.076 0.040 0.023151-198 1.100 0.006 0.212 0.780 0.013 0.029 0.022

Soils (grounds) sampling at Kauzak-Shady Block was conducted at 22 sampling points(depth of 0.3-6m) and at 6 sampling points near to mouths of earlier drilled gas wells has shown,that:

the soil cover of territory is presented mainly by grey-brown less developed, desert andsandy soils. These are idiomorphic soils of desert zone confined to rather ancient surfaces. Soilsand grounds texture, mainly, is grain: sandy loam, sand, more rarely light loam. Interlayers ofmedium-textured and heavy loams come to light. In fractional composition of soils small silts areprevail (0.1-0.05mm.)

All soils and grounds of the sites are exposed to salinization; their degree of salinizationis very mottled: from low to very high that is predetermined by macro- and microrelief, hydro-geological conditions and soils texture. According to chemistry the soils and grounds mainly aresulfate-chloride, more rarely chloride-sulfate.

On a number of sites of Khauzak field oil products content in soils (sampling depth to0.3m) 5-6 times exceeds its concentration in grounds (sampling depth to 6m), that explains soilfractional composition in which small silts are prevail which prevent “penetration” of oilproducts into soil depth. In this regard contamination of soils formed earlier as a result ofanthropogenous activity, for example, drilling of wells, now are observed mainly in surfacelayer.

From organic substances the xylene, phenol, and synthetic surface-active reagents weredetected in the bottom sediments. Main representative of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonswhich have been detected in the bottom sediments is benz(o)pyrene. However benz(o)pyrenecontent in the bottom sediments sample is low and does not constitute cancerogenic hazard toenvironmental medium.

Khauzak-Shady Block is notable for high hydrocarbons content in soil and bottomsediments. Moreover the maximum content of oil oxidant and phenol oxidant bacteria isobserved throughout the Khauzak field and in individual area (in the vicinity of the north-eastlakeshore of Dengizkul) of Shady field that is in turn correlated with results of phenol air, waterand soil distribution.

In order to evaluation of performed works impact (including waste management) on thesoils and grounds status in 2013 there have been continued land resources explorations at theKhauzak GPD during the spring season.

Sampling was conducted at observation points located at background point (basic level)and in points of soils and grounds potential contamination (local level).

Survey of soils and grounds contamination at Khauzak-Shady Block were carried out onthe cluster site of wells, wells under construction (Northern Shady), in the territories of Drillcuttings landfill, Treatment plants, filling station and in passing through Dengizkul Lake strait.Within the survey targets (local sites) observation points were located in zones of the maximumpotential impact of the performed works. Vertical distribution of contaminants along the

20


lithological cross-section was surveyed through staged sampling within the intervals 0.0-0.3 and0.5-1.0m. In addition, sanitary condition of the well pads was defined through visualobservations. Average data by results of soils and grounds monitoring at Kauzak-Shady Block isshown in the Table 1.4.

Table1.4–AverageResultsofSoilsandGroundsMonitoringattheKhauzakGPDFacilitiesintheFirstHalfof2013

No Characteristics

Mean Concentration, mg/kg

Background(outside of LUOC

facilities)

Local (at LUOCfacilities)

MPC one timecon.

MPCone time

con.(RUz)* (WB)**

1 Water extract pH 7.0 6.83 -2 Dry residue, g 0.335 0.65 - -3 Oil products, mg/kg 0.235 0.321 - 5.0004 Iron 16840.40 14318.22 - -* - MPC (RUz) – No MPC for the controlled soil indexes** - MPC (WB) – WB standard (WHO) accepted according to Dutch Intervention Values (DIVs)

Expert reports determine that for all period of observation from 2005 to 2013 thebackground indexes of controlled components of soil contamination (dry residue, iron and oilproducts) remained approximately on a level. Dangerous tendencies of contaminants increase insoils and grounds are not fixed.

Results of monitoring of the first half of 2013 show that content in soils and grounds ofthe basic contamination indexes (dry residue, iron and oil products) generally remained at levelof 2012.

In 2013 biotic monitoring in the territory of Khauzak-Shady Block was carried out onfour sites, from which two are located on “Khauzak” GPD (in the vicinity of cluster sites 9 and19), the third – Shady Block and fourth the control (standard) - in the most northern part of theContract area, over a distance of work performing. Whole territory represents the hilly, fixedsand with sparse vegetation.

1.4 BOWELS

Khauzak and Shady Contract sites of Dengizkul field are within the Bukhara-Khiva oil-and-gas bearing area to which the majority presently operated large gas, oil, gas-condensate andoil-and-gas condensate fields of the Republic of Uzbekistan having similarity in bowels deepstructure relates.

Proximity of fields location from each other causes the universal features in structure ofgeological cross-section for which express stratifying to the folded basement from volcanic andmetamorphic rocks of pre-Triassic age and the sedimentary cover presented by deposits ofJurassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene and Neogene systems is characteristic.

The folded Paleozoic basement over the Khazuak area occurs at a depth of 3500-4000m.It is overlapped by stratum of Permian-Triassic marbles with no chance to oil and gas.

Overlying clayey Lower and Middle Jurassic stratum also is actually stripped ofcollector-layers; during well testing the inflows over the considered area have not been obtained.

21


Lower and Middle Jurassic sediments are the most ancient in the sedimentary cross-section explored by drilling on the field. Overlaying carbonate gas-bearing stratum has thicknessof 400 meters or above.

Carbonate sediments are overlapped by thick halogen series of Kimmeridgian-Tithonianage. There is occurs anhydrite stratum in the base of series. Due to difficulties in identification ofthis stratum the base of Gaurdak series on the areas of fields is conditionally drawn along the saltbase which occurs at a depth of 2300-2500m. Salt base is stratified by the anhydrite stratum of30-60m thickness to two parts – lower and upper (twice more thickness). Halogen stratumfeature is show of salts plasticity especially in the lower part of stratum.

Kimmeridgian-Tithonian sediments which overlap salt massive are corroded partially.Sediments thickness varies from 35 to 73m.

Neocomian cross-section generally is clayey stratum with individual interstratified layersof limestones, anhydrites and sandstones.

Aptian sediments are presented by series of sandstones, calcareous sandstone siltstonesand limestones. Overlaying stratum of the Albian claystone-like clays is reliable marker.

Upper Cretaceous sediments are presented by alternation of clay and sandstones strata.Cenonian sediments without visible unconformity are overlapped by limestones of Bukharaseries.

Overlaying mainly paleogene argillaceous deposits with sharp angular unconformity areoverlapped by neogene-quaternary continental strata.

Generally well columns on the Khauzak GCF are rather reliably correlated, both amongthemselves and with the well columns of other areas of Amu-Darya District.

Fields condensate is heavy, skunk and consists mainly of naphtha and kerosene cuts.According to the group hydrocarbonic composition of naphtha the condensate refers to methane-aromatic-naphtha type.

Produced waters confined to gas zones within the Khauzak field have salinization from85 to 108g/l. They mainly are sodium chloride and calcium chloride composition. They containhigh concentration of iodine (to 31mg/l), bromine (to 329mg/l). Boric oxide content does notexceed 102mg/l.

Condensate yield is accepted 24.3g/m3.Thus the basic feature of these fields is the high content of hydrogen sulfide and carbon

oxide gas in the compositions of natural gases.

1.5 FLORA AND FAUNA

Nature of soils and degree of their wetting defines vegetation cover development. Thereare prevailed saxaul, some species of suzerain (AmmodendronConollyi, AmmodendronKarelini,AmmodendronLehmannii) and kandym (GalligonumcapitMedasae, Galligonumoriopodum) onthe sandy areas, to which are added cherkez (SalsolaRichteru), sandhill wattle, locoweed(Astragalusvillosissimus). Among sandy plants of Alat District the Kandym formations take thenotable place creating one of the most common landscapes. 3 species from 34 are endemics ofthe survey area (Galligonumrubersus, Galligonumsetosum, Galligonumeriopodum) and 1 specie(Galligonummatteianum) recorded in the Red Book.

Various types of Egnatioides are specific for takyr soils: 1) with the psamophitic bushes –Convolvulushamadae, SalsolaRichteri, AristidaKarelinii, Aristidapennata; 2) ephemeral whichcomposition besides wormwood – Artemisiakemrudica and Artemisiadiffusa – includesPoabulbosa, Carexpachystylis, Bromussp; 3) Calligonum with the participation of Galligonumsp,Astragalusunifoliatus.

22


There are prevailed saltwort-ephemeral vegetation on the saline soils, includingSalsolasclerantha, Anabasisturkestanica, Carexpachystylis, Poabulbosa andGirgensohniaoppositiflora.

Considerable areas along the banks of water bodies are occupied by beds of tamarisk(Tamarixhispida, Tamarixlaxe, Tamarixlitvinovii) with the impurity of alhagi (Alhagicanescens)and saltworts (Salsolatutcomanica, Salsolafoliasa, Halimocnemusvillosa,Halocnenumstrobilaceum).

Dengizkul Lake having spring-fed origin is the State ornithological reserve. Reservebecame a Ramsar site in 2001 and was recognized as an Important Bird Area in 2008, andincluded on the Critical Sites Network.

Based on data of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan the list of birds ofLake Dengizkul has included 170 species.

In 2012 ornithological monitoring was carried out by LUOC which purpose was definingof points and main monitoring points for the following monitoring of birds and project activitiesimpact on habitats, species composition, and geographic distribution on Lake Dengizkul [16].

Ornithological monitoring operations on Lake Dengizkul and its vicinities were carriedout based on the Biodiversity Action Plan and Khauzak-Shady Enhanced BiodiversityMonitoring Plan of the Dengizkul field. They cover wintering season (January), spring migration(March, April) and the beginning of birds breeding season (April-May). Total duration of thefield surveys has made 35 days (10 in January, 10 in March and 15 in the end of April - thebeginning of May).

As Dengizkul Lake is a Ramsar site, the ornithological surveys were conducted along thewhole shore and water area, including the large bay in the north-west. Regular movements by thebirds inhabiting the lake between breeding, feeding and resting areas result in location ofconcentration areas vital for individual species in various parts of lake. The following 3 surveysites were defined: Khauzak-Shady field (including north-west bay), the southern lakeshore andeastern shore of Dengizkul Lake. The observations at each site were conducted at as manysurvey points as possible due to absence of roads and inaccessibility of the line shoreline. Ageneral ornithological survey of the lakeshore was conducted at 32 points.

During the ornithological surveys of Dengizkul Lake from January till May of 2013 werecorded 100 species of birds belonging to 14 orders: Grebes – Podicipediformes (4 species),Copepods – licaniformes (3 species), Ciconiiformes (4 species), Anseriformes (17),Falconiformes (6), Galliformes (1), Gruiformes (1), Charadriiformes (29), Columbiiformes (2),Cuculiformes (1), Strigiformes (1), Caprimulgiformes (1), Coraciiformes (3), Passeriformes (22species).

During the ornithological surveys there was recorded 100 species of birds making up56% of the species wealth fixed during previous surveys.

Among them there are birds of high priority: White-headed duck (1 priority), Ferruginousduck (1), Dalmatian pelican (2), Asian dowitcher (2), Pallid harrier (2), and Greater spotted eagle(2). (Table 1.5)

17 species are recorded in the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan (White-headedduck, Marbled duck, Ferruginous duck, White-tailed eagle, Pallas’ sea eagle, Pallid harrier,Steppe eagle, Imperial eagle, Saker falcon, Zarafshan pheasant, Houbara bustard, Europeanwhite pelican, Little and Great egret, and Mute swan, etc.).

Six species belong to the fourth priority group: Mallard duck, Sea duck and Red-crestedduck, Coot, Great cormorant and Shelduck, and also three species which areal is limited bybiome “Eurasian deserts and semi-deserts” (Southern booted warbler, Aquatic warbler and desertfinch (Table 1.5).

23


Among five hydrophilic species there are species of the second (Asian dowitcher) andthird (flamingo) priority. There was also recorded lesser kestrel which belongs to third prioritygroup.

List of birds by results of ornithological surveys [16] is shown in the Table 1.5

Table1.5–ListofBirdsofDengizkulLakeIdentifiedin2012

Prio

rity Species

Rea

son

of p

rese

nce

Prot

ectio

n an

d ot

her

stat

us

Month

May

June

Sept

embe

r November

25.1

1.20

12

7.11

.201

2*

Podicipediformesn/1

Great GrebePodicepscristatus* N 2 17 34 8

n/1

Black-necked GrebePodicepsnigricollis M, W 600 59 15

n/1

Horned GrebePodicepsruficollis M, W 2

Pelecaniformes

2 Dalmatian PelicanPelecanus crispus*

RDBUz VUIUCN VU 11 60 409

3 White PelicanPelecanus onocrotalus M RDBUz VU 20

4 CormorantPhalacrocorax carbo* N 78 463 1641 672 215

3 Pygmy CormorantPhalacrocorax pygmeus* N RDBUz NT 79 48 33 11 1

Ciconiiformes

3 Little EgretEgretta garzetta* N RDBUz VU 4 19 39

n/1

Great EgretEgretta alba* N 22 79 3 19

n/1

Grey HeronArdea cinerea* N 14 62 25 13 1

3 Glossy IbisPlegadis falcinellus* M, N RDBUz VU 1 127

3 SpoonbillPlatalea leucorodia* M RDBUz VU 9 14

Phoenicopteriformes

3 Americal FlamingoPhoenicopterus roseus M,S RDBUz VU 58 48 3

Anseriformes

3 Mute SwanCignus olor* R RDBUz NT 151 227 183 208 46

n/1

Greylag GooseAnser anser N?M 10 3 30 15

4 ShelduckTadorna tadorna* N, M 13 44 12 1335 250

n/1

Ruddy ShelduckTadorna ferruginea* N, M 8 7 10

4 MallardAnas platyrhynchos N, W 41 976 110

24


Prio

rity Species

Rea

son

of p

rese

nce

Prot

ectio

n an

d ot

her

stat

us

Month

May

June

Sept

embe

r November

25.1

1.20

12

7.11

.201

2*

n/1

GadwallAnas strepera* N, M 2 3 24

n/1

PintailAnas acuta M 6

n/1

ShovelerAnas clypeata* N?, M 80 3 18

n/1

TealAnas crecca M, W 62 99

n/1

Eurasian WigeonAnas penelope M, W 21 50

4 Red-crested PochardNetta rufina* N, W 299 742 151 910

4 PochardAythya ferina N,M, W 75 6716 1420 3

1 Ferruginous DuckAythya nyroca* M, W RDBUz NT,

IUCN NT 3 8

n/1

Tufted DuckAythya fuligula* M, W 6 6 369 100

1 White-headed DuckOxyura leucocephala M, W RDBUz EN,

IUCN EN 312

4 GoosanderMergus merganser M, W 3

Falconiformes

2 Pallid HarrierCircus macrourus M RDBUz NT,

IUCN NT 2

n/1

Marsh HarrierCircus aeruginosus R 1 4 2 1

n/1

Long-legged BuzzardButeo rufinus R 1

n/1

BuzzardButeo buteo M 1

3 White-tailed Sea EagleHaliaeetus albicilla M, W RDBUz VU 14 7

2 Grated Spotted EagleAquila clanga M

RDBUzVU, IUCN

VU2

3 Golden EagleAquila chrisaetos S RDBUz VU 1

3 Naumann’s KestrelFalco naumanni M RDBUz NT,

IUCN VU 1

n/1

Common KestreFalco tinnunculus N,M 2 1

Galliformesn/1

PheasantPhasianus colchicus R 1

Gruiformes

4 CootFulica atra* M, W 1386 32 1168

25


Prio

rity Species

Rea

son

of p

rese

nce

Prot

ectio

n an

d ot

her

stat

us

Month

May

June

Sept

embe

r November

25.1

1.20

12

7.11

.201

2*

Charadriiformesn/1

Golden PloverPluvialis apricaria* M 2 3

n/1

Ringed PloverCharadrius hiaticula* M 5

n/1

Little Ringed PloverChardrius dubius* M, N 13 43 5

n/1

White-tailed LapwingVanelochettusia leucura* N 2

n/1

Black-winged StiltHimantopus himantopus* N 37 339

n/1

AvocetRecurvirostra avosetta* N 21

n/1

GreenshankTringa nebularia* M, W 23 3

n/1

Common RedshankTringa totanus* M, W 12 107 23 2

n/1

Common SandpiperActitis hypoleucos M 3

n/1

Marsh SandpiperTringa stagnatilis* M 17 2

n/1

Little StintCalidris minuta* M 16

n/1

DunlinCalidris alpina* M 358 574

2 Eurasian CurlewNumenius arquata* M IUCN NT 7 1

2 Black-tailed GodwitLimoza limoza* M IUCN NT 1 18

2Asian Dowitcher Limnodromussemipalmatus*

MRDBUz

VU, IUCNNT

2

n/1

Collared pranticoleGlareola pratincola N 9

n/1

Yellow-legged GullLarus cachinans* N, ,W 17 133 214 105 2

n/1

Slender-billed GullLarus genei* N, M,W 355 88 3194 98

n/1

Black-headed GulLarus ridibundus N,M 15

n/1

Caspian TernHydroprogne caspia* S 13 5

n/1

Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica N 3

n/1

Common TernSterna hirundo* N 3 21 1

n/1

Little TernSterna albifrons N 22

26


Prio

rity Species

Rea

son

of p

rese

nce

Prot

ectio

n an

d ot

her

stat

us

Month

May

June

Sept

embe

r November

25.1

1.20

12

7.11

.201

2*

Columbiiformesn/1

Black-bellied SandgrousePterocles orientalis R 1 1

n/1

Rock DoveColumba livia R 8 2

Cuculiformesn/1

CuckooCuculus canorus N, M 1

Strigiformesn/1

Little OwlAthene noctua R 2

Caprimulgiformes

5 Egyptian NightjarCaprimulgus aegiptius N 1

Coraciiformes

2 Eurasian RollerCoracias garrulus N IUCN NT 10 1

n/1

European Bee-eaterMerops apiaster M, N 3

n/1

Blue-cheeked Bee-eaterMerops superciliosus M,N 1

Passeriformesn/1

Crested LarkGalerida cristata R 7 234 17 6 8

n/1

Barn SwallowHirundo rustica N 1700

n/1

Sand MartinRiparia riparia S 1206 4880

n/1

Pied WagtailMotacilla personata N 21

n/1

Citrine WagtailMotacilla citreola M 22

n/1

Yellow WagtailMotacilla flava M 248

n/1

Black-headed WagtailMotacilla feldegg N 4

n/1

White WagtailMotacilla alba M,W 6

n/1

Isabelline ShrikeLanius isabellinus N 1 2

n/1

Great grey ShrikeLanius excubitor N, R? 1

n/1

MynaAcridotheres tristis R 2 4 6 2

n/1

Eurasian Hooded CrowCorvus cornix M,W 7 3

5 Scrub WarblerScotocerca inquieta N,R? 1

27


Prio

rity Species

Rea

son

of p

rese

nce

Prot

ectio

n an

d ot

her

stat

us

Month

May

June

Sept

embe

r November

25.1

1.20

12

7.11

.201

2*

5 Southern Booted WarblerHippolais rama N,M 2 2 1

n/1

Pied WheatearOenanthe pleshanka N 6

n/1

Isabelline WheatearOenanthe isabellina N 2 1

n/1

Rufous Scrub RobinCercotrichas galactotes N 1

n/1

Indian House SparrowPasser indicus N 205 100

n/1

Tree SparrowPasser montanus R 30

n/1

Spanish SparrowPasser hispanolensis N 1

n/1

ChaffinhFringilla coelebs M,W 1

n/1

SiskinSpinus spinus M 1

5 Desert FinchRhodospiza obsoleta R 4 14 26

n/1

Bristle GrassEmberiza calandra M,W 4

Total birds / hydrophilic 3601 /3062

4437/2860

20662/14040

7921/7826

971/946

Total species / hydrophilic 53/ 35 45/32 39/ 27 44/

3229/18

NoteReason of presence: N- nesting, R- resident, M- migrating, W- wintering, S- summering (making

summer nomadic migrations).Protection status in accordance with the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2009) and Red

List of IUCN (2012): EN- endangered; VU- vulnerable; NT- near-threatened.* - partial survey is carried out in four points only (on the side of bridge on either side, at p.57 and

in the bay near to road behind the bridge).

According to the experts-ornithologists conclusion notwithstanding project activities tobe performed for Khauzak-Shady gas-condensate field development, including northern part ofShady Block, Dengizkul Lake still remains as water body important for hydrophilic birds invarious seasons of their life cycle: wintering, spring migration and nesting. During observationthere is not found out adverse impact on priority species of hydrophilic birds and on change ofspecies composition of avifauna. Measures taken by LUOC in order to conservation ofbiodiversity of the project area (wells reposition, development of their infrastructure, installationof name plates limiting activity of the personnel and vehicles, etc.) are timely and help towardsthe attainment of assignments facing with mitigation of adverse impact on hydrophilic birds.Reposition of well 1031 from the shore of Dengizkul to new place at the distance of 2km fromthe bay and 3km from the lake reduces birds anxiety level when the field in service.

28


Monitoring of power distribution line and its impact on hydrophilic birds movement hasshown that though observed power distribution line may be potentially hazardous there was notobserved events of hydrophilic birds’ mortality caused by collision with power distribution lineor electrocuting. Due to availability of special protection devices on power distribution linesupport and markers on wires through bay the threat of birds’ mortality on power distributionline is reduced essentially. On the contrary, many species making feeding migrations in thevicinity of bay adapted to power distribution line height and having flown over it immediatelylower flying height over water.

The fauna is represented by desert species of mammals (dog fox, jerboas, yellow andlong-clawed ground squirrel, chickweeds). There is rabbit, fox, and jackal. Observed area is thenatural habitat for wild animals. The tracks of Persian gazelle are found in the territory ofKhauzak site (monitoring sites K9 and K19) – the specie included in the Red Book ofUzbekistan and Red List of IUCN that speaks about absence of wildlife disturbance. Accordingto the observations of monitoring group experts, Persian gazelles visit territory in small groupsduring migration wherefrom it may be concluded that the territory of Khauzak site is thevaluable habitat for Persian gazelle in terms of feeding and rest areas, and is not criticalimportance breeding area. Due to lack of wildlife disturbance additional impact mitigationmeasures are not required.

There are living many species of reptiles in the territory of observed area: bed eared(PhrynocephalusmystaceusP.), sunwatcher (Phrynocephalushelioscopus), plate-tailed gecko(Teratoscincusscincus), racerunner (Eremiasvelox), steppe runner (Eremiaslineolata), mediarunner (Eremiasintermedia), etc. Literature notes on events of meetings with phoorsa(Echiscarinatus), as well as meetings of the Central Asian cobra (Najaoxiana) included in theRed Book. Common specie for observed area is the desert monitor included in the Red Book. Itstraces meet in chickweeds colonies. Observations of monitoring group experts enable to make aconclusion on stable condition of monitor population on the Khauzak site.

Species diversity of animals and plants and their abundance at the monitoring sites incomparison with the results of 2012 have not varied considerably. There are not found out anyfacts which could affect animals number associated with the Operator’s activity. Additionalanimal rare species or their habitats conservation measures are not required.

1.6 EXISTING SOURCES OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT

Prominent nature of Khauzak and Shady Block location area is absence of standardresidential population and industrial plants of other departments polluting atmospheric air.

From oil and gas industry operating facilities at the distance from considered sites thereare located gas-condensate fields Dengizkul (15-20km), Urtabulak (30-35km) in the easterlydirection.

Remoteness of these fields defines minimum probability of major anthropogenic impacton atmospheric air in considered area.

The major source of atmospheric air impact is the Khauzak Gas Production Department(GPD) in which territory 74 units of stationary sources of atmosphere pollution are located.

Total actual emission of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources in the firsthalf of 2013 has made 590.27t, particularly, from gas flaring – 225.92t. Table 1.6 showsemissions data from Khauzak GPD stationary sources of atmosphere pollution [18].

Table1.6–ActualEmissionsfromKhauzakGPDStationarySources

No Name of Pollutant I half of 2013, tActual MPE

29


1 Sulfur dioxide 139.815185 3415.0854592 Carbon oxide 56.898810 1574.2033863 Methane 169.562463 1077.1200874 Nitrogen dioxide 2.522381 53.8683415 Soot 0.068177 1.8758516 Nitrogen oxide 0.479329 12.1282767 Hydrocarbons 118.503600 320.7298518 Acrolein 0.004644 0.2162469 Abrasive dust 0.004039 0.08941310 Iron oxide 0.000939 0.02979911 Hydrogen sulfide 102.399702 219.99271812 Manganese dioxide 0.000069 0.00218113 Silicon dioxide 0.000063 0.00214 Hydrogen fluoride 0.000079 0.0025215 Metal dust 0.011066 0.19983616 Cement kiln dust 0.001923 0.00425717 Nonorganic dust 0.00000 3.58707

Total 590.272469 6679.137291As the Table 1.6 shows atmospheric emissions from stationary sources for 1 half-year

have made 8.8% of established standards.Impact on site atmospheric air has also effect due to construction of wells by contracting

organization. Total pollutant emission during well development of Northern part of Shady Blockfor 1 half-year of 2013 has made 1107.828t.

Departmental atmospheric air condition monitoring in the first half of the 2013 atKhauzak-Shady Block was conducted in March. For an assessment of natural (background) levelof air pollution on the site the atmospheric air samples were collected at background station –near to inlet manifold of Dengizkul Lake (Shady Block). Average data by results of atmosphericair monitoring are shown in the Table 1.7.

Table1.7–AverageResultsofAtmosphereMonitoringatKhauzakGPDFacilitiesintheFirstHalfof2013

No Characteristics

Concentrations, mg/m3

Background (outsideof LUOC facilities)

Local (at LUOCfacilities)

MPC onetime con.(RUz)*

MPC onetime con.(WB)**

1 3.6 3.9076 5.0 -2 NO2 0.0713 0.0684 0.085 0.2003 SO2 0.1284 0.2300 0.500 0.5004 H2S 0.0093 0.0184 0.008 5.05 CxHy 8.0923 6.9518 50.0 -* - MPC one-time con. (RUz) – maximum one-time MPC as per sanitary rules No. 0179-04 of RUz** - MPC one-time con. (WB) – WB standard (WHO) accepted according to minimum average period(for NO2 – 1 hour, for SO2 – 10 minutes)

As of pollutants, excess of maximum permissible concentration of RUz in air is noted forhydrogen sulfide in which case concentration do not exceed World Bank standards. According toGosSIAK expert reports established facts of excess of RUz standards for hydrogen sulfide in

30


atmospheric air are connected with the natural and man-made changes occurring in the territoryof whole district, and communication with the works which are performed by LUOC is notidentified accurately.

Carbon oxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons (by methane) and nitrogen dioxide content inatmospheric air of the site does not exceed MPC level both as per standards of the Republic ofUzbekistan, and as per World Bank standards.

As a result of air mass inversion in this region there is observed constant air handling thatcontributes to emissions dissipation in the short run that is the advantage factor when performingof planned activity.

1.7 OVERVIEW OF KHAUZAK AND SHADY BLOCK

Exploration drilling at Khauzak-Shady Block has begun in 1967. As a result of well 1drilling on the Khauzak site in 1968 there was revealed commercial gas-bearing capacity of theUpper Jurassic carbonate sediments. Main prospecting works in this area site were finished in1974 though supplementary exploration of its individual sites proceeded till 1993. In total therewere drilled 20 exploratory wells and one observation well on the Khauzak site.

Main part from them (16 wells) was drilled in 1967-74 and abandoned as served itspurpose. At present all these wells are flooded by Dengizkul Lake. In 1988-93 there were drilledadditionally two exploratory wells 301, 302 and one inspection well 242, included in theinspection well stock as of 01.10.2001.

In 1972, Shady Block located in the north from Khauzak site was put into exploratorydrilling and in 1974 during well 1 testing there was established commercial gas-bearing capacityof the Jurassic carbonate sediments confirmed by exploratory wells 2 and 3 testing.

Based on the development project of Khauzak and Shady Block of Dengizkul field thereis planned construction of eight back-up wells of which 4 wells on the Khauzak site, 2 wells inthe western part of Shady Block and 2 wells in the northern part of Shady Block.

One of the major problems in selection of Khauzak and Shady Block developmentsystems occurs due to the fact that the most part of the Contract area is flooded by DengizkulLake.

Water level is at the elevation of +182.2m, water surface area makes approximately140km2. Within the next years, according to the forecast of Ministry of Agriculture and WaterEconomy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, change of water level in lake is not planned.

Therefore, development of production facility is carried out with prevailing of directionalwells. Bottom holes of the planned production wells are located in maximum net gas pay zones10-15m above gas-water contact. Planned wells provide simultaneous drilling of XV-OR andXV-R horizons.

Khauzak and Shady Block development is also characterized by abnormal operatingconditions due to high gas aggressivity and toxicity. According to the data from chemicalanalytical laboratory “LUOC” LLC current hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide gas content information gas makes 3.3% and 4.5%, respectively.

In order to provide long-term uninterrupted and trouble-free operation of wells, as well asunderground and surface equipment in such conditions there are provided measures for use ofanti-corrosive tubing, flowlines, well head and surface equipment, as well as injection ofcorrosion inhibitor into wells and pipelines.

31


1.8 PERSONNEL HEALTH STATUS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

In area of production well construction standard residential population is absent, exceptfor the personnel serving the future production.

Presumptively the transient personnel (drilling shift) may have typical number of diseasescommon to residents of Bukhara Region. It is hepatitis, digestive organs diseases, respiratorydiseases, cardiovascular diseases, which may be averted through such actions as initial andperiodic medical examinations of the personnel, health maintenance organization, compulsoryvaccination of the personnel, as well as personnel instruction on essential hygiene and sanitaryrequirements.

Such chemicals as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and dioxide, carbon oxide, methane, oilproducts in water are unsafe for human health (in the conditions of production and residing).These factors can contribute to progress of some occupational diseases, such as chronic andacute poisonings, chronic toxic bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and etc.

Salinity and air dust content can also lead to progress of some diseases, such as chronicdust bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, and etc.

Drillers may have pneumatic hammer disease, diminished hearing by type of cochlearneuritis.

Minimization of adverse impact of harmful occupational and natural factors on personnelhealth will be carried out through effect of preventive measures package directed to preventiveoccupational health care and personnel health protection.

Safety assurance in relation to people and natural components shall be primary factor ofoperation of the enterprise, i.e. in the exercise of planned activity it is necessary to observe strictcontrol of technical and environmental requirements fulfillment.

Planned industrial activity inextricably connected with implementation of environmentalprotection measures package based on radically new scientific and engineering bases of design,construction and operation. Operation of the facility in area with low ecological potential ofnatural environment pollution will have high economic and ecological effects.

In order to prevent emergencies the well maintenance staff shall have high qualification,state-of-the-art drilling equipment. It assumes support of well construction according tooccupational safety and environmental protection regulations.

Increase in population negative impact as a result of development is not expected. Onsiteapplication of reliable state-of-the-art equipment will allow maintaining of natural constituentswithin reasonable bounds.

Project realization will not lead to change of traditional living conditions of Alat districtpopulation.

32


2 PLANNED ACTIVITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT

Group Detail Designs (vertical, directional) are provided for performance of thefollowing assignments:

- drilling of surveyed cross-section to total depths;- survey of physical properties of reservoirs according to field geophysical survey data

and by laboratory methods;- survey of physical and chemical properties of reservoir fluids, hydrodynamic features

of gas-prospective units.Taking into account geographical location of Khauzak and Shady Block of Dengizkul

field (flooded territory) there is provided for grouping of wells. Figures 1.2-1.6 shows location ofplanned wells.

Field development project proposes construction of eight back-up wells:- on the Northern Shady site – two vertical wells;- on the Western Shady site – two vertical wells;- on the Khauzak site – four directional wells.

Northern Part of Shady Block

Additional well 1053 The site for construction is located at the distance of 678.78m fromexisting shoreline (179.68m) on the flat shore represented by saline sandy desert, overgrownwith thinned tamarisk. Existing well 1049 is located in 37154m to the south. The surveyed siteincluded in the 500m water protection zone like the well No.1049. Removal of the site of thewell 1053 out of the 500m water protection zone from the ecological point of view is notexpedient, as the elevation 182.2m is in considerable distance from the shore (957.64) andobservance of 500m protection zone will remove the mouth of this well at the distance more than1km from the already existing access road to the well 1049, the well 1049 itself, and temporarywater-supply well. Construction of new road and other service lines will cause disturbance of theconsiderable areas of animal desert species habitats (mammals, birds and reptiles), and willprolong the period of forced disturbance both for water-wading birds species, and for inhabitantsof adjacent sand desert. Besides, proceeding from the structure of the pay horizon, reposition ofthe mouth of the well 1053 out of the limits of the water protection zone results full loss ofeffectiveness of production indexes on the given well [17].

Taking into account the LUOC experience of construction of wells in water protectionzone, and great distance of the well 1053 from current shoreline in comparison with the earlierdesigned well 1049, the selected well 1053 location is considered as acceptable under conditionof realization of earlier provided project actions at construction of the well 1049. The selectedplace of location of the well is in the great distance from the determined within the framework ofthe Enhanced Biodiversity Monitoring Plan critical zone of hydrophilic birds’ habitat, namelyareas of concentration and nesting of avifauna in the northern part of Dengizkul Lake. Impact onadjacent ecosystems and their inhabitants is expected to be the minimum. The well is in thedistance of more than 5km from the places of nesting of hydrophilic birds, and there will be noadverse impact in case of conducting of civil work during reproduction period. Presence ofmachinery and people in the territory, adjoining to the well, will be the disturbance factor for thebirds, using the shore as the place of feeding and rest, however, taking into account low-scale ofworks and their short period, this factor will not be the considerable threat. Birds will migrate to

33


other sites of the lake, and, upon completion of works, will use again this part of the shore. Useof existing road will allow minimizing losses of habitats of flora and fauna desert species.

Additional well 1054 The site for construction is located at the distance of 505.27m fromthe elevation 182.2m and 781.06m from existing shoreline (179.68) on flat sandy shore andrepresents the saline sand desert with thinned tamarisk. The earlier designed well 1047 is locatedin 457.57m to the south from the projected well. The well place of location meets legislativeregulations about observance of 500m protection zones that in turn will allow reducing of theimpact on the ecosystem of the lake and to reduce the disturbance factor for water-wading birds’species. The selected location of the well is in great distance (more than 7km) from the criticalzone of avifauna habitat in the northern part of Dengizkul Lake, determined within theframework of the Enhanced Biodiversity Monitoring Plan. Loss of habitats of desert species ofanimals will be insignificant, and linked directly with construction of the well. The disturbancefactor for the inhabitants of the biome “Eurasian deserts and semi-deserts”, taking into accountlow-scale of works and their short term, does not constitute considerable threat. Fragmentation ofthe habitats is not expected.

Khauzak Block

Additional well 1055 The site for construction is located in the sand desert withcharacteristic vegetation near to the cluster 11 and adjacent wells. The proposed site is located inthe water protection zone at the distance of 194.36m from the line of the maximum registeredlevel of water 182.2m and at the distance of 333.65m from existing shoreline (179.68m).

At selection of the site for the well 1055 3 variants have been reviewed, thus, the variantwith the greatest distance from the shoreline is proposed for approval under condition ofpreservation of production indices for this well, and the least damage to habitat. Proceeding fromthe structure of the pay horizon, carrying over of the mouth of the well 1055 out of the limits ofthe water protection zone results full loss of effectiveness of production indices on the givenwell.

The accepted greatest possible distance of the well from the shoreline will reduce thedisturbance factor for hydrophilic birds during the period of construction. On the proposedvariant of placing, no impact on the habitats of the species of water- wading birds species isexpected. The disturbance factor for hydrophilic birds at well construction will not be high,thanks to presence of well-developed shrub vegetation. Strict observance of existing for thepersonnel and the contractors of the LUOC rules of limitation of operational activity near to theshore also will promote reduction of the impact of the disturbance factor. The selected place oflocation of the well is at great distance (more than 9 km) from the critical zone of avifaunahabitat in the western part of the Dengizkul Lake, determined within the framework of theEnhanced Biodiversity Monitoring Plan.

At the expense of the site joining to the existing cluster 11, under condition of realisationof the project actions provided earlier, loss of habitats for desert species of animals will beinsignificant and connected directly with construction of the site for the well, at construction ofwells on the Khauzak site. Construction impact as the disturbance factor for desert species ofanimals will be short and will not have considerable adverse effect. Inhabitants of the biome“Eurasian deserts and semi-deserts” will migrate to adjacent territories for the period ofconstruction.

It is necessary to notice, that disposal of drill cuttings from all wells on Khauzak isprovided by transportation to the operating Drill cuttings landfill of the Khauzak GPD [17].

Additional well 1056 The site for construction is located in sand desert with characteristicvegetation between the clusters 11 and 12. The proposed site is located in the water protection

34


zone at the distance of 195.91m from the line of the maximum registered level of water 182.2mand at the distance of 372.43m from existing shoreline (179.68m).

At selection of the site for the well 1056 3 variants have been reviewed, thus, the variantwith the greatest distance from the shoreline is proposed for approval under condition ofpreservation of production indices for this well.

Proceeding from the structure of the pay horizon, carrying over of the mouth of the well1056 out of the limits of the water protection zone results full loss of effectiveness of productionindices on the given well.

The accepted greatest possible distance of the well from the shoreline and presence ofwell-developed shrub vegetation will reduce the disturbance factor for hydrophilic birds duringthe period of construction. Strict observance of existing for the personnel and the contractors ofthe LUOC rules of limitation of operational activity near to the shore also will promote reductionof the impact of the disturbance factor.

The minimum impact on habitats of the fauna of the biome “Eurasian deserts and semi-deserts” is expected on the proposed variant, at the expense of the site joining to existing cluster11, under condition of realisation of the project actions provided earlier, at construction of thewells on the Khauzak site.

It is necessary to notice, that in the territory adjoining to the construction site, there arethe saxaul trees that should be taken into account at construction of the access road and otheraccompanying facilities. Preservation of the groups of such trees will promote restoration of thehabitats, damaged at construction. For the period of civil work, the animals, living in nearby thesite, will migrate to adjacent territories. Thus, threat to the state of populations of inhabitants ofthe sand desert is minimal. At further well infrastructure development, it is necessary to providewellhead connections of the additional wells 1055 and 1056 in the single utility line area. It isnecessary to notice, that disposal of drill cuttings from all wells on Khauzak is provided bytransportation to the operating Drill cuttings landfill of the Khauzak GPD.

The selected place of location of the well is in great distance from the critical zone ofdwelling of water- wading birds species, determined within the framework of the EnhancedBiodiversity Monitoring Plan in the western part of the Dengizkul Lake, therefore, no adverseimpact on hydrophilic birds and their habitats is expected at its construction [17].

Additional well 1057 The site for construction is located in the transition area betweeninshore tamarisk shrub and sand desert with characteristic saxaul and herbaceous vegetation inthe vicinity of helipad and operating well 242.

The proposed site is located in the water protection zone at the distance of 259.85m fromthe line of the maximum registered level of water 182.2 m and at the distance of 325.55m fromexisting shoreline (179.68m).

At selection of the site for the well 1057 3 variants have been reviewed, thus, the variantwith the greatest distance from the shoreline is proposed for approval under condition ofpreservation of production indices for this well, and list disturbance for the desert vegetation andanimals habitats.

It is impossible to remove site for construction out of the 500m protection zone due toclose layout of operating well 242, pipeline of the well 1027, gas-collecting main from the K13and helipads. The greatest possible distance of the well from the shoreline towards existingfacilities, taking into account observance of protection zones, will reduce the disturbance factorfor hydrophilic birds during construction. Places of rest and feeding will not be affected. Theminimum additional impact on the habitats of desert flora and fauna is expected on the proposedvariant, at the expense of the site joining to existing complex of utilities. It is necessary to notice,that disposal of drill cuttings from all wells on Khauzak is provided by transportation to theoperating Drill cuttings landfill of the Khauzak GPD.

35


The selected place of location of the well is in great distance from the critical zone ofdwelling of avifauna, determined within the framework of the Enhanced Biodiversity MonitoringPlan in the western part of the Dengizkul Lake.

Basic factor of adverse impact at the well construction will be disturbance of animals,including birds – inhabitants of tamarisk shrub and adjoining part of the sand desert. For theperiod of work, they will migrate to more quiet adjacent territories. Strict observance of existingfor the personnel and the contractors of the LUOC rules of limitation of operational activity nearto the shore also will promote reduction of the disturbance factor impact [17].

Additional well 1058 The site for construction is located in sand desert with well-developed saxaul vegetation remote at the distance from existing facilities of the Khauzak GPD.

The proposed site is located in the water protection zone at the distance of 200.86m fromthe line of the maximum registered level of water 182.2m and at the distance of 304.23m fromexisting shoreline (179.68m).

At selection of the site for the well 1058 3 variants have been reviewed, thus, the variantwith the greatest distance from the shoreline is proposed for approval under condition ofpreservation of production indices for this well.

Proceeding from the structure of the pay horizon, carrying over of the mouth of the well1058 out of the limits of the water protection zone results full loss of effectiveness of productionindices on the given well.

The accepted greatest possible distance of the well from the shoreline and presence ofwell-developed tree-shrub vegetation will reduce the disturbance factor for hydrophilic birdsduring the period of construction. Habitats of hydrophilic species of birds will not suffer. Layingof the pipeline from the well to the point of connection with the pipeline of the well No.1027 willcause time loss of narrow strip of habitats. Reclamation will promote easing of adverse impact ofthe pipeline laying, and will accelerate the process of natural restoration of the territory. Nofragmentations of the habitats are expected. It is necessary to notice, that disposal of drillcuttings from all wells on Khauzak is provided by transportation to the operating Drill cuttingslandfill of the Khauzak GPD. The disturbance from civil work will be temporary and will nothave considerable impact both on populations of the inhabitants of the biome “Eurasian desertsand semi-deserts”, and on populations of priority and other species of hydrophilic birds that willbe promoted substantially by presence and maximum preservation of saxaul and other shrubs[17].

The Western Part of the Shady Block

Additional well 1080 The site of construction is located at the distance of 630m from K-1in the sandy desert, far away from the lakescape and waters of the bay (over 1.5km). At selectionof site for the well 1080 two variants have been reviewed. The variant has been proposed forapproval, which eliminates works in the area of the north-western arm of Dengizkul Lake, withinwhich there is one of the critical zones of avifauna habitat, identified under the EnhancedBiodiversity Monitoring Plan.

Construction of the well in the proposed variant is not a threat or concern for water-wading birds’ species and their habitats. For desert habitats disturbance factor and loss of habitatwill be insignificant, since the projected well 1080 will be located in close proximity to theexisting multiple-well platform K-1. Construction of a new access road is not required; thelength of the flowline is insignificant (less than 600m). Due to selected location of the well,damage to vegetation cover will be minimal during construction. Habitat fragmentation is notexpected [17].

36


Additional well 1081The site of construction is located at the distance of 1100m from K-2 in the sandy desert, far away from the lakescape and waters of the bay.Construction of the well in the proposed variant is not a threat or concern for water-wadingbirds’ species and their habitats. For desert habitats, disturbance factor and loss of habitat will beinsignificant, since the projected well 1081 will be located in close proximity to the existingmultiple-well platform K-2. The adjacent area allows the animals to move for the requireddistance from the source of anxiety. Due to selected location of the well, damage to vegetationcover will be minimal during construction. Habitat fragmentation is not expected.The selected well location is in considerable distance (more than 1km) from the critical habitat ofwater-wading birds’ species identified within the framework of the Enhanced BiodiversityMonitoring Plan [17].

Figure 1.2 – Location Diagram of Wells 1053 NSh and 1054 NSh at Khauzak-ShadyBlockofDengizkulfield

37


Figure 1.3 – Location Diagram of Well 1057X at Khauzak-Shady Block ofDengizkulfield

38



39



40


Figure1.6–LocationDiagramofWells1058and1081atKhauzak-ShadyBlockofDengizkulfield

Thus, proceeding from the presented report on primary engineering and environmentalsurvey and selection of sites for construction of additional wells, 5 wells (1 well – NorthernShady Block, 4 wells – Khauzak site) fall within the Dengizkul Lake water protection zone at thewater elevation of 182.2m.

In accordance with requirements of Resolution No.174 dated 07.04.1992 [31], as well astaking into account requirements of the State Environmental Expertise No.18/719z dated20.09.2010 there is provided package of measures for these wells allowing to remain theoptimal scheme of Khauzak-Shady Block development, to cut capital expenses for theirdevelopment due to well reposition outside of water protection zone and having minimizedadverse impacts on natural environment and ecosystem of Dengizkul Lake:- arrangement of moisture-proof and diked areas for placing of fuel storage tanks outside of

water protection zone of Dengizkul Lake;- arrangement of auxiliary moisture-proof pit for receiving and disposal of drilling cuttings of

well No. 1053 outside of water protection zone;- disposal of drilling cuttings from temporary pit near to well No. 1053 to equipped auxiliary

moisture-proof pit outside of it;- roll up of temporary pit, restoration of the drill site territory;- disposal of drilling cuttings and roll up of auxiliary sludge pit in accordance with agreed by

State Environmental Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan “Rules for disposal ofdrilling cuttings during construction of production wells at Shady Block”.

41


As aforesaid this project provides the following technical solutions for the wells whichmouth fall within the Dengizkul Lake water protection zone at the maximum water elevation of182.2m:

- during front end construction works it is necessary to specify location of wells headand drill site with the removal of sludge pit from water edge as maximum aspossible;

- temporary well sludge pit shall be equipped with reinforced waterproofing of thebottom and walls by film material, embankment and perimeter protection;

- at the same stage for well No.1053, proceeding from actual location of well head, itis necessary to select area for arrangement of auxiliary moisture-proof sludge pitoutside of Dengizkul Lake water protection zone (with the storage capacity by 20%more than projected);

- at the initial stage of well development, following completion of its construction it isnecessary to arrange auxiliary moisture-proof sludge pit outside of Dengizkul Lakewater protection zone (with the storage capacity by 20% more than projected);

- at the final stage of works, following completion of well construction anddevelopment, drill water shall be treated in the well sludge pit in accordance with theprovisions of Rules, and be supplied for the further use to the next wells;

- following treatment and pumping of drill waters out of well pit the drilling cuttingsand waste drilling mud by means of special vehicles are removed to auxiliary sludgepit located outside of Dengizkul Lake water protection zone;

- disposal of drilling cuttings and waste drilling muds is performed in auxiliary sludgepit in accordance wit the provisions of Rules;

- following disposal the drilling cuttings are shall be buried in auxiliary sludge pitlocated outside of Dengizkul Lake water protection zone;

- the final stage of works on the drill sites is roll up of well and auxiliary sludge pit,and cleanup of drill site and area of auxiliary sludge pit.

It should be noted that during well construction on the Khauzak site collection of drillingcuttings will be executed into sludge pit with the subsequent removal for their disposal to theoperational Drilling cuttings landfill (DCLF) of the Khauzak GPD.

Implementation of this scheme for the wells which heads fall within water protectionzone will allow minimizing of adverse impacts on Dengizkul Lake water protection zone, andmeet the applicable laws and regulations of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Well drilling cycle will be performed by contracting organizations. Planned number ofdrilling crews makes two, with their subsequent moving from one well to another followingcompletions of works.

Drill rigs, well design, characteristics and requirement of mud, cement mortars, wellheadand blowout preventing equipment, Christmas tree, drilling equipment set accepted by theworking project documentation are accepted and approved by the Customer, i.e. drillingtechnological process meets the design solutions.

Construction of wells consists of the following stages:- front end and construction and erection operations;- well drilling and casing;- well testing (development);- disposal of drilling cuttings and roll up of sludge pit in accordance with the

provisions of Rules;- land technical restoration at the final stages of well construction.

One well construction period makes on the average 162 days.

42


Front end Construction and Erection Operations

During the front end construction period it is necessary to build access roads, wellmoisture-proof sludge pit, perform a leveling of the site and construction and erection operationson the drill site.

In accordance with KMK 2.10.05-97 3.5 ha of land are allocated for temporary use on thewell construction site. As per detailed designs well construction period makes 34 days.

When performing of CEO there will be involved the mechanized technics: mobilecranes, bulldozers, transport tractors, dredges, welding units, welding transformers, and batchmixers.

Taking into account that 5 wells of the site (1 well – Northern Shady and 4 – WesternShady) according to “Report on primary engineering and environmental survey and selection ofthe plots for construction of the additional wells at Khauzak-Shady Block” are placed withinDengizkul Lake water protection zone the project made decisions on minimization of ecologicalrisks due to operation of F&L storage implemented at this stage. It is an arrangement of thereinforced moisture-proof and diked areas for materials and F&L storage.

During front end construction works on the drill site it is necessary to perform largescope of earthworks. In which case detailed design provides operations directed to preservationof soil cover from the territory of plot allocated for drilling. Characteristic of restoration works isshown in Section 5 of this paper.

Installation of derrick and drilling equipment includes transportation and installation ofrig and rig equipment, concreting of area under rig, for the equipment, as well as performing ofinsulating layer in well sludge pit with clay foundation and use of the reinforced polymeric film.

Construction of WellsDuration of two consecutive processes of well drilling and casing depends on their

design.Production well drilling working project documentation develops the designs which have

small differences in relation to drilling diameter and intervals.The following well design is accepted:- straight hole guide – backfilled;- extended direction – installed for prevention of possible caving and caving ground

during drilling-out of absorbing limestones of the Bukhara Paleogene stratum;- conductor – installed for isolation of limestones of the Bukhara Paleogene stage

liable to water loss, with the installation of casing shoe in the dense argillaceousdeposits of the Cenonian stage;

- intermediate casing – is lowered for isolation of permeable horizons of cretaceousdeposits and Kimmeridgian-Tithonian fluid salt strata;

- production casing – the main element of well design, is lowered to the total depthaccording to the development project.

Due to high content in gas of aggressive components (H2S and CO) production andintermediate casings are equipped with anticorrosive strings of -75 grade.

In zone of salt-anhydrite formation the intermediate casing is equipped with the collapsehigh resistance casing strings with breakdown pressure not less than 49.0MPa.

The listed design elements will allow reducing probability of occurrence of emergencies.It should be noted that the accepted design of all types of well meets the requirements of

bowels and environmental protection that will allow excluding of possible contamination ofproduced waters and fluids cross-flow between layers not only in drilling and operation, but alsofollowing completion of works and well abandonment.

43


Well Drilling and Casing

According to the development P&ID of Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkul field it isproposed construction of vertical and directional wells.

P&ID includes:- arrangement and use of drilling and ancillary equipment;- performing of drilling works accompanied by preparation and use of drilling mud;- cleaning and disposal of the waste drilling mud and cuttings.Drilling of wells will be performed by rotary system with use of various mechanisms:

drill rigs complete with derrick and auxiliary hoists, tools, reinforced concrete or metal tanks.For drilling mud cleaning there will be operated circulating system with mud screen and

trays system taken as a whole with clay mixer in which there is preparation of drilling muds.Cement mortars preparation units are the cementing unit and cement mixer.

Based on the analysis of actual materials the following basic requirements for drillingmud technological parameters are established:- drilling mud composition shall be made for increase of drilling capacity of rocks and use of

components with the least class of hazard;- provision with necessary structural-mechanical, flow characteristics and aggregative

stability during circulation along the well bore;- retention of resistivity of rocks composing well log;- comply with balance in “reservoir-well” hydrodynamic system for exception of formation

fluid inflow into well;- timely prevention of producing reservoir characteristics deterioration.

Proceeding from the requirements above and taking into account geological factors, thehydro-geological characteristic and saturating produced water salinization at Khauzak-ShadyBlock of Dengizkul field there are proposed for drilling the bentonite slurry treated with water-soluble polymers, polymer-carbonate muds laced with hydrogen sulfide chemical scavenger.

Following completion of hole drilling and production string cementing the drilling mudforced out of well when cementing is directed to spare capacity. Then this mud, as well as mudin mud pits is transported by means of filling transport to the nearest well to be drilled.

Drilling muds are prepared in special drilling mud preparation area in clay mixer and aresupplied through the tray to the rock-drilling machine. Drilling muds are used repeatedly, that’swhy it is necessary to clean them following pull out of waste drilling mud together with drillingcuttings. For this purpose following rock hoisting with the waste drilling muds the mix issupplied to circulating system. For preparation, treatment and cleaning of drilling muds shall beused standard equipment of circulating system: clay mixer, mud screen, hydrocyclone desander,mud desilter, centrifuge, and degasser.

Drilling mud circulates over one cycle; non-cleaning part of drilling mud is dumpedthrough special tray to well moisture-proof sludge pit. Cleaned drilling muds transported throughthe tray near to clay mixer are added by portions of newly prepared mud, and co-mud is directedagain through the tray to drill rig.

There are formed two types of waste – drilling cuttings and waste drilling in cyclicsystem of preparation, use and cleaning of drilling muds, which are dumped to well moisture-proof sludge pit.

For the prevention of drilling waste water penetration into soils it is necessary to performconcreting of area round a well and muds preparation areas.

44


Drilling waste waters also enter to well moisture-proof sludge pit for the subsequenttreatment by means of coagulator and flocculant.

Well drilling process is accompanied by hole fixing process and isolation of strata fromeach other. It includes following type of works: well hole conditioning for landing and itscementing, i.e. filling of borehole annulus with cementing slurry.

Lowering the casings is performed by means of special devices and accessories (casingshoe, check valves, stabilizer. and etc.). They promote fuller replacement of the drilling mudwith cementing slurry and facilitate lowering the casings.

Well Testing (development)

All methods of well testing (development) are based on reduction of the fluid column inwell below formation pressure for creation of depression sufficient for assurance of reservoir gasmovement in the well.

For the completion of production horizons there shall be used cumulative perforation.Swabbing is performed through replacement of the drilling mud with water with the subsequentlevel and aeration decreasing. Filed development is provided by means of drill rigs, developmentduration – 12-15 days depending on well type.

Final Works Following Completion of Well Construction

This type of works represents the works package on drilling cuttings disposal, roll up ofsludge pit, cleaning and restoration temporarily allocated area. This stage includes the followingoperations:

- rigging down and its transportation to the new point;- disposal of drilling cuttings and roll up of sludge pits in accordance with the

developed Rules;- foundations and trays laying;- garbage disposal;- cleaning of the oilrig territory;- filling of pits, ditches, trenches with excavated ground;- leveling of the site;- restoration of soil layer by returning of the removed soil horizon from temporary

storage areas.Taking into account that 5 wells of the Khauzak site (1 well – Northern Shady and 4 –

Western Shady) are placed within Dengizkul Lake water protection zone the project madedecisions on minimization of ecological risks implemented at final stage:

- in the stage of well development at Khauzak either additional leak-proof mud pit isconstructed outside water protection area of the Dengizkul lake (with capacity 20 %larger than capacity specified by project in accordance with Regulations for Shady) orwaste is disposed of at Drilling Waste Landfill. During well development at NorthShady waste will be processed and buried only in additional mud pit outside waterprotection zone in accordance with the regulations for Shady;

- following completion of well construction and development, drilling waste water shallbe treated in the well sludge pit in accordance with the provisions of Rules, and besupplied for the further reuse for drill site needs, including use of clarified waters fordust suppression (humidification) in the territory of drilling site and access roads thatis extremely pertinent for the well construction area and reasonable in terms of watermanagement;

45


- after treatment and pumping of drilling wastewater from mud pit of wells No 1053,1055, 1056, 1057, 1058 drilling sludge and used drilling mud are completely removedby special machinery to additional mud pits, constructed outside water protection areaof the Dengizkul lake or for wells located at Khauzak disposal of waste at Drillingwaste Landfill is provided.

- disposal of drilling cuttings and waste drilling muds is performed in auxiliary sludgepit in accordance wit the provisions of Rules;

- following disposal the drilling cuttings of the wells No. 1053, 1-55, 1056, 1057 and1058 shall be buried in auxiliary sludge pit located outside of Dengizkul Lake waterprotection zone;

- the final stage of works on the drill sites is roll up of well and auxiliary sludge pit, andfull technical restoration of the lands.

It should be added that alternative variant of drilling cuttings disposal followingcompletion of well construction and development on the Khauzak site is removal of drillingcuttings and mud solids from well pits by means of special vehicles based on the Rules forDrilling cuttings landfill of Khauzak GPD.

Thus, from the analysis of the provided information it is visible that additional wells isprovided to connect to existing cluster sites and utilities with no needs for re-equipment orreconstruction of existing facilities. In this connection necessity for construction of new long-distance roads, power distribution lines, pipelines which may have significant environmentalimpact is excluded.

Types of Impact on Natural and Technical Systems

During implementation of activity planned by the project there will be integrated effect ina varying degree on all components of ecosystem as at the modern stage of the development ofscience and technology there are no such technologies of searching, exploration and productionof raw hydrocarbons which would be implemented without adverse environmental impact.

Analysis of planned activity has shown that construction of wells at Khauzak-ShadyBlock is associated with ecological risk and related environmental impacts.

Impact of production activity in conjunction with activization of hazardous exogenousand endogenous geodynamic phenomena on environmental medium (atmospheric air, surfaceand subsurface waters, soil, microbiota, flora, fauna and human) occurs at unauthorized (abovepermitted standard) access allowance of pollutants ingress from contaminants emission sourcesinto natural objects and/or inadequacy of the technical and process solutions in the project toacceptable risk level (technical capacity and environmental resistance).

During production activity the sources of physical and chemical impacts on environmentand human health are the diesel units, drilling pumps, clay mixers, cementing pumps, transportand other special equipment.

Standard pollutants emission sources during well drilling, casing, testing are the dieselpower stations, power ICE, and F&L tanks.

Atmospheric air impact is due to:- ingress into the atmosphere of pollutants containing in emissions from sources of main

and ancillary equipment;- operation of noisy sources having acoustical effect.Thus, the emitted substances are the light hydrocarbons, soot, as well as carbon, nitrogen,

sulfur oxides, formaldehyde and benzapyrene. All of them have adverse environmental impact.Besides chemical pollution of atmospheric air construction of well is the source of

acoustical environmental impact which occurs due to rock-drilling machine operation being the

46


source of noise. Physical atmospheric air impact is caused by sound pressure of various levelwhich through atmosphere affects the human and animals.

There is direct land resources impact. Temporary use of the land areas is provided forconstruction of the following facilities: drill rig with the ancillary equipment, equipment andmaterials storage depots, base camp, for F&L sites, and etc.

Provisional land allocation for rock-drilling machine placement and residential complexlocation will make 3.5 hectares.

The main impact on top soil occurs due to performing of front end construction works,including:

- cleaning of the areas allocated for construction of vegetation (if any);- leveling of the sites;- construction of temporary roads and access roads providing delivery of materials and

mechanisms in the region;- temporary storage of materials;- arrangement of on-site passages for movement of construction equipment and

delivery of construction materials.Land resources impact is also possible due to deposition of the harmful substances

containing in air emissions, due to possible spillages of oil products and chemicals and due towaste products.

In the course of construction and operation of the projected wells the possible pollutionsources both soils and subsurface waters may be:

- surface drill sites water drainage;- filtration leaks of harmful substances from tanks, equipment and other facilities;- emergency releases and waste waters flowing;- waste products: waste drilling mud, drilling waste waters and drilling cuttings;- chemicals and fuel and lubricants.

During performance of all types of works the following types of drains are formed:- utility fluids;- during well drilling there are produced drilling waste waters and waste drilling mud.

Project construction is associated with the terrain disturbance not only in the territory ofdrill site, but also in an adjacent zone.

There will be observed wild animals migration when performing construction anderection operations under the influence of noise from the used technique and thermal effects.

Emergency releases of reservoir fluid (open well flowing) may cause the maximumdamage to flora and fauna, expressed in their degradation.

Basic components of the anthropogenic impact adversely influencing on biocenosis mayinclude air emissions. Their components composition during well construction may includemainly the pollutants which are products of liquid hydrocarbon fuel combustion, internalcombustion engines of drill rig and diesel generators. All these emissions are mainlyaccumulated within the sanitary protection zone.

Nature of anthropogenic impact on the geological environment may be various,depending on applied means system and scales of production. Stipulated well construction havean impact on the geological environment “from above” (from a surface) and “from below”.

During well construction the impact on the geological environment will occur “fromabove” through process products and waste products. Root causes of pollutants ingress are thepoor quality of sludge pits waterproofing. Soil and shallow head waters are the most exposed tocontamination.

Impact on the geological environment “from below” may occur upon contact of washliquid with the geological environment, thus the part of mud may ingress into strata (absorption)

47


and on the contrary drilling mud dilution. It should be noted that such impact has short-termnature and it is known from well construction experience that the wash liquid is not deeplypenetrated.

Atmospheric air, vegetative-ground cover, subsurface waters impact during well drillinghas short-term nature only for construction period.

48


3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMICCONSEQUENCES

3.1 EXPECTED EMISSIONS

The following normative documents and recommended practice were used dirungdevelopment of this Section:

1. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.491 dated onDecember, 31, 2001 “On Approval of the Provision on State Environmental Expertisein the Republic of Uzbekistan”.

2. Ecologist-expert Handbook. State Natural Conservation Committee of the Republic ofUzbekistan. Tashkent, 2009.

3. RD 39.0-140-2012. Procedure for Environmental Inventories for oil-and-gasproduction and oil-and-gas refining enterprises. OJSC “UzLITIneftgaz”, Tashkent,2012.

4. Oil and oil products losses norms in storage, receiving, issue and transportation.Goskomnefteproduct of UzSSR, Tashkent, 1986.

5. KMK 2.01-01-94 Climatic and physical-geological data for designing. Tashkent,1994.

6. Instruction on inventory of pollution sources and standardization of emissions ofpollutants into the atmospheric air for the enterprises of the Republic of Uzbekistan.Goskompriroda of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Order No.105 dated 15.12.2005,Tashkent.

This section describes environmental impact sources during the construction ofproduction wells at Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkul field. There is provided their qualitativeand quantitative indicators. Total depth of vertical wells is equal to 2600m and directional one –3070m. Well construction period makes 162 days.

Atmospheric air pollution sources are:- internal combustion engines (ICE) – (well drilling, casing, testing, and electric power

generation);- F&L tanks;- flare during well testing.For definition of the parameters of sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere

and calculation of quantitative and qualitative composition of emissions there was used the dataof drilling program for construction of one well.

Northern Shady BlockVertical Well No.1053

Pollution Source – Drill Rig ICE Exhaust Pipe

Stationary source of emissions. Release source – ICEProduction process is well construction. Pollutants - products of diesel fuel combustion in

ICE chamber. Source height – 3m, diameter – 0.2 m. Exhaust gas temperature is 120°C. Dieselfuel flow rate for ICE operation makes 229.0t. Operating time allowed for well constructionmakes 162 days or 3888 hours in around-the-clock work.

Calculation of the harmful substances emissions which are discharged in atmosphereduring ICE operation will make [10]

W i = (1/1000) x qi x GT,

49


where W i - amount of substances emmited into the atmosphere in ICE exhaust gases,t/well;

GT – fuel flow rate, t/well;qi - emission of i-harmful substance falling on one kg of diesel fuel during operation of

stationary diesel unit taking into account aggregate of modes comprising operating cycle, fuelg/kg; defined according to the Table 1.6.3;

1/1000 – conversion factor from “kg” to “t”.According to the basic classification features of capacity, specific speed, number of

cylinders of the diesel engines this unit refers to group B – high-power, moderate specific speed.Values of emissions qi (fiel g/kg) for stationary diesel units of group B of foreign

manufacture meet the requirements of environmental laws of EC countries, value of emissions qi(fuel g/kg), as per method [5], decrease by relevant factors and are equal to:

- carbon oxide – 11g/kg;- nitrogen dioxide – 14g/kg;- hydrocarbons – 2.9g/kg;- soot – 0.4g/kg;- sulfur dioxide – 6.0g/kg;- formaldehyde – 0.1g/kg;- benzapyrene – 1.3 10/kg

One-time maximum emission (g/s) of harmful substances into the atmosphere is definedaccording to the formula:

i = Wi 106 / (n 3600),Where: n - operation time, 3888 h;Pollutants amount is equal to:

NO2 = 229.0 14 10-3 = 3.206t/well or3.206 1000000: (3888 3600) = 0.22905g/s;MCO = 229.0 11 10-3 = 2.519t/well = 0.17997g/s;MSO2 = 229.0 6.0 10-3 = 1.374t/well = 0.09816g/s;MGH = 229.0 2.9 10-3 = 0.6641t/well = 0.04744g/s;MSOOT = 229.0 0.4 10-3 = 0.0916t/well = 0.00654g/s;MCH2O = 229.0 0.1 10-3 = 0.0229t/well = 0.00164g/s;Mds = 229.0 1.3 10-5 10-3 = 0.000003t/well = 0.0000002g/s.Steam-and-gas mixture characteristics are calculated on the basis of total amount of

products of complete fuel combustion in ICE.Volume of 1kg products of fuel combustion under normal conditions and at air density of

1.2928kg/m3 will make:V0 = 22.872: 1.2928 = 17.6923m3/kgTaking into account steam-and-gas mixture temperature downstream of exhaust pipe

equal to 120 the gas volume will make:Vt = V0 (1 + gas: 273)Vt = 17.692 (1 + 120: 273) = 25.4691m3/kgExhaust gases emission linear velocity is defined:

= (4 V) : (3.14 D2)Total exhaust gases emission volume entering from ICE exhaust pipe during fuel

combustion will make:V = 229000 25.469 = 5832401m3

Exhaust gases emission volume is equal to:V = 5832401: 3888: 3600 = 0.417m3/sExhaust gases emission velocity is equal to:

50


= (4 0.417): (3.14 0.22) = 13.3m/s

Pollution Source – Diesel Generator Exhaust PipeStationary source of emissions. Release source – ICEProduction process is well construction. Pollutants - products of diesel fuel combustion in


Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are equal to the previous source:NO2 = 229.0 14 10-3 = 3.206t/well = 0.22905g/s;

MCO = 229.0 11 10-3 = 2.519t/well = 0.17997g/s;MSO2 = 229.0 6.0 10-3 = 1.374t/well = 0.09816g/s;MGH = 229.0 2.9 10-3 = 0.6641t/well = 0.04744g/s;MSOOT = 229.0 0.4 10-3 = 0.0916t/well = 0.00654g/s;MCH2O = 229.0 0.1 10-3 = 0.0229t/well = 0.00164g/s;Mds = 229.0 1.3 10-5 10-3 = 0.000003t/well = 0.0000002g/s.Exhaust gases emission volume – 0.417m3/sExhaust gases emission velocity – 13.3m/s.

Pollution Source – Diesel Fuel TankStationary source of emissions. Release source – 20m3 diesel fuel tankProduction process is receiving, storage and shipment of diesel fuel and oil. Pollutants are

hydrocarbons. Source height is 3m, diameter is 0.1m. Source operating time is 24h/d,3888h/well. Steam-and-gas emission temperature is accepted 25 . Steam-and-gas emissionvolume is 0.033m3/s. Steam-and-gas emission velocity – 4.2km/s (meteorological station“Bukhara”).

Amount of pollutants into the atmosphere is defined by summation of losses according to“Instruction on inventory of pollution sources and standardization of emissions of pollutants intothe atmospheric air for the enterprises of the Republic of Uzbekistan” [10]. Rates of natural lossfor diesel fuel are equal to 0.03kg/t - autumn-winter and spring-summer seasons. Diesel fuelentry makes 183t/well.

Amount of hydrocarbons emitted from source taking into account natural loss will make:M = (0.03 + 0.03) : 2 183.0 10-3 = 0.00549t/well =0.00039g/s.



Diesel fuel entry makes 275t/well.Amount of hydrocarbons emitted from source taking into account natural loss will make:M = (0.03 + 0.03) : 2 275.0 10-3 = 0.00825t/well =0.00059g/s.

Vertical Well No.1054

Atmospheric air pollution sources, pollutants quantitative and qualitative composition areaccepted similarly to well No.1053 and are shown in the Table 3.1.

51


Western Shady BlockVertical Well No.1080

Pollution Source – Drill Rig ICE Exhaust Pipe

Stationary source of emissions. Release source – ICEProduction process is well construction. Pollutants - products of diesel fuel combustion in


Calculation of emissions of the harmful substances which are emitted into the atmosphereduring ICE operation is made similarly to well No.1054. Gross emissions into the atmosphereare accepted equal to well No.1054 and will make:

NO2 = 229.0 14 10-3 = 3.206t/well = 0.22905g/s;MCO = 229.0 11 10-3 = 2.519t/well = 0.17997g/s;MSO2 = 229.0 6.0 10-3 = 1.374t/well = 0.09816g/s;MGH = 229.0 2.9 10-3 = 0.6641t/well = 0.04744g/s;MSOOT = 229.0 0.4 10-3 = 0.0916t/well = 0.00654g/s;MCH2O = 229.0 0.1 10-3 = 0.0229t/well = 0.00164g/s;Mds = 229.0 1.3 10-5 10-3 = 0.000003t/well = 0.0000002g/s.Exhaust gases emission volume – 0.417m3/sExhaust gases emission velocity – 13.3m/s.



Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere will make:NO2 = 229.0 14 10-3 = 3.206t/well = 0.082692g/s;

MCO = 229.0 11 10-3 = 2.519t/well = 0.17997g/s;MSO2 = 229.0 6.0 10-3 = 1.374t/well = 0.09816g/s;MGH = 229.0 2.9 10-3 = 0.6641t/well = 0.04744g/s;MSOOT = 229.0 0.4 10-3 = 0.0916t/well = 0.00654g/s;MCH2O = 229.0 0.1 10-3 = 0.0229t/well = 0.00164g/s;Mds = 229.0 1.3 10-5 10-3 = 0.000003t/well = 0.0000002g/s.Exhaust gases emission volume – 0.417m3/sExhaust gases emission velocity – 13.3m/s.



Amount of pollutants is defined taking into account rates of natural loss for diesel fuelequal to 0.03kg/t - autumn-winter and spring-summer seasons. Diesel fuel entry makes183t/well.

52







Atmospheric air pollution sources, pollutants quantitative and qualitative composition areaccepted similarly to well No.1080 and are shown in the Table 3.1.

Khauzak SiteDirectional Well No.1055

Pollution Source – Drill Rig ICE Exhaust PipeStationary source of emissions. Release source – ICEProduction process is well construction. Pollutants - products of diesel fuel combustion in


Calculation of emissions of the harmful substances which are emitted into the atmosphereduring ICE operation is made similarly to well No.1053. Pollutants amount equal to:

NO2 = 250.0 14 10-3 = 3.5t/well = 0.25006g/s;MCO = 250.0 11 10-3 = 2.75t/well = 0.19647g/s;MSO2 = 250.0 6.0 10-3 = 1.5t/well = 0.10716g/s;MGH = 250.0 2.9 10-3 = 0.725t/well = 0.05179g/s;MSOOT = 250.0 0.4 10-3 = 0.1t/well = 0.00714g/s;MCH2O = 250.0 0.1 10-3 = 0.0250t/well = 0.00179g/s;Mds = 250.0 1.3 10-5 10-3 = 0.000003t/well = 0.0000002g/s.Exhaust gases emission volume – 0.455m3/sExhaust gases emission velocity – 14.49m/s.



Calculation of emissions of the harmful substances which are emitted into the atmosphereduring ICE operation taking into account specific emissions is made similarly to previous source.Pollutants amount equal to:

NO2 = 250.0 14 10-3 = 3.5t/well = 0.25006g/s;MCO = 250.0 11 10-3 = 2.75t/well = 0.19647g/s;

53


MSO2 = 250.0 6.0 10-3 = 1.5t/well = 0.10716g/s;MGH = 250.0 2.9 10-3 = 0.725t/well = 0.05179g/s;MSOOT = 250.0 0.4 10-3 = 0.1t/well = 0.00714g/s;MCH2O = 250.0 0.1 10-3 = 0.0250t/well = 0.00179g/s;Mds = 250.0 1.3 10-5 10-3 = 0.000003t/well = 0.0000002g/s.Exhaust gases emission volume – 0.455m3/sExhaust gases emission velocity – 14.49m/s.



Amount of pollutants is defined taking into account rates of natural loss for diesel fuelequal to 0.03kg/t - autumn-winter and spring-summer seasons. Diesel fuel entry makes225t/well.





Proceeding from uniformity of the drilling equipment, well construction method,conformity of the construction time, the fuel flow rate, atmospheric air pollution sources, andpollutants quantitative and qualitative composition for the directional wells No.No.1056, 1057,and 1058 is accepted similarly to well No.1055.

It should be noted that for the purpose of exception encironmental impact within thewater protection zone, diesel fuel tanks of wells No.No.1053, 1055, 1056, 1057, and 1058 willbe installed on the moisture-proof and embanked sites outside of 500m from water line ofDengizkul Lake at the elevation of 182.2m.

Thus, during drilling of 8 production wells at Khauzak-Shady Block 131.935808 tons ofpollutants of seven enter into the atmosphere.

Characteristics of air impact sources during well construction are shown in the Table 3.1.

54


Table3.1–AtmosphericAirImpactSourceCharacteristics

Impact SourceComponent Rated Emission

t/well g/s

Northern ShadyVerttical Well No.1053

ICE (2 pcs.) Nitrogen dioxide 6.412 0.4581Carbon oxide 5.038 0.35994Sulphur dioxide 2.748 0.19632Hydrocarbons 1.3282 0.09488Soot 0.1832 0.01308Formaldehyde 0.0458 0.00328Benzapyrene 0.000006 0.0000004

20m3 diesel fuel tank Hydrocarbons 0.00549 0.0003930m3 diesel fuel tank Hydrocarbons 0.00825 0.00059Total from well: 15.768946 1.1265804

Vertical Well No.1054ICE (2 pcs.) Nitrogen dioxide 6.412 0.4581

Carbon oxide 5.038 0.35994Sulphur dioxide 2.748 0.19632Hydrocarbons 1.3282 0.09488Soot 0.1832 0.01308Formaldehyde 0.0458 0.00328Benzapyrene 0.000006 0.0000004


Northern ShadyVerttical Well No.1080

ICE (2 pcs.) Nitrogen dioxide 6.412 0.4581Carbon oxide 5.038 0.35994Sulphur dioxide 2.748 0.19632Hydrocarbons 1.3282 0.09488Soot 0.1832 0.01308Formaldehyde 0.0458 0.00328Benzapyrene 0.000006 0.0000004


Vertical Well No.1081ICE (2 pcs.) Nitrogen dioxide 6.412 0.4581



55


Impact SourceComponent Rated Emission

t/well g/s

KhauzakDirectional Well No.1055

ICE (2 pcs.) Nitrogen dioxide 7 0.50012Carbon oxide 5.5 0.39294Sulphur dioxide 3.0 0.21432Hydrocarbons 1.45 0.10358Soot 0.2 0.01428Formaldehyde 0.05 0.00358Benzapyrene 0.000006 0.0000004


Directional Well No.1056ICE (2 pcs.) Nitrogen dioxide 7 0.50012









56


Note. Atmospheric air impact sources characteristics for vertical wells No.No.1054, 1081are accepted equal to wells No.No.1053 and 1080 respectively, for directional wellsNo.No.1056, 1057, 1058 – equal to well No.1055.

List of pollutants during well construction is shown in the Table 3.2.

Table3.2–ListofPollutantsduringAdditionalWellConstruction

Component MPC, mg/m3 Hazard Class Gross Emissions, tong/s t/well

Nitrogen dioxide 0.085 2 3.83288 53.648Carbon oxide 5.000 4 3.01152 42.152Sulphur dioxide 0.500 3 1.64256 22.992Hydrocarbons 1.000 4 0.80204 11.22776Soot 0.150 3 0.10944 1.5328Formaldehyde 0.035 2 0.02744 0.3832Benzapyrene 0.1 g 100m3 1 0.0000032 0.000048TOTAL 9.4258832 131.935808

Gross emissions into the atmosphere during well construction are shown in the Table 3.3.

Table3.3–GrossEmissionsintotheAtmosphereduringWellConstruction

Component

Gross Emissions, t

Northern ShadyVertical Wells

(2 pcs.)

Western ShadyVertical Wells

(2 pcs.)

KhauzakDirectional Wells

(4 pcs.)

Nitrogen dioxide 12.824 12.824 28Carbon oxide 10.076 10.076 22Sulphur dioxide 5.496 5.496 12.0Hydrocarbons 2.68388 2.68388 5.86Soot 0.3664 0.3664 0.8Formaldehyde 0.0916 0.0916 0.2Benzapyrene 0.000012 0.000012 0.000024TOTAL 31.537892 31.537892 68.860024

Khauzak-Shady BlockMajor Blowout during Well DevelopmentPollution Source – Horizontal Outlet Flare

Intermittent action source during well development (testing)Pollutants – products of gas combustion.Calculation of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is made according to

the RD [2] by the following formula:

M = Mse x Qg/s, t/yearWhere: Mse – pollutants specific emissions, g/g, accepted according to the Table 2 of the

RD [2];Q – natural gas mass flow, g/s.

57


Specific emissions for the horizontal flare are equal to:- carbon oxide – 0.02g/g;- nitrogen oxides in terms of nitrogen dioxide – 0.003g/g- methane – 0.0005g/g.

For silfur disoxide gas and gas-condensate fields amount of sulfur dioxide emissions shallbe calculated according to the following formulas:

MSO2 = 0.02 [S]m * Q *[S]m = [H2S]m + [RsH]m

where: [S]m – mass fraction of total sulfur in burning hydrocarbon mixture, %;Q – mass flow of hydrocarbon mixture ans natural gas, g/s;

- hydrocarbon mixture combustion efficiency factor, established on the basis ofexperimental researches:

- for gas and gas-condensate mixtures – 0.9984.Considering that the gas flow rate during well testing is constant major blowout

calculations are made in terms of one well.


Volume of gas entering to the flare makes 250000m3. Testing time is 35h/well. Gasdensity is 0.769kg/m3.

Gas flow rate in unit time taking into account density will make:B = 25000m3 : 35 hours : 3600 = 1.984m3/s x 0.769kg/m3 x 103 = 1526g/s.Pollutants amount during testing (development):MCO = 0.02 x 1526g/s = 30.52g/s or30.52 x 35 x 3600 x 10-6 = 3.84552t/wellMCH4 = 0.0005 1526 = 0.763g/s = 0.09614t/wellMNO2 = 0.003 1526 x 0.8 = 3.6624g/s = 0.46146t/wellMNO = 0.003 1526 x 0.2 = 0.9156g/s = 0.11536t/wellMsoot = 0.002 1526 x 3.052g/s = 0.38455t/wellGas hydrogen sulfide content is 4.25%.MSO2 = 0.02 4.25 x 1526 x 0.9984 = 129.50246g/s = 16.31731t/well.

Pollution Source Component Rated Emissiont/well

1 2 3Horizontal Outlet Flare Nitrogen dioxide 0.46146

Nitrogen oxide 0.11536Carbon oxide 3.84552Methane 0.09614Sulfur dioxide 16.31731Soot 0.38455

TOTAL: 21.22034

Pollutants amount during testing of wells No.No.1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1080 and1081 is accepted similarly to well No.1053.

In implementing of design solutions there is observed additional increase in emissions ofpollutants into the atmosphere which impact on air basin will be short-term and local.

58


For determining of atmospheric air pollution level during well construction andassessment of the emissions effect to receiving layer of the atmosphere of adjacent areacalculations of atmospheric air pollution were made according to the program “Ecologist 1.10”

Boundary of industrial site of drilling works performance is the boundary of miningallotment of plots.

Because the wells will be drilled consecutively the actual emissions from each wellgenerally are identical and pollutants dispersion maps are prepared in terms of one vertical andone directional well.

Northern ShadyVertical Well No.1053

Calculation results show that:Nitrogen dioxide – maximum concentration will make 0.22 MPC. At the distance of

800-900m from drill site impurity concentration will reduce to the level of 0.08 MPC (Figure3.1).

Carbon oxide – maximum concentration will make 0.08 MPC. At the distance of 700-900m from drill site impurity concentration will reduce to the level of 0.03 MPC (Figure 3.2).

Sulfure dioxide – maximum concentration will make 0.29 MPC. At the distance of 800-900m from drill site impurity concentration will reduce to the level of 0.1 MPC (Figure 3.3)

Hydrocarbons – maximum concentration will make 0.04 MPC. At the distance of 800-900m from drill site impurity concentration will reduce to the level of 0.02 MPC (Figure 3.4).

Soot – maximum concentration will make 0.25 MPC. At the distance of 700-800m fromdrill site impurity concentration will reduce to the level of 0.05 MPC (Figure 3.5).

Formaldehyde – maximum concentration will make no more than 0.02 MPC. At thedistance of 500m from drill site with the further tendency to reduce up to the level less than 0.01MPC (Figure 3.6).

As concentration of benzapyrene outside of dril site make less than 0.01 MPC sodispersion calculation is not reasonable.

59


UPAPE “Ecologist”Rated Emission Quote = 0.25 MPC MPC quotes

Figure3.1–NitrogenDioxideMaximumConcentrationsinAtmosphericAir

60



Figure3.2–CarbonOxideMaximumConcentrationsinAtmosphericAir

61



Figure3.3–SulfurDioxideMaximumConcentrationsinAtmosphericAir

62



Figure3.4–HydrocarbonsMaximumConcentrationsinAtmosphericAir

63



Figure3.5–SootMaximumConcentrationsinAtmosphericAir

64



Figure3.6–FormaldehydeMaximumConcentrationsinAtmosphericAir

65


Western ShadyVertical Well No.1080









66




0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0

0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.17 0.21 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.39 0.22 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.14 0.11 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Well 1080

West Shady

67




0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Well 1080

West Shady

68



Figure3.9–SulfurDioxideAtmosphericAirMaximumConcentrations

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.1 0.1 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.12 0.23 0.26 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.15 0.54 0.29 0.13 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.19 0.16 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Well 1080

West Shady

69




0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Well 1080

West Shady

70




0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0

0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0

0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0

0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.19 0.21 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0

0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.51 0.25 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0

0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.12 0.1 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0

0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0

0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Well 1080

West Shady

71




0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Well 1080

West Shady

72


KhauzakDirectional Well No.1055









73




74




75



Figure3.15–SulfurDioxideMaximumConcentrationsinAtmosphericAir

76




77




78




79


3.2 EXPECTED WATER RESOURCES WITHDRAWAL AND WASTE WATERSDISPOSAL

The following normative literature was used in the process of this section preparation1. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Water and Water Use” approved by Oily

Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 06.05.1993.2. KMK 2.04.01-98. Plumbing and Sewage System. Gosstroy. 1998.3. KMK 2.04.02-97. Water supply. Public Utilities. Gosstroy. 1997.4. KMK 2.04.02-97. Sewarage. Public Utilities. Gosstroy. 1997.5. SNiP IV-2-82. Part IV. Estimate Standards and Rules.6. O'zDst 950: 2000. Potable Water. Hygienic Requirements and Quality Control.

Tashkent. 2000.7. RD-51-121-87. Current Individual Book-value Norms and Specifications of Water

Consumption and Water Disposal in Gas Industry.The area of the considered field refers to category of the waterless.Water supply sources requirements of the drilling organizations are come, first of all, to

satisfaction of production needs by process water:- process water for clay mud preparation;- wash liquid during well drilling;- process water for diesel engines and units.

Process water supply for drill rigs will be executed by means of drilling of temporary oruse of existing water supply wells, located in the vicinity of drill site. As alternative source ofwater supply may be surface waters of Dengizkul Lake subject to preparation by the drillingcontractor of the appropriate permission in accordance with the established procedure. Waterfrom water-supply well or Dengizkul Lake by means of the compressor enters into 25m3 headertank installed on metal base. Along the water line laid from used pipes drillpipes the water bygravity enters into derrik block, drill pumps, diesel-engine drive and drilling mud treatment andpreparation skid.

Preliminary calculation of the process water flow rate is made on the basis of GroupDetail Design with overall work duration about 162 day.

Process water is used during various drilling operations:- during drilling and borehole reaming;- during drilling tool cleaning;- during drilling tool and casing pipes pressure test;- during cementing units washing;- during performance of auxiliary works (floor, equipment washing, etc.)

According to the method [22] process water standard expense allowance makes:- during drilling front end cinstruction works - 43m3/day;- during drilling and casing - 72m3/day;- during test - 20m3/day.

Maximum water flow rate falls on drilling and casing.According to RD-51-121-87, the amount of reused water makes 0.3m3 per drilled meter.

Therefore, reused water flow rate during construction of one vertical well at a depth of 2600mwill make 780m3. Drilling period for vertical wells makes 90 days, therefore, daily flow ofreused water is equal to 8.667m3/day.

Reused water flow rate during construction of one directional well at depth of 3070m willmake 921m3. Drilling period for directional wells makes 90 days, therefore, daily flow of reusedwater is equal to 10.233m3/day.

80


Water flow rate is determined according to work cycle time and is shown in the Tables3.4-3.5.

Table3.4–ProcessWaterFlowRateforVerticalWells

Name of Works Cycle Time, day Water Flow Rate,m3 per well

Water Flow Rate,m3 per four wells

Front end constructionworks

34 1462 5848

Drilling and casing 90 6480 25920Testing 38 760 3040Total 162 8702 34808

Table3.5–ProcessWaterFlowRateforDirectionalWells

Name of Works Cycle Time, day Water Flow Rate,m3 per well

Water Flow Rate,m3 per four wells

Front end constructionworks

34 1462 5848

Drilling and casing 90 6480 25920Testing 38 760 3040Total 162 8702 34808

Total process water flow rate for vertical and directional well construction period willmake 69.616 thous. m3.

There is provided emergency water reserve for firefighting. Special requirements for firewater are not made.

Drilling process is continuous. Residing of drill crew is provided in house trailers, near todrill site. Water flow rate for drill crew occupation period is accepted according to KMK2.04.02-97 [21] equal to 50dm3/day per person, and includes meals, cleaning of premises andsatisfaction of hygienic needs.

For drinking needs shall only be used drinking quality water which meets therequirements O'zDst 950:2011 “Potable Water. Hygienic requirements and Quality Control” isused. Bottled water for drinking needs will be supplied to drill sites as required in plastic vessels.Table3.6–WaterFlowRateforDrinkingNeeds

Name ofWorks Labor Content Worktime, day

WaterFlow Rateper well, thous.

m3

Water Flow rate forall wells,thous. m3

Vertical wellconstruction 75 162 0.6075 2.43

Directionalwell

construction75 162 0.6075 2.43

TOTAL 4.86

Calculation of Drinking Needs of Drill CrewVertical Well Construction

Wday = N x r / 100where: N – standard of water consumption for drinking needs per day, 50dm3/p.

r – number of persons – 75 persons

81


Wday = 50 x 75 / 1000 = 3.75 m3/day.T – one well construction period – 162 daysW1well = 3.75 x 162 / 1000 = 0.6075 thous.m3/wellTotal water flow rate for drinking needs of the workers during construction of four

vertical wells will make:W = 0.6075 x 4 = 2.43 thous. m3.

Directional Well ConstructionWday = N x r / 100

where: N – standard of water consumption for drinking needs per day, 50dm3/p.r – number of persons – 75 persons

Wday = 50 x 75 / 1000 = 3.75 m3/day.T – one well construction period – 162 daysW1well = 3.75 x 162 / 1000 = 0.6075 thous.m3/wellTotal water flow rate for drinking needs of the workers during construction of four

vertical wells will make:W1well = 3.75 x 162 / 1000 = 0.6075 thous.m3/wellTotal water flow rate for drinking needs of the workers during construction of four

vertical wells will make:W = 0.6075 x 4 = 2.43 thous. m3.Water flow rate for drinking needs of the worker during construction of eight wells is

equal to 4.86 thous. m3.

Table3.7–TotalWaterRequirementfortheDrillingPeriod

Production Total,thous.m3

Process Water,thous.m3

Potable Water,thous.m3

Front end construction works 1.462 1.462Drilling and casing 6.804 6.804Testing 0.760 0.760Total for production needs 8.702 8.702Drinking needs - 0.6075Total 9.3095 8.702

Table3.8–TotalWaterRequirementforthePeriodofEightWellsDrilling

Production Total,thous.m3

Process Water,thous.m3

Potable Water,thous.m3

Front end construction works 11.696 11.696Drilling and casing 51.840 51.840Testing 6.08 6.08Total for production needs 69.616 69.616Drinking needs needs - - 4.86Total 74.476 69.616 4.86

In order to reduce water requirement the system of drill site provides use of recyclingwater supply. The clarified water is reused for drilling mud preparation, as well as for productionoperations (washing of drilling muds cleaning and reclamation system mechanisms, equipmentof working platforms in RIH/POOH, casing and drilling pipes pressure test, and etc.).

82


In order to use drilling waste waters in recycling water supply system there is provided itstreatment to the level meeting the requirements (Technological design standards for oil, gas andwater collection, transportation and treatment facilities [25]) for recycling water supply listed inthe Table 3.9.

Table3.9–WaterQualityforRecyclingWaterSupplys/pNo. Name of Indicators Values

1 7-82 Hardness, mg-equ./l 0.53 Transparency 30

During drilling the drilling mud is cleaned of sludge by means of treatment system sincein its structure there are reagents used in drilling. For this purpose there are used: desilter,desanders and mud screen.

Recycling water supply unit consists of the water pump, ejector type hopper, and twotanks for coagulant and flocculant solutions and utilities systems.

However, treated DWWs are used for drilling mud preparation and other special needs ofthe drill site (area and access roads damping).

Water saving percentage depends on many factors (rock characteristics, drilling mud lossphenomenon, and etc.) and is determined on actual basis.

Contaminated waste waters by production are subdivided into operational (floor,equipment, screen cleaning, cooling system waste water), process (drill pipes washing),emergency (break of pipelines, shut-off valve failure), natural (rain and melt waters), as well asleaks in preparation of drilling mud and chemicals, losses during drilling cuttings separation attreatment plants.

The most significant drilling waste waters by volume and harmful substancesconcentration are the waters produced during drilling. They are brought to the surface togetherwith drilling cuttings.

DWWs composition depends on mineralogy of rocks to be drilled, materials andchemicals used for drilling mud preparation. Specific composition of DWWs is determined onactual basis.

In order to provide separate collection of DWWs in water storage pit there is mandatorilyprovided drain utilities from waste waters producing points (pumping unit, drill site, clay mixer,etc.) to pit. In this regard there is provided tray-type canalization with the outlet to commoncanal inflowing into DWWs collection pit. In addition there are provided measures excludingingress of drilling mud from circulating system to DWWs pit.

According to calculations the drilling waste waters volume for four vertical wells makes551.038m3/well 4 = 2204.14m3. For four directional wells – 622.724m3/well 4 = 2490.896m3

DWWs total volume is 4695.048m3.Domestic waste waters are produced as a result human activities. Their collection is

provided by means of sealed cesspits taking into account limits for drinking needs.Disposal of domestic waste water from cesspits due to absence of sewerage system in the

nearest areas, as well as taking into account their small amount is recommended to performfollowing special disinfecting together with the drilling cuttings in the sludge pits.

Water removal indicators are listed in the Tables 3.10-3.11

83


Table3.10–WaterRemovalforthePeriodofOneWellDrilling

Production Total, thous.m3 Operation Waste Waters,thous.m3

Domestic Waste Waters,thous.m3

Vertical Well No.1053Production needs 0.551038 0.551038Drinking needs 0.6075 - 0.6075Total 1.158538 0.551038

Directional Well No.1055Production needs 0.622724 0.622724Drinking needs 0.6075 - 0.6075Total 1.230224 0.622724 0.6075

Table3.11–WaterRemovalforthePeriodofEightWellsDrilling

Production Total, thous.m3 Operation Waste Waters,thous.m3

Domestic Waste Waters,thous.m3

Production needs 4.695048 4.695048Drinking needs 4.86 - 4.86Total 9.555048 4.695048 4.86

Waste waters prodicung is pemporary and occurs during performing of drilling works onthe well – not more than half-year.

3.3 EXPECTED WASTE

The following normative literature was used in the process of this section preparation1. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Waste” approved by Resolution of Oily

Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 05.04.2005.2. O’zRH 84.3.15:2005 “Procedures for Waste Inventory”. State Nature Conservation

Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 2005.3. O’zRH 84.3.19:2005 “Production and Consumption Waste Management. Terms and

definitions”. State Nature Conservation Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan.Tashkent, 2005.

4. SanPiN of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.0068-96 “Sanitary Regulations forCollection, Storage, Transportation, Neutralisation and Disposal of Household Waste(HW) in the cities of the Republic of Uzbekistan”.

5. RD 39-022-90 “Instruction on Environmental Protection during OnshoreConstruction of Oil and Gas Wells”, Moscow, 1990.

6. “Instruction Concerning the Procedure for the Accounting of Generation, Use andStorage of Toxic Waste according to the Formula No.3 – toxic waste (semi-annual,annual). State Statistical Department of the Republic of Uzbekistan.1997.

Well construction cycle includes multiple operations, but the work milestones are:- front end construction and erection operations;- well drilling and casing;- final works (lay down)

Front end construction and erection operations are based on the organizing stages of wellconditioning, and final – on the lay down with the subsequent restoration of lands.

84


Well drilling is connected with generation of considerable volumes of waste whichincludes waste drilling muds, drilling cuttings or drilled rocks, and drilling waste waterscontaminated by drilling mud.

Drilling cuttings (DC) represents a mixture of drilled rock with drilling mud. Drilled rockdu to mineral composition generally is not toxic, but dispersing in the medium of the drillingmud treated by chemicals its particles adsorb on the surface toxic components and thereof alsobecomes pollutant of environmental components.

Waste drilling mud (WDM) shall be understood to be mud used in technological processand unsuitable for further drilling, as well as drilling mud and formation fluid extruded from wellto the ground surface.

Drilling waste waters (DWWs) shall be understood to be waters which have beenproduced during well construction and equipment operation, representing the drilling muddiluted with process water and atmospheric precipitation.

Waste drilling mud, drilling cuttings and drilling waste waters removed from circulatingsystem with various devices (mud screen, desilter and desander) enters into sludge pit.

Basic amount of DWWs is produced during process flushing-out of wells which includespackage of processes of preparation, cleaning, treatment and circulation of the drilling mud.Entry of DWWs into pit is executed with provided tray system.

In 2010 “ELEGANTENGINEERING” LLC has developed and agreed with theauthorities of Goskomprirody (report No.18/212z dated 31.03.2010) “Rules for Disposal ofDrilling Cuttings during Construction of Production Wells at Shady Block” providingaccumulation of drilling waste in one-section rectangular pit in volume of 2000m3, surface areaof 40 20m, and 2.5m deep. As isolation there is provided arrangement ar the bottom and on thewalls of sealed clay screen with the subsequent covering with reinforced multilayeredpolyethylene film. Well sludge pit used for temporary storage of drilled rock and waste drillingmud is a part of the developed chart of drill rig area.

Rules recommend neutralisation of the generated drilling waste by hardening methodwith the help of cementitious matters: portland cement or hardening composition ECO-2 withaddition of bentonite as filler. In order to exclude migration of pollutants from drilling waste it isnecessary to neutralize them immediately in well sludge pit. The neutralised waste is burieddirectly in the territory of drill site in well sludge pit without damaging the environment becausepits have insulating layer.

In drilling and upon completion of drilling operations it is not allowed discharge intowell sludge pit of any other producton and consumption wastes generated in process of drilling.

Banking of well sludge pits is executed from imported loamy nonsaline ground. Duringarrangement of banking from loamy ground it is necessary to introduce herbicides forsuppression of vegetation. Outer side of banking is reinforced with consolidated soil.

Head of wells No.1053 (1055, 1056, 1057, and 1058) falls within the water protectionzone. Due to exception of environmental pollution for well 1053 there is provided arrangementof the auxiliary damp-proof sludge pit (with the capacity by 20% more than capacity of the wellsludge pit) outside of water protection zone (500m) in order to receive drilling cuttings fordisposal.

Pit banking will also be executed from imported loamy nonsaline ground. Duringarrangement of banking it is necessary to introduce herbicides layer-by-layer for suppression ofvegetation. Drilling cuttings disposal and closing down of sludge pit located outside of waterprotection zone will be performed according to the Rules agreed with Goskomprirody of theRepublic of Uzbekistan.

Alternative variant is removal of drilling waste generated during construction ofdirectional wells No.No.1055, 1056, 1057, and 1058 on the Khauzak site to drilling cuttings

85


landfill of Khauzak GPD in order to recycling (utilization) without arrangement of the auxiliarysludge pits.

Treatment (clarification) of the drilling waste waters shall be executed by means ofcoagulator. Rules recommend use of aluminum sulfate in amounts of 150kg per 25m3 of water.Clarified (treated) DWWs will be used for technical needs of drill site, for example, for dampingof spoil dams and highways in order to dust suppression. More detailed method of drilling wastedisposal (neutralisation and decontamination) is considered in Rules.

In order to perform the front end, construction and erection operations, for repair of theequipment it is necessary to create crews relative to auxiliary production of well construction.

Rig-building crew is involved in construction of foundation beds, assembling of derrick,drilling equipment, and construction of overpass facilities, installation and start-up of the riggedup equipment, links, water- and power communications, site improvement, drill rigs dismantleupon completion of well drilling.

Tool house – provides timely delivery to operating drill sites of the required equipment,tools, and materials.

Workover crew examines and repairs of the equipment during well drilling, as formaintenance overhaul between completion of works on the one drill site and commencement ofworks on another.

When performing of auxiliary works there is generated consumption waste in the form ofstubs, ferrous scrap and nonferrous metals. Use of mercury lamps in lighting fixtures and theirreplacement are inevitably connected with generation of waste mercury lamps. This waste isgenerated both on the drill site and housing settlement.

Plastic scraps are generated when unpacking of production strings from original packingand presented by plastic plugs preventing entry of mechanical impurities into core space ofpipes.

Household and food wastes belong to municipal and are generated as a result of workingpersonnel vital activity.

Estimation of amount of the generated waste is shown in terms of one vertical and onedirectional wells at Kauzak-Shady Block.

Vertical Well SiteWell No. 1080

Table3.12–DrillingWasteGenerationRateDesignData

Characteristics Drilling Interval10 - 100 100 - 350 350 - 2430 2430 - 2600

Borehole diameter, mm 508 339.7 244.5 168.3Interval thickness, m 90 250 2080 170

Cavernosity ratio 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Caliper, m3 26.25 32.61 140.557 5.443

1. Drilled rock volume according to the drilling intervals:- extended direction:

V1 =1.2 1.2 0.785 0.5082 90 = 26.254m3

- conductor:V2=1.2 1.2 0.785 0.33972 250 =32.611m3

- intermittent casing:V3=1.2 1.2 0.785 0.24452 2080 = 140.557m3,3

- production casing:

86


V4 =1.2 1.2 0.785 0.16832 170 = 5.443m3

Drilled rock (sludge) volume is equal to:VIII = 26.254 + 32.611 + 140.557 + 5.443 = 204.866m3

2. Waste drilling mud volume will make:VWDM = 204.866 1.052 + 0.5 120m3 = 275.519m3

3. Drilling waste water volume will make:VDWW = 275.519m3 2 = 551.038m3

4. Sludge pit volume is equal to:VSP = 1.1 (204.866 + 275.519 + 551.038) = 1134.2034m3

Accept sludge pit volume as 1600m3.Sludge density is equal to 1.6t/m3, and waste drilling mud – 1.12t/m3.Waste amount in drilling taking into account density will make:VDC = 204.866m3 1.6t/m3 = 327.786t/well;VWDM = 275.519m3 1.12t/m3 = 308.581t/well.Total waste amount is equal to:V = 327.786 + 308.581 = 636.367t/well.

Drilling waste (DC + WDM solids) enters into sludge pit. Upon completion of works thewaste shall be neutralized and buried in sludge pit according to the Rules.

However, drilling waste generated during construction of well No.1053 head of which islocated within the water protection zone shall be removed from temporary well sludge pitfurnished with reinforced damp-proofing of the bed and walls with plastic-sheeting underlay tothe auxiliary equipped damp-proof pit outside of Dengizkul water protection zone forneutralisation and burial according to the Rules.

Waste disposal in auxiliary sludge pit is executed according to the Rules.

StubsThey are generated during front end construction and erection operations only. Norms of

stubs formation make 15% of electrode consumption.Quantity of used electrodes is 200kg (analogue of wells of Khauzak-Shady Block) for

construction of one well. Thus, the quantity of stubs is equal to 30kg/well.It is expected its removal as ferrous to processing in JSC “Vtorchermet” without

warehousing.

Household Waste (HHW)They are generated during vital activity of drill crew, 75 in number, residing temporarily

in drilling camp. According to the ecologist handbook the specific HHW generation norm percapita makes 40kg/year. HHW amount during construction of one well will make:

N = 40kg 75 persons 162 days / 365 = 1332kg/well = 1.332t/well.Domestic waste are collected in special container, there is provided their removal

following accumulation to the district landfill under the contract with the specialized enterprise“Olotobod” LLC.

Food WasteThey are generated during cooking. According to the SanPiN No. 0068-96 the specific

food waste generation norm per dish is equal to 0.03kg. Quantity of conditionally prepareddishes in three meals of 75 persons will make:

M = 2.2 75 3 = 495 dishes per day.where:2.2 – correction factor according to the SanPiN

87


Weight amount of food wastes for the period of 162 days will make:No = 0.03 x 495 x 162 = 2406kg = 2.406t/wellFood waste will be temporarily stored together with the HHW and be removed under the

contract with “Olotobod” LLC.

Waste Mercury LampsThey are generated in replacement of the out-of-service lamps. Drill site is equipped with

trailers provided for dining room, habitation, shower, engineering and technical personnel.Lighting of camp territory and trailers is executed by means of mercury lamps of LB-40 andDRL-250 type. Lamp life cycle makes on the average 10000 hours. Mean operating time makes12 hours; respectively lamp average time is equal to:

Aav = 10000 / 12 = 833.33 daysThe following formula used for estimation of the waste mercury lamps:

n = G/Aav, where:n – use factor;G – plant work schedule (days), G=162 daysn = 162 days / 833.33 = 0.19.Waste generation norm N (pcs/year) is equal to:

N = ml n, where:ml – number of lighting fixtures (pcs) m1 = 17 pcs (LB-40 = 15 pcs and DRL-250 =

2 pcs)N = 17 pcs 0.19 = 3.23 piecesAverage weight of one lamp is 0.3kg. Total weight of the waste lamps during

construction of one well will make:N = 3.23 pcs 0.3 = 0.969kg.When they are replaced the waste lamps are removed without warehousing to the base of

drilling contractor and further are transferred to specialized enterprise “Ekotti-biet”.

Ferrous ScrapIt is generated as a result of CEO and repair of separate parts of the drilling equipment.

Waste amount makes about 1.0t (value is determined based on the operating experience on otherwells of Khauzak-Shady Block).

Ferrous is temporarily stored in the territory of drill site in expressly provided area, withthe subsequent transportation when it is accumulated to JSC “Vtorchermet” in order toprocessing.

Nonferrous ScrapIt is generated in production cycle of repair work, installation and disassembling of drill

rig. Ferrous amount is accepted by analogy with other wells and makes about 0.2t/well.Removal to “Vtorchetmet” bodies upon completion of construction is provided.

Plastic ScrapIt is generated during unpacking of production string. Plastic plugs amount makes about

0.833t.Upon completion of well construction the waste is removed to cooperative “Vtorma” on a

contractual basis.

88


Rags (non-oily)It is generated during drilling works. There are generated about 900kg of waste during

construction of other wells at Khauzak-Shady Block, which is used as ignition material in welltesting, or be removed to the district landfill under the contract.

Waste oil (diesel)It is generated when oil is changed after it loses its initial properties during operation of

internal combustion engines. About 1 000 l (0.9 t) of waste are generated during construction ofother wells at Khauzak-Shady block. Temporary storage area is a leak-proof plot at drilling site,meant for centralized collection of industrial and domestic waste. As it is generated it is removedto the base of drilling contractor for further transportation to JV “Uzecoprotect”.

Production and consumption residual generated as a result of main and supportingactivity during construction of vertical wells No 1053, 1054, 1081 at West and North Shady willbe similar to that of well No 1081. Quantity of the residual is given in table 3.14.

Directional Well SiteWell No.1055

Drilling WasteThey are generated at the drilling stage. Total depth of well is 3070m.Drilling waste (WDM, DC, DWW) amount estimation during construction of well made

similarly to well No.1081.

Table3.13–DataforDrillingWasteGenerationNormCalculation

Characteristics Drilling interval

10-100 100-350 350-2965 2965-3070

Borehole diameter, mm 508 339..7 244.5 168.3Interval thickness, m 90 250 2615 105

Cavernosity ratio 1.2 1.2 1,2 1.2Caliper, m3 26.254 32.611 176.710 3.362

1. Drilled rock volume according to the drilling intervals:Vm = 26.254 + 32.611 + 176.710 + 3.362 = 238.937m3

2. Waste drilling mud volume will make:VWDM = 238.937 1.052 + 0.5 120m3 = 311.632m3

3. Drilling waste water volume will make:VDWW = 311.362m3 2 = 622.724m3

4. Sludge pit volume is equal to:VSP = 1.1 (238.937 + 311.362 + 622.724) = 1290.325m3

Accept sludge pit volume as 1600m3.Sludge density is equal to 1.6t/m3, and waste drilling mud – 1.12t/m3.Waste amount in drilling taking into account density will make:VDC = 238.937m3 1.6t/m3 = 382.3t/well;VWDM = 311.362m3 1.12t/m3 = 348.7t/well.Total waste amount is equal to:V = 328.3 + 348.7 = 731/well.

89


Drilling waste (DC + WDM solids) enters into sludge pit. Upon completion of works thewaste shall be neutralized and buried in sludge pit according to the Rules.

However, drilling waste generated during construction of wells No.1056, 1057 and 1058head of which is located within the water protection zone shall be removed from temporary wellsludge pit furnished with reinforced damp-proofing of the bed and walls with plastic-sheetingunderlay to the drilling citting landfill of the Khauzak GPD in order to processing according tothe Rules.

Household Waste (HHW)Weight amount of waste is 1.332t/well.HHW collection is in the special container with the subsequent removal to district landfill

under the contract with “Olotobod” LLC.

Food WasteWeight amount of food wastes is 2.406t/well.Food waste will be temporarily stored together with the HHW and be removed under the

contract with “Olotobod” LLC.

Waste Mercury LampsWeight of waste lamps for the construction period will make 0.969kg.When they are replaced the waste lamps are removed without warehousing to the base of

drilling contractor and further are transferred to specialized enterprise “Ekotti-biet”.

StubsWaste amount is 30kg/well.It is expected its removal as ferrous to processing in JSC “Vtorchermet” without

warehousing.

Ferrous ScrapFerrous amount is 1t/well.There is provided removal and handover to JSC “Vtorchetmet” for processing under the

contract.

Nonferrous ScrapFerrous amount is 0.2t/well.Removal from site is carried out by means of transport of the enterprise, and is handed

over to “Vtorchetmet”. Collection is hand-picked.

Plastic ScrapPlastic plugs amount makes about 0.833t.Plastic scraps are collected on the driil site in specially allotted place. Upon completion

of well construction the waste are removed to cooperative “Vtorma” on a contractual basis.

Rags (non-oily)It is generated during drilling works. There are generated about 900kg of waste during

construction of other wells at Khauzak-Shady Block, which is used as ignition material in welltesting, or be removed to the district landfill under the contract.

Waste oil (diesel)

90


It is generated when oil is changed after it loses its initial properties during operation ofinternal combustion engines. About 1 000 l (0.9 t) of waste are generated during construction ofother wells at Khauzak-Shady block. Temporary storage area is a leak-proof plot at drilling site,meant for centralized collection of industrial and domestic waste. As it is generated it is removedto the base of drilling contractor for further transportation to JV “Uzecoprotect”.

Production and consumption wastes generated from primary and supporting activityduring construction of vertical wells No.1056, 1057, 1058 according to the quantitative andqualitative are identical to the well No.1055.

Thus, contrstuction of the well is inevitably connected with the generation, bothproduction wastes, and consumption waste. The waste is ranged in 4 class of hazard; municipalwaste is nontoxical, waste mercury-containing lamps - to 1 class of hazard. The characteristicand approximate waste amount is shown in the Tables 3.14-3.15.

In waste handling it is necessary to observe applicable ecological, sanitary-and-epidemiologic and technology-based norms and rules.

All types of works shall be performed according to the working project documentation onconstruction of production well.

Temporary waste accumulation priod to their handover to the specialized enterprises orfor burial is carried out in the territory of drill site. Limiting quantities of one-time wasteaccumulation, as well as methods of their temporary storage are determined proceeding fromrequirements of ecological safety at which a waste does not have adverse impact on naturalenvironment and human health.

Table 3.14 – Characteristic and Estimated Amount of Wastes to be generated duringConstructionofOneWell

Nos/p

Nameof

Waste

Place ofWasteorigin

Class ofHazard

WastePhysical and

ChemicalCharacteristic

Frequencyof Waste

Generation

WasteAmount,

tons

StorageMethod

Name ofEnterprise

1 FerrousScrap Drill site 4 Ferrum CEO Period 1.0

Removal andhandover to theprocessing to

“Vtorchetmet”bodies under the

contract

2Nonfer

rousScrap

Drill Site 4 NonferrousScrap CEO Period 0.2 -



contract

3 Stubs Drill Site 4 Ferrum(alloy) CEO Period 0.03 -



contract

91


Nos/p

Nameof

Waste

Place ofWasteorigin

Class ofHazard

WastePhysical and

ChemicalCharacteristic

Frequencyof Waste

Generation

WasteAmount,

tons

StorageMethod

Name ofEnterprise

4Non-oilyRags

Drill Site 4Textile,

mechanicalimpurities

CEO Period 0.9 Steelcontainer

Waste removalto the authorized

landfill underthe contract

5Drillin

gwaste*

Well 4

Drillingcuttings,

Waste drillingmud

DrillingPeriod

636.367731.0

Sludgepit with

withapplyingbitumenon the

walls andbottom

Wasteneutralization

according to therules with thesubsequent

burial in sludgepit

6Househ

oldWaste

Drill siteand field

camp

Nontoxical

Paper, glass,plastics,garbage

CEO andwell

constructionperiod

1.332

Container in the

site withhard

coating

HHW removalto the authorized

landfill underthe contract wit

the localauthorities

7 FoodWaste

Trailer –diningroom

Nontoxical Food waste

CEO andwell

constructionperiod

2.406 -//-//-

8

Wastemercur

y-contain

inglamps

Drill site 1Glass, mercury,aluminum and

etc.Well

constructionperiod

0.0009 -Removal and

handover to theprocessing tospecialized

enterprises only9 Plastic

Scraps -//- 4 Plastic 0.833

10Usedoil

(diesel)-//- 2 Oily fluid

Period ofpreparation

and welldrilling n

0.9

Tanks atsite with

hardcoating

Removal andtransportation of

waste to JV“Uzecoprotect”

Total:Vertical Well 643.969Directional Well 738.602

*- Note: drilling wastes are shown for two wells:vertical – 636.367t; directional – 731.0tRemaining type of waste generated during cinstruction of wells No.No.1053, 1054, 1055,

1056, 1057, 1058 and 1081 are accepted similarly to the data of Table 3.14.

92


Following is the waste amount during construction of eight wells:

Table 3.15 – Characteristic and Estimated Amount of Wastes to be generated duringConstructionofEightWells

No.s/p Name of Waste Units Vertical Wells

(4 pcs.)Directional Wells

(4 pcs.) Total

1 Drilling Waste t 2545.468 2924.0 5469.4682 Stubs t 0.12 0.12 0.243 Ferrous Scrap t 4.0 4.0 84 Non-ferrous Scrap t 0.8 0.8 1.65 Plastic Scrap t 3.332 3.332 6.6646 Rags t 3.6 3.6 7.27 Waste Mercury Lamps t 0.0036 0.0036 0.00728 HHW t 5.328 5.328 10.6569 Food Waste t 9.624 9.624 19.248

10 Used oil (diesel) t 3.6 3.6 7.2

3.4 NOISE AND VIBRATION

Drill rigs belong to vibration and noisy structures in oil-gas industry.The sound represents the acoustic vibrations capable to be perceived by the organ of

hearing. Frequency of a heard sound usually is within the range of 16-20000Hz.Noise represents combination of sounds of various frequencies in intensity without any

phase correlation. Physiologists consider that noise is any unpleasant or disturbing sound.Table 3.16 lists values of noise levels in operation of some common sources.

Table3.16–Somesoundlevels

Sounds Characteristic and Sources, Acoustic Rocks Sound Level (in relation to zerolevel) dBA

Hearing threshold 0 - 10Palpitation of the leaves, roaring of breeze 10 - 20Whisper at the distance of 1m 30-40Soft speech 40 - 50Loud speech at the distance of some meters 60-70Street noise 70-80Pain threshold 120 - 130

Permissible levels of vibration on workplaces of drill rig are regulated by GOST12.1.003-76, as for noise - by industry regulation document 39-22-179-79.

Noise will occure while drill rig, motor transport and special vehicles in operation.Supply of environmental impact through the noise created by road traffic and operating

special vehicles is insignificant and will be at human permissible norms level. According toGOST 12.1.003-83 the permissible noise levels on workplaces, in working zones, in industrialpremises and in the territory of the enterprises, permanent fixed machines work stations makenot more than 85dB. Even slight increase in noise level may cause negative reaction of the livingorganisms inhabiting work area. However, fugacity of work suggests absence of significantimpacts on animal population.

93


Data on results of noise and vibration measurement on workplaces and in process of drillrig are shown in the Tables 36, 37.

It is evident from tables that vibration and noise excess in comparison with norms areinsignificant.

It should be noted that during carrying out of field surveys at monitoring stations thenoise level was measured with sound level meter SHUM-1 (natural, in a strong wind and noiseimpact on the drill sites). There is no excess of permissible norms according to SanPiN No.0120-01 «Sanitary Regulations for Permissible Noise Levels on Workplaces”. Noise level rangefollowing the results of monitoring at Khauzak-Shady Block varied at level of 40-60dB.

Well construction (drilling) does not relate to the technological processes accompaniedby an ionizing radiation.

94

“Dengizkul field Khauzak-Shady Block Wells Construction Environmental Impact Assessment” EIAS Project Addendum

Table3.17-DrillRigNoiseLevelData

No.s/p Name of Measurement Points

Active bands Center Frequency, Hz63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000

Vibration Speed Levels (sound pressure), dB

1. Drill rig. Derrick. At driller’s station. 88 94 85 89 89 84 80 77 76 78Excess 3 - - - 3 1 - - - 4

2. Drill rig. Plant room. 93 96 80 84 90 91 89 80 76 72Excess 8 - - - 4 8 9 2 - -

3. Drill rig. Pump house 87 93 89 88 86 87 82 76 69 64Excess 2 - - - - 4 2 - - -

Table3.18–DrillRigVibrationLevelData

No.s/p Name of Equipment Vibrator Installation

SiteDirection from

Vibrator

Active bands Center Frequency, Hz2 4 8 16 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000

Vibration Speed Levels (sound pressure), dB1. Drill rigs permissible vibration levels

1.1 Drill rig Driller workplace near topumps

Vertical 83 89 90 85 80 79 - - - -Vertical - - 88 107 109 90 - - - -

2. Drill rigs actual vibration levels

2.1 Drill rig Driller workplace near topumps

Vertical 85 89 98 89 90 81 - - - -Vertical - - 90 109 109 98 - - - -

95


4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES OF PLANNED ACTIVITYAND TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT

Planned activity objective is the increase in volumes of the known reserves of rawhydrocarbons at Khauzak-Shady Block.

Development project proposes construction of eight additional wells on this site.It should be noted that the most part of the contract area is occupied by Dengizkul Lake,

being State Ornithological Reserve and Ramsar site since 2001, i.e. has the internationalimportance for support of population of hydrophilic birds in various phases of their life cyclesand, that is very important, of some globally threatened species among them.

In this connection, prior to implementation of planned activity there was carried outprimary environmental syrvey and selection of sites for construction of additional wells.

During environmental survey there were observed six alternative sites for well drilling,four on the Khauzak site, two in the northern part of Shady Block, as well as analyzed locationof two wells in the western part of Shady Block. Proposed sites are located near to existingproduction wells and utilities (water- and power supply sources) and do not require extensivedevelopment works (construction of access roads, and gas reservoirs).

Moreover, construction sites of additional wells are at the distance from nesting areas ofhydrophilic birds, therefore it is not expected negative impact on success of priority and otherspecies breeding. Therefore, in terms of environment, there are no resons for waiving specifiedactivity.

Well location selection depends on the geological structure developed on the basis ofgeophysical, engineering-geological, and hydro-geological data. XV horizon of Calovian andOxfordian sediments is productive for hydrocarbons production efficiency of which is confirmedby earlier drilled wells at Khauzak-Shady Block of Dengizkul field.

In this connection location of wells is selected proceeding from structure of productivehorizon.

However, it should be explained that from eight additional wells, head of five projectedproduction wells is located in water protection zone reposition of which outside of waterprotection zone will lead to total loss of efficiency of mining well indicators.

Alternative variants for production process, equipment, reagents are not proposed sincethe construction of additional wells will be carried out by the contracting organizations, using thestate-of-the-art process equipment, nontoxical reagents, and advanced well drilling method withprobably minimum environmental impact.

Social aspect of the project implementation is the increase in raw hydrocarbonsproduction and, thereby, fuelling of local population.

Accordingly, variants of wells location proposed by the project at Khauzak-Shady Blockare selected taking into account the maximum and solicitous attitude to ecosystems and technicaland economic positions of the further operation of considered sites of Dengizkul field.

96


5 ORGANIZATIONAL, TECHNICAL AND PROCESSSOLUTIONS, AND MEASURES EXCLUDING NEGATIVEENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES DURING WELLCONSTRUCTION PERIOD

Environmental protection objective is the exception or the maximum restriction ofadverse impacts of construction and operation of the facility, natural resources management,their restoration and reproduction.

Complete cycle of well construction consists of several stages, each of which has owntechnology and specificity and presents hazard of negative environmental impact.

Therefore, environmental and technique safety of work performance is accompanied bydesign technical solutions and number of the measures contributing to mitigation ofanthropogenic adverse impact.

Well construction works performing, drilling equipment and tool operation, and also allproduction operations during installation, drillings, casing, formation testing are conducted instrict conformity with “Rules for Safety in the Oil and Gas Industry of the Republic ofUzbekistan”, as well as with the legislative environmental documents of the Republic ofUzbekistan focused on prevention of environmental pollution.

In design and implementation of environmental protection measures it was taken intoaccount features of well cinstruction, environment, geographical position, and protectedterritories. Environmental protection requirements contain restriction to applied materials andtechnological processes of well construction, deviation from which may lead to environmentalpollution.

Selection of sites for additional chinks was made with the maximum tie to existing wells,being guided by the approved P&ID of field development, as well as by data of the primaryengineering and environmental syrvey report of Khauzak-Shady Block.

For the wells which sites were not possible to develop outside of Dengizkul Lake waterprotection zone, the project provides the following solutions allowing minimization of ecologicalrisks:

- it is provided arrangement of auxiliary damp-proof pit outside of Dengizkul Lakewater protection zone at the elevation of 182.2m in order to receive and dispose ofdrilling cuttins of the well No.1053 (the Northern part of Shady Block) and wells No.No.1055, 1056, 1057, 1058 (Khauzak site);

- it is provided arrangement of materials and F&L storage yards during well drillinglocated inside water protection zone (well No.1053 at the Northern Shady Block,No.No.1055, 1056, 1057, 1058 on the Khauzak site) with the reinforced damp-proofand banking;

- alternative variant of disposal of drilling cuttings generated during construction ofwells No.No.1055-1058 on the Khauzak site provides removal of solids of drillingcuttings to drilling cuttings landfill of the Khauzak GPD in order to dispose inaccordance with the Rules.

Production process of well construction is carried out by internal combustion engines. Inorder to reduce of occupational noise and vibration on the drill rigs the project provides technicalmeasures limiting their impact on workers. Drilling equipment shall be installed on the heavyconcrete foundations, workers shall be provided with the hearing protection devices.

In addition, it is provided:- rubber bumpers for diesel engines of power units and diesel power stations;- high-elastic couplings for diesel engines and compressors;

97


- metal springs and rubber bumpers.The project provides package of environmental protection measures for protection of

soils and ground waters which includes:- stripping excavation in the territory of 3.5 ha land plot (for each well);- moving of soil to the temporary warehousing areas;- construction of sludge pit for collection and storage of drilling waste (for waste

drilling mud and drilling cuttings, for collection and treatment of DWW), walls andbottom of which are damp-proof;

- equipping of land plot with the guard channels, banking of the drill site’s territory;- use of three-stage cleaning of drilling mud;- performance of works only within the territory allocated to temporary use;- cementing of area around wellhead.Well drilling is accompanied by generation of considerable amount of drilling waste

which may lead to natural elements pollution: soil, surface and ground waters, vegetation cover.For neutralisation of drilling waste (DC, WDM, DWW) Goskomprirody of the Republic

of Uzbekistam has developed “Rules for Disposal of Drilling Waste during Construction ofProduction Wells at Shady Block”. For disposal of the generated drilling waste it isrecommended method of their neutralisation by hardening with the help of cementitious matters:portland cement or hardening composition ECO-2 with addition of bentonite as filler.

DWWs will be clarified (treated) by coagulator and reused in the production cycle orsupplied to dampening of access roads.

Consumption waste in the form of the ferrous and nonferrous scrap, stubs are generatedwhen performing auxiliary operations. Life-support of workers is caused by generation ofhousehold and food waste, replacement of lamps in lighting fixtures – by generation of wastemercury lamps.

Environmental Protection Measures Plan for reducing of environmental impact levelduring drilling of production wells at Khauzak-Shady Block is shown in the Table 5.1.

Table5.1–EnvironmentalProtectionMeasuresNo.s/p Name of Measure Deadline Expected Effect

1 2 3 4Atmospheric Air Protection

1 Regulate F&L storage, transportation inthe sealed containers During well drilling F&L loss enhancement, accident

prevention2 ICE fuel supply shall be executed

through leakproof fuel line During well drilling F&L loss enhancement, accidentprevention

3 Use universally of special underpansand implement their use when F&Ldraining

During well drilling F&L loss enhancement, accidentprevention

4 Provide painting of F&L storage tankswith the reflective paints

At the start of drillingarrangement

F&L loss (evaporation)enhancement in storage

5 Timely elimination of diesels fatigue,careful adjustment of fuel equipment During well drilling F&L loss enhancement, accident

prevention6 All chemicals shall be delivered to the

drill sites in orogonal package,eliminating its damage, and be stored inspecial containers

During well drillingPrevention of air pollution withthe dust releases of drilling mudcomponents

7 Cement transportation shall be carriedout in the lorry tanks, and cement mortar During well drilling Prevention of air pollution with

the finished cement dust

98


No.s/p Name of Measure Deadline Expected Effect

1 2 3 4preparation shall be carried out bymeans of special cement mixers

8 Observance of occupational safety andhealth regulations.Regular maintenance inspection andrepair of motor transport and specialvehicles, adjustment of fuel eqquipment

Constantly Accident prevention

9 Timely disposal of drilling cuttings asper Rules

Upon completion ofdrilling operations

Air pollution and accidentprevention

Water Resources Protection1 rganization of water collection system

in accordance with the establishedprocedure

At the start of drillingarrangement Rational use of water resources

2 Construction of the sludge pit accordingto the technology excluding drillingwaste filtration to water-bearinghorizons

At the start of drillingarrangement Environment-oriented

3 Use of waste drilling mud (followingappropriate preparation) for preparatiobof new portions of drilling muds

During well drilling Environment-orinted, resource-saving

4 F&L tanks bund During well drilling Environment-oriented5 Arrangement of DWW recycling water

supply During well drilling Environment-oriented, resource-saving

Reduction of waste generation amount, hazard level, improving of safety and operating efficiency of thefacilities for waste disposal

1 Arrangement of sludge pit outside ofwater protection zone for well No.1053,located nearer 500m from water edge ofDengizkul Lake

Prior to construction Environmental safety

2 Neutralization of driiling waste as perRules, burial in sludge pits with thesubsequent restoration of disturbed lands

Following completion ofeach well construction Environmental safety

3 Conclusion of contract for ferrous scrap,stubs handover to the “Vtorchetmet”enterprises and observance of thecontract provisions

During the worksDowngrowth of wasteaccumulation and exclusion ofarea bad housekeeping

4 Conclusion of contract for nonferrousscrap, stubs handover to the“Vtorchetmet” enterprises andobservance of the contract provisions

During the worksDowngrowth of wasteaccumulation and exclusion ofarea bad housekeeping

5 Drawing up contract with “Olotobod”LLC for receiving for disposal ofmunicipal waste. Arrangement of timelyremoval.

According toaccumulation

Exclusion of area badhousekeeping. Observance ofecological and hygienic rules

6 Conclusion of contract with PC“SITORA” for processing of wastemercury lamps

According toaccumulation Environmental safety

7 Conclusion of contract with Cooperative“Vtorma” for processing of plastic scrap

According toaccumulation

Exclusion of area badhousekeeping. Environmental

99


No.s/p Name of Measure Deadline Expected Effect

1 2 3 4safety

During construction of wells it is necessary to provide technical restoration pf lands. So,it is proposed leveling of the site following completion of the works, backfilling of the closeddown pits with earlier excavated ground, development of rubble concrete foundations.

The contracting organization which is carrying out restoration of the lands shall performqualitative execution of all grading and leveling in accordance with the approved terms of wellconstruction, timely granting of reclaimed lands for further use in national economy.

Technical stage includes leveling, creation of slopes, stripping, transportation, storageand application of soils and fertile rocks to the lands to be restored.

Upon termination of well drilling and testing, dismantle and removal of the equipment, itis necessary to perform land restoration works in the following sequence:

- dismantle the precast foundations and remove for later use;- break up cast-in-situ concrete foundations, concreting of the site and remove them for

use during construction of roads or other facilities, or to the disposal sites agreed withlocal authorities;

- clean up the site of scrap metal and other materials;- eliminate soil hydrocarbonic and chemical contamination, neutralise them or remove

to specially allotted areas agreed with regulatory authorities;- remove drilling waste from sludge pit of well No.1053 located within the water

protection zone to specially arranged auxiliary sludge pit outside of it;- dispose the drilling waste and close out the sludge pits in accordance with the Rules

agreed with Goskomprirody of the Republic of Uzbekistan;- upon the close out of sludge pits it is necessary to backfill them with the soil from

banking or with imported one;- carry out leveling of the site and plough up the grounds surface where they are

strongly consolidated;- apply fertile soil layer on the site surface where it has been stripped;- restore the lands in the areas occupied with temporary roads or handover to regular

land user on agreed conditions;- handover the lands which have been allotted to temporary use to the regular land user.

Table5.2–LandsTechnicalRestorationEquipmentName of Materials and Technical Equipment Units Qty

Bulldozer -130 pcs. 2Backfiller “Belarus” pcs. 1Dump truck KamAZ pcs. 2Grader pcs. 1

Table5.3–LandsTechnicalRestorationWorksScopeandTypes

Name and Job Description Units Scope ofWorks

Development of rubble concrete facilities (foundations, sites, trays and etc.) m3 250Backfilling of pits, channels and trenches with the soil from banking in soilmovement to 50m 100m3 15

Leveling of the drill site 1000m2 2.8

100


Return of the fertile soil from storage area to the site to be restored 100m3 51.6Transportation of two bulldozers to 135km t 32Removal of rubble concrete foundations, drilling waste, contaminated soils,garbage and etc. to the landfill t 500

The pollution of the subsurface during drilling could come from poor-quality cementingand lifting less of cement sheath behind the casing; disturbance of casings and cement stone incasing string annulus, ingress of liquid drilling waste into water-bearing horizons due to badquality of conductor mounting, infiltration of waste from the ground surface from the catch-basins through soils and wellhead.

In order to prevent pollution of the geological environment it is necessary, first of all, tomake high-quality cementing of casing string annulus. Successful isolation of permeable beds inannular space will allow eliminaton of underground blowout from one horizon to another or intothe atmosphere, prevention of formation damage of completed facility, and on furtherperformance of drilling works will minimize pollution of the subsurface in case of complicationsor accidents. Along with correctly justified design of the well the high-quality cementing of thecasings will allow prevention of the fresh waters contamination during drilling and operation ofthe wells.

In order to prevent pollution of the subsurface it is necessary to provide cement sheathlifting to the design elevation behind the production casing.

Dengizkul field belongs to fields, natural gas of which contains significant amount ofhydrogen sulfide. Accordingly, the project proposes package of measures including airmonitoring.

Prior to drilling of formations with the fluids containing hydrogen sulfide it is necessary:- to check up serviceability of monitor of hydrogen sulfide content in air of working

zone, availability of personal protection devices;- to treat a nud with neutralizer (inhibitor);- to check a condition of blowout preventer, knowledge of crew workers and engineers

according to the Emergency Response Plan;- to have stock of materials and chemicals on the drill site, including neutralizing

hydrogen sulfide, sufficient for drilling mud treatment in number of not less than twovolumes of the well;

- to provide availability of the cementing unit and borehole and its instant readiness foroperation;

- to provide maintenance standy of shift machine.Technical measures according to the project include:- operation of the equipment and mechanisms with strict observance of operating

manual;- carrying out of timely planned preventive maintenance of the drilling and power

equipment with the approved schedule;- carrying out non-destructive testing of the drilling equipment and tool;- drilling and casing pressure test;- rig derrick test;- integration casing pressure test with installed blowout preventer for design pressure

meeting the drilling mud replacement polygon with formation fluids;- BOP, casing heads and tubing-casing annulus pressure test with water and inert gas

for the required pressures;- use of high-quality materials and chemicals;- use of high-technology and safe equipment;

101


- drilling process automation;- mechanization of labour-intensive works.

For the purpose of fire safety the project provides fire suppression kit and personalprotective devices: fire extinguishers, safety helmets with respirator, fire helmets, fire-resistantcloth, safety helmets, boots and mittens for the personnel working in daily conditions, protectiveoutwear suits, rubber gloves, safe glasses for use while in service with the injurious chemicals,stretcher, first-aid kit, oxygen cylinder, gas masks, etc. There is provided water and foamingagent reserve.

Since the construction of the most part of wells carried out in the flooded territory ofDengizkul Lake (in water protection zone), LUOC conducts continuous observation over thestate of flora and fauna through monitoring.

102


6 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

Emergencies at well construction could be:gas-and-water inflow;well narrowing;mud-loss;taluses and collapse of walls of a bore hole;emergencies at hole making;sticking of drill pipe.

The analysis of the reasons of originating of emergencies testifies that majority of themare the result of breakdown in the process of hole making, deviation from the geological andengineering program, fault in the components of a drilling rig, misaction of technicians becauseof their poor skills, and etc.

Well narrowing. This kind of troubles arises in the course of contact of a drill fluid toopened-up formations because of dilatation and flow of the last, in consequence of which thereare drag and slacking-off of drilling tool that can lead to hard emergency situation - to sticking.It is prevented by the additional consumption of mud chemical treating agents, well constructionincrease in duration because of additional reaming and redressing of a borehole - all suchmatters that directly or indirectly affect geologic and natural environments.

Mud-loss. Usually, mud-losses occur because of unduly high the hydrostatic pressure ofa column of mud over the formation pressure. Force of inertia of a mud column, high speed ofcirculation, considerable pressure fluctuations at discharge of pumps, fast running of drill andcasing strings could be the minor reasons.

Mud-losses are differentiated on partial and catastrophic. The last are especiallydangerous uncontrollable gas flows with negative impact on environment and direct hit ofchemically treated drill mud in lost circulation horizons with following impurity soil andunderground water are possible because of pressure on a bed reduction.

Measures on mud-loss elimination include the following operations:Definition of existence of lost-circulation zone and its intensity on increase of

mechanical speed of output flow of drill mud in the ditch system, lowering of level of drill mudin working reservoir in time, definition of static level of a mud in a hole;

Selection of the method of isolation of lost circulation horizons;Filler material input in a mud to be carried out.

Taluses and collapses of walls of a borehole. Process of this kind of troubles isinfluenced by two reasons: physical-and-mechanical properties of rocks and engineering-technological characteristics of a hole making.

103


To the first are included: physical variation of the shape and volume of the formations,connected with dilatation because of saturation with water; propping effect of water; loss ofstability of a wall of a mine working, etc.

To engineering-technological characteristics are included: a role of pressure differentialsin a bore hole, increased volume of a flush fluid, intensive wall cavitations, heavy carrying-outof rock fragments, and etc. Troubles, connected with taluses and collapses leads to increase ofan anthropogenic impact on environment at the expense of additional, not provided by theengineering design on well construction, drill cuttings - Waste Drilling Mud, Drilling Cuttings,Drilling Sewage Waters, due to re-drilling of sections of collapses, that leads to increaseduration of construction with all following consequences.

Prevention of collapses and fighting with them is one of challenges in drilling. The basicactions for the prevention of the troubles, connected with disturbance of a stable state offormations in the course of drilling are: application of the drill mud, having inhibitoryproperties, and regulation of such characteristics as density, filtering and mineralising; upflowrate maintenance in annular space for at least 1,5 m/s; smooth running of a drilling string on abottomhole; obligatory drill mud topping-up in a hole in the course of pulling of drill pipes.

Troubles at hole making. At hole drilling and cementing, originated troubles areclassified as follows: troubles with drilling string members; sticking of drilling and casingstrings; troubles with cutter; troubles with casing strings and members of its hardware; troublesbecause of unsuccessful cementation; troubles with downhole motors; fall and leave of foreignmatters; other troubles.

The factors, influencing emergencies origination, are many, but the most part of troublesoriginates because of failure of work executors or their poor qualification in a broad sense ofthis concept: leave of roller cones due to their overtime stay on a bottomhole; breakage ofcasing strings and drill-pipes, connected with defect in them or their unskilful use, and etc.

Emergencies elimination, especially long-lasting, demands considerable material costs.Thus, the geologic environment suffer negative impact both "from above" (from a surface), and"from below" (from a rock mass).

Drill-pipe sticking. Sticking of drilling and casing strings originates for the followingreasons:

- Owing to pressure difference in a hole in permeable beds and direct contact ofcertain section of drilling and casing strings with walls of a hole during certaintime;

- At sharp fluctuation of hydrostatic pressure in a hole because of outburst, waterinflow or mud-loss;

- Owing to disturbance of integrity of the borehole, caused by collapse, outflow ofrock or well narrowing;

- As a result of formation of sticking on a cutter;- Owing to string jamming in ditch, because of hit of foreign matters in a hole;

104


- As a result of settling of particles of cuttings or a drill mud solid phase atcirculation loss;

- At cement grout setting in annular space at installation of cement bridging;- At power supply failure or failure of lifting motor of the drilling rig;

For prevention of sticking, it is necessary:- To apply the high-quality drill mud, making thin, tight crusts on the hole wall;- To maintain the greatest possible speed of mud upflow;- Prior to lifting of a drilling string, flushing-out of wells should be carried out until

full removal of cuttings and setting of mud characteristics to the rated values;- To maintain full treatment of drill mud from cuttings fragments.- For the purposes of prevention of troubles with a drilling string, following

measures are provided:- Reduction of vibration of a drilling string by rock cutting tool operating mode

selection;- Careful open borehole reaming to nominal size with acceptance of precautionary

measures against jamming and side tracking;- At durable shutdown or idle time of a well, the drilling tool should be pulled out in

casing shoe, it is necessary to carry out open borehole reaming to nominal size tothe bottomhole periodically.

Gas-and-water inflow. Gas flow (GF) is understood as saturation of drill mud with gas,overflow of the mud through a hole mouth, increase in volume of a circulating mud in receivertanks, build-up of pressure on a standpipe or on a branch pipe at the preventer closed.

The reasons of gas flow are:- Mismatch of mud density to formation pressure;- Drop of backpressure on a bed because of saturation with gas of the drilling mud

or the effect of "swabbing" at a drilling string pulling out;- Lowering of level of flush fluid in a hole because of technological losses (pulling

out without topping-up, loss of circulation);- Reduction of density of a mud at the expense of impairment of its technological

properties;- Opening up of production horizon at the marks above that it is provided by the

project.- Generally, a principal cause of originating of GF is disturbance of stability of

hydrodynamic balance in the system "bed-hole" under the impact of depression onthe confined beds.

Excess of bottomhole pressure over the formation pressure practically does not result inpre-blowout situation. Nevertheless, gas inflow in a hole is possible, owing to capillaryoverflows (impregnation), osmosis, inflow with the cuttings and fallen off rock, gravity

105


replacement, gas diffusion. All processes, enlisted above, take place at durable shutdownsduring conducting of drilling works.

For the purpose of prevention of GF, it is necessary to provide following measures:- To prevent drop of hydrostatic pressure on a bed at the expense of reduction of

mud density, referring the design value.- To prevent lowering of level of drilling mud in a hole (as a result of mud-loss or a

hole incomplete filling at drilling string pulling out).- To prevent depression on the confined beds, arising at pulling of the drilling tool

out, increasing at the expense of swabbing effect.- To stabilise the drilling mud, maintaining its properties according to the design

values. Relative density and Gel Strength of the drilling mud at opening up ofconfined beds should be of minimum accepted by the project values to provide itsfull degassing. Drilling mud should have greatest possible in this case colmatageproperties and low filtering, providing formation of thin, dense filtration crust onthe hole wall.

- To provide reliable operation of blowout equipment and trouble-free operation ofthe drilling-fluid processing system (FPS), including degasser.

- To provide continuous control over drilling mud level in receiver tanks, annularspace, over measurement of the difference between the volume of the drilling mud,added at a drilling string pulling out and replaced at it running.

- The quality of drilling mud to be controlled, freshening it, from time to time, atwell drilling before opening up of suspected gas-bearing stratums (in 50-100 m, itis necessary to have permanent stock of drilling mud in the volume, equal to thevolume of a hole, and the stock chemical and other materials in the quantity,necessary for preparation of drilling mud in the volume of a hole).

- To provide mechanisation of the process of preparation and treatment of the mud.- The drilling rig to be completed with the instruments, necessary for definition of

characteristics of the drilling mud, including control over the gas phase content.- At the approach, in the course of drilling, to the confined beds, and at drilling after

their opening up, control of quality of flush fluid is required.

The analysis of degree of risk includes estimation of accident risk and severity of theirconsequences.

At the stage I of estimation of the degree of risk, various internal and external reasons oforiginating of emergencies are marked out, their identifying is made, scenarios of emergenciesand their heaviest consequences are selected, taking into account the accepted safety measures.

In the course of construction of production wells, the following is possible on drill floor:- Flowing of a production well with following flare combustion of formation gas,

probability of realisation of which is 4,26×10-5 year-1;

106


- Seal of the tank with hydrocarbons (fuel, oils) failure without inflammation,probability of realisation of which is 4,85×10-6 year-1;

Despite the provided complex of the engineering and organisational measures that aredirected on maintenance of safety of production, it is impossible to exclude the probability ofemergencies completely. The probability of their originating is connected, basically, with theequipment deterioration, absence or insufficiency of necessary control, imperfection ofautomation systems.

The most probable emergencies on the drill floor are - spillage of diesel fuel from thefuel tank. The area of the spillage at seal failure of the fuel tank in the volume 30 m3 will be570,5 m2 in accordance with calculations, made by SR 105-03 Definition of Fire and ExplosionsHazard Category of Premises, Buildings and Outdoor Installations

The most hazardous emergency on a drill floor is production well flowing.The max zone, where impact of the damaging factor - heat radiation at flare combustion

of the well flowing - will be detected, will make 24,96 m (safe for the people in tarpaulinclothes). At realisation of other emergencies, injury of the drill floor personnel is unlikely.Calculation of the radius of damage is made based on GOST 12.3.047-98 Fire Safety ofProduction Procedures. General Requirements. Methods of Control.

The drill floor does not represent any direct hazard to settlements as they are inconsiderable distance from the projected facilities.

For the prevention of gas flow in the course of drilling, except conformity of parametersof the solution and serviceability of the blowout preventer equipment (BOP equipment), it isnecessary to execute the following actions, directed on reduction of accident risk:

- To open up the productive stratum only after running of the intermediate string withthe BOP equipment;

- Topping of a hole at drilling string pulling out should be of continuous nature, but notperiodical;

- At reduction of mud solution more than on 20 kg/m3, (0,02 g/cm3), it is necessary totake measures immediately on its recovery;

- For opening up of the zone with possible gas flow, the drilling rig, prior to thebeginning of drilling, should be provided with the reservoirs with the reserve drillingmud according to the current standards;

- For reduction of flowing pressure, it is necessary to avoid application of arrangementsof the bottom of the drilling string with small gaps;

- The string of drill-pipes should be pulled out only after careful flushing-out of a wellat the parameters of the mud solution, complying with the established standards. Thewell should be flushed-out under condition of establishment of the greatest possiblepumps delivery and at drilling string rotation;

- If, at pulling-out of drill-pipes, mud solution level in the annular space is not lowered,it means, that everything indicates the swabbing effect originating. In this case, thedrilling string should be run below section of flow, the well to be flushed-out and only

107


after that the tool pulling-out could be started;- Before opening up of the objects with high formation pressure under the driving drill-

pipe, the backpressure valve is installed.Taking into account the hazards specified, maintenance of fire safety of the facility is

provided by the project, taking into account necessary requirements, and other, standarddocuments on fire safety effective in branch, including realisation of:

- The actions, excluding the possibility of originating of explosions and fires;- The actions, providing the operative alert on possible inflammation;- The actions, preventing fire spreading;

- The actions, providing safe evacuation of people and protection of the equipment;- The actions, creating conditions for fire localisation and extinguishing.The basic actions, directed on maintenance of fire-and-explosion safety, include

reasonable selection of technological processes and equipment, lightning protection, protectionagainst static electricity, and other, directed on elimination of possibility of originating of fireand explosion.

The system of prevention of a fire includes implementation of preventive works byworkers of the supervising fire brigade, control over technological process, control ofconformity of the electric equipment to PUE (Electrical Installations Code), control overserviceable condition of the fire-extinguishing systems, control over serviceability of thecommunication facilities, control over conducting of fire hazardous work .

The fire protection system includes provision of well construction facilities with primaryfire-fighting means according to branch standards in forth. For extinguishing of originated fire,powder fire extinguishers, sand, and water are provided.

The actions, preventing spreading of explosions and fires, and providing safe evacuationof people, are grounded on implementation of fire-prevention requirements, includingmaintenance of the firebreaks, provided by the branch standard documents and codes ofconstruction engineering in forth.

For the prevention of blowout, it is necessary, firstly, to watch over serviceability of thewellhead.

Measures on protection against originating of blowouts are directed on exclusion of awell breakdown and emergencies at conducting of various technological operations on a well.

Thus, principal directions of the decision of the problem of prevention of the blowoutsare:

Strict observance of organisational-and-technical actions;Well head protection against breakdown by increase of its stability;Equipment of a well with accident preventives (surface and subsurface).

108


In case of emergency or well blowout, control over the source of emissions and air basincondition should be carried out by the gas rescue service or blowout elimination service withregistration of results of measuring in the control log.

Localisation and elimination of emergency and accidental spill of oil products, reactants,process fluids and liquid waste with application of sorbents (sawdust, zeolites, rice hulls, etc.)and their following transportation to the sludge pit or the landfill.

In order to reduce damage by pollution of natural environment as a result of accidentsthere is prepared emergency response plan on the well under construction with instructions onwarning of the personnel and special services participating in emergency response with list ofrequired technical means and emergency reserve of decontamination reagents, personnelprotection methods, methods of pollutants collection, removal of pollutants decontamination ofthe territory, as well as water use facilities in case of their pollution.

Assessment of damage by occurrence of social-and-ecological, anthropogenic andeconomic consequences of realisation of accidents is conducted based on ad-hoc survey,analytical calculations and predictive expert reports which are conducted at determiningacceptable risk magnitude at a stage of preinvestment activity.

The damage by atmospheric air pollution as a result of emergency is assessed proceedingfrom pollutants weight dissipating in atmosphere. Pollutants weight is determined by analyticalor examining method, and is estimated as above-limit emission with the application of specialweighted factors (K = 10).

The damage by water body pollution as a result of emergency is assessed by summationof damage by water quality change in reservoir (subsurface waters) and amount of losses,connected with diminishing of its bioproductivity, or (temporarily) as above-limit dumping withthe application of special weighted factors (K = 10).

In case of production pollution (by emissions, dumps), procedural violations, landpollution in an emergency, major blowout and dump along with littering (pollution) of lands byunauthorized landfill sites the pollution damage is assessed based on the data of land syrvey,laboratory analyses and waste volume (weight) data, as well as their hazard rate. Above-limitgeneration and storage of waste is estimated with the application of special weighted factors (K =10).

Cost of land pollution damage is assessed proceeding from expenditures connected withperformance of full scope of clean-up jobs.

Estimation of environmental expenses included rough predicted value assessment of risk– damage by accidents will allow accepting not only technical and process optimum solutionsduring well construction, but also may be one of the basic controlled parameters when insuringecological risk.

The project provides ensuring the fire safety of the facilities taking into account necessaryrequirements, as well as other fire safety normative documents effective in the industry,including implementation of:

- measures excluding possibility of fire development;- measures providing operational possible fire warning;- measures preventing of fire propagation;- measures providing safe people evacuation and equipment protection;- measures creating conditions for localization and fire extinguishing.

Key activities directed to ensuring the fire safety include rational choice of technologicalprocesses and equipment, lightning protection, electrostatic discharge protection and othermeasures directed to exception of the fires occurrence possibility.

109


Fire prevention system includes execution of preventive works by workers of supervisingfire station, control of technological practice conducting, control of conformity of electricequipment to PUE, control of operable condition of fire-control units, control of communicationfacility serviceability, control of execution of inflammable works.

Fire protection system includes provision of well construction facilities with primary fireextinguishing means according to operating branch norms. There are provided dry powderextinguishers, sand and water for fire extinguishing.

Measures interfering fires propagation, as well as providing safe people evacuation arebased on performance of fire-prevention requirements, including provision of the fire breaks,provided by normative documents operating in industry and rules of construction design.

Scenarios of accidents during transportation of hazardous materials and heavy cargoesare not considered due to absence of such accident during construction of wells at oil and gasindustry facilities.

However, during transportation of hazardous materials and heavy cargoes it is necessaryto observe fire and job safety rules and precautions.

Driver has no right to drive the vehicle if the technical state of motor transport does notmeet the specifications, as well as safety precautions and traffic rules.

Prior to permit to motor transport driver transportation of hazardous materials themechanics is obliged to check up technical state of the vehicle, availability fire extinguishingmedium, serviceability of the flashlight, fabric divertor, safety signs, as well as passing by thedriver of medical examination.

During transportation of hazardous materials the control over handling operations isassigned to the responsible engineering-technician. Material handling shall be executed on thespecially equipped sites. Displacement of barrels with hazardous materials shall be carried out onarranged access and floor boards.

During transportation of hazardous materials and heavy cargoes it is necessary to observethe following requirements:

- vehicular distance shall be, at least, 50m;- if the visibility less than 300m transportation of goods is prohibited.F&L decant, receiving and issue operations shall be mechanized. The driver of gasoline

tank truck shall be windward with shutdown engine.Gasoline tank truck travelling speed shall not exceed 50km/h, and on turns no more than

10km/h.The driver of filling truck shall initiate running after flashlight light-up.Consignor organization develops emergency response plans with delivery to the driver or

its attendant.Emergency response plan for emergency recovery establishes procedure for warning,

arrival and action of emergency crew, list of required property, tool and technology of their use.

110


7 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING IN DRILLING

Monitoring covers observations of sources and factors of anthropogenic impacts.Monitoring may be carried out according to the physical, chemical and biological indexes.

Investor’s policy applicable to environment, health and safety assigns as primaryobjectives updating of the required approvals with regard to environmental protection,management and implementation of the continuous environmental monitoring of environmentalcomponents condition in the area of industrial activity carrying out.

It is necessary to classify potential environmental impact. Such approach assumes thatsuch impact includes:

- mechanical effect leading to change of land surface land and vegetation cover(construction of roads, drill sites, etc.)

- noise impact (road traffic, vibration, etc.)- emission of chemically and physically active substances into the atmosphere (of

solid, liquid and gaseous waste)- pollution of surface waters and soils.Therefore, during drilling of wells the water resources, atmosphere, soils and grounds

will be exposed to the anthropogenic impact. The most important direction of monitoring are theobservations over inadmissibility of the contaminated waters filtration from sludge pit, as well asover atmospheric air and soils pollution level in the vicinity of drill rig.

It must be emphasized, in particular, the need of continuous monitoring of potentialhydrogen sulfide air pollution.

On the drill rigs, in premises and at the facilities with potential hydrogen sulfide emissioninto the air of work zone it is necessary to carry out continuous environmental monitoring bymeans of toxic gas monitors. Installation sites of sensors of stationary gas analyzers aredetermined by drilling detailed design.

Stationary gas analyzers shall have sound and light signals with the output to controlroom (control panel) and in place of sensors installation shall pass installation inspection, as wellas state inspection while in service at least once every two months.

During drilling of production horizon it is necessary to establish systematic monitoring ofhydrogen sulfide concentration through measuring by means of gas analyzer, indicator orlaboratory analysis:

- in hazardous areas due to outdoor hydrogen sulfide accumulation at least once a day;- in the enclosed rooms at least once per shift;- in tanks each time prior to commencement of works.Integrity of gland and flange joints, locking devices, indoor vessels and utilities shall be

checked at least once per shift by menas of soapsuds.The most important environmental protection measure is the arrangement of

environmental monitoring. Environmental monitoring is carried out for the purpose of providingof the observations, taking into account of assessment and forecast of environment and itsresources.

Environmental monitoring objectives are:- environmental monitoring in the territory of Khauzak-Shady Block and processes

occurring there under the action of natural factors, subsurface use and other kinds ofeconomic activities;

- assessment of actual environmental conditions in the territory of Khauzak-ShadyBlock;

- timely identification and assessment of the natural and anthropogenic processesaffected environmental conditions in the territory of Khauzak-Shady Block.

111


According to Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Environmental Protection”environmental, natural resources usage monitoring is carried out by the enterprises whichactivity results or may lead to environmental degradation.

Carrying out of regular departmental environmental monitoring is an optimumenvironmental monitoring procedure and implemented by “LUKOIL Uzbekistan OperatingCompany” LLC according to agreed with Goskomprirody of the Republic of Uzbekistan“Program of departmental environmental monitoring”. The program provides monitoringcharacteristics, monitoring type and frequency, location and quality. The program is based onresults and is continuation of earlier conducted surveys at Khauzak-Shady Block, and establishesprocedure and key rules of environmental and simultaneous operations monitoring carrying out.

The program provides following type of natural environment monitoring:- carrying out of natural environment monitoring, including environmental

compartments sampling procedure;- primary information processing and results monitoring;- conducting of the required samples testing collected from environment components

and their documenting;- processing and correlation of monitoring results, operational service and

transmission of data on the environmental conditions.Following are the objects within the framework of environmental monitoring in the

territory of Khauzak-Shady Block during construction of wells:- atmospheric air;- sufrave water bodies and water courses;- ground and underground waters;- soils;- flora and fauna;- radiation environment.During location of environmental monitoring points and assessment of their number it is

necessary to take into account site size, scope of drilling, physical and geographical and othernatural factors, “historic” pollution, as well as results of recent surveys. Monitoring networklocation concept is specification of environmental impact sources with reference to program ofproduction well construction.

Environmental monitoring observation network is arranged at two levels:- background (baseline) stations - for assessment of natural background concentration

of components in natural environment;- local stations - for the natural environment pollution monitoring immediately in the

areas of oil and gas operations to be performed, i.e. in the vicinity of production wellconstruction.

All drill sites in the territory of Khauzak-Shady Block when they are formed will beincorporated with local monitoring stations. However, the surveys are carried out both duringwork performance and following their completiobn semiannually.

Location diagram of monitoring stations conducted in the first half-year of 2013 atKhauzak-Shady Block is shown in the Figure 7.1.

112


Figure7.1 -LocationDiagramofMonitoringStations atKhauzak-ShadyBlock in2013

Atmospheric air monitoring is carried out according to the priority pollutants typical foroil and gas industry, namely: carbon oxide, nitrogen oxides (in terms of nitrogen dioxide), sulfurdioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons (totally). In addition, there is determined oxygen,nitrogen and carbon oxide gas (carbon dioxide) percentage in air.

For assessment of air quality inside and at the boundary of drill sites and their sanitary-protection zones as sanitary-and-hygienic standards there are used established MPC standards ofwork zone, assessment of air quality outside of sanitary-protection zones (500m) is madeaccording to the established one-time MPC and taking into account background concentration atcontrol points.

161

- background stations

local stations of air monitoring-

-

-

-

local stations of water monitoring

local stations of soils monitoring

biomonotoring sites

Dengizkul Lake

113


It is planned to conduct on the sites of drilling wells the monitoring of subsurface waterstapped by temporary water supply wells. In addition, the single source of surface waters on thesite – Dengizkul Lake is subject to monitoring. Waters monitoring will be carried out accordingto the following characteristics: , suspended particles, COD, total salinization, iron, mercury,hydrogen sulfide, phenols and oil products.

Assessment of soil layer pollution in the vicinity of drilling sites will be made within theframework of soils monitoring (at a depth to 0.3m) and grounds (at a depth more than 3m). Iron,oil products content, as well as and dry residue of water extract are subject to the monitoring.

Drill sites are also included in radiation monitoring, and are covered by surveys withinthe framework of biortic monitoring of adjacent flora and fauna.

As noted above, construction of wells is performed partially within the Dengizkul Lakewater protection zone being the state ornithological reserve.

For the purposes of biodiversity conservation LUOC together with ornithologists carryout monitoring being guided by the Action Plan in which it is considered:

- impact of proposed activity on biodiversity and renewable natural resources;- biodiversity and renewable natural resources management within the framework of

activity to be carried out by LUOC, as well as adverse impact mitigation;- biodiversity protection measures on the sites of planned activity with the expressly

specified period.Program of carried out in 2012 monitoring proposes recommendations which will be

observed by LUOC, namely:Some of the project field facilities are near to reed in the northern part of lake and thenorth-west bay. This year active planned drilling works and field development wereperformed near to the north-east extremity of lake. Next year works will becontinued on the Northern Shady site. Therefore, for the purpose of prevention ofreed disturbance in which birds live there will be created protection zone 1km width,and marked in the field, as well as included in the internal location diagrams ofprofiles and project layout drawings used by LUOC.Installation of markers at the distance of 500m from water edge at maximum level ofwater registered over the last years, designating protection zone round the north-westbay which is the area of concentration and breeding of many species of birds.In connection with the commencement of construction works on the site “NorthernShady” it is necessary to take measures for prevention of disturbance of birds innear-shore strip, and for this purpose it is advisably to install markers designatingprotection zone at the distance of 500m from the lakeshore.In order to prevent possibility of migrating birds’ collision with power distributionline it is necessary during monitoring to continue identification of the mosthazardous sites and install markers in the identified hazardous areas. At present suchsites are the bridge and adjacent sites with power distribution lines: at the distance of1km to the bridge and 3km outside of it.For mitigation of negative impact of motor road and transport traffic – for preventionof mortality of birds from collision it is necessary to observe established limitation ofspeed and to make bridge guard visually noticeable having painted it in contrastcolours.It is necessary to continue monitoring ornithological surveys directed to studying ofhabitats and populations condition of various species of birds, revealing theirconcentration areas during various seasons of year and factors influencing them.

At present the name plates of water protection zone are installed near each drill well onthe Northern Shady site. All insulators on the poles of power distribution lines along lake are

114


equipped with special protective covers for prevention mortality of birds to be perished fromelectric current. Markers are installed in high risk zones – on the wires crossing the bridge. Newadditional markers development is continued.

A number of recommendations are executed in 1 half-year of 2013.All obtained results and conclusions are summarized in the form of interim and final

reports with their subsequent transfer to Goskomprirody of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

115


8 FORECAST OF ENVIRONMENT CHANGES

The development of this work has been made based on the analysis of the existent design,technical and environmental information.

The subject of the activity is a construction of additional eight backup wells in the area ofKhauzak-Shady with tying-in to current communications. The necessity of the construction iscaused by the improvement of field recovery.

The technical impact to environment depends on number of factors: the geologicalstructure of deposit, qualitative composition of gas, recovery method, polluting substancesrelease, formation pressure change in deposits, and degree of stability of natural environmentcomponents and so on.

The design solutions have been developed relying on the above mentioned factors.The impact to atmosphere shall be expressed in diesel oil emissions: white damp,

nitrogen piroxide, hydrocarbons, coal smut, sulphur dioxide, methylene oxide, benzopyrene. Theimpact sources are the internal combustion engines of drilling power units and diesel generators.

The main pollutant of atmosphere in terms of volume of emissions and level of impact isthe nitrogen dioxide. At normal operating conditions, the total atmosphere pollution is forecastedas insignificant.

The further addition of pollutants of one vertical well comprises 15.768946 t/well,deviated well’s is 16,963006 t /well. The overall emissions from 8 wells comprise 130.9278 tons.

The consistent wells construction shall not follow with application of pollutants tobackground air pollution.

The analysis of dispersion filed of ground level concentration showed the absence ofexcess of permissible rates on all ingredients, which makes the basis for forecasting situation ofair impact as the reasonable within the area of projected actions.

The evaluation of cumulative impact has been carried out by summing the pollutantsfrom the current impact sources into the impact to the Gas Production Department of Khauzak,forecasted by the emissions from the designed wells.

The maximum permissible emissions received from the activity of Gas ProductionDepartment of Khauzak comprise 6679. 1373 t per a year, the forecasting emissions - 130.9278tons, which comprises 1.96% from the total atmosphere pollution within the location of objects.

Based on the submitted data, it can be supposed that the existent ambient level shall notbe essentially changed during the implementation of design solutions.

The supervision over the emissions shall be carried out with the help of monitoring.The impact to the lands is expressed by withdrawal for temporary use of lands, which are

not being used in agriculture, in amount of 3.6 ha for one well. In order to save and to protect thesoil, the actions, which provide the protection of geological formations and water bearing beds,are foreseen. The implementation of land recovery of damaged lands on drilling wells and withinthe whole territory of drilling sites and damaged lands during the transportation of equipment,gives the opportunity to avoid the impact to land cover.

The selection of well sites shall be carried out based on the alternative solutions due tothe location of number of wells within the water conservation area of Dengizkul lake.

The implemented engineering prospecting researches on sites selection have defined thefollowings:

The construction area of all additional wells is a long distance from the place of nestingof birds, that’s why the negative influence on reproduction success of priority and other kinds,shall not be made. The construction of new wells shall be the factor of reduction of area ofinhabitation and worries for desert plants, birds, mammals and reptiles. However, taking intoconsideration the small areas, involved into the construction, (the temporary land allotment of

116


3.6 ha during the wells construction), the fugacity, as well as the dimensions of the land area ofLUOC and considerably large areas of adjacent territories with similar habitats, it is possible tosuppose that the impacted kinds will move to adjacent territories, thus, the construction worksshall not pose a threat for their life.

It is necessary to note that the wells location has been selected based on the maximumpossible long distance form the Basin of Dengizkul Lake and least damage to plants and animalswithin the framework of the project economy. The location of areas for construction ofadditional wells near the existent communications allows the maximum usage of already-existingaccess roads, gas reservoirs and so on, that, in its turn, will allow reducing the impact ofconstruction process to environment, as well as, will allow avoiding the defragmentation ofinhabitation of desert animals.

The above stated recommendations on location of areas for construction of additionalwells shall allow reducing the damage being made during the construction process, as well as,will allow keeping the efficiency of technical and economic indexes of exploitation.

In case of following all necessary measures previously foreseen in similar projects forconstruction of the existent well stock, the significant deterioration of inhabitations or increase ofnegative influence on plants and animals’ life is not expected.

Upon construction completion, the wells shall be functioned in automatic mode withminimum equipment on the surface that excludes the negative influence on flora and fauna of theadjacent territories, and help restore the inhabitations, which were damaged during theconstruction.

It is necessary to note that the wells construction is planned to carry out in close distanceto well pads of the existent wells with current communications, thus, excluding the demand inconstruction of additional objects and impacts to soil and plant formation.

The impact to water resources shall be expressed by withdrawal of water for technicalneeds from the water wells in amount of:

- vertical well – 8.702 thousand m3;- deviated well (directional) – 8,702 thousand m3.The total water consumption for the period of drilling of all 8 wells is – 69.616 thousand

m3.The drinking water consumption shall be resolved by the carriage from the close

settlement.The water consumption for drilling is:- vertical well – 0.6075 thousand m3

- deviated well (directional) – 0.6075 thousand m3

The total drinking water consumption – 4.86 thousand m3.The waste water disposal from domestic, household and practical needs shall be foreseen

to moisture- proof cesspool with further disinfection of content and disposal with drilling wastesin special equipped moisture proof sludge pit.

Drilling Sewage Waters formed during the construction process, fixing and well testing,shall be disposed to the sludge pit with a moisture-proof surface of bottom and walls. The furthercleaning (utilization) shall be followed in accordance with the Regulations. The amount ofdrilling waste water as per the wells kinds are as follows:

- vertical well – 551.038 m3

- deviated well (directional) – 622.724 m3

The total amount of Drilling Sewage Waters during the construction of 8 wells –4695.048 m3.

The sewage waters disposal of industrial and household assignment to landscape is notallowed. The construction of wells is connected with formation of large quantity of drilling waste

117


presented as the drilling cuttings and used drilling mud of solid phase. The weight total amountof waste is 5469.152 tons, they are:

- vertical well – 636. 367 ton/well or (636.367×4=2545.468 tons)- deviated well (directional)– 731 ton/well or (731×4=2924 ton)For collection of drilling cuttings and solid phase drilling mud, the square single-section

pits shall be designed. The method of waste disposal shall be defined by Regulations for drillingwaste disposal while construction of exploitation wells. The Regulations provide the disposal ofdrilling wastes by the method of solidification of cementing materials – class A cement orhardening composition EKO-2 by adding the bentonite as the filler. The Regulations provides forthe class of hazard of drilling wastes (class 4), which allows the disposal of these wastes insludge pits within the territory of drilling site upon the disinfection.

The design provides for the additional moisture-proof sludge pits for drilling of wells No.1053 (north part of Shady), 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058 (Khauzak) out of the territory of waterconservation area. The waste disposal shall also be carried out in accordance with theRegulations.

As the alternative variant, it is foreseen the collection into the temporary sludge pits withfurther transportation of solid phase of drilling wastes of deviated (directional) wells No. 1055,1056,1057, 1058 of Khauzak area, are subject to landfills of drilling wastes of Gas ProductionDepartment of Khauzak.

Upon the completion of construction, the sludge pits shall be liquidated, and the damagedlands shall be recovered.

The sites for containers with Fuels and Lubricants for wells No. 1053, 1055, 1056, 1057,1058 shall be constructed with strong water isolation and berms. In composition of ERP ofdrilling sites, it is required to foreseen the special section with certain actions on liquidation ofpossible failures related to unsealing of Fuels and Lubricants warehouse.

Therefore, the design provides for the actions both of technical character andenvironmental one, which allow timely prevention from the negative impact to subsoil waters,flora and fauna and soils.

Within the framework of the plan for prevention of biodiversity and Augmented designfor monitoring of biodiversity, it is developed and approved by ornithologists and powerengineers the advanced model of markers for power lines marking on the ways of bird migration,the information and warning signs on limits in water conservation area of Dengizkul lake havebeen installed in all parts of roads of Khauzak and Western Shady. It is also foreseen the regularinstructional advice and informing the drilling contractor’s staff, on issues of biodiversity safety,on limited working mode within the water conservation area and on obligatory execution of allstated by design the actions.

The implemented events are the environment protection events and they are directed toprotection of species composition of birds inhabited in western area of Dengizkul lake.

The main unfavorable factor of industrial environment during the drilling of gas well issignificant level of noise and vibration.

The exploitation of machines and mechanisms are followed with vibration and noisehaving different nature.

The vibrations caused during the tripping process on drilling rigs, is a result of jointinfluence of statistic and dynamic sources. During the tripping operations, notwithstanding fromthe level of mechanization of hard works and functions, the vibration and noise influence on allmembers of drilling screw.

But during the drilling operations, the driller is mostly influenced by vibration and noise.On drill rigs with a diesel-engine drive, the noise and vibration exceed the permissible sanitary

118


standards that influences negatively on drilling screw members’ health. This influence is limitedby the time of execution of certain operations of drilling process.

In case of presence of industrial noise and vibration, which exceeds the permissiblesanitary standards, the statement shall provide the technical events for limitation of impact orprovision with the antinoise tools.

Within the framework of the executed monitoring, on drilling sites of Khauzak-ShadyBlock, the range of noise level varied at rate of of 40-60 dB, that does not exceed the permissiblestandards as per the SanPiN No.012-01.

The main aspect of the statement is the location of designed wells in a long distance fromsettlements, in desert area of Alat district.

This circumstance will allow keeping the ecosystem services to population at previouslevel, that is, the construction of wells shall not cause the changes for this kind of service.

From the point of socio-economic, it is possible the increase of raw materials base byproduction of hydrocarbons during the implementation of the project.

Thus, the construction of additional wells in the areas of Khauzak-Shady is possibleproviding the followings:

- Clear execution of solutions while the designing;- following the administrative and technical measures on prevention of soil pollution,

pollution of water environment, atmosphere;- Control over the soil constitution, subsurface waters, atmosphere on pollution source

and its impact;- following the regulations for exploitation of technological equipment;- Accident-free drilling;- Timely transportation of unusable waste in industrial sites, by vehicles of specific

purpose, with further ground disposal;- Transfer to specialized company for further processing or disinfection, recycling and so

on;- improvement of ecological culture of staff and mandatory organization of Natural

Environment monitoring.

119


CONCLUSION

The construction of vertical and directional backup wells in the areas of Khauzak-Shadyof Dengizkul lake field is planned for improvement of field recovery. The backup wells shall belocated with a maximum tying-in to the existent well pads.

The environmental impact statement of being designed production has been developedbased on the analysis of the existent condition and features of environment within the area ofsupposed construction.

In the statement the possible impact sources, the type and nature of impact, as well as, theimpact objects from the ecological point of view have been analyzed.

The forecasting impact of construction objects to atmosphere condition, soils, flora andfauna, ecosystem services have been considered in this work.

The objectively existent dangers of production both for working personnel andenvironment in profile of possible accident, have been described, the measures on prevention ofboth the emergency and possible unfavorable impacts to environment have also been intended.

The wells construction sites have been chosen taking into account the alternative variantsof locations and based on the engineering and ecological researches.

The intended construction sites are located in sparsely populated area and far from thesettlements that gives the opportunity to keep the ecosystem services at appropriate level.

The potential objects of impact shall be air, soil, flora, fauna, subsurface waters. Theformation of wastes at this level is not preventable, but the duration is limited by the period ofwells construction.

The impact of technological nature carries temporary and local nature. The ecosystem offlora and fauna, taking into account the recommendations proposed by ornithologists, as per thebiodiversity, shall be kept in the advanced plan.

Totally, it can be forecasted the ecological competence of projected activities executionproviding the observance of technological discipline and implementation of environmentalevents.

The additions to Environmental impact statement of construction of wells within the areaof Khauzak-Shady of Dengizkul field, as per the legislation, are subject to State ecologicalexpertise, and in case of positive report, it is a basis for works on construction of additionalbackup wells within the area of Khuazak Shady.

120


LIST OF LITERATURE

1. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.491 dated onDecember, 31, 2001 “On Approval of the Provision on State Environmental Expertise in theRepublic of Uzbekistan”.

2. RD 39.0-140-2012. Procedure for Environmental Inventories for oil-and-gasproduction and oil-and-gas refining enterprises. OJSC “UzLITIneftgaz”, Tashkent, 2012.

3. Ecologist-expert Handbook. State Natural Conservation Committee of the Republic ofUzbekistan. Tashkent, 2009.

4. The practical policies on prevention of environmental pollution and subsoil protectionwhile the wells construction process in drilling companies and UGS. SredazNIIGas, Tashkent,1986.

5. RD 51-1-96. The practical policies on prevention of environmental pollution andsubsoil protection while on-shore wells construction of hydrocarbon fields of polycomponentcomposition, including the sulphur ones. Moscow, 1998.

6. Ecological audit of contract area containing of: the area of Kandim group of fileds,areas of Khauzak-Shady, as well as, Kungrad area, LLC Lukoil- Vologradnipimorneft, Baku,2005.

7. Design for development of areas of Khauzak and Shady of Dengizkul field. Protocol ofCDC No. 4/1 dd. December 23, 2010.

8. Group detailed project and cost estimating documents for drilling of exploitation wellswithin the areas of Khauzak, Shady of Dengizkul field, JSC Uzlitineftegaz, Tashkent, 2005.

9. “Temporary policy of the investor in the sphere of industrial safety, labor andenvironment protection”. Steering Committee of Investors Consortium, Tashkent, 2004.

10. Instruction on inventory of pollution sources and standardization of emissions ofpollutants into the atmospheric air for the enterprises of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Approvedby the order No. 105 of the Chairman of the State Committee for Nature protection, December15, 2005.

11. Construction standards and rules. (SNiP, KMK).12. Manual for hazard assessment related to the possible accidents during the production,

storage, usage and transportation of large amounts of fire hazardous, explosive and toxicmatters”. Tashkent, 1993.

13. Designs for environmental impact statement for drilling of exploitation wells(vertical, directional wells) within the areas of Khauzak-Shady of Dengizkul field. Tashkent,2005.

14. Environmental impact statement “Construction of exploitation wells within the areaof Khauzak-Shady, Tashkent, 2008.

15. Environmental impact statement “Construction of exploitation wells within the areaof Shady. Tashkent, 2010.

16. Advanced monitoring plan of biodiversity on the lake Dengizkul ( ). LUOC,Tashkent, 2012.

17. Report on initial engineering and ecological research and areas choice forconstruction of additional wells within the area of Khauzak-Shady, LUOC, Tashkent, 2013.

18. Report on ecological and social monitoring of LUOC activity for the 1st term of 2013.19. Rules for Disposal of Drilling Cuttings during Construction of Production Wells at

Shady Block. Tashkent, 2010. 20. KMK 2.04.01-98. Plumbing and Sewage System. Gosstroy. 1998.21. KMK 2.04.03-97. Sewarage. Public Utilities. Gosstroy. 1997.22. SNiP IV-2-82. Part IV. Estimate Standards and Rules.

121


23. O'zDst 950: 2000. Potable Water. Hygienic Requirements and Quality Control.Tashkent. 2000.

24. RD-51-121-87. Current Individual Book-value Norms and Specifications of WaterConsumption and Water Disposal in Gas Industry.

25. Technological design standards for oil, gas and water collection, transportation andtreatment facilities.

“LUKOIL Uzbekistan Operating Company” LLC “TEXNET ... · “LUKOIL Uzbekistan Operating...

Documents

Transcript of “LUKOIL Uzbekistan Operating Company” LLC “TEXNET ... · “LUKOIL Uzbekistan Operating...