“Big Science and Materials - Opportunities, Breakthroughs ... · Soft multidisciplinary condensed...
Transcript of “Big Science and Materials - Opportunities, Breakthroughs ... · Soft multidisciplinary condensed...
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“Big Science and Materials -
Opportunities, Breakthroughs and the
Future”
The 53rd Hatfield Memorial Lecture
Professor John Wood FREng
6 December 2005
University of Sheffield
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‘CCLRC’ – Council for the Central Laboratory of the
Research Councils
The CCLRC:
• operates world-class large-scale research facilities;
• provides strategic advice to the government on their development;
• manages international research projects in support of a broad
cross-section of the UK research community.
CCLRC is one of Europe's largest multidisciplinary research
organisations supporting scientists and engineers world-
wide and is one of eight Research Councils in the UK.
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The Research Council Family
CCLRC
UK Government
DTI
Office of Science &
Technology
EPSRCPPARC NERC BBSRC MRCESRC
Daresbury
Laboratory
Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory
Chilbolton
Observatory
AHRC
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The CCLRC Facilities offer a diversity of experimental
techniques which are not only complementary to each other, but
also to more traditional techniques used by materials scientists.
The physical characteristics of large research facilities offer new
opportunities for researchers, such as time resolved studies in a
broad range of areas:
• Super conductivity
• Joining techniques
• Radiation hard materials
• Electronic and photonic materials
• Surface properties
A variety of ‘case studies’ will be presented
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The CCLRC sites
Three world class
research laboratories…
2
CCLRC Daresbury
Laboratory
Cheshire
1
CCLRC Rutherford
Appleton
Laboratory
Oxfordshire
3
CCLRC Chilbolton
Observatory
Hampshire
1
2
3
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Portfolio of Current Facilities
Neutrons ISIS Pulsed Neutron Source, RAL
ILL Grenoble
Photons SRS, Daresbury
ESRF, Grenoble
Central Laser Facility, RAL
Supercomputing HPCx, Daresbury
….. a unique toolkit for materials scientists
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ISIS Experimental
Facility
Central Laser
Facilities Astra &
Vulcan
SRS Experimental
Facility
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Institut Laue Langevin
European Synchrotron
Radiation Facility
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The HPCx Project
Operated by University of
Edinburgh and Daresbury
First Tera-scale research
computing facility in the UK
Largest academic HEC facility in
Europe; 2nd largest in the world
Funded by EPSRC, NERC,
BBSRC for capability large-scale
simulations
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Portfolio of Current Programmes
Particle Physics
Computational Science
and Engineering
Space Science
and Technology
Engineering and
Instrumentation
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Hard
Soft multidisciplinary condensed matter science
1960
1970
1990
1980
The impact of neutrons…
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Length and Timescales
Complementary techniques, both conventional and state-of-the-art, offer a
broad range of options for the materials scientist.
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Structural materials
CASE STUDY 1
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A prototype wingbox typical of that
used on Very Large Aircraft being
manipulated on the ISIS ENGIN-X
instrument
Airbus wing spar being examined
on the ENGIN-X instrument at ISIS
Accommodation of Large Scale Engineering Structures
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Intergranular stresses in engineering alloys
0 2000 40000
100
200
300
400
500
Elastic strain magnitude ?106Applied stress ma
0 2000 4000
000210-11
Compression Tension
In situ mechanical testing on
ENGIN-X diffractometer
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Internal stress and selective transformation in TRIP steels
Microstructural evolution
Interphase stress generation Selective austenite transformation
austenite
back stress
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Optimising residual stresses in inertia friction welds
Rolls-Royce plc. Compressor rotor factory (CRF)
400
600
600
800
800
100
0
1000
1200
2
1
0
-1
-2
R/mm
0 1 2 3 4 5
z/mm
As welded
200300
300
300
400
400 4
00
2
1
0
-1
-2
R/mm
0 1 2 3 4 5
z/mm
5h 810°C
Modified PWHT
1500 MPa
400
500
600
600
600
700
700
800
800
2
1
0
-1
-2
R/mm
0 1 2 3 4 5
z/mm
5h 760°C
Conventional PWHT
1000 MPa
unacceptable
Prototype welded ring
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In-situ Non Destructive Testing of Jet Engines
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FaME38 provides support to enable European materials engineers to
make the best use of the advanced neutron and synchrotron X-ray
scientific facilities at ILL-ESRF.
FaME38 services include:
• Microstructure characterisation
• Sample metrology
• Sample positioning
• Test rigs
• Furnaces
• Virtual beamline
FAME38 at the ILL and ESRF Grenoble
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Aerodynamics of Helicopter Blades
Air flow around rotating
helicopter blades simulated by
solving the continuum
equations of fluid dynamics – a
demanding application, even for
HPCx.
Vortices thrown off by one blade
encounter the next blade as it
rotates.
Collaboration with Chris Allan (Bristol) UK Applied Aeronautics Consortium
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Variant selection in shape memory materials
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
A li d S [MP ]
intensity / (init
111
200 311
220
202
113
002
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.00.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Inte
nsity
d-spacing [10-10m]
Austenite
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Inte
nsity
d-spacing [10-10m]
Martensite
ParentMartensiteMartensiteCoolStress loadHeatStress
NiTi
Fe-30.5at%Pd
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Materials processing
CASE STUDY 2
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646260585654525048464442403836343230282624222018161412
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
Structure 100.00 %
XRD of alumina in 0.1s cooling at 105 deg min-1
Ceramic Formation from Molten Alumina
N. Greaves, Aberystwyth
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2.4 2.6 2.8 3.00.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
2s
1s1900 C
1600 C
30 C
2600 C
Norm
aliz
ed W
AX
S inte
nsity
Q(A-1)
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.050.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
1900 C
1600 C
30 C
2600 C
Norm
aliz
ed S
AX
S inte
nsity
Q(A-1)
Ceramic formation from molten alumina
SAXS WAXS
liquid
crystallisation
100,0
00 d
egre
es
per m
inute
liquid
recalescenc
e
The Structure of Liquids in Real Time
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Zeolites: The Oil Industry and Consumer Products
Camblor et al, Angew. Chem., Intl. Ed. Eng., 37,
2122-2126, (1998)
X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption
spectroscopy have been used extensively to
support research into catalysts by industrial
scientists. Applications include catalysts
used in the oil refining process and those
used in washing powder.
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Combined SAXS/WAXS study of Zeolite A
formation from clear solution
Q(1/nm)
SAXS
2 Theta
WAXS
Precursor particles Zeolite LTANano-sized particles
Tim
e (m
ins)
Tim
e (m
ins)
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"Powder Materials Processing"
• Direct observation of powder filling of dies
• Simulation of powder agglomeration
• Localised density distribution in sintered materials
• Real time observations of crack growth during testing
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TiO2 probe Withdrawal
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How does Rock Salt Dissolve in Water?
Set up a small crystal of
NaCl surrounded by water
molecules, at a certain
temperature, and let the
system evolve classically
according to Newton’s
Laws of motion.
It’s quite rare for an ion to
move out of the crystal into
the solution – a challenge
for simulation methods.
Collaboration with Art Voter (Los Alamos)
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Surface properties
CASE STUDY 3
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Real time reduction/oxidation experiments
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reduction/oxidation cycles of iron-molybdenum-
based catalyst at ~500ºC
H2 O2H2 O2
slower collection:
1 reduction + 1 oxidationcycle
Collection: 120 30 s = 60 min.
showing near-instantaneous
structural change during oxidation
and more gradual change during
reduction
fast collection:
just 1 oxidation cycle
Collection; 120 2 s = 4 minutes
showing, even on this time
framing, an extremely rapid
change.
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Hydrogen sorption of Nb-catalysed, nanostructured Mg
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Materials for Energy
Research
CASE STUDY 4
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From renewables to nuclear there are significant
challenges for materials research ……
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Materials
e.g. battery cathodes: LiMn2O4
fuel cells ZrO2: CsHSO4
hydrogen storage: CHxH, Li, O mobility
CsZrMnSOCLiH
X-rays
neutrons
Materials with mobile light atoms in the presence of heavy atoms
Clean power – neutron and X-ray probes
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Structural Chemistry and Physics
Energy for the future
Mg2FeH6 Clathrate hydrates
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Chemical Activity and Molecular Motions
0.2 0.40.8 0.6 0.4 0.20.2 0.40
200
400
600
800
1000
LX
( , , )( , ,0)
LiD, a Very Simple Model System
K
Fre
qu
en
cy/c
m-1
( ,0,0)LiH … CsH : Model systems
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200
0 200
S(Q
,)/
Arb
. U
nits
Neutron Energy Loss/cm-1
Ti/NaAlH4 as measured Calculated Spectrum
NaAlH4 with Ti catalystAlnH3n clusters formed on the Ti
Catalysis, fuel cells
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Powder neutron diffraction
of lithium nitridometallates Li3-x-yMxN, M=Co, Ni, Cu
The structural studies have enabled
control to be established over the precise
stoichiometry, ordering effects and Li
vacancy concentrations. These factors
are crucial in determining transport
properties
853 K
853 K
963 K
Powder neutron diffraction has been
used to determine the crystal structures,
thus revealing the defect chemistry.
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• NERC e-ENV e-science
project
• Study of candidate
materials for long-term
storage of radioactive
elements
• Radiation damage to bulk
and surface
• Formation and stability of
defects, amorphisation and
percolation
• DL_POLY 3 - molecular
dynamics - domain
decomposition
• Zirconia - 5 million atoms
• Double damage event
Radiation Damage – Storage
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Natural and Biomimetic
Materials
CASE STUDY 5
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Natural laminate structures
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Using SR to see the wood from the trees
glucoseglucose
cellulosecellulose
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Structural Biology Programmes
Prof. J. Walker - 1997 Nobel PrizeProf. J. Walker - 1997 Nobel Prize
F1 F1 ATPaseATPase structure structure
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Biomedical Applications
Muscle
Breast Brain
Sperm
The study of a diverse range
of biological systems,
particularly in real time, has
presented many challenges.
Advances in instrument and
detector development for
these systems have
benefited the physical and
materials research
communities
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Synthetic Polymers as Artificial Muscles?
• Reversible phase
change due to external
stimuli response.
• pH, solvent composition
and temperature
pH = 3.5pH = 7.6
Swelling of a triblock gel
1 mm
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Ryan, Howse, Sheffield University
Steve Scott, Leeds University
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Non-invasive probing of bones through tissue
Two novel approaches for thenon-invasive probing ofdiffusely scattering mediabased on laser spectroscopyhave been pioneered at theCentral Laser Facility
– potential applicationsinclude disease diagnosis(e.g. osteoporosis, cancer)and quality control inpharmaceutical industry.
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Cultural Heritage
CASE STUDY 6
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Cultural Heritage
Engineering, Materials Science and other applications
Axes, coins, statues, helmets, spoons, marbles, pots …
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Making techniques of prehistoric (4000 BC)
copper axes from the Alpine region
Neutron Archaeometry
• Metallurgists and ceramicists are engaged intexture research to develop materials withfavourable properties.
• In contrast, geologists and archaeologistsare using textures to interpret the past.
• Neutron texture data are representative ofbulk material properties
• Neutron diffraction is increasingly used tomeasure texture and strain, withinstrumentation dedicated to theses tasks.
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1600 1200 800
Absorbance /Wavenumber (cm -1)
1650
1542
1450
1400
13221240
1172
10781044
carminic acid
protein material
CaC2O4·nH2O
15th century Catalan gothic altarpiece by Jaume Huguet.
FTIR of the red pigment shows the presence
of carminic acid. The presence of alum was
determined by SR X-ray diffraction and SEM-
EDX, this compound is used to precipitate
the lake pigments. This pigment is related to
ancient textile activity.
The Nature of Medieval Synthetic Pigments
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• King Henry VIII’s flagship which sank in
1545 and was raised in 1982
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Sulphur damage to the timbers of the
Mary Rose
• Water-logged woodcontains sulphur whichcan turn acidic onexposure to air
• SRS facilities have beenused to unravel theunderlying sulphurchemistry
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The next generation
facilities….
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3rd Gen. SR
2nd Gen. SR
Laser Slicing
SPPS
Initial
H.-D. Nuhn, H. Winick
Pe
ak
Bri
gh
tne
ss
[P
ho
t./(
s ·
mra
d2 ·
mm
2 ·
0.1
%b
an
dw
.)]
FWHM X-Ray Pulse Duration [ps]
Future
Future
ERLs
X-Ray FELs
InitialUltrafast x-ray sources willprobe space and time withatomic resolution.
Peak brightness of pulsed X-ray sources
what do we do today
and
what tomorrow?
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ISIS 2nd Target Station
Diamond Light Source
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SNS Oak Ridge USA
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Schematic layout of a single pass XFEL
A new X-ray source is needed for
studies of new, of non-equilibrium states of matter
at atomic resolution in space and time
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The Future – Inertial Fusion
ITER (International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor) is the
experimental step between today’s
studies of plasma physics and
tomorrow's electricity-producing
fusion power plants.
It is based around a hydrogen plasma
torus operating at over 100 million °C,
and will produce 500 MW of fusion
power.
International project involving China,
the EU and Switzerland, Japan, Korea,
the Russian Federation, and the USA..
Ready to start construction and the
first plasma operation expected in
2016.
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International Fusion
Materials Irradiation
Facility (IFMIF)
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Challenges for the future
• Improvements in detectors
• New sample handling methods
• Vast volumes of data to handle
• Different ways of accessing the facilities
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CCLRC Detector capability
• gas filled detectors
– wires, microstrips
• solid state detectors
– strips, hybrid pixels, active pixels
• microelectronics and data acquisition
– signal extraction, processing, acquisition
Gamma rays to infra red, charged particles and
neutrons
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BASIC
PIXELS
ADVANCED
PIXELS
ADVANCED
PIXELS
4m
m
10mm
Time-of-flight 20us
Photon Trace on Sensor
Binary image of
pixels hit along
the way
Sparse (Binary) Image Sparse (Timed) Image
Timing information
from hit pixels gives
80ns resolution
Single Frame
Moving Image Timed Capture
Basic Technology MI3 Development Sensor (J Crooks)
• Analogue-to-digital
conversion
• DRAM storage
• Logic to explore
"intelligent" functionality,
such as sparse readout
• fast frame imaging: ~5000
frame/sec
• timing capture: 80ns
timing resolution of bright
laser / particle events
‘Intelligent’ Digital Pixel sensors
Collaboration with Prof. Nigel
Allinson, Sheffield
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Several long-baseline (~km long) interferometric gravitational wave
detectors are in operation around the world
– Aim is to detect the effects, on test masses on the Earth,
of gravitational waves generated by astrophysical sources
– Gravitational waves are fluctuations (‘ripples’) in spacetime caused
by the acceleration of mass (differential strain in space)
– These signals should provide unique information about astrophysical
objects like supernovae, neutron stars-pulsars, black holes and
interactions in the early Universe
– Signals are very weak – detection requires construction of very
sensitive optical instrumentation
– Considerable research ongoing on – high quality optics and
coatings
Gravitational Wave Detectors
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Detect their effects on the motion
of mirrors in Fabry-Perot/Michelson
Interferometers
Gravitational waves have very weak
effect: Expect mirror movements of
less than 10-18 m over arm lengths of
4km
Detection of Gravitational Waves -
challenges
4km
Need substrates and coatings which:
(a) withstand ~108W/m2 of continuous laser
power at 1064nm on coated mirror
(~700kW/m2 through the mirror).
Need:• low optical absorption
• high substrate thermal conductivity
(b) low levels of Brownian motion
Different substrate materials under study: eg
fused silica, sapphire, silicon + othersLIGO fused silica mirror (10kg)
in suspension cradle
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Sample handling – Stem Cells
Gelatin micro scaffolds are manufactured
by the Central Microstructure Facility.
The scaffolds are used as support
structures to align growing human stem
cells which will be used to form
connections between the spinal column
and the brain in paralysis patients.
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Thermal Bimorph Actuators
Piezoresistive Sensor
TrackActivation Track
Signal lines
distributed to contact
pads
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Sample handling - Laser Tweezers
A mist of decane aerosol
droplets (1-7 microns) was
produced using ultrasonic
nebulisation techniques
These were optically trapped
using the Raman Tweezers
apparatus
– Stable for 30 minutes
– Raman Spectra collected
from a single droplet
– Controlled droplet collisions
Applications– Atmospheric and
Environmental Chemistry– Fast stopped-flow reactions
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000
Raman shift (relative wavenumber)
Inte
ns
ity
(a
rbit
rary
un
its
)
Droplet
Bulk
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The X-ray free-electron lasers
will provide coherent radiation
of the proper wavelength and
the proper time structure,
so that materials and the
changes of their properties
can be portrayed at atomic
resolution in four dimensions,
in space and time.
Diffraction pattern of 10 x 10 x 10 Au cluster
Fascination - FELs for hard X-rays
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Firmenam e (Referentennam e)28
Coulomb explosion of lysozyme (50 fs)Coulomb explosion of Lysozyme LCLS
Radiation damage
interferes with atomic
scattering factors and
atomic positions
50 fs
3x1012 photons/100 nm spot
12 keV
R. Neutze, R. Wouts, D. van der Spoerl, E. Weckert, J. Hajdu: Nature 406 (2000) 752-757
t=0
t=50 fsec
t=100 fsec
Coulomb Explosion of Lyzosyme
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Future directions and new
opportunities for materials
research
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Where next for the materials
scientist?
Next generation facilities
more intense
brighter
wavelength optimised
increased compute power
New capabilities
smaller samples
more dilute samples
increased time resolution
‘Dirty’ & complex real systems
• In-situ online materials processing
• Real time materials imaging
• Reaction monitoring under extreme conditions
• Follow processes as ‘molecular movies’
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Energy for the futureDrug design and pharmaceuticals
BiotechnologyMaterials and processing
Priority scientific areas for the next decade
Communications
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Opportunities for Industry as a Supplier
Facilities such as ITER, IFMIF, the Linear Collider, XFEL and 4GLS
will require partnership with industry to develop for example:
• Superconducting cavities/solenoids
• Next generation materials for target materials and vessel
construction
The next generation facilities will present new technological
challenges which will enable UK industry to engage as
suppliers in their construction and commissioning.
…. but also equally importantly there will be key advantages
for industry by exploitation of these facilities
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What opportunities will this bring for industry?
• To think beyond the traditional laboratory work bench
• To consider solving previously intractable problems
• To have ease of access to a powerful analytical toolkit
Competitive advantage for
companies taking advantage
of this extended portfolio of
instruments
Opportunities for Industry as a User
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The work described has involved several
international and national collaborations between
academic colleagues and CCLRC staff.
Special thanks to Dr. Liz Towns-Andrews for
putting together the presentations and interfacing
with the many internal staff involved.
Acknowledgements
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