TOTAL SANITATION

(Management of Human Waste, Animal Waste, Agricultural Solid Waste, Waste Water,

Rain Water Harvesting, Water Purification etc.)

“Best Practices in Rural Sanitation & Solid Liquid Waste Management”

Background :

Village sanitation, an area of great personal concern to Mahatma Gandhi, was always a high priority area of CSV too. However, CSV decided to take a plunge into it, only after doing its home work.

Having been steeped in the indigenous village culture, the CSV group knew the strengths as well as the weaknesses of the villager’s psyche, besides the reality of the rural water supply situation. They knew the users habits as much as the inhibitions and difficulties of the first generation “Latrines”. They also realized that the farms which were starving for nutrition, would benefit tremendously by a possible recovery of manure from this source. They were fully convinced that community latrines would continue to be unattended to and rejected as a concept. They brought all the above consideration to bear upon the choice of design and method of implementation, by giving centrality to the following three objectives :

Low on water, high on hygiene,

Manure regeneration,

Uninterrupted functioning.

Certain principles are relevant in all regions, the most fundamental requirements of the human beings of which are access to safe water & sanitation. Water supply, sanitation and health are closely related. Poor hygiene, inadequate quantities and quality of drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities cause millions of the world's poorest people to die from preventable diseases each year. Women and children are the main victims.

Centre of science for Villages (CSV) has done research on almost all existing sanitation and other related subjects and their respective systems. CSV work out at grass root level of the villages and developed full proof technologies considering local climate and availability of material required. The basic principles behind every design are low cost, eco-friendly, using locally available materials and men power.

The concept of sanitation was earlier limited to disposal of human excreta by pools, open ditches, pit latrines, bucket system etc. Today it connotes a comprehensive concept, which includes liquid and solid waste disposal, food hygiene, and personal, domestic as well as environmental hygiene. Proper sanitation is important not only from the general health point of view but it has a vital role to play in our individual and social

life too. Good sanitary practices prevent contamination of water and soil and thereby prevent diseases.

Therefore according to CSV, The concept o sanitation was, therefore, expanded to include personal hygiene, home sanitation, safe water, garbage disposal, excreta disposal and waste water disposal. . In general, for reducing water- and sanitation-related diseases, good sanitation and the availability of an adequate quantity of water for washing, bathing and cooking are more important than the quality of drinking water.

Centre of science for villages treat Total sanitation programme as total waste management including night soil and all types of organic wastes and Liquid waste management i.e. all types of waster. Ground water table also gets increased which may help in summer when villages have to struggle with water shortage.

Total sanitation programme covers very economical toilets, to stop open defecations and to utilize human waste as highly nutritive manure.

Total sanitation programme covers very economical toilets, to stop open defecations and to utilize human waste as highly nutritive manure.

Along with this, CSV has developed technologies on related subject to Human Waste Management

Construction of Leach Pit Toilets producing organic compost manure using flap seal pans.

Toilet Pans, production of economical handmade tile pan

Collection of Human Urine for fresh urea.

Agro waste Management

Vermi Compost, Nadep Compost, Bio-residue Gasifier Stove,

Animal Waste Management

Biogas plant, Biogas manure.

Waste Water Management

Individual & Community Soakage pits

Kitchen Gardening

Spill water recycling units

Water Purification

Water Filter for safe drinking water.

Rain Water Harvesting & Watershed management.

Details of these technologies and some additional technologies are mentioned below …

Prologue: Centre of Science for Villages (CSV)

Avoid to install septic tank as it gives bacterial effluent dangerous to the atmosphere, almost impossible to do the management inspite require lot of water.

Centre of science for villages (CSV), Wardha a NGO is having countable contribution in Sanitation and water programs. CSV is providing training for adequate sanitation and safe drinking water to maintain hygienic environment. CSV has also designed various types of toilets, urinal, water filter, Shital Pot, Spill water recycling, Waste management technique, low cost houses and much more CSV is devoted to maintain environmental conditions in low cost and with materials available in the village.

CSV Missionary

To work towards a holistic and futuristic development of the small community based decentralized village economy. To develop and demonstrate appropriate rural technologies which are ecologically sound and socially justice.

To develop the villages and arrest the erosion of its talents by promoting rural non-farm activities through developing economically viable new occupations and modes of production with interaction between science and technology Labs & village mud huts, to enable the scientists to interact with the rural realities and learn from the accumulated knowledge in the village tradition.

To provide a forum to rural innovation with specialists and experts in science and technology, to provide them with necessary science and technology inputs to optimize their innovated processes and products.

To provide basic needs and facilities to the people using cost effective and income generating technologies.

To utilize local resource and man power for development of community.

To promote Self Help Group for constructive activities

To maintain and restore environmental conditions

To undertake adaptive R & D activities to mould the available technology according to the local condition & skill level & train people who could take it to the villages.

On the basis of the above principles activities are undertaken to make the technologies viable and replicable under village conditions.

Areas of Activities & Facilities

CSV has multi-disciplinary team composed of technical staff volunteers, ranging from engineers, social scientists and artisans, assisted and supported by apprentice rural youth. About one hundred of them work at the various CSV campuses in different fields.

CSV's intervention has been in the area of

Water and Sanitation Rural Housing Renewable Energy Village Industries Ecological Science & Technology Science Popularization & Awareness Generation Extension & Training of technologies Demonstration / Propagation of technologies Interlink development between the people and agencies Publication

1. HUMAN WASTE MANAGEMENT a) Individual Toilet (Flap seal model)

Background:

On conducting the survey why the villagers are reluctant to use the toilets in India villages.

1. Due to non availability of water, villagers are not ready to use 8 to 10 litres of water every time for flushing

2. Toilet was not on their first priority

3. The so called toilet made available to them was satisfactory.

After studying these problems, we came to the conclusion that villagers will use the toilet only if one litre of water is sufficient to clean the body and the pan. Then we worked on the modification of the ‘pot’ and finally we increase the slope from 15o to 45o and to save the water simple non-reversible flap was introduced in place of water seal. Starting with mud pot finally taking into consideration the liking of the village people we introduce ceramic pot with these modification villagers accepted our model which was then popularly known as Wardha model. As already said toilet was not on their priority list so they were not prepared to spent amount on this, so we tried to reduce the cost of the toilet by using first brick panel system and them Ferro cement technology for construction.

Instead of taking two round about 2-3 ft away from the rear wall of the toilet we design the pits which are adjacent to the wall of the toilet. In this process water was saved because now human excreta is to be flown from pot to the pit directly. There is no intermediate chamber and finally we have decided to give the complete unit of toilet instead of only pit covering with the pot. With this perfect model our success story started. This model was acceptable to villagers and that is why they were prepared to install it near their house. Cost wise it was within their reach.

To start with we constructed 2 – 3 latrines as simple latrine in each mohalla of the village. Villagers use and observe for one year then we insisted that we will implement the scheme only if all the house hold of the village are prepared to take this scheme. Every one has to contribute physically as well as financially. Financial contribution was not uniform it was according to his capacity to pay. The decision of covering the village was taken in the Gram Sabha meeting and not by Gram Panchayat members alone those the decision was broad based and hence it was successful. Instead of one organization of NGO doing or taking all the responsibility we requested all the NGO’s working in the particular village to come together for this nobel crises we are happy to say that it works very well

The funds come from beneficiary, Gram Panchayat, through its various schemes and government or agencies like UNICEF, one of the organization took the responsibility of collecting the funds from all sources and CSV took the responsibility of constructing the toilets. Only in Wardha district in the year 1993 and 1995 we could cover 100% house holds in about 42 villages.

Requires only one-liter water for washing & flushing and also gives very good quality of manure which is odor free, the toilet requires no maintenance and is low cost by using Brick Panel Technology.

Flap Seal Latrine Pan: CSV modified latrine pan with slope 40o at which the glazed surface offers the necessary smoothness to carry the solids along with the flushing force of that small quantity of water. If water trap is used at the outlet great amount of flushing water is required, this large quantity of water required for flushing is also one of the reasons of not using the toilets. Hence CSV introduced the latrine pan with greater slope and G.I. or stainless steel flap hinged at the end.

b) Home Made Pan :

Now it is possible to make the Pan at every house with discarded ceramic glazed tile which are available freely in large quantity at every district l. These tiles are more durable high temperature glazed & longer lasting.

20 mm Water Trap Latrine Pan with High slope

c) School Sanitation:

We can not deny the fact that l 5 of the 10 top killer diseases of children aged 1 – 14 related to water and sanitation l In India, 1000 children per day die of diarrhoea High IMR (57) l Child mortality rate of 74 (NFHS 3) and high drop out especially among girls. We utilized our vast experience in the field of sanitation to develop and optimized the designs for School and Anganwadi Sanitation taking in to consideration the child psychology with following key issues. Promotes health and hygiene behavior at an early stage of childhood and ensures generational change l Improves the health and attendance of children and result in a lower drop out rate, especially among girl children. l Huge network of schools offers a ready-made infrastructure to influence the students, Teachers, parents and hence the community.

2. AGRO WASTE MANAGEMENT:

a. For every house, vermicompost unit will be provided; culture from vermicompost unit will be used as organic manure.

b. NADEP compost tank will be provided. Wastage from agriculture can be used in this tank with little cow dung and dry soil. It results in good compost.

c. Green and dry biomass soaked in cattle dung slurry and covered by black polythene, soil and grasses for three to six weeks to obtain microbial and nutritionally rich compost.

a) Vermi Compost Unit:

For the proper & hygienic disposal of solid waste from each house and surrounding, a household vermi compost unit will be provided to each family. The compost manure produced from the all kind of organic solid waste can be used for the same family for kitchen gardening. The families having large quantity of organic solid waste and cow dung etc. will be provided with NADEP composting units. All kind of technical details with their operating mechanism along with the construction technology is given as below. …….

Household four pit Vermi--compost unit Household four pit Vermi composting unit provided to each family especially is

designed to convert kitchen waste & vegetable waste into vermi compost. In this unit, the above waste material is utilized to generate Vermi-culture, which forms best quality of

manure. This manure is very much useful for kitchen gardening. Vermi-compost is a simplified and continuous process of composting. In this process Bio-waste and kitchen waste is converted into good quality compost with the help of special species Udrilas Ujini of earthworms. This compost can be used for kitchen garden.

Vermi-compost tank is made in 4” thick brick wall in mud / cement masonry with 4”. Perforation in partition walls after every brick (refer drawing for details) the size of tank is 4’ x 4’ x 2’ with two partition walls.

In this type of Vermi-compost 4 tanks are used by cycle method i.e. when manure in first tank will be ready that will be excavated and filled again with organic waste. When manure in the second tank will be ready that will be excavated & filled again with organic

waste. Same method is repeated by cycle. All the waste material from kitchen can utilize and best quality compost is manufacture. Input in vermi-compost tank: - Bio-waste and daily cook food that is wasted.

All type of kitchen waste and organic bio mass from the premises is collected and put every day in one tank.

Potable water should be sprinkled daily to keep the bio-waste moist in tank. When the first tank is filled, cover the tank with black polythene & leave it for 15

days (sprinkle water after every 2 days so that the tank is moist). Keep filling the second tank with bio-waste in the mean time. After 15 days put earthworms in the first tank (for the tank of size 1.5’ X 1.5’ X 2’ use ¾ kg.) b) NADEP Compost Unit :

This method is developed by an old Gandhian worker of Maharashtra (Pusad) called Narayan Deorao Pandharipande and based on his name, the method is called NADEP method of composting.

Structure: NADEP compost is prepared in an aerobic tank made up of bricks and cement, the size of the tank is 10' X 4’6” X 3'. All the four walls of NADEP tank are provided with 6" vents by removing every alternate brick after the height of 1 ft. from bottom for aeration. Tank can be constructed in mud mortar or cement mortar.

c) Bio residue Gasifier Stove (Agrowaste Chulha) : In rural areas, the major requirement for consumption of energy is for cooking, water heating, lighting etc. Indigenously developed Improved Agro-waste Chulha, have higher thermal efficiency of 40 to 50% compared to traditional ones. They have potential to conserve firewood, saving forests, eliminate indoor air pollution. Improve health of women and girl children. It saves more than 300 Kgs\. Of fuel wood equivalent per year, besides reducing drudgery. Stove Assembly : Stove consists of 2 cylinders of large and small diameter placed one inside the other. The annular space closed on one end and sealable on the other. Inner cylinder has a conical grate at the bottom and holes near the bottom for the gas to issue from the annular space. What Fuels : Bio-residues are available in abundance in rural areas. All types of garden waste as well as agro wastes can be used. How to fill the stove: While filling, stove is turned upside down. Conical grating is placed at the bottom of the inner cylinder and the annular space is filled with loose biomass. About 2-3 kg can be filled in each charge. Filling is done by shaking the stove for effective filling. Fuel should not be pressed and compacted and make sure there are no unfilled sections. After filling the fuel, closing the lid, the stove is turned back to upright position. ¾ of the inner cylinder is filled with about 1 Kg. of biomass. Before filling one layer, that is, about 5-6 stones (25-30mm in size) have to be kept inside. The tar generated during gasification cracks and burns when it strikes the hot stove. This reduces pollution and improves combustion.

3. ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT :

Biogas plant:

New Biogas Technology :

Batch wise Gas Plant (No Need to Feed the Cow Dung and Slurry Management

every day) :

Traditional biogas plant is mainly dung based but New Biogas Technology (Balaji Biogas Plant) can use any solid biodegradable material like grass, straw kitchen waste etc. can be used. This biogas plant is used as batch type plant, in initially feed with cow dung, then there is regular discharge of gas for long time (6-7 months). But these materials have to be replaced after 6-7 months.

1. Purity in the Gas: The Balaji model consists of de-sulphurizer to absorb the unwanted sulphur compounds (H2S, SO2). This will help to show that biogas is odorless gas. 2. All other wastes (except Plastic, highly acidic and basic materials) can be feed to this Balaji plant. 3. This plant does not required daily water addition.

Electricity Generation through Biogas operated Generator: Specially designed biogas plant which runs on Agro, Human & Animal wastes of the village to produce Methane Gas i.e. this gas is used as a fuel of specially designed electricity generator. Electricity generated through this system will electrify the whole village with the help of all types of waste material from that village itself.

Biogas manure (?): 4. WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT:

Individual & Community Soakage pits:

It has been observed that easier availability of water {particularly in piped form} leads to increased wastewater from kitchen, scullery and laundry. In the rural areas there are no drain lines to carry away this waste to safe disposal yards. Thus the water that should have brought in better sanitation, actually manages so breed mosquitoes and flies, inviting many diseases.

House hold waste water from cooking, cleaning, laundering & bathing that forms muddy pools & slushy lanes can be drained in the soak pits, designed by CSV. The pit loosely filled with boulders and pebbles percolated about 200-300 litres of water per day, deep into the soil, keeping the surroundings clean & dry. As water is absorbed by the ground, which helps to increase the ground water table. The movable sieve filters at the mouth of the pit helps frequent removal of the solid wastes. Improved model of soak pit will be installed. Household soakage pit for disposal of wastewater (low cost no chance of any contamination water, waters stagnation).

Periodical Maintenance

This soak pit will keep working for 3-5 year depending upon the texture of the soil underneath etc. The limiting factor for application of this solution is high water table. Soak pits should be at least 3 m away from nearest source of drinking water.

Waste water from the houses preferably is used first for the kitchen gardening, for the watering of fruit trees, flower trees, etc.

Model of Soak Pit

Spill water recycling units

About 4000-5000 litres of precious water are wasted every day at all the water collection points i.e. well, hand pumps and public taps apart from creating ugly slush around the place. CSV team has developed a method, to collect and filter the spilled water which can be put to secondary use like cattle drinking, kitchen garden, watering trees, plant nursery, and gobar slurry, building construction, pottery and rural industries. 50 community units are constructed in 30 villages.

The design we started with was earlier developed by Dr. Devendra Kumar and tried out successfully in red soil areas of Tamilnadu. In our areas rich in black cotton soil, the filtration system (designed to remove dirt) got choked too fast, bringing the operation of the system to halt at an irritating frequency. Moreover the filter media (rubble and pebbles) needed a thorough cleaning and scrubbing which was extremely cumbersome. This clean out operations also needed sumptuous quantities of water. This almost put the users off.

Kitchen Gardening with Bathing Waste Water

This is recently innovated system, which is designed to collect the spilled water from hand pumps, wells and other similar sources, make it free from dirt and store it for secondary use. This water is of course unfit for both internal & external use by human beings, but could be safely used.

In some cases waste water from common water sources directly can be used for the plantations of herbal plants, nursery, kitchen gardening etc. Waste water from each house will be allowed to soak in to the household soak pit which is to be provided with each house.

5. WATER PURIFICATION:

Water Filter for safe drinking water:

Even today, there are 1500 million people in the world who have no access to clean and safe drinking water. Every year, according to the estimates of the World Health Organisation (WHO), about 100 million children below the age group of 5 years suffer from diarrhoea in developing countries, resulting in the death of nearly 5 million. Approximately one third of these deaths take place in India alone. Repeated infections due to drinking unsafe water during the formative years may lead to retarded/stunted growth and permanent brain damage. Providing safe drinking water to them is of paramount importance.

The TATA Research Development and Design Centre (TRDDC), Pune, has done extensive R & D work on the design and development of low cost water filters. The thrust in this R & D effort is on the use of commonly available rice husk ash (RHA) as a filtration medium. The objective is to provide safe drinking water to Rural & Urban population in India.

The common sources of water are canals, tanks and wells. Water from these sources is very often unsafe to drink and is the cause of several water borne diseases. TRDDC’s development addresses the issue of purifying the water at household level.

Low cost water filter : Introduction In collaboration with TATA Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune CSV has introduced a low cost water filter made from rice husk ash. The filter is very cheap and can be fabricated at the village level by the women folk, with very little investment. The filter is very hygienic and kills about 98% bacterial in the water and keeps it free from fluorides and arsenic. Village women have now come out with a Programme of manufacturing initially 1000 filters and they have already started working on the same... Filter Description: The filter developed by TRDDC uses rice husk ash, pebbles and a binder for the fabrication of the filter bed. Various types of containers can be used for housing the bed. These can be plastic buckets, plastic pipes or even earthen pots. The

choice depends upon requirement and affordability. The filter can be produced either in a factory setting by a village entrepreneur or can be made in a ‘do-it-yourself’ mode.

Characteristics of Filtered Water: The TRDDC filters have been tested with water from three different sources (with widely varying levels of contamination) for pH, turbidity and bacterial count. In all cases, the filtered water from the TRDDC filters was found to be equivalent to or better than the tap water supplied by the public water-work departments in cities. The turbidity of canal water decreased from 12 to 0.5 (NTU) and bacterial trapping was generally 93-99%. A filtration rate of approximately 2-3 litter/hour is possible in normal sizes. However the rates can vary depending upon design and size.

Filter Life: The life of the filter bed material varies from 6 to 8 months depending on the type of influent. Once the filtration rate decreases to less than the desired rates, the filtered material can be discarded and fresh material can be filled into the same container for reuse.

Filter Cost : Both the initial and replenishment costs of the filter are lower than any of the currently available commercial filters

Fabrication of Filter Element : The fabrication of the filter bed (cartridge comprises of three main process: Preparation of treatment of rice husk ash Container preparation Casting of filter bed Each process of the fabrication procedure is discussed in detail.

Material :

Rice Husk: Rice husk can be procured from near by rice mills. Rice Husk Ash: Rice husk ash can be collected from brick kilns where rice husk is used as fuel. The rice husk ash should be collected from the inner section of the kiln. Make sure that the ash you are collecting is pure and is of rice husk only. The other sources are boiler ash (where rice husk is used as fuel for boiler) and heap burning of rice husk. Pebbles: Pebbles can be collected from riverbanks or obtained from construction material supplier. The size should be – 10mm. Granite stone (aggregates), Cement and Sand: This material can be obtained from the building material vendor. Tools and Accessories : The tools and accessories required for the preparation and pre-treatment of RHA are listed in Table. Stainless Steel Mesh : Stainless steel mesh of 1mm, 3mm, 5mm and 10mm is required for fabricating Sieves. Size of mesh required for fabrication of Sieves is 3’ x 3’ (feet). All the four sides of the mesh are fitted with wooden plates for support. These sieves are made to classify sand and pebbles in desired sizes. Sieving Mesh: For sieving of RHA, a sieve of 420 micron (# 37 mesh) size were fabricated. For the fabrication of sieve, standard 37 number mesh available in the market was used. The sieves were made from the 40 litres size plastic tub available in the market. The bottom part of tub and 36-mesh sieve were cut in proper size. Then the mesh is sealed to the cut tub. The fabricated sieves were used to classify to the RHA in 420 micron size.

Weighing balance : The capacity of the weighing balance is 10 Kg. The weight box contains standard weights of 2, 10.5,0.2 01 Kg. etc.

Mechanical mixer / Tapi : It is commercially available mixer used for concrete mixing. The size of mixer is 5/3 cubic feet. The capacity of the mixer is 150 kg. Tapi is a small mixing tool for hand mixing. Poking tool : The poking tool is made up of stainless steel rod, which is used to poke the material for uniform packing.

Ramming tool : Ramming tool is fabricated using mild steel. The ramming tool is made up of two parts, as shown in figure. The total weight of tool is 3 Kg.

Others : All other items used in the fabrication process are listed in Table. Table list of accessories required for the fabrication process.

Item Quantity Tube in basket burner (2 x 3) 1 Sieves with 1, 3, 5 and 10mm, mesh (3’ x 3’) 1 each Sieve 420 micron (37 mesh, Size 12 inch) 1 Weighing Machine (10 Kg capacity 1 Tubs (100 litre) 2 Bucket (25 litre) 2 Ramming Tool (2.5 Kg.) 1 Mixing tool (Tapi)/mechanical mixer 1 2

Filter Fabrication Process : The procedure for fabricating filter bed is summarized in figure 3. The fabrication process is divided into three main processes.

Pre-treatment of ash Classification of sand and pebbles Container preparation Casting process

Burning of Rice husk : Burning of rice husk is done in Table-in-Basket (TIB) burner. The tube and basket is fabricated using 1mm mild steel mesh. The size of basket is 1.5 feet in diameter and 3 feet in height. Inside basket a tube of 4 inches of diameter is placed as shown in Figure 2. The basket was kept on a mild steel stand. The total capacity of the basket is 200 litres and it takes around 25 kgs of rice husk, which is dumped into the basket and then fired from the bottom and inside tube. The husk burns slowly and takes 12 hours to be completely burnt. Once the ash is formed let it cool to normal temperature. The weight of ash obtained from burning 25 kgs of rick husk is around 8 kgs. Then store the dry ash in dry plastic containers.

Pre-treatment of ash

Rice husk ash (RHA) is prepared by burning rice husk. Burning of rice husk can be done in two ways by using Tube in basket burner and basket burner (heap burning). Pre-treatment of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) involves

1. Sieving Process 2. Acid Treatment 3. Drying Process

Schematic of Tube-in-Basket (TIB) burner for burning rice husk Sieving process : Take 500 grams of RHA in a 37 mesh (-420 micron) sieve. RHA is a brittle, soft and light material. Crush the ash with hands and shake the sieve. The time taken to sieve 500 grams of ash is 15 minutes. The percent loss of ash in sieving

process is 10%. Repeat the above procedure. The classified ash is stored in dry containers.

Acid treatment : Take 6 kgs of -420 micron size ash in a 100 litre capacity container. Add 50 litres water to it. Add 250 ml of concentrated HCl, measure the pH. Keep the ash soaked in water overnight. Drain the water slowly and wash the ash with water 1-2 times. Dry the ash in the open for 2 days. After drying store the ash in dry container.

Classification of sand and pebbles : The pebbles or granite aggregates are sieved through 10 mm mesh in 3’x3’ size sieve. The -10 mm fraction is sieved over the 5 mm mesh. The size – 10mm +5 mm is then washed with water, dried and stored in dry and clean containers. Similar sand is sieved in two sizes, one is -3mm + 1mm size. Both the fractions are washed thoroughly with water, then dried and stored in dry containers.

Fabrication Process Steps for RHA filter Element.

Container preparation : The dimensions of the container used for bed casting are top diameter of 23 cm, bottom diameter of 19 cm and height 8 cm. The holes were made in the container by piercing a hot nail through it. The number of holes made in the container is fixed to 100-120 numbers. Take the nylon mesh (any specification). Cut two meshes of 22cm and 18-cm diameter. Place the nylon mesh in the filter bed container over the perforations made in it.

Preparation of filter bed : The preparation of filter bed consists of two processes, mixing the material and then casting.

Making the slurry for filter bed making Weighing Take required quantity of RHA, OPC & Pebbles. The table 2 shows the amount to be taken for a single filter. Similarly, weigh the required quantity of material for a batch of 10, in similar proportions. Table 2 Quantity of material required for fabricating one filter element

Material Quantity For 1 filter For 10 filters

RHA (-420 micron, acid treated) 470 gms 4.7 kg. OPC Cement 30 gms 300 grams Pebbles or Aggregates (passing 10 mm mesh) 3 Kg. 30 Kg. Water 1200 ml. 12 litres Mixing : Take the weighed quantity of pebble put them in the mechanical mixer/mixing container, add 300 ml of water and mix thoroughly (mechanical / hand mixing) so that the pebbles are wetted by water. Then add cement to the mixer and mix it thoroughly for a minute. After mixing add ash and water in it and again mix thoroughly. Again add water gradually with continuous mixing. Then mix it for 3 minutes. The same procedure is followed for mechanical mixing. The order of adding material and mixing time should remain fixed.

This being a crucial step determining subsequent filter performance, the order of mixing has to be maintained. Fabricating the filter element: Casting: The above mixture is poured into the filter bed container. Slight poking with a metal rod is done while the mixer is being poured into the container. Poking : After casting, take the weight of the container and material. The weight should be 4.2 to 4.3 kg. The poking was done using steel rod 40 times, all round the bed. Ramming : The ramming process is the crucial step. The ramming was done using recommended ramming tool. The ramming process is shown in figure 5. In each cycle 9 rams were done in clockwise direction and one at the centre, hence a total of 10 rams was done per cycle. Ramming is done for 3 complete cycles. The excess water squeezes its way out through the bottom while the filter mixture starts to set. Then keep the bed for 24 hours for bed mix to set.

Ramming process, 1 to 10 clockwise

Sealing the top of the bed : After the setting of the filter bed is over, about 200 grams of sand is placed on top of the filter bed to prevent RHA particles from floating while water is being poured. Place a perforated plastic plate on the blade. Prepare a sealant mixture of sand and cement in 1:1 ratio. Seal the top plate to the container with sand – cement mix. Curing: Then the filter bed is covered with wet cloth and cured for 21 days by sprinkling water over it every day.

Salient Features of Arogya Water Filter (Research work done at NEERI, Nagpur) Bacteriological Quality Examination of Water Samples. Types of medium

Medium Bacterial species

Amount of Growth

Appearance of growth

BF AF Simple Nutrient

agar E. coli 30 0 Colonies appear as

smooth moist grayish white easily emulsifiable in saline

MacConkey agar

E. coli 41 0 3 nm circular pink entire elevated opaque mucoid

Differential Cosin- methylene blue agar

E. coli 48 0 3 nm circular dark black centered entire elevated opaque mucoid & with metallic green sheen.

Endo agar E. coli 11 0 3 nm circular deep red with metallic sheen entire elevated opaque mucoid.

Enriched Blood agar Streptococus 39 0 -Hemolytic streptococci colonies are surrounded by zone of partial haemolysis

25 0 -Hemolytic streptococci colonies are surrounded by clear zone of haemolysis

F : Filtration; A : After, B : Before

Salient Features of Existing Arogya Water Filter which has been used in the present studies: Sr.No.

Important Features

Arogya Water Filter

Water Boiling

UV inline purifier

Candle filter

1 Harmful bacteria removal

30-40 Min. boiling is essential

X

2 Better taste

X

X

3 Turbidity Removal

X

X

4 Odour removal

X

X

5 Expensive gas is not needed

6 No Electricity X

7 Continuous free flow water is not needed

X

8 No need of plumbing

X

9 No need of highly expensive maintenance

X

10 Low cost X X

Studies have confirmed the efficiency of the filter with respect to microbial removal. This filter could remove many associated problems apart from microorganisms. This will help the rural masses to drink safe water, which will inturn reduce the gastro intestinal diseases.

Our main objective should be to provide safe drinking water at cheaper rate. Polluted water can be treated to safe drinking levels using highly sophisticated techniques but it will be beyond the reach of the poor masses. Due to this reasons we are unable to control the diseases. Cheaper and full proof technology with in poor peoples reach is the need of the hour.

The great yeomen service in this direction is the fabrication of low cost indigenously prepared filter by Centre of Science for Villages, (CSV), Dattapur, Wardha.

6. RAIN WATER HARVESTING & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: (A) Rainwater Harvesting

Since all source of water is ultimately rain, all water supply systems are in effect rainwater-harvesting systems. A proper definition for this term to understand its spirit would in effect necessarily have to take into consideration the difference in catchments. While previously catchments were typically far off from the urban rural area it served, now the cities & villages it self is seen as a catchments for its water requirement. Rooftops paved areas and unpaved areas and the entire village itself is therefore to be managing as water provision area. The process of Rainwater harvesting would encompass catching rainwater, directing it to an appropriate location, filtering it if required and storing it for use. Storage could be in tanks, sumps, ponds or lakes. Wherever appropriate and conditions permitting, recharge of ground water would also qualify as storage. Harvested water could be use immediately as a first choice thus saving village level supplies or ground water for a future date or a decision could be to store it for later use say during water shortage days. Rainwater is the most viable water supply option, public buildings, homes, and resorts all collect rainwater to supply their needs

Rainwater is a free source of nearly pure water. It can be use to supply potable (drinkable) water and non-potable water. For non-potable uses, like watering landscapes, it is ready for use as it falls from the sky. For potable uses, rainwater must be treated to remove or kill disease organisms that may be present. Advantages of Rainwater uses

Rainwater harvesting promotes self-sufficiency and fosters an appreciation for water as a resource. It also promotes water conservation.

Rainwater harvesting also conserves energy, as the energy input needed to operate a centralized water system is bypass. Many systems require only a small pump to create water pressure in household pipes.

Local erosion and flooding from impervious cover associated with buildings is lessened as a portion of local rainfall is diverted into collection tanks.

Rainwater is one of the purest sources of water available. Its quality usually exceeds that of ground or surface water. It meets soil or rocks where it can dissolve minerals and salts nor meet many of the pollutants that are often discharged into local surface waters or contaminate ground water supplies. However, rainwater quality is influenced by where it falls. Rainfall in areas where heavy industry or crop dusting is prevalent may not have the same purity as rain falling in other areas.

Rainwater is soft. It can significantly lower the quantity of detergents and soaps needed for cleaning. Soap scum and hardness deposits do not occur. There is no need for a water softener as there often is with well water. Water heaters and pipes are free of the deposits caused by hard water and should last longer.

Recharge structures

Rainwater may be charged into the groundwater aquifers through any suitable structures like dug wells, bore wells, recharge trenches and recharge pits.

Various recharge structures are possible - some, which promote the percolation of water through, soil strata at shallower depth (e.g., recharge trenches, permeable pavements) whereas others conduct water to greater depths from where it joins the groundwater (e.g. recharge wells). At many locations, existing structures like those that wells, pits and tanks can be modified as recharge structures, eliminating the need to construct any structures afresh.

Approach of CSV towards Rainwater Harvesting

Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting for Recharging of wells

Centre of Science for Villages, Wardha is doing various experiments for raising ground water level. Some of these experiments found very much successful, details are given below about all those successful models.

Rainwater harvesting

Since all source of water is ultimately rain, all water supply systems are in effect rainwater-harvesting systems. A proper definition for this term to understand its spirit would in effect necessarily have to take into consideration the difference in catchments. While previously catchments were typically far off from the urban rural area it served, now the cities & villages it self is seen as a catchments for its water requirement. Rooftops paved areas and unpaved areas and the entire village itself is therefore to be managed as water provision area. The process of Rainwater harvesting would encompass catching rainwater, directing it to an appropriate location, filtering it if required and storing it for use. Storage could be in tanks, sumps, ponds or lakes. Wherever appropriate and conditions permitting recharge of ground water would also qualify as storage. Harvested water could be used immediately as a first choice thus saving village level supplies or ground water for a future date or a decision could be to store it for later use say during water shortage days. Typical Structure

Designing a roof top rainwater harvesting system would mean taking the following steps. Making slope in the roof appropriately preferably towards the direction of storage and recharge. Design of gutters and down-pipes is depending on site rainfall

characteristics and roof characteristics. Putting in place a first rain separator to divert and manage the first 2.5 mm of rain. Filtering the water is to remove solid and organic material. Storage of the filtered water in appropriate storage units like sumps, tanks etc. and finally recharging the ground water through open wells, bore-wells or percolation pits.

Experiments Done at our Campus Collecting Rooftop Rainwater in to the Tank

A Ferro cement tank of 1000 liter capa village is installed near the, Office shed of 400 sqft. And all roof top rainwater is collected in to the tank. This water tank can be intact for long period can be use during the scar village of water especially in summer for drinking purpose

Recharging of Well

All the outlets of the roof connected by Using PVC Pipes & some masonry work on the top of roof all the water over roofs is collected & allowed to flow to the bore-well which is near by that building. Two bore-wells in the campus are connected with PVC Pipes, while connecting a specially designed filter is attached at the end near the bore-wells. Drawing is attached with this report. Effective results will be achieved by these systems & can be used every where, where the roof top water is waste.

Rain Water on Ground for Recharging of open well

Area near Kumarappapuram has a very large catchments area & water over this large catchments area was flowing through the drains and channels to the canals flowing by sides of the farm.

All ground water flowing over the ground in the campus & near by farms is allowed to flow to the open well. While doing this water enters in the under ground filter constructed near the open well. Two under ground filters to the both sides of well are constructed in the following manner.

First two pits of 6 feet wide & 6 feet deep having length slightly less than half the length of the circumference of the well are excavated.

A trench connecting well & the pit excavated in the above step is excavated & connected with a PVC Pipe having 6-inch diameter. This pipe is kept 6 inch above the bottom of the pit. Same procedure is repeated for another pit.

Both the pits are filled with large size stones, while filling care is taken that the gap should remain in between the stones so that rainwater should pass through it.

When complete pits will be filled with stones top is covered with plastic. Excavated soil is spread over with plastic, while doing this a gate is made to enter rainwater into the pit. Gates are made for both the pit. Drains are excavated in the direction of gate so that rainwater falling on the ground will be collected by these drains & will enter through gates & after filtration this rainwater will be collected in the open well.

Recharging of Open Well Recharging of Bore Well by Soak Pit Method

Roof top rain water is collected using PVC Pipe line & allowed to soak in the soak pit constructed around the bore well as shown in the figure

Bore Well Recharging by Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting

Bore Well Recharging by Soak Pit Method Recharging of Well using Nala Bunding

Nala Bunding is done in the down stream of the Nala. P.V.C. Sheet is used for Nala Bunding as shown in the figure.

Details about the Rain Water Harvesting : Designing a roof top rainwater harvesting system would mean taking the following steps. Making slope in the roof appropriately preferably towards the direction of storage

and recharge. Designing of gutters and/or down-pipes depending on site rainfall characteristics

and roof characteristics. Putting in place a first rain separator to divert and manage the first 2.5 mm of rain.

Filtering the water to remove solid and organic material. Storing the filtered water in appropriate storage units like sumps, tanks etc. Finally recharging the ground water through open wells, bore-wells or percolation

pits. Collecting Rooftop Rainwater in to the Tank: A Ferro cement tank / PVC Tank of capavillage according to the rainfall chart is installed near the, building and all roof top rainwater is collected in to the tank. This water tank can be intact for long period can be used during the scarvillage of water especially in summer for drinking purpose. Recharging of Well: - All the outlets of the roof connected by Using PVC Pipes & some masonry work on the top of roof all the water over roofs is collected & allowed to flow to the bore-well which is near by that building. The Bore-well is connected with PVC Pipes, while connecting a specially designed filter is attached at the end near the bore-wells. Drawing is attached with this report. Effective results will be achieved by these systems & can be used every where, where the roof top water is waste.

(B) Watershed Management :

Eco-friendly Road and Useful Tree Plantation: (A) Eco-friendly Road:

In the original project proposal all the roads were proposed to be constructed with WBM technology. WBM technology can be adapted in case of grounds where soil is available on the top of the ground, also roads constructed using WBM technology requires maintenance every time and the life of road is less. To improve the quality of village roads there were number of options i.e. cement concrete road, bitumen road. Cement concrete road or bitumen road are not eco-friendly and also requires lot of energy. These type of roads requires foreign material like cement and bitumen. Considering the geographic condition of the village and the eco-friendly philosophy behind the project roads are constructed using locally available material i.e. stones near by village and they are joined with very less quantity of cement, sand mortar. Length of roads is also increased in reality than what was proposed. Many internal bridges and side drains are constructed which was not considered at the time of designing of the project at the site according to the situation. Roads plays very important role in the development. Land allotted for the project was very sloppy with up and down ground and rocky. While execution of the project it is found the length of internal roads is increased because of local situations and modification in the site plan.

In this age of Nano technology we are facing the critical problem of global warming. To face this devil of global warming Gandhian Nano Technology is the solution. Gandhian Nano technology is the decentralization of efforts for one and effect.

If we consider to the extend of our country, we are nearly 120 cror. As an individual if we plant & take care of 2 trees every year (apart from our kitchen Garden and court yard garden) so our total effort toward one effect i.e. to face global warming is 240 cror plants every year.

We can think the total effect alter five years. 1200 cror trees on open and barren lands.

What will be Great picture of Green India.

A story goes that a wicked man once unintentionally watered a sapling while washing his hands. On account of this he was rewarded with one day stay in heaven.

Tree Planting and Care is a holy act. One tree is equated to 10 children in Indian scriptures. The trees should be planted especially on the south and south - west sides.

Trees may be planted during the following periods :

During Spring: That is January and February. At this time all the factors (especially the temperature), required for tree growth are present. Thus, this is a good time for young saplings to be planted.

At the onset of Monsoons : For most species and most areas, planting is carried out during monsoons. It is advisable to start planting work immediately after a good shower and when the ground is well moistened to the depth of planting. Thereafter any delay should be treated as loss of growing season.

Places where trees can not be planted can be covered with bushes and smaller plants. Another possibility is to have Climbers (plants that need support to grow), which require very little space to grow but provide a large leafy area. They can brighten up the boundary walls, arches, pillars and cover the ugly sites.

An inclination of planting a few limited varieties is clearly evident. As a result we have more number of Gulmohars, Ashokas, Alstonias, Acacia, Papri and that too at the cost of other species. All tree species have some beauty or characteristic,

We must plant a variety of species and not restrict to few species. Nature has of course provided us with a wide variety and here are a few which we can grow easily.

We suggest planting those trees which absorb pollution, give shade during summers, are strong and easy to grow and are native to the environment. Here are a few to help you discover the beautiful world of trees:

Beautiful Indian Flowering Trees: Kachnar, Palas, Amaltas Barna Indian coral tree Jarul Champa Bhendi Fast Growing Indian Trees: Kadam Peepal Maharuk Bel White Albizzia, Sengon Kachnar Chichbilai

Medicinal Trees: Bel Neem Kachnar Palas Amaltas Kapur Amla Gular Peepal Anjan Mahua Champak Drum stick Ashoka Jamun Arjun Bahera Harada Trees with Fragrant Flowers : Siris Kanak Champa Champak and other Champa varieties Satni

Saving our greenery from becoming "Trees of bricks and flowers of cement"

All religions are closely intertwined with nature. But with time, we have some how lost the true essence of our festivals and are ways of celebrating festivals actually harm the environment rather then benefiting it and us. For real eco-friendly, India we must create awareness about how we may return back to the true ways of celebrating our main festivals like Holi, Diwali, Dussehara, Chrismas by adopting eco-friendly ways or by planting special trees relate to each festival.