Antonie van Leeuwenhoek1632-1723 Developed microscopes for observing living organisms 1674...
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723
Developed microscopes for observing living organisms
1674 discovered protists
1677 discovered spermatozoa
1682 discovered striated muscle fibers
http://www.molecularexpressions.com/primer/images/introduction/leeuwenhoek.jpg
http://students.ou.edu/J/Renee.E.Jones-1/Van%20leeuwenhoek%20Scope.jpg
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http://cell.sio2.be/introduction/images/microleeuw.jpg
Schematic Human Sperm Cell
http://academic.evergreen.edu/v/vivianoc/homunculus.gif
Homunculus
Human (Homo sapiens) Sperm Photograph
Mammalian Syngamy: Plasmogamy
Calcium release spreading across an egg cell during syngamy
Amphioxus (lancelet) adult, zygote, and early cleavage
not to scale!
Amphioxus (lancelet) cleavage
Amphioxus (lancelet) gastrulation and adult
not to scale!
Morphogenetic movements of cells during development
Amphioxus (lancelet) nerulation
Origin of some mammalian tissues or organs
Ectoderm Mesoderm EndodermEpidermis Muscle Lungs
Hair Bone Liver
Nails Blood Pancreas
Eye lens NotochordDigestive
lining
Nerve system
Kidneys Bladder
Nasal oral mucosae
Gonads
Primary Tissue LayerT
issu
e o
r O
rgan
Frog (Rana pipiens) embryology
Frog (Rana pipiens) zygote
Frog (Rana pipiens) embryo: early cleavage
Frog (Rana pipiens) embryo: later cleavage
Chicken (Gallus gallus) zygote and early cleavage
yolk
blastodisc
Chicken (Gallus gallus) gastrulation
Chicken (Gallus gallus) embryo after 4 days of incubation
Human (Homo sapiens) embryo
Human (Homo sapiens) embryo
Human (Homo sapiens) embryo
Human (Homo sapiens) embryo
Comparison of vertebrate embryos of six species at 3 stages
Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny
Typical sigmoid (S-shaped) growth curve: logistic curve
Wei
gh
t
Age
lag phase
log
phas
e
plateau phase
Weight growth in a mouse (Mus musculus)
http://www.sasionline.org/antsfiles/articles/images/Dino/mouse.jpg
http://www.c-wilkie.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/jokes/images/mouse_sex.gif
Wei
gh
t in
gra
ms
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Days after birth
Weaning
Puberty
0 20 40 60
Weight growth in an insect (Malanoplus) with 5 molts
adult
zygote
Nymphal instars:
1 23
4
5
Sudden increase when body lacks
exoskeleton(soft shell crab)
feeding
How does weight increase suddenly when not feeding?
150
100
50
Wei
gh
t (m
g)
Age in days
Differential growth in weight of the Homo sapiens body and its parts
Why does the curve inflect here?
Does growth continue indefinitely?
0 5 10 15 20Age in years
Mu
ltip
les
of
wei
gh
t at
bir
th 20
15
10
5
Body
Heart
Brain
Average decline in a Homo sapiens from age 30 to 75 years
Characteristic Percent Decline
Weight of brain 44
Number of nerve cells in spinal cord 37
Velocity of nerve impulse 10
Number of taste buds 64
Blood supply to brain 20
Output of heart at rest 30
Speed of return to normal pH of blood after displacement
83
Number of filtering subunits in kidney 44
Filtration rate of kidney 31
Capacity of lungs 44
Maximum O2 uptake during exercise 60
Three larval stages and a sea star adult (Asterias vulgaris)
http
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planktonic larvae
http://www.cbu.edu/~aross/embryo/s-gastrula-2.jpg
gastrula
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bipinnaria
http
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icro
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fsu.
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optic
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smic
d/ga
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brachiolaria
benthic adult
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Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: zygote (“egg”)
http://www.monarchwatch.org/update/2003/egg_glue1.jpg
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: larva
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: larva
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: larva
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: pupa
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: adult
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly complete metamorphosis: adult
Danaus plexippus
http
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pter
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Incomplete (gradual)
metamorphosis in grasshoppers
zygote
Brachystola magna
Relative DNA repair rate among mammals
Life
spa
n in
yea
rs (
log
scal
e)
100
10
1
Relative rate of DNA repair
(Homo sapiens) Human(Loxodonta africana) Elephant
(Bos taurus) Cattle
Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Mouse (Mus musculus)
Shrew (Suncus murinus)