Antitubercular Drugs
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Transcript of Antitubercular Drugs
Antitubercular Drugs
PHRM 304
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Main etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB)• 2nd leading infectious cause of death after
HIV• Can remain dormant for years• Most host never develop the disease• In 2007, 353,000 TB patient were found In
Bangladesh (6th in the world, WHO)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Antitubercular drugs
• Combined treatment of two or more drugs is used. Advantages:
• Prevents emergence of resistance• Additive effect: smaller dose is sufficient
First-line agents
• Isoniazid• Rifampicin• Pyrazinamide• Ethambutol• Streptomycin
Second-line agents
• Ethionamide, p-aminosalicylic acid, cycloserine, capreomycin, and kanamycin
• Active antibacterial agents, but they usually are less well tolerated or have a higher incidence of adverse effects
• Utilized in cases of resistance, retreatment, or intolerance to the first-line drugs
HYDRAZIDE AND DERIVATIVESFirst-line agent
Hydrazide
• N-N covalent bond• Four substituents• One acyl group Hydrazide
Isoniazid (INH)
• Isoniazid (INH) is a synthetic antibacterial agent• Considered to be the primary drug for
treatment
Isoniazid (INH)
1 2
1
Mechanism of action
• Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by a bacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme that in M. tuberculosis is called KatG.
• Inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids, important constituents of the mycobacterial cell wall
• Most active drug for tuberculosis
Mechanism of action
• In the bacterium it is converted to isonicotinic acid, which is membrane impermeable, hence likely to accumulate intracellularly.
N
COHO
Active compounds (R1 and/or R2 = alkyl ; R3 = H)
Destroyed the activity (R1 and R2 = H/alkyl; R3 = alkyl)
Hydroxamic acid Amide
Iproniazid• Tuberculostatic• Psychostimulant• Hepatotoxic: no longer used
Isoniazid hydrazone
Synthesis: INH react with aldehyde and ketoneProdrug: Similar activityActivate in GI tract
Hydrazone
P-AMINOSALICYLIC ACIDSecond-line agent
p-aminosalicylic acid
• Commonly known as PAS• Used in combination of other TB drugs
p-aminosalicylic acid
• It was the second antibiotic found to be effective in the treatment of tuberculosis, after streptomycin.
• PAS is always used in combination with other anti-TB drugs.
p-aminosalicylic acid
• Its potency is less than that of the current five first-line drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin) for treating tuberculosis, but it is still useful in the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis.
-NH2•Replace with•Alkoxy, amides, hydroxy, 3o amine
-OH •Replace with•Amino, thiol
-COOH •Replace with•Alkyl ester, amides, nitrates
Structure variation results inactive or less active compounds:
Mechanism of action
• The mechanism of action is very similar to that of sulfonamides, which inhibit dihydropteroate synthase and thus the biosynthesis of folic acid.
• Structurally similar to PABA & sulfonamides.