Antimicrobial Drugs (AMD)

1

Classification

A) Antibiotics

B) Antifungal Agent

C) Antiviral Agents

Antimicrobial Drugs (AMD)

2

A) Antibiotics in Animals

1) History of the practice

2) Goals of Antibiotics

3) Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

4) Consumption of Antibiotic in Veterinary Medicine

5) Vet Med vs. Human Med

6) Alternatives of Antibiotics

7) Antibiotic Commitment

3

Antimicrobial Drugs (AMD)

1. History of the Practice

- 1910 millions of Americans joined national meat boycott to protest high prices

- Start to encourage the USDA to fund research aimed at keeping meat price on pace with demand

- High intensity and mass production → disease control

- 1950 group of US scientists found that adding antibiotics to animal feed increases growth rate of livestock

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2. Goals of Antibiotics

1. Therapeutic

2. Phylaxis ( Gr. “ A Guarding )

Protective against infectious, the bodily against infection

- Prophylaxis, Prevention & Control

- Anaphylaxis Reaction after treatment

- Metaphylaxis,* After, over, beyond

3. AGP Sub therapeutic doses

* The timely mass medication of a group of animals to eliminate or

minimize an expected outbreak of disease

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World Organization for Animal Health

Without Antibiotics there would supply problem of

animal protein for the human population”

( Ref. Hamaide, Sybille de la Jan 11, 2012,

Antibiotics for livestock vital to feed world.

OIE, Reuters, Paris retrieved April 20, 2015)

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2001 Union of Concerned Scientists reported that

90% of the total use of antimicrobials in US even for

non therapeutic purpose in agricultural production

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The ideas that they should NEVER be used in livestock

husbandry are misguided. Instead the goal is to prevent

the allowance of preventive use from being distorted into

routine use, constituting OVERUSE

( Ref. Swain, Mariam, 2015-8-1)

Antibiotics

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Animal Health Industry

No NCE

(New Chemical Entity)

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3. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

A. Bacteria manifest resistance

- Acquired Resistance

- Mutation

- Transfer genetic code to plasmid

Mutation- DNA insertion, deletion, substitution

- DNA transfer of drug resistance

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การถ่ายทอดยีนสดื์อ้ยา

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Mechanism of AMR

- Enzyme i.e. Penicillinase- Target relocation- Cell permeable- Excretion via energy, active transport

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4. Consumption of Antibiotic in

Veterinary Medicine in Thailand

Topics

• AHPA

• Acknowledgments

• About the Surveillance

• References

• Results

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AHPA : Animal Health Products Association

Established since 1983

77 members

9 Executive Committees & 3 Advisories

Scope of AHPA work

Liaison with Authorities Rules & Regulations

Academy Technical , R&D

Professional Council Implementation, Ethic

Members Data Base, Implementation

CSR ( Corporate Social Responsibilities )

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Acknowledgments

• AHPA

• DLD , MOAC

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About the Surveillance

o From Animal Population to

Production

o From Sell to kg AI.

o PCU ( Population Correction Unit )

Ref : ESVAC (European Surveillance of Veterinary

Antimicrobial Consumption)

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Weights used to calculate PCU

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Animal Species & Antibiotic Categories

Species Ab Categories

• Poultry Gr.1 : Tetracyclines

- Broiler Gr.2 : Penicillins

- Layer Gr.3 : Cephalosporins

- Breeder Gr.4 : Sulfonamides

- Duck Gr.5 : Macrolides

• Pig Gr.6 : Aminoglycosides

• Cattle Gr.7 : Quinolones

• Aquatic Animal Gr.8 : Others

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References

AHPA 2017 Market information

DLD Survey

Thai Feed Mills Association

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Population AW

Broiler (ไก่เนือ้) 121,087.72 121,087,720,699.82 1,449,000,000.00 1.00 1,449,000,000.00 16.29

Layer (ไกไ่ข)่ 31,133.97 31,133,968,394.79 95,238,162.00 2.00 190,476,324.00 4.19

Breeder (ไกพั่นธุ)์ 11,856.95 11,856,947,874.46 1,032,324.00 1.00 1,032,324.00 1.60

Fattening pig (สุกรขุน) 1,769,925.94 1,769,925,938,971.29 16,000,000.00 65.00 1,040,000,000.00 238.17

Breeding pig (สุกรพันธุ)์ 223,422.79 223,422,788,045.13 1,084,305.00 240.00 260,233,200.00 30.06

Beef (โคเนื้อ) 0.00 0.00 7,000,000.00 425.00 2,975,000,000.00 0

Dairy (โคนม) 1,024.00 1,024,000,000.00 500,000.00 425.00 212,500,000.00 0.14

Fish (ปลา) 24,000.00 24,000,000,000.00 600,000,000.00 1.00 600,000,000.00 3.23

Shrimp (กุง้) 3,000.00 3,000,000,000.00 600,000,000.00 1.00 600,000,000.00 0.40

Total 2,185,451.36 2,185,451,363,985.48 7,328,241,848.00 298.22

ขอ้มลูปรมิาณการยาใชต้า้นจลุชพีในสตัว ์ปี พ.ศ. 2556 แยกรายชนดิสตัว ์

: ไก ่สกุร โค ปลา และกุง้ (Poultry, Swine, Cattle, Fish & Shrimp)

Species

PCU = population*aw

PCU Total mg /PCU

Total AI of

antimicrobial

(kg)

Total AI of antimicrobial

(mg)

Cattle

Aquatic animal

Poultry

Swine

2013

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Remark :

สตูรวิธีการค านวณ (หน่วย mg/PCU) = Active Ingredient (AI) ; (mg, or kg)/Population correction unit (PCU) ; ( kg of animal weight)

AI มาจากข้อมลูน า้หนกัยาต้านจลุชีพ (kg of active ingredient) ที่ใช้ในสตัว์ปศสุตัว์ต่อปีPCU มาจากการประมาณน า้หนกัของสตัว์ปศสุตัว์ ในขณะที่ใช้ยา หรือเข้าโรงฆ่า = จ านวนประชากรสตัว์ X น า้หนกัเฉลีย่ (average weight at treatment)

Average weight at treatment ของสกุร (Swine)

สกุรขนุ (Fattening) = 65 kg

สกุรพนัธุ์ (Breeding) =240 kg

Average weight at treatment ของไก่ (Poultry)

ไก่เนือ้ (Broiler) = 1 kg

ไก่ไข่ (Layer) = 2 kg

ไก่แม่พนัธุ์ (Breeder) = 1 kg

Reference from European Medicine Agency

GR6: Aminoglycosides

- Gentamycin 0 5,400 5,400.00- Kanamycin 0 1,432 1,432.00- Neomycin 1,261 986 418 2,665.00- Spectinomycin 0 0- Streptomycin 0 14,318 1,156 15,474.00GR7: Fluoroquinolones

- Halquinol 0 50,744 50,744.00- Dano 0 0.00- Enrofloxacin* 4,379 2,568 17,456 24,403.00- Marbofloxacin 0 91 91.00GR8: Other

- Colistin 1,466 344 291 107,125 109,226.00- Tiamulin 0 446,355 10,500 46,953 503,808.00Linco+spec 1,051 822 696 16,069 2,415 21,053.00Other 105 216 92 2,415 3,675 6,503.00

Total 121,088.00 31,133.00 11,858.00 1,635,751.00 134,176.00 146,726.00 76,696.00 2,157,428.00

สรุปปริมาณการใช้ยาต้านจุลชีพในสัตว์ : ไก่และสุกร (Chicken & Swine)

(หน่วย mg/PCU)

Antimicrobial Drug

Poultry (kg) Swine (kg)

Total (kg)Broiler Layer Breeder Fattening Breeding

SP SP SP FA INJ FA INJ

2013

23

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

Total (kg)

Total (kg)

2013

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The indicator to report sales data

= Amount of AB

PCU

Unit : mg/PCU

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2013 Thailand PCU Data by Animal Species

Mg/PCU

1.Poultry

1.1 Broiler 16.29

1.2 Layer 4.19

1.3 Breeder 1.60

2. Swine

2.1 Fattening 238.17

2.2 Breeder 1.60

3. Cattle

3.1 Beef -

3.2 Dairy 0.14

4. Aqua

4.1 Fish 3.23

4.2 Shrimp 0.40

298 mg/PCU

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2013 vs 2017

PCU

1 ) 2017 Total Antibiotic Consumption by Species

SpeciesTotal AI of

antimicrobial(kg)

Total AI of Antimicrobial (mg)

PCU = population*aw

PCUPopulation AW

Poultry

Broiler (ไก่เนือ้) 72,247.50 72,247,500,000.00 1,577,850,000.00 1.00 1,577,850,000.00

Layer (ไก่ไข)่ 37,964.35 37,964,350,000.00 56,480,000.00 2.00 112,960,000.00

Breeder (ไก่พนัธุ์) 12,232.88 12,232,880,000.00 15,770,000.00 1.00 15,770,000.00Swine

Fattening pig (สกุรขนุ) 1,135,784.10 1,135,784,100,000.00 16,200,000.00 65.00 1,053,000,000.00

Breeding pig (สกุรพนัธุ์) 142,052.11 142,052,110,000.00 1,100,000.00 240.00 264,000,000.00Duck

Laying duck 12,314.94 12,314,940,000.00 6,700,000 3.00 20,100,000.00Meat duck 7,620.75 7,620,750,000.00 62,400,000.00 3.00 187,200,000.00

Cattle

Beef (โคเนือ้) 0.00 0.00 7,000,000.00 425.00 2,975,000,000.00

Dairy (โคนม) 3,942.00 3,942,000,000.00 510,000.00 425.00 216,750,000.00Aquatic animal

Fish (ปลา) 49,968.00 49,968,000,000.00 360,000,000.00 1.00 360,000,000.00

Shrimp (กุ้ ง) 5,444.44 5,444,440,000.00 350,000,000.00 1.00 350,000,000.00Total 1,479,571.07 1,479,571,070,000.00 7,132,630,000.00

mg/PCU 207.44

Results

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0

500000000

1E+09

1.5E+09

2E+09

2.5E+09

3E+09

3.5E+09

Species

PCU

2017 PCU by Species

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Chlortetracycline(CTC) 201,433.60

Doxycycline 32,594.52

Oxytetracycline(OTC) 43,134.85

CTC + OTC 33,229.46

Amoxycillin 490,245.47

Penicillin 8,228.78

Ampicillin + cloxacillin 1,342.89

Ceftiofur (90%) 464.70

Sulfadimidine (Common use for AR in pig) 1,095.00

Sulfa)trimethoprim (for treatment) 5,547.45

Kitasamycin 971.34

Tilmicosin 59,140.03

Tylosin 113,804.24

Tylvaosin (Avilosin)* 72.90

Gentamycin 3,888.00

Kanamycin 1,325.50

Neomycin 591.70

Streptomycin 16,573.65

Halquinol 76,493.80

Enrofloxacin* 19,518.70

Marbofloxacin 33.41

Colistin 54,481.82

Tiamulin 256,840.33

Lincomycin 24,969.51

Linco+spec 2,785.63

Avilosin 72.90

Other 21,304.36

2) 2017 Molecule of Antibiotic Consumption in Animal

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3) ESVAC = PCU Data

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Comparison of Antibiotic Consumption

Thailand vs USA

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Antibiotics Use in Animals and Humans in 2011

Animal TH Human

Tetracycline 41% 29% 4%

Ionophere 30% - 0%

Not Individually Reported 11% - -

Penicillin 6% 25% 44%

Cephalosporin - 0.02% 15%

Macrolides 4% 8% 8%

Aminoglycoside - 1% -

Sulfonamides 3% 4% 14%

Quinolones - 3% 9%

Other 5% 30% 6%

Total 100% 100% 100%

Source : USDA / Antibiotics Sales35

Summary of Antibiotics Consumption

in Thailand

• Non P.O.M.(Prescribe on Medication)

• Used by non compliance with evidence-based

• Easy to access

• Control/Prevention/Treatment

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Animal Health Market

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2017 Animal Production

Unit : Million

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BROILER 1,577.8

LAYER 56.5

BREEDER 15.47

MEAT D. 47.42LAY DUCK 6.7PIG 16.20

BREEDER 1.10

DAIRY 0.51

BEEF 3.0DOG 7.5CAT 2.0

SHRIMP 0.35FISH 0.36

Million Ton

Million Ton

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5. Vet Med vs. Human Med

5.1 Market Size

5.2 Number of Species

5.3 Development Requirements

5.4 Paying for Medicine

5.5 Ensuring Food Safety

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6. Altenative of Antibiotics

- Vaccines

- Probiotics

- Prebiotics

- Bacteriophages

- Organic acids

- Enzyme

- Immunomodulators

- Antimicrobial peptides

- Bacteriocins

- Phytogenic

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7. Antibiotics Commitments -

1. Protect animal health and welfare in a unified One Health Approach

2. Use Antibiotics judiciously and responsibility

3. Promote disease prevention and increase access to products and

expertise

4. Invest and development of products for prevention and treatment

5. Increase knowledge, transparency and communication