ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS ANDCHEMOTHERAPYVOLUME 23 NUMBER 1 * JANUARY 1983

Leon H. Schmidt, Editor-in-Chief (1985)University ofAlabama in Birmingham

Birmingham, Alabama

Herbert L. Ennis, Editor (1987)Roche Institute of Molecular Biology

Nutley, New Jersey

Robert L. Hamill, Editor (1985)Eli Lilly & Company, Inc.

Indianapolis, Indiana

George A. Jacoby, Jr., Editor (1985)Massachusetts General Hospital

Boston, Massachusetts

Robert C. Moellering, Jr., Editor (1987)New England Deaconess Hospital

Boston, Massachusetts

John A. Washington II, Editor (1986)Mayo Clinic

Rochester, Minnesota

Norris Allen (1983)Vincent T. Andriole (1984)John P. Anhalt (1984)Bascom F. Anthony (1985)Donald Armstrong (1983)George R. Aronoff (1983)Robert Austrian (1983)Richard H. Baltz (1984)Arthur L. Barry (1983)John D. Bartlett (1984)Michael Barza (1985)John E. Bennett (1984)Richard F. Bergstrom (1985)Gerald P. Bodey (1983)Lawrence E. Bryan (1985)Ward Bullock (1984)D. Buyske (1983)Anthony Chow (1985)C. Glenn Cobbs (1983)Paul S. Cohen (1983)William A. Craig (1984)Nigel A. C. Curtis (1983)Naomi Datta (1984)Lawrence E. Day (1983)William E. Dismukes (1984)R. Gordon Douglas, Jr. (1983)John C. Drach (1984)Theodore Eickhoff (1985)Gertrude B. Elion (1984)Arthur English (1983)Robert J. Fass (1985)Stuart Feldman (1985)Sydney Finegold (1985)Robert J. Fitzgerald (1983)Martin Forbes (1983)Dale N. Gerding (1985)David Gilbert (1984)

EDITORIAL BOARDAnthony J. Glazko (1984)Irving H. Goldberg (1985)Richard H. Gustafson (1984)Jack Gwaltney (1983)Wendell H. Hall (1983)Maurice W. Harmon (1984)Joseph Hawkins, Jr. (1985)Michael Higgins (1983)Dah Hsi Wang Ho (1983)Richard Hornick (1983)Milton Huppert (1983)George Gee Jackson (1983)James H. Jorgensen (1984)William J. Jusko (1983)A. W. Karchmer (1985)Donald Kaye (1985)George S. Kobayashi (1985)Donald J. Krogstad (1983)Felix Leitner (1983)Stephen A. Lerner (1983)Matthew E. Levison (1984)Stuart B. Levy (1983)Friedrich C. Luft (1984)Joan Lusk (1983)R. Luthy (1983)Francis L. Macrina (1985)George H. McCracken (1984)Gerald Medoff (1983)Michael Miller (1984)Barbara Minshew (1985)Bernard Moss (1984)Barbara E. Murray (1984)John D. Nelson (1983)Harold C. Neu (1983)J. F. Niblack (1983)James T. Park (1985)T. J. Perun (1983)

Lance R. Peterson (1985)Burton M. Pogell (1984)Paul Quie (1983)Michael Rein (1983)W. H. G. Richards (1983)Richard Roberts (1985)Ian M. Rollo (1985)Richard Root (1983)John P. Rosazza (1983)Jon E. Rosenblatt (1985)Merle Sande (1985)Christine C. Sanders (1984)W. Eugene Sanders (1984)Jerome J. Schentag (1985)F. C. Sciavolino (1985)Oldrich K. Sebek (1983)William M. Shannon (1983)Charles Shipman, Jr. (1985)Robert W. Sidwell (1984)Walter Siegenthaler (1983)P. Frederick Sparling (1984)Brian G. Spratt (1983)Harold Standiford (1985)R. Sutherland (1985)Vera L. Sutter (1984)Morton N. Swartz (1985)Richard B. Sykes (1985)Francis P. Tally (1984)Alexander Tomasz (1985)Ralph Tompsett (1985)Michael Waring (1984)Bernard Weisblum (1985)Peter G. Welling (1985)Richard Wenzel (1983)Lowell Young (1985)Pauline K. W. Yu (1985)

Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications Board Walter G. Peter III, Director, PublicationsLinda M. Illig, Managing Editor, Journals Deborah J. Shuman, Production Editor

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ISSN 0066-4804), an interdisciplinary publication of the American Society forMicrobiology, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006, is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge relating to all aspects ofantimicrobial agents, anticancer agents, and chemotherapy. Instructions to authors are published in the January issue each year;reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Office. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy is publishedmonthly, and the twelve numbers are divided into two volumes per year. The nonmember subscription price is $145 per year;single copies are $14. The member subscription price is $29 (foreign, $36 [surface rate]) per year; single copies are $7.Correspondence relating to subscriptions, reprints, defective copies, availability of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition ofsubmitted manuscripts, and general editorial matters should be directed to the ASM Publications Office, 1913 I St., NW,Washington, DC 20006 (area 202 833-9680).

Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months afterpublication of the issues; residents of all other countries must submit claims within 6 months of publication of the issues. Claimsfor issues missing because of failure to report an address change or for issues "missing from files" will not be allowed.

Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC 20006, and at additional mailing offices.POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, ASM, 1913 I St., NW,Washington, DC 20006.Made in the United States of America.Copyright C 1983, American Society for Microbiology. B$':1uflt-5 &',J ( l'l1t.All Rights Reserved.

The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the articlemay be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that thecopier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, for copyingbeyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds ofcopying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, orfor resale.

Author IndexAlexander, Donald P., 59Aronoff, George R., 74

Baker, W. L., 26Banker, D. D., 54Bansal, Madhu B., 166Baselski, Vickie S., 161Brier, Michael E., 74Brodeur, James P., 108

Chang, Daniel S., 67Cherubin, Charles E., 42Chippendale, Gwynn R., 188Chopra, I., 175Cimarusti, Christopher M., 98Cohen, Sidney, 151Connor, Edward, 182Coppens, Lyne, 36Crowley, John J., 169Curvey, Ron, 19

Dajani, Adnan S., 46Davis, Robert E., 22

Edson, Randall S., 179

Farber, Bruce F., 138Fasching, Claudine E., 49Feingold, David S., 185Fineberg, Naomi S., 74Fohrman, Daniel E., 59

Gadebusch, Hans H., 86Georgopapadakou, Nafsika H., 98Gerding, Dale N., 49Glant, Michael D., 74Glogowski, Walter, 182Goldstein, Ellie J. C., 42Gootz, Thomas D., 91

Hansen, Vicky R., 161Hanson, Bernard, 36Hermans, Paul E., 179Hirano, Shoji, 31

Ikeda, Akiyoshi, 31Irikura, Tsutomu, 1Isayama, Yasuro, 163

Jenkin, Howard M., 119

Jhala, H. I., 54Jonsson, Monica, 15

Kawabata, Tomoji, 8Kelley, Eileen, 113Kitaura, Kozo, 105Klastersky, Jean, 36Kuroda, Kyoichi, 31Kusajima, Hisao, 1

Latif, Razia, 46Lietman, Paul S., 133Linner, E. C., 142Lowy, Franklin D., 67Luft, Friedrich C., 74

Maack, Richard W., 188Malewicz, Barbara, 119McDonnell, Richard W., 151McGuffin, Robert W., 169McKinstry, Doris N., 125Meeker, Timothy C., 169Minagawa, Harushige, 105Mitani, Kenji, 163Miyahara, Tadashi, 8Moellering, Robert C., Jr., 138Momsen, Maureen, 119Motoi, Isamu, 31

Nakamizo, Nobuhiro, 105Nakamura, Masuhisa, 8Nakazawa, Muneo, 163Neu, Harold C., 63Neuhaus, Ellen G., 67Norrby, S. Ragnar, 15

Ohkawa, Mitsuo, 31Okasho, Akira, 31

Peterson, Lance R., 49Polak, Annemarie, 79Pottratz, Scott T., 74

Rangnekar, V. M., 54Rissler, Jane F., 22Rothstein, Gerald, 59Russo, Mary E., 59

Sanders, Christine C., 91Sawaki, Masaru, 31Scheld, W. Michael, 108

Schoenknecht, F. D., 142Sekizaki, Tsutomu, 163Selepak, Sally T., 172Sherris, J. C., 142Shimada, Jingoro, 1, 8Shimamura, Masayoshi, 31Shiota, Faith M., 169Shoda, Ryochu, 31Shulman, Michael, 42Shungu, Daniel L., 86Siegel, Martin S., 169Smalley, David L., 161Smith, Craig R., 133Smith, M. C. M., 175Smith, Sandra A., 98Spector, Stephen A., 113Steadham, Joe, 19Steigbigel, Neal H., 67Sud, Inder Jit, 185Sugata, Toshiaki, 31Sugeno, Kooichi, 8Sugerman, A. Arthur, 125Sugimoto, Chihiro, 163Swabb, Edward A., 125Sweeney, Helen M., 151Sykes, Richard B., 98

Taylor, P. C., 142Tenney, James H., 188Terakado, Nobuyuki, 163Thadepalli, Haragopal, 166Tokunaga, Shuji, 31Tyndall, Michael, 113

Uchida, Hiroshi, 1Ueda, Yasushi, 1, 8

Van Etta, Linda L., 49Vance, Paula H., 19

Waldorf, Alayn R., 79Walker, Naomi E., 74Wallace, Richard J., Jr., 19Washington, John A., II, 179Weinberg, Ellen, 86Whitmore, Susan C., 22Wiss, Karen, 19Witebsky, Frank G., 172

Yamaji, Takehisa, 1, 8Yogev, Ram, 182Yoshida, Tadashi, 8Yu, Pauline K. W., 179

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Jan. 1983

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPYINSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTSSubmit manuscripts directly to the ASM Pub-

lications Office, 1913 I St., NW, Washington,DC 20006. Since all submissions must be proc-essed through this office, alternate routings,such as to a member of the Board of Editors, willdelay initiation of the review process. Themanuscript should be accompanied by a cover-ing letter stating the following: the journal towhich the manuscript is being submitted; themost appropriate section of the journal; theaddress and telephone number of the corre-sponding author, and the former ASM manu-script number and year if it is a resubmission. Inaddition, indicate whether permission to citepersonal communications and receipt of pre-prints has been granted.Submit two complete copies of each manu-

script, including figures and tables. The manu-script may be either the original typescript orclear, clean copies. Type every portion of themanuscript double space, including figure leg-ends, table footnotes, and Literature Cited, andnumber all pages in sequence, including theabstract, tables, and figure legends. The use ofpaper with numbered lines is recommended.Submit figures as glossy or mat-finish photo-graphs (see p. iv for detailed instructions).Authors who are unsure of proper English

usage should have their manuscripts checked bysomeone proficient in the English language.Manuscripts may be rejected on the basis ofpoor English or lack of conformity to acceptedstandards of style.EDITORIAL POLICYManuscripts submitted to Antimicrobial

Agents and Chemotherapy (AAC) must repre-sent reports of original research that have notbeen published previously and are not beingconsidered for publication elsewhere.

Page ChargesIt is anticipated that page charges, currently

$30 per printed page (price subject to change),will be paid by all authors who have fundsavailable from their institution or from the spon-sor of the research. A bill for page charges willbe sent with the galley proofs and reprint orderform.

If funds for payment of page charges are notavailable, a request to waive the charges must besent to Walter G. Peter III, Director, Publica-tions, American Society for Microbiology, 1913I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006, immediatelyafter receipt of the letter stating that the manu-

script has been received by the PublicationsOffice. Such a request, which should be accom-panied by a copy of the Acknowledgments sec-tion of the paper, will in no way affect review ofthe manuscript.

CopyrightTo maintain and protect the Society's owner-

ship and rights and to be able to protect theoriginal authors from misappropriation of theirpublished work, ASM requires authors to sign acopyright transfer agreement. This agreement issent to the submitting author when the manu-script is accepted for publication. Unle thisagreemet is executed, ASM will not publish themanuscript. (U.S. government enrployees mayfile a statement attesting that a manuscript wasprepared as part of their official duties. If theyelect to do so, they should not sign the ASMcopyright transfer agreement.)

ScopeAAC is an interdisciplinary journal devoted to

the dissemination of knowledge relating to allaspects of antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and anti-cancer agents and chemotherapy. Within thecircumscriptions set forth below, any reportinvolving studies on or with antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, or anticancer agents is within thepurview of AAC.ASM publishes a number of different journals

covering various aspects of the field of microbi-ology. Each journal has a prescribed scope thatmust be considered in determining the mostappropriate journal for each manuscript. If agiven manuscript is appropriate for more thanone ASM journal, the author's wishes will begiven primary consideration. However, the edi-tors reserve the option of transferring a manu-script to another ASM journal when it is appar-ent that the manuscript falls within the provinceof that journal. In such instances, authors arenotified df this action by the editor or by theASM Publications Office.Some of the guidelines determining transfer to

other ASM journals are as follows.(i) Papers which describe the use of antimicro-

bial or anticancer agents as tools for elucidatingthe basic biological processes of microorganismsare considered appropriate for the Journal ofBacteriology.

(ii) Manuscripts that: (a) describe the use ofantimicrobial, antiparasitic, or anticancer agentsas tools in the isolation, identification, or epide-miology of microorganisms associated with dis-ease; (b) are concerned with quality control

i

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

procedures for diffusion, elution, or dilutiontests for determining susceptibilities to antimi-crobial agents in the clinical laboratory; and (c)deal with applications of commercially preparedtests or kits to assays performed in the clinicallaboratory to measure the activities of estab-lished antimicrobial agents or their concentra-tions in body fluids will be considered appropri-ate for the Journal of Clinical Microbiology.Manuscripts concerned with development ormodification of assay methods and validation oftheir sensitivity and specificity will be consid-ered for publication by Antimicrobial Agentsand Chemotherapy.

(iii) Manuscripts describing new or novelmethods or improvements in media and cultureconditions will not be considered by AAC unlessthese are applied to the study of problems relat-ed to production or activity of antimicrobialagents. Such manuscripts are more appropriatefor Applied and Environmental Microbiology orfor the Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

(iv) Papers that include extensive taxonomicmaterial (e.g., descriptions of new taxa) shouldbe submitted to the International Journal ofSystematic Bacteriology (IJSB), which is pub-lished by ASM for the International Union ofMicrobiological Societies. If the main thrust ofthe manuscript is not taxonomy, the manuscriptshould be divided, and the taxonomic portionshould be submitted to IJSB. If such divisionwould weaken the main thrust, submit the manu-script to the journal of choice.

If you have questions about these guidelines,please contact the editor-in-chief of the journalyou are considering.Note that a manuscript rejected by one ASM

journal on scientific grounds or on the basis ofits general suitability for publication is consid-ered rejected by all other ASM journals.

Editorial StyleThe editorial style of ASM journals conforms

to the CBE Style Manual (4th ed., 1978; CBESecretariat, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda,Md.), Robert A. Day's How To Write and Pub-lish a Scientific Paper (ISI Press, 1979), andScientific Writing for Graduate Students (CBESecretariat), as interpreted and modified by theeditors and the ASM Publications Office. Theeditors and the Publications Office reserve theprivilege of editing manuscripts to conform withthe stylistic conventions set forth in the afore-said publications and in these instructions.

The Review ProcessAll manuscripts are subjected to critical re-

view by the editors, by members of the EditorialBoard, or by qualified outside reviewers. Whena manuscript is submitted to the journal, it is

given a manuscript control number and is as-signed to one of the editors. The author isnotified of this number and the editor to whomthe manuscript is assigned. The reviewers oper-ate under strict guidelines set forth in "Guide-lines for Reviewers" and are expected to com-plete their reviews within 3 weeks after receiptof the manuscript. Authors are notified, general-ly within 8 weeks after submission, as to accep-tance, rejection, or need for modification. Whena manuscript is returned to the author for modifi-cation, it must be returned to the editor within 2months; otherwise it may be considered with-drawn.When an editor has decided that a manuscript

is acceptable for publication, the manuscript anda signed letter of acceptance are sent to the ASMPublications Office. The month of publication,approximate galley date, and section are addedto the acceptance letter, which is then mailed tothe author. The editorial staff of the ASM Publi-cations Office completes the editing of the manu-script to bring it into conformity with prescribedstyle and English usage.

Galley ProofsThe printer sends the galley proof, copy-

edited manuscript, and page charge/reprint or-der form to the author. As soon as the galleysare corrected (within 48 h), they should bemailed to the ASM Publications Office.The galley proof stage is not the time to make

extensive corrections, additions, or deletions. Ifnew information has become available betweenacceptance and receipt of the galley proofs, andyou feel that it is important to include thisinformation, insert it as an "Addendum inProof' with the permission of the editor. Limitother changes to correction of spelling errors,incorrect data, and serious grammatical errors."In press" references for which page numbershave become available should be placed in theLiterature Cited section as "a" numbers (e.g.,12a). Do not renumber references.Questions regarding late galleys and problems

in the proof should be directed to the ASMPublications Office, telephone 202-833-9680.Reprints

Reprints (in multiples of 100) may be pur-chased by contributors. An order form includinga table showing the cost of reprints is sent witheach proof.

ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT

Regular PapersRegular full-length papers should include the

elements described in this section.

* .

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Title. Each manuscript should present theresults of anindependent, cohesive study; thus,numbered series titles are not permitted. Exer-cise care in composing a title. Avoid the main-title/subtitle arrangement. On the title page, in-clude: title, running title (not to exceed 46 char-acters and spaces), full name (incuding firstname and middle initial) of each author, ad-dress(es) of the institution(s) at which the workwas performed, and each author's affiliation or afootnote indicating the present address of anyauthor no longer at the institution where thework was performed. Place an asterisk after thename of the author to whom inquiries regardingthe paper should be directed, and give thatauthor's telephone number.

Diclaimers. If a statement disclaiming gov-ernmental or any other type of endorsement orapproval is included, it will be deleted by thePublications Office.

Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words orfewer, and concisely summarize the basic con-tent of the paper without presenting extensiveexperimental details. Do not include abbrevia-tions or diagrams. When it is essential to includea reference, use the full literature citation butomit the article title. Because the abstract will bepublished separately by abstracting services, itmust be complete and understandable withoutreference to the text.

Introduction. The introduction should supplysufficient background information to allow thereader to understand and evaluate the results ofthe present study without referring to previouspublications on the topic. The introductionshould also provide the rationale for the study.References should be chosen carefully to pro-vide the most salient background rather than anexhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. The Materials andMethods section should include sufficient tech-nical information so that the experiments can berepeated. For commonly used materials andmethods (e.g., commonly used media, proteindeterminations), a simple reference is sufficient.If several alternative methodologies are com-monly employed, it is useful to identify themethod briefly as well as to cite the reference.For example, it is preferable to state "cells werebroken by ultrasonic treatment as previouslydescribed (9)" rather than "cells were broken aspreviously described (9)." You should allow thereader to assess the methodology without con-stant reference to previous publications. De-scribe new methods completely, and givesources of unusual chemicals, equipment, or

microbial strains. When large numbers of micro-bial strains or mutants are used in a study,include strain tables identifying the sources andproperties of the strains, mutants, bacterio-phages, plasmids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of

several experiments* reported in the papershould be described in the Results section or, ifbrief enough, may be included in a table footnoteor figure legend.

Results. In the Results section, include therationale or design of the experiments as well asthe results; reserve extensive interpretation ofthe results for the Discussion section. Presentthe results as concisely as possible in one of thefollowing: text, table(s), or figure(s). However,avoid extensive use of graphs to present datathat might be more concisely or more quantita-tively presented in the text or tables. Limitphotographs (particularly photomicrographs andelectron micrographs) to those that are absolute-ly necessary to demonstrate the experimentalfindings. Number figures and tables in the orderin which they are cited in the text, and be surethat all figures and tables are cited.

Dscussion. The Discussion should provide aninterpretation of the results in relation to previ-ously published work and to the experimentalsystem at hand and should not contain extensiverepetition of the Results section or reiteration ofthe introduction. In short papers, the Resultsand Discussion sections may be combined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments for fi-nancial assistance and for personal assistanceare given in two separate paragraphs. The usualformat for acknowledgment of grant support isas follows: "This work was supported in part byPublic Health Service grant CA-01234 from theNational Cancer Institute."

Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain sup-plementary material to aid the reader, are per-mitted. Titles, authors, and Literature Citedsections that are distinct from those of theprimary article are not allowed. If it is notfeasible to list the author(s) of the appendix inthe by-line or the Acknowledgment section ofthe primary article, rewrite the appendix so thatit can be considered for publication as an inde-pendent article, either full length or Note style.

Literature Cited. Arrange the Literature Citedsection in alphabetical order, by first author, andnumber consecutively. (Abbreviate journalnames according to the Bibliographic Guide forEditors & Authors, American Chemical Society,1974, or Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Data

. .

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Base, BioSciences Information Service, 1981.)Cite each listed reference by number in the text.The following types of references are not valid

for listing: unpublished data, personal communi-cations, manuscripts in preparation, manu-scripts submitted, "in press" references,pamphlets, abstracts, patents, theses, disserta-tions, and material that has not been subjectedto peer review. References to such sourcesshould be made parenthetically in the text. An"in press" reference to an ASM publicationshould state the control number (e.g., AAC 576)or the name of the publication, if it is a book.Follow the styles shown in the examples be-

low.

1. Andrews, F. A., W. H. Beggs, and G. A. Sarosi.1977. Influence of antioxidants on the bioactivity ofamphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.11:615-619.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, andR. E. Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements forenzyme inhibition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbiology-1977.American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

3. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H.Spaulding. 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobicbacteriology. Coordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd.American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

4. Gill, T. J., m. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoas-say, p. 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman(ed.), Manual of clinical immunology. AmericanSociety for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagalesnomen novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E.Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinativebacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co.,Baltimore.

6. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extracel-lular cations on the germination of bacterial spores,p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, andL. L. Campbell (ed.), Spores V. American Societyfor Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

7. Winshell, E. B., C. Cherubin, J. Winter, and H. C.Neu. 1970. Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella inthe eastern United States, p. 86-89. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1969.

Parenthetical references in the text should becited as follows:... and protects the organisms against oxygentoxicity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed.Proc. 35:1686, 1976).... system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun., in press).... linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D.thesis, University of California, Los Angeles,1972).... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer andC. W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1976, K15, p. 139).

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length

papers. They receive the same review, and theyare neither published more rapidly than full-length papers nor considered preliminary com-munications. The Note format is intended forthe presentation of brief observations that do notwarrant full-length papers.Each Note must have an abstract of no more

than 50 words. Do not use section headings inthe body of the Note; report methods, results,and discussion in a single section. The text is notto exceed 1,000 words, and the number of fig-ures and tables should be kept to a minimum.Present acknowledgments as in full-length pa-pers, but do not use a heading. The LiteratureCited section is identical to that of full-lengthpapers.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

PhotographsWhen submitting electron micrographs, pho-

tographs of polyacrylamide gels, etc., keep inmind the journal page size: 6.5 cm for a singlecolumn and 14 cm for a double column (maxi-mum). Include only the significant portion of theillustration. Each must be of sufficient contrastto withstand the inevitable loss of contrast anddetail inherent in the printing process. Electronand light micrographs must be first-generationcopies of the original negatives. Indicate themagnification of each photomicrograph with ascale marker on the micrograph. Do not mountphotographs on heavy cardboard. Composite fig-ures may be mounted on bond paper or onlightweight, flexible cardboard. A complete setof photographs, not photocopies, must accom-pany each copy of the manuscript.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other

drawings as photographs made from finisheddrawings not requiring additional artwork ortypesetting. No part of the graph or drawingsshould be typewritten. Use a lettering set orother professional-quality device for all labeling.Most graphs will be reduced to one-columnwidth (6.5 cm), and all elements in the drawingshould be prepared to withstand this reduction.Avoid very heavy letters, which tend to close upwhen reduced, and avoid unusual symbolswhich the printer may not be able to reproducein the legend. Symbols and lettering should be ofappropriate size; do not use large letters andsmall symbols or vice versa. Direct readoutsfrom computers, recorders, etc., are not usuallyacceptable; such materials should be redrawn.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as wellas table column headings), avoid ambiguous use

IV

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

of numbers with exponents. Usually, it is prefer-able to use the International System of Units (iifor 10-6, m for 1i-0, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). Acomplete listing of SI symbols can be found inthe International Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of Symbols andTerminology for Physicochemical Quantitiesand Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figureordinate should be tnade by the number 20,accompanied by the label kcpm.When powers of 10 must be employed, the

editorial style of the journal follows the CBEStyle Manual recommendation, which differsfrom the conventions used by several otherjournals. The CBE Style Manual suggests thatthe exponent power be associated with the num-ber shown. In representing 2 x 107 cells per ml,the correct designation would be 2, labeled as"107 cells per ml." Likewise, an enzyme activi-ty of 0.06 U/ml would be shown as 6, accompa-nied by the label "10-2 U/ml." The preferreddesignation would be "60 mU/ml" (milliunitsper ml).

Figure LegendsFigure legends may be placed beneath the

photocopy of a drawing for the convenience ofreviewers. (In addition, however, a complete setof photographs or drawings, with legends onseparate pages, must accompany each copy ofthe manuscript.) Legends should provideenough information so that the figure is under-standable without frequent reference to the text.However, do not repeat experimental methodsin the legend. Define all symbols and abbrevia-tions used in the figure. Common abbreviationsand others used frequently in preceding textneed not be redefined in the legend.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange

the data so that columns of like material readdown, not across. The headings should be suffi-ciently clear so that the meaning of the data willbe understandable without reference to the text.See the Abbreviations section of these instruc-tions for those that may be used in tables.Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, but moreextensive table "legends" are not. Footnotesshould not include detailed descriptions of theexperiment. Table 1 is an example of a well-constructed table.

Tables (or graphs) presenting "raw" drugsusceptibility data should be avoided. Toachieve clarity of exposition and conservespace, such data should be analyzed by theauthor and presented preferably in tabular form.

TABLE 1. Distribution of protein and ATPase infractions of dialyzed membranesa

ATPaseMembranes Frction

from: /go ToaUprotein Total U

Control Depleted 0.036 2.3membrane

Concentrated 0.134 4.82supernatant

El treated Depleted 0.034 1.98membrane

Concentrated 0.11 4.6supernatant

a Specific activities of ATPase of nondepleted mem-branes from control and treated bacteria were 0.21 and0.20, respectively.

Camera-Ready CopyDrawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc.,

that can be photographically reproduced forpublication without further typesetting orartwork are referred to as "camera ready."Camera-ready copy must be carefufly prepared toconform with the style of AAC. It should not behand lettered. The advantages of submittingcamera copy are that no second proofreading isnecessary and the material will appear exactly asenvisioned by the author. This is particularlyadvantageous when there are long, complicatedtables and when the spacing and division ofmaterial are important.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of

chemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts(Chemical Abstracts Service, Ohio State Uni-versity, Columbus) and its indexes. For guide-lines to the use of biochemical terminology,consult the following: International Union ofBiochemistry Biochemical Nomenclature andRelated Documents, 1978, reprinted for TheBiochemical Society, London, England; the in-structions to authors of the Journal ofBiologicalChemistry and Archives of Biochemistry andBiophysics (first issues of each year); and theHandbook ofBiochemistry and Molecular Biol-ogy (G. D. Fasman, ed., 3rd ed., 1976, CRCPress, Inc.).

Molecular weights should not be expresssedin daltons; molecular weight is a unitless ratio.Molecular mass is expressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial)

name as assigned by the Nomenclature Commit-tee of the International Union of Biochemistry

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

as described in Enzyme Nomenclature 1978 (Ac-ademic Press, Inc., 1979). If a nonrecommendedname is used, place the proper (trivial) name inparentheses at first use in the abstract and text.Use the EC number when it has been assigned,and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of "pLmolmin."

Nomenclature of MicroorganismsIn general, the nomenclature of bacteria

should follow that presented in Bergey's Manualof Determinative Bacteriology (8th ed., TheWilliams & Wilkins Co., 1974). Only thosenames which were included in the "ApprovedLists of Bacterial Names" (Int. J. Syst. Bacteri-ol. 30:225-420, 1980) and those which have beenvalidly published in the International Journal ofSystematic Bacteriology since 1 January 1980have standing in nomenclature. If there is reasonto use a name that does not have standing innomenclature, the name should be enclosed inquotation marks, and an appropriate statementconcerning the nomenclatural status of the nameshould be made in the text (for an example, seeInt. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:547-556, 1980).

Binary names consisting of a generic nameand a specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli)must be used for all microorganisms. Names ofhigher categories may be used alone, but aspecific epithet must be preceded by a genericname the first time it is used in a paper. Thereaf-ter, the generic name should be abbreviated tothe initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), providedthere can be no confusion with other generaused in the paper. Names of all taxa (phyla [forfungi, divisions], classes, orders, families, gen-era, species, subspecies) are printed in italics;strain designations and numbers are not.

Since the classification of fungi is far fromcomplete, it is the responsibility of the author todetermine the currently accepted binomial for agiven yeast or mold. Some sources for thespelling of these names include The Yeasts (J.Lodder, ed., North-Holland Publishing Co.,1970) and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary ofthe Fungi, Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (Com-monwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey,England, 1971).Names used for viruses should be those ap-

proved by the International Committee on Tax-onomy of Viruses (ICTV) and published in the3rd Report of the ICTV Classification and No-menclature of Viruses, Intervirology, vol. 12,no. 3-5, 1979. If desired, synonyms may beadded parenthetically when the name is firstmentioned. Approved generic (or group) andfamily names may also be used.

Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids shouldbe given designations consisting of letters and

serial numbers. It is generally advisable to in-clude a worker's initials or a descriptive symbolof locale, laboratory, etc., in the designation.Each new strain, mutant, isolate, or derivativeshould be given a new (serial) designation. Sucha designation should be distinct from those ofthe genotype and phenotype, and genotypic andphenotypic symbols should not be included.A registry of plasmid designations is main-

tained by the Plasmid Reference Center, Depart-ment of Medical Microbiology, Stanford Univer-sity, Stanford, CA 94305.

Genetic NomenclatureBacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria

are described in terms of phenotypes and geno-types. The phenotype designation describes theobservable properties of an organism. The geno-type refers to the genetic constitution of anorganism, usually in reference to some standardwild type. Use the recommendations of De-merec et al. (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966) as a guidein employing these terms.

(i) Phenotype designations must be employedwhen mutant loci have not been identified ormapped. Phenotype designations generally con-sist of three-letter symbols; these are not itali-cized and the first letter of the symbol is capital-ized. It is preferable to use roman or arabicnumerals (instead of letters) to identify a seriesof related phenotypes. Thus, a series of bacte-riocin-tolerant mutants might be designatedToll, TolIl, Tollll, etc., or a series of nucleicacid polymerase mutants might be designatedPoll, Pol2, Pol3, etc. Wild-type characteristicscan be designated as Tol+ or Pol+ and, whennecessary for clarity, negative superscripts(Tol- Pol-) can be used to designate mutantcharacteristics. Superscript letters may be usedto further delineate phenotypes (e.g., Strr forstreptomycin susceptibility). Phenotype desig-nations should be defined.

(ii) Genotype designations are similarly indi-cated by three-letter locus symbols. In contrastto phenotype designations, these are lowercaseitalic (e.g., ara his rps). If several loci governrelated functions, these are distinguished byitalicized capital letters following the locus sym-bol (e.g., araA araB araC). Promoter, termina-tor, and operator sites should be indicated asdescribed by Bachmann and Low (Microbiol.Rev. 44:1-56, 1980): e.g., lac2p, lacAt, andlac2o.

(iii) Wild-type alleles are indicated with asuperscript plus (ara+ his'). Where the geno-type of an organism is being specified (e.g., in astrain table), a superscript minus is not used toindicate a mutant locus. Elsewhere, a super-script minus may be used to distinguish betweenthe symbol of a mutant allele and that of a

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

genetic locus. However, this distinction is bestmade in the context, and thus one refers to anara mutant rather than an ara- strain.

(iv) Mutation sites are designated by placingserial isolation numbers (allele numbers) afterthe locus symbol (e.g., araAl araA2). If only asingle such locus exists or if it is not known inwhich of several related loci the mutation hasoccurred, a hyphen is used instead of the capitalletter (e.g., ara-23). It is essential in papersreporting the isolation of new mutants that allelenumbers be given to the mutations. For Esche-richia coli, there is a registry of such numbers:E. coli Genetic Stock Center, Department ofHuman Genetics, Yale University School ofMedicine, P.O. Box 3333, New Haven, CT06510. For Salmonella, the registry is: Salmo-nella Genetic Stock Center, Department of Biol-ogy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,Canada T2N 1N4.

(v) The use of superscripts with genotypes(other than + to indicate wild-type alleles)should be avoided. Designations indicating am-ber mutations, temperature-sensitive mutations,and indications of phenotype should follow theallele number [e.g., araA230(Am) hisD21(Ts)].

(vi) Deletions are indicated by the symbol Aplaced before the deleted gene or region, e.g.,AtrpA432, A(aroP-aceE)419, or Ahis(dhuA hisJhisQ)1256. Similarly, other symbols can be used(with appropriate definition). Thus, a fusion ofthe ara and lac operons can be shown as 4(ara-lac)95. Similarly, 4'(araB'-lacZ+)96 indicatesthat the fusion results in a truncated araBgene fused to an intact lacZ, and 4'(malE-lacZ)97(Hyb) shows that a hybrid protein issynthesized. An inversion is shown as IN(rrnD-rrnE)1. An insertion of an E. coli his gene intoplasmid pSC101 at zero kilobases (0 kb) isshown as pSC101 Ql(Okb::K-12hisB)4. An alter-native designation of an insertion can be used insimple cases, e.g., galT236::TnS. The number236 refers to the locus of the insertion and, if thestrain carries an additional gal mutation, it islisted separately. Additional examples, whichutilize a slightly different format, are to be foundin the papers by Campbell et al. and Novick etal., cited below. It is important in reportingconstruction of strains in which a mobile ele-ment was inserted and subsequently deleted thatthis last fact be noted in the strain table. This canbe done by listing the genotype of the strain usedas an intermediate, in a table footnote, or by adirect or parenthetical remark in the genotype,e.g., (F-), AMu cts, mal::AMu cts::lac. In set-ting of parenthetical remarks within the geno-type or dividing the genotype into constituentelements, parentheses and square brackets areused without special meaning; square bracketsare used outside parentheses. To indicate the

presence of an episome, parentheses (or brack-ets) are used (X, F+). Reference to an integratedepisome is indicated as described above forinserted elements, and an exogenote is shownas, for example, W3110/F'8(gal').Any deviations from standard genetic nomen-

clature should be defined in Materials and Meth-ods or in a table of strains. For more detailedinformation about genetic maps of locus sym-bols in current use, consult reviews by Bach-mann and Low (Microbiol. Rev. 44:1-56, 1980)for E. coli K-12, Sanderson and Hartmn (Mi-crobiol. Rev. 42:471-519, 1978) for Salmonellatyphimurium, Holloway et al. (Microbiol. Rev.43:73-102, 1979) for Pseudomonas, and Hennerand Hoch (Microbiol. Rev. 44:57-82, 1980) forBacillus subtilis. For yeasts, Chlamydomonas,and several fungal species, symbols such asthose given in the Handbook of Microbiology(A. I. Laskin and H. A. Lechevalier, ed., CRCPress, Inc., 1974) should be employed."Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the

distinction between a mutation (an alteration ofthe primary sequence of the genetic material)and a mutant (a strain carrying one or moremutations). One may speak about the mappingof a mutation, but one cannot map a mutant.Likewise, a mutant has no genetic locus-only aphenotype.

Strain desi os. Avoid the use of a geno-type as a name (e.g., ". . . subsequent use ofleuC6 for transduction . . ."). If a strain desig-nation has not been chosen, select an appropri-ate word combination (e.g., ". . . either strainPA3092 or another strain containing the leuC6mutation . . .").

Viruses. The rules for genetic nomenclature ofviruses (bacteriophages) differ from those forbacteria. In most instances, viruses have nophenotype, since they have no metabolism out-side host cells. Therefore, distinctions betweenphenotype and genotype cannot be made. Su-perscripts are employed to indicate hybrid ge-nomes. Genetic symbols may be one, two, orthree letters. For example, a mutant strain of Amight be designated as A Aamll int2 redll4c1857; this strain carries mutations in genes cI,int, and red and an amber-suppressible (am)mutation in gene A. A strain designated X att434imm21 would represent a hybrid of phage Awhich carries the immunity region (imm) ofphage 21 and the attachment (att) region ofphage 434. Host DNA insertions into virusesshould be delineated by square brackets, and thegenetic symbols and designations for such in-serted DNA should conform to those employedfor the host genome. Genetic symbols for phagecan be found in Szybalski and Szybalski (Gene

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INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

7:217-270, 1979) and in Echols and Murialdo(Microbiol. Rev. 42:577-591, 1978).

Transposable elements, plasmids, and restric-tion enzymes. Nomenclature of transposable ele-ments (insertion sequences, transposons, phageMu, etc.) should follow the recommendations ofCampbell et al. (Gene 5:197-206, 1979), with themodifications given in section vi. The system ofdesignating transposon insertions at sites wherethere are no known loci, e.g., zef-123::TnS, hasbeen described by Chumley et al. (Genetics91:639-655, 1979). The nomenclature recom-mendations of Novick et al. (Bacteriol. Rev.40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids and plasmid-specified activities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev.,36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors, and ofRoberts (Nucleic Acids Res. 9:r75-r96, 1981) forrestriction enzymes and DNA fragments derivedfrom treatment with these enzymes should beused whenever possible. Recombinant DNAmolecules, constructed in vitro, follow the no-menclature for insertions in general. DNA in-serted into recombinant DNA molecules shouldbe described by using the gene symbols andconventions for the organism from which theDNA was obtained.

AbbreviationsIt is strongly recommended that all abbrevia-

tions except those listed below be introduced inthe first paragraph in Materials and Methods.Alternatively, define each abbreviation and in-troduce it in parentheses the first time it is used;e.g., "cultures were grown in Eagle minimalessential medium (MEM)." Generally, eliminateabbreviations that are not used at least five timesin the text (including tables and figure legends).Abbreviations should be used primarily as an aidto the reader, rather than as a convenience to theauthor, and therefore their use should be limit-ed. Abbreviations other than those recommend-ed by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomencla-ture and Related Documents, 1978) should beused only when a case can be made for necessi-ty, such as in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or toparaphrase a long word after its first use (e.g.,"the drug," "the substrate"). Standard chemi-cal symbols, numerical multiples (e.g., Me2SOfor dimethyl sulfoxide), and trivial names ortheir symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighbor-ing text.

In addition to abbreviations for standard unitsof measurement and chemical symbols of theelements, the following should be used withoutdefinition in the title, abstract, text, figure leg-ends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid);cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucle-

ic acid); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyri-bonuclease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA(messenger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP,ADP, ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc. (for the respective5' phosphates of adenosine or other nucleo-sides); 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and 5'-AMP (the 2'-,3'-, and 5'-, when needed for contrast, phos-phates of the nucleosides); NAD+ (nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH (nico-tinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate);NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidephosphate, reduced); Pi (orthophosphate); PP,(pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU(plaque-forming units); CFU (colony-formingunits); Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminometh-ane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); and EDTA(ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Abbreviationsfor cell lines (e.g., HeLa cells) also need not bedefined.The following abbreviations should be used

without definition in tables:amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular weight)no. (number)prepn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)

SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

Drugs and Pharmaceutical AgentsThe use of "nonstandard" abbreviations to

designate names of antibiotics and other phar-maceutical agents generally will not be accept-ed, because the use of different abbreviations fora single agent has often caused confusion. If, onoccasion, a nonstandardized abbreviation for adrug or pharmaceutical substance is used, it willbe accepted under the following conditions: (i) itmust be defined in the abbreviation paragraph inMaterials and Methods or at the first use in thetext; (ii) it must be clear and unambiguous inmeaning; and (iii) it must contribute to ease ofassimilation by readers.Whenever possible, use generic names of

drugs; the use of trade names is not permitted.

Sensitivity and Susceptibility to DrugsKeep in mind the distinction between sensitiv-

ity and susceptibility. Sensitivity is the result ofan enzymatic reaction within the cell that makesthe organism susceptible to a drug. Thus, sensi-tivity refers to the effects of drugs on enzymes,whereas susceptibility refers to the reaction ofan organism to a drug.

. .i.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Verb TenseUse the past tense in referring to results

recorded in the present paper. Use the presenttense in discussing previously established find-ings and generally accepted phenomena.

Reptng Numerical DataStandard metric units are used for reporting

length, weight, and volume. For these units andfor molarity, use the prefixes m, >, n, and p(10-3, 10-6, 10-9, and 10-12, respectively).Likewise, use the prefix k (for 103). Avoidcompound prefixes such as m, or ptx. Use ,g/ml or pg/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Unitsof temperature are presented as follows: 37°C or324 K.When fractions are used to express units such

as enzymatic activities, it is preferable to usewhole units, such as g or min, in the denomina-tor instead of fractional or multiple units such as,g or 10 min. For example, "pmol/min" wouldbe preferable to "pmolV10 min," and "p,mol/g"would be preferable to "nmoll,ug."

It is also preferable that an unambiguous formsuch as the exponential notation be used in placeof multiple slashes; for example, ">mol g-1min-" is preferable to ",mol/g per min."See the CBE Style Manual, 4th edition, for

more detailed information regarding the report-

ing of numbers. Also contained in this source isinformation on the appropriate SI units to beused for the reporting of illumination, energy,frequency, pressure, and other physical terms.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, the labelin is indicated

in the chemical formula (e.g., C02, 'H20,H235S04). Brackets are not employed when theisotopic symbol is attached to a word that is nota specific chemical name (e.g., 1311-labeled pro-tein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the

isotope introduced is placed in square bracketsdirectly preceding the part of the name thatdescribes the labeled entity. Note that config-uration symbols and modifiers precede the iso-topic symbol. The following examples illustratecorrect usage:[14C]urea UDP-[U-14CJglucoseL-[methyl-'4C]methionine E. coli [32PJDNA[2,3-3Hlserine fructose 1,6-f1-32P]diphos-[a-'4C]Iysine phate[y-_32PJATPThis journal follows the same conventions for

isotopic labeling as the Journal of BiologicalChemistry, and more detailed information canbe found in the instructions to authors of thatjournal (first issue of each year).

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