Antimicrobial Activity From the Extracts of Fungal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE/ARTICLE ORIGINAL

Antimicrobial activity from the extracts of fungal

isolates of soil and dung samples from Kaziranga

National Park, Assam, India

Activiteantimicrobienne dextraits disolats fongiques du sol et dufumier du parc national de Kaziranga, Assam, Inde

C. Ganesh Kumar, P. Mongolla, J. Joseph, Y.V.D. Nageswar, A. Kamal *

Chemical Biology Laboratory, Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500607, India

Received 18 June 2010; received in revised form 13 August 2010; accepted 20 August 2010

Available online 23 October 2010

KEYWORDSAntimicrobial activity;

Fungi;Kaziranga National Park;Secondary metabolites

Summary One hundred and thirty fungal strains were isolated from soil and dung samplescollected from the biodiversity hotspot, the Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. These were

then characterized by conventional methods and assessed for their antimicrobial activity againsttest microorganisms. From the 130 isolates, 42 organisms showed antimicrobial activity; 15 ofthem were exclusively anti-bacterial and 20 isolates showed both antibacterial and anti-Candidaactivity and seven isolates showed exclusive anti-Candida activity. The inhibition was higheragainst Gram-positive bacteria, while Gram-negative bacteria were less inhibited. The potentantibiotic producing strains isolated belong mainly to the genera Aspergillus, followed byScopulariopsis, Curvularia, Phoma, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium, Acremonium andAureobasidium pullulans.This is the first report on the antimicrobial activity of fungal isolatesfrom the Kaziranga National Park biosphere of India.# 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Activitantimicrobienne;Fungi;Parc national deKaziranga;Mtabolites secondaires

Rsum Cent trente souches fongiques ont t isoles dans des chantillons de sol et defumier au point nvralgique de biodiversit du parc national de Kaziranga, Assam, Inde. Elles ontt alors caractrises par des mthodes conventionnelles et values pour leur activit

antimicrobienne contre des microorganismes tests. partir des 130 isolats, 42 montrent uneactivit antimicrobienne, 15 sont exclusivement antibactriens, 20 sont antibactriens etantifongiques et sept sont exclusivement antifongiques. Linhibition est la plus forte contreles bactries Gram positives, alors que des bactries Gram ngatives moins sont moins sensibles.Les espces produisant des mtabolites antimicrobiens appartiennent principalement auxgenres Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, Curvularia, Phoma, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium,

Journal de Mycologie Mdicale (2010) 20, 283289

* Corresponding author.E-mail address: [email protected](A. Kamal).

1156-5233/$ see front matter # 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2010.08.002


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Acremonium etAureobasidium pullulans. Cest le premier rapport sur lactivit antimicrobiennedes isolats fongiques de la biosphre du parc national de Kaziranga (Inde).# 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits rservs.

Introduction

Microbial metabolites are rich sources for new potentialtherapeutic drugs [22]. Over 5000 antibiotics have beenidentified from the cultures of Gram-positive, Gram-nega-tive and filamentous fungi; but only about hundred antibio-tics alone have been used commercially to treat the human,animal and plant diseases[2]. Industrial antibiotic produc-tion mainly focuses on screening programmes for identifica-tion of new potent antibiotic producing organisms eitherfrom natural sources or from established cultures[4]. Selec-tive procedures which allow detection and isolation of onlythose microorganisms of interest from a large populationwere developed for screening[9]. The need for less toxic,more potent antibiotics from non-infective organisms, which

overcome the resistance exhibited against the existing anti-biotics are some of the challenges to the evolving therapeu-tics against microbial infections.

Soil, in particular, is an extensively explored ecologicalniche for microorganisms that produce useful biologicallyactive natural products including antibiotics [34]. Majority ofantibiotics so far isolated were produced byStreptomycetesand fungi, which are common inhabitants of the soil [15].Modern researchers emphasize on the need to explore novelunexplored niches like rain forests [28], marine sponges [12],mangroves[16] and endophytes [25,29] for pharmacologi-cally active compounds. The expanding list of novel micro-organisms and the products derived from poorly exploredareas of the world like Australia [19], Jordan [21] and

Antarctica[18]suggests that a careful exploration of newhabitats might continue to be useful. The biopharmaceuticalindustry has become increasingly interested in novel anti-biotics to meet the challenge of resistance. By employingstrategic screening programmes of microbes, it is feasible toincrease the number of potential products for therapeuticuse[13,27]. In the present paper, we present the report onfungal isolates showing antimicrobial activity from thehitherto unexplored soil and dung samples collected fromthe Kaziranga National Park, declared as one of the WorldHeritage site by UNESCO in 1985. The park is a unique naturallandscape of sheer forest, tall elephant grass, rugged reeds,marshes and shallow pools[31].

Materials and methods

Target strains

The target strains used for screening antimicrobial activitywere procured from microbial type culture collection (MTCC)and Gene Bank of the Institute of microbial technology,Chandigarh, India and are: Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470,Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96, S. aureus MLS16 MTCC 2940,Bacillus subtilisMTCC 121,Escherichia coliMTCC 739,Pseu-domonas aeruginosaMTCC 2453,Klebsiella planticolaMTCC530 and Candida albicansMTCC 3017.

Collection of soil and dung samples

Soil samples and dung samples of elephant, tiger and one-horned rhinoceros were obtained from different locationsof Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. From each ofthese locations, soil samples were collected from 1015 cm below the surface in small prelabelled sterile plasticcontainers, which were tightly sealed and transported tothe laboratory.

Isolation, growth conditions and storage

One gram of each of these soil and dung samples wassuspended in 100 ml sterile water and vortexed on ashaker. Dilutions of the suspensions (1:10 and 1:100) were

prepared and 1 ml of these dilutions was used for sam-pling. Each sample was cultivated on two different sterilemedia in Petri dishes containing 1518 ml of potato dex-trose agar (PDA) or Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol agar(HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India). The petridishes were incubated at 28 8C for 45 days until fungalgrowth of the colonies was fully formed. Use of antibioticsfor PDA medium was avoided as some fungal species wasfound to be sensitive to antibiotics. The fungi were pur-ified by repeated sub-culturing to get axenic cultures,which were maintained on PDA slants. Fungal stocks ofthe purified cultures were prepared in the same medium asabove and overlaid with mineral oil and stored at 4 8C inthe culture collection of the laboratory for further iden-

tification and screening for antimicrobial activity. Theisolates were identified up to the level of the genus basedon cultural and morphological characteristics of spore andhyphae under lactophenol staining and deposited in thelaboratory culture collection.

Growth and production of antimicrobial activity

The spore suspension from different fungal isolates (96 h old)was prepared and inoculated in 50 ml of potato dextrosebroth in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and incubated at 28 8C for 5days. After incubation, theculture broth was filtered throughfilter paper (Whatman No. 3) to remove the fungal cell mass

and the cell-free supernatant was stored in vials at 4 8C untilfurther use. The resulting filtrates were used to evaluateantimicrobial activity.

Screening of antibiotic activity by agar well

diffusion method

Antibacterial activity was assayed in duplicate by agar welldiffusion method. Wells of 5 mm diameter were punchedin nutrient agar plates seeded with test bacterial organ-isms, which corresponded to a 0.5 McFarland turbiditystandard solution. Yeast extract, peptone and dextrose(YEPD) medium instead of nutrient agar was used for

284 C. Ganesh Kumar et al.


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Candida. Plates were incubated for 96 h at optimal tem-perature for the test organism. The inhibition zonesaround the disks were measured. Crude cell free super-natant (20ml) of overnight fungal culture of 1618 hgrowth was added in each well. Plates were then incu-bated overnight at 37 8C for 24 h. The inhibitory activitywas detected as a zone of clearing in the turbid mediumaround the wells containing antibacterial activity (positivesamples). The diameter of the clearing zones in (mm)formed a semi-quantitative method of determination ofthe inhibition effect at specific concentration of the anti-bacterial compound.

Results

A total of 38 samples were collected in and around KazirangaNational Park which included 23 forest soil samples, ninedung samples (three each of elephant, tiger and one-hornedrhinoceros), four rhizosphere soil samples and one sampleeach from termite hills and tree bark (epiphytes). Afterprocessing these samples in our laboratory, 130 fungi wereisolated as pure cultures on PDA plates. Extracts from allthese isolates were tested for antimicrobial activities bywell diffusion method and 42 of them showed positive

Table 1 Identification of the fungal isolates from Kaziranga National Park exhibiting antimicrobial activity.Identification des isolats fongiques du parc national de Kaziranga montrant une activite antimicrobienne.

S. No. Isolate No.* Sample source Identification

1 KZR 001 Forest soil Aspergillussp.2 KZR 002 Forest soil Scopulariopsissp.3 KZR 003 Forest soil (Munna beel) Aspergillus versicolor4 KZR 005 Pennisetumsp. rhizosphere soil Aspergillus versicolor

5 KZR 006 Forest soil Aureobasidium pullulans6 KZR 007 Forest soil Aspergillus sp.7 KZR 008 Forest soil Aspergillus flavus8 KZR 009 Forest soil Curvulariasp.9 KZR 028 Forest soil Aspergillussp.10 KZR 047 Elephant dung Lasiodiplodia theobromae11 KZR 048 Anthuriumsp. rhizosphere soil Aspergillus flavus12 KZR 049 Rhino dung Aspergillus flavus13 KZR 053 Anthuriumsp. rhizosphere soil Scopulariopsis spp14 KZR 054 Elephant dung Aspergillus flavus15 KZR 059 Elephant dung Curvulariasp.16 KZR 061 Forest soil Aspergillus niger17 KZR 063 Elephant dung Aspergillus niger18 KZR 065 Elephant dung Aspergillus flavus19 KZR 069 Anthuriumsp. rhizosphere soil Fusariumsp.20 KZR 070 Forest soil Aspergillus terreus21 KZR 071 Elephant dung Aspergillus niger22 KZR 079 Elephant dung Aspergillus flavus23 KZR 080 Forest soil Aspergillus flavus24 KZR 084 Anthuriumsp. rhizosphere soil Aspergillus fumigatus25 KZR 085 Forest soil Aspergillus nidulans26 KZR 087 Forest soil Phomasp.27 KZR 088 Crispasp. rhizosphere soil Aspergillus flavus28 KZR 090 Rhino dung Aspergillus flavus29 KZR 091 Rhino dung Aspergillus fumigatus30 KZR 095 Forest soil Aspergillus niger31 KZR 100 Termite hill Acremonium spp

32 KZR 101 Crispasp. rhizosphere soil Aspergillus niger33 KZR 110 Termite hill Phomasp.34 KZR 117 Elephant dung Aspergillus niger35 KZR 118 Forest soil Aspergillus niger36 KZR 121 Elephant dung Aspergillus versicolor37 KZR 124 Rhino dung Aspergillus flavus38 KZR 125 Elephant dung Aspergillus flavus39 KZR 126 Elephant dung Aspergillus versicolor40 KZR 127 Tiger dung Aspergillus fumigatus41 KZR 129 Tree bark scrapings Aspergillus fumigatus42 KZR 130 Termite hill Aspergillus flavus

*KZR Kaziranga.

Antimicrobial activity from the extracts of fungal isolates of soil 285


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Table 2 Antimicrobial activity of fungal isolates from Kaziranga National Park against pathogen test strains.Activite antimicrobienne des isolats fongiques du parc national de Kaziranga contre des souches tests pathogenes.

S. No Isolate No. Micrococcusluteus

MTCC 2470

Escherichia

coliMTCC 739Pseudomonas

aeruginosa

MTCC 2453

Staphylococcus

aureusMLS-16

MTCC 2940

Staphylococcus

aureusMTCC 96B

s

M1 KZR 001 2 KZR 002 ++ ++ 3 KZR 003 ++ +4 KZR 005 ++ 5 KZR 006 6 KZR 007 ++ 7 KZR 008 ++ 8 KZR 009 + ++ 9 KZR 028 +++ ++ ++ +++ +10 KZR 047 11 KZR 048 ++ 12 KZR 049

13 KZR 053 ++ ++ 14 KZR 054 ++ ++ +15 KZR 059 ++ 16 KZR 061 ++ +++ +17 KZR 063 ++ ++ +18 KZR 065 ++ +19 KZR 069 ++ ++ +20 KZR 070 ++ ++ +21 KZR 071 ++ ++ ++ +22 KZR 079 ++ +23 KZR 080 ++ +24 KZR 084 ++ +25 KZR 085 26 KZR 087 27 KZR 088 + ++ 28 KZR 090 ++ + 29 KZR 091 ++ ++ 30 KZR 095 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 31 KZR 100 32 KZR 101 + 33 KZR 110 ++ ++ ++ 34 KZR 117 ++ ++ 35 KZR 118 ++ ++ 36 KZR 121 ++


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antimicrobial activity. The details of the positive isolatesincluding their source and culture characteristics along withtheir identification are described inTable 1. The identifica-tion of the potent antibiotic producing strains reveals thatmost of them belong to the genus Aspergillus (32 isolates)followed by Scopulariopsis (two isolates), Curvularia (twoisolates), Phoma (two isolates) andone each of Lasiodiplodiatheobromae, Fusarium, Acremonium and Aureobasidium

pullulans. Among the 42 isolates, 15 isolates showed onlyantibacterial activity, 20 isolates showed both antibacterialand anti-Candida activities, but seven were exclusive foranti-Candida in their activity (Table 2). While maximumisolates showed activity against C. albicans and S. aureusMLS16, only two isolates showed activity against E. coli.

Discussion

Microorganisms had been the source of most importantmedicines ever developed; some of the key antibiotics frommicroorganisms developed as drugs include penicillin [8],streptomycin[23], chloramphenicol[6], erythromycin[17],

gentamicin [35,14], rapamycin [33], etc. Some of thesedrugs, for example, rapamycin produced by Streptomyceshygroscopicus, were later developed as potent immunosup-pressant [11] and anticancer [3] agents. The increasingnumber of cases of resistance and the growing demand fornew lead structures in pharmacology necessitated the needto search for novel metabolites in developing them as med-icines against new targets or as new compounds against theestablished targets. Discovery of bioactives mainly dependson the knowledge of habitats where the fungi are abundantand the strength of culture collections[13]. Microorganismsisolated from hitherto unexplored areas and/or fromextreme environments is the obvious choice for developmentof potential novel bioactive metabolites [7,20]. The high

proportion of strains producing antimicrobials from suchenvironments may be associated with defensive or aggressiveroles of the organisms for maintaining their ecological nichein such environments. Further, the thriving of fungi in suchcompetitive environments is assumed that their metaboliccompatibility is strongly influenced by natural selection[10].

In connection with our ongoing screening activities forbiological active secondary metabolites from fungi, thepresent study was undertaken to screen for novel microbesand for selecting strains with antibacterial and anti-Candidaactivities from hitherto unexplored areas of KazirangaNational Park, Assam, India, which has soils very rich inmoisture content and provide excellent conditions for fungal

growth. The results of the screening revealed that a total of42 from 130 isolates exhibited antimicrobial activity with 15as antibacterials, 20 with antibacterial and anti-Candidaactivity and seven with exclusive activity against the Candidaalbicans. Thirteen of the isolates producing antibacterialswere active against Gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis and S.aureus); only two of the isolates were active against Gram-negative bacteria. The reason for differential sensitivitybetween Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria couldbe ascribed to the morphological differences between thesemicroorganisms; Gram-negative bacteria have an outer poly-saccharide membrane carrying the structural lipopolysac-charide components. This makes the cell wall impermeable3

7

KZR124

++

++

++

++

38

KZR125

+++

+++

++

++

++

++

39

KZR126

++

40

KZR127

++

41

KZR129

++

++

++

++

++

++

42

KZR130

++

++

++

++

PC

Neomycin

++

+++

+++

++

++

+++

+++

PC

AmphotericinB

+++

:noactivity;+:slightactivity(1

0mm);++:goodactivity(1119mm);++

+:verygoodactivity(

20mm);PC:positivecontrol;MTCC:microbialtypecultur

ecollection.



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to lipophilic compounds; the Gram-positive bacteria, on theother hand, will be more susceptible as they have only anouter peptidoglycan layer which is not an effective perme-ability barrier[24].

In our study, among the 42 short-listed isolates (Tables 1and 2) exhibiting antimicrobial activity, the culture filtratesof about 32 isolates belonging to the genusAspergillusandone Fusariumisolate (KZR 069) showed a wide spectrum of

antimicrobial activity, which supports the observations thatfungal genera like Acremonium, Aspergilllus, FusariumandPenicilliumare considered as creative species based ontheir ability to produce several bioactive metabolites [5].Similarly, several secondary metabolites from a marine iso-late, Aspergilllus niger exhibited diverse antibacterial andantifungal potential [1]. In our study, we observed twospecies of Curvularia(KZR 009 and KZR 059) and one Aur-eobasidium pullulans(KZR 006) showed antimicrobial activ-ity. Similarly, in some earlier studies, 4-epiradicinolproduced byCurvularia lunata[32], aureobasidins producedby Aureobasidium pullulans [30] and botryodiplodin pro-duced byLasiodiplodia theobromae(the synonym ofBotryo-diplodia theobromae) [26] are reported to exhibit

antimicrobial activity. To the best of our knowledge thereare no reports on Scopulariopsisand Phomaexhibiting anti-microbial activity. Our investigation suggests that bioactivefungal constituents are possibly a rich source of novel meta-bolites with antimicrobial activity. The broad-spectrumactivity exhibited by some of the isolates is possibly dueto the production of diverse antimicrobial compounds, whichmay represent a potential for pharmaceutical and/or agri-cultural applications. Further investigations on purificationand structure elucidation of the compounds are in progress.To the best of our knowledge this is a first study on theantimicrobial activity of fungal isolates from KazirangaNational Park biosphere of India.

Conflict of Interest

None.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Dr. T.C. Bora, Scientist, NEIST,Jorhat and Mr. Dharnidhar Boro, Forest Range Officer, Kazir-anga National Park, for their help and providing the necessarylogistics during the expedition of sample collection in Kazir-anga National Park, Assam, India. The authors are also thank-ful to Prof. V. Lakshmipati for his kind help in providing

editing, and valuable comments during the preparation ofthe manuscript. The financial support extended by Councilof Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi,Government of India in the form of a Network Project onExploitation of Microbial Wealth of India is gratefullyacknowledged.

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