Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria at the Beach · 2015-12-29 · –Antibiotics –Antibiotic...
Transcript of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria at the Beach · 2015-12-29 · –Antibiotics –Antibiotic...
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Antibiotic Resistant
Bacteria at the Beach
Megan May
Waquoit Bay Research Reserve
April 30, 2015
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Outline
• My research background
• Background
– Microbes
– Antibiotics
– Antibiotic Resistance
• My research project
• Larger significance
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Applied Environmental
Microbiology
Microbiology
Aquatic Environments
Public Health
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Research Experiences
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Graduate School
• MIT-WHOI Joint Program in
Oceanography
• Dr. Rebecca Gast’s Lab at WHOI
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Background Information
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What are microbes?
• Organisms that can be seen with a microscope
Actinetobacter
(Bacteria)
Candida
(Fungus, Eucarya)
Sulfolobus
(Archaea)
Microbiology Online, CDC AR Report
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Life is divided into 3 groups.
Pace 2009
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Life is “Mainly Microbes”!
Pace 2009
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Why do we care about
microbes?
Nutrient cycling, degradation Fermentation
Bioremediation Bioprospecting
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Why do we care about
microbes?
Hydrothermal vents Ocean sediments
Yellowstone National Park Ice
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Microbes are all around us
Environment Amount
Ocean Water 500,000
Cells/cm3
Ocean sediments
(top 10 cm)
220,000,000
cells/cm3
Rivers 1,000,000
Cells/cm3
Forest sediments 40,000,000
cells/gram
Whitman et al. 1998
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Microbes are all over us
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Bacteria and archaea
outnumber us…by a lot!
4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
7,310,000,000
Whitman et al. 1998
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Disease-causing (pathogenic)
microbes are not the majority
Tuberculosis Blood poisoning
Pneumonia
Dysentery Pneumonia
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Antibiotics
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Discovery of antibiotics
Alexander Fleming
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Fleming’s Work
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Antibiotics
• compound produced by a microorganism that inhibits the growth of another microorganism
• natural process
• can be chemically synthesized Kummer 2009
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Recent discovery by humans
Wright 2007
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Humans use antibiotics often. Animal Agriculture Aquaculture
Human health Agriculture
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How do antibiotics work?
• Targeting the bacterial cells to stop
them from growing or to kill them
• Can occur by attacking the outside
of the cell or by affecting the
processes inside the cell
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What is antibiotic resistance?
• Resistance is when a bacteria is not affected by a particular antibiotic
• Natural occurring process – Found in ancient sediments – Isolated caves
– Isolated tribe of humans
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Pump out
antibiotics
Inactivate
the activity
Immunity
Change
the target
How can bacteria resist antibiotics?
Modified
from:
Wright
2010
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How can resistance be spread?
• Selections by exposure to antibiotics
• Bacteria sharing resistance
CDC Threat Report, 2013
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Marine Environmental Resistance
Allows for resistance to be
shared in the ocean
environment.
The ocean acts as a
reservoir for resistance.
Human caused antibiotic
inputs enter enviroment.
Resistance naturally
occurs in the environment.
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Ocean
Consumption
Recreation
AR transfer from the ocean
Humans
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Environment is important to
understanding our health.
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Antibiotic resistance has large impacts.
CDC Threat Report, 2013
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What are the levels of
antibiotic resistance at
beaches around Cape Cod?
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Why the beach?
• Land-sea interface
• Humans interact
– Consumption
– Recreation
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Why would we expect
resistance in the environment?
• Natural process
• Likely enhanced by humans
– Resistance can enter through wastes
– Actual antibiotic residues can enter
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WB and NRB
BDN
SCB
LI
Buzzards
Bay
Nantucket Sound
OSB
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Methods Flow Chart
Sampling Culture
Bacteria
Resistance Testing
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Field Sampling
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Ice doesn’t stop our sampling!
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Methods Flow Chart
Sampling Culture
Bacteria
Resistance Testing
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Culturing
Enterococcus Vibrio General Marine Bacteria
Fecal indicator used
By the EPA
-Can be pathogenic
Widespread in the
Marine environment
-Can be pathogenic
Indicates main
environmental reservoir
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Picking isolates
500 isolates 500 isolates 1500 isolates
Enterococcus Vibrio General Marine Bacteria
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Methods Flow Chart
Sampling Culture
Bacteria
Resistance Testing
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Resistance Testing Ciprofloxacin
Clindamycin
Amoxicillin
Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Trimethoprim
Antibiotic
Discs
Inhibition Zone
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Resistance Testing
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Why these antibiotics? Antibiotic Selected Uses Use began
Amoxicillin Ulcers, Lyme disease,
bronchitis, ear infections
1972
Ciprofloxacin Diarrhea, pneumonia,
urinary tract infections
1987
Clindamycin Blood poisoning,
pneumonia, malaria, acne
1989
Doxycycline Cholera, Gonorrhea, acne,
diarrhea, Lyme disease
1967
Oxytetracycline Syphilis, Pneumonia,
Bronchitis, plague, throat
irritation
1950s
Trimethoprim Urinary tract infections,
pneumonia
1982
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Resistance in cultured beach
bacteria
Enterococcus Vibrio General Marine Bacteria
94.3 %
(316 isolates)
~50 more to be collected
In process
In process
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What have we learned so far?
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Resistance is prevalent within
tested Vibrio
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Nu
mb
er
of B
ac
teri
al Is
ola
tes
Resistant to this Number of Antibiotics
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Preliminary seasonal pattern
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
June July Aug Sep Oct Dec
Pe
rce
nt
Re
sist
an
ce
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Site differences are not large
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
LI OSB SCB WB NRB BDN
Pe
rce
nt
Re
sist
an
ce
Buzzards Bay Waquoit Bay
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Antibiotic results vary
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rce
nt
Re
sist
an
t (%
)
1972 1987 1989 1967 1950s 1982
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Sample type differences are small
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
wet dry water
Pe
rce
nt
Re
sist
an
ce
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More resistance compared to
other studies
• Other studies done in the developing
world
• Tend to have smaller numbers
• Test different antibiotics
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Future work
• Working on resistance testing
– Enterococcus
– General marine bacteria
• Identify bacteria by genetic analysis
• Quantification of human impacts
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Where does this research fit
into the larger picture?
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Marine Resistance Study Goals
Better understanding of the marine environment
Understand if there are links to human impacts
Determine health risks
Determine if necessary to make changes in use
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AR is a global and national problem.
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What can you do?
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Preserve the integrity of
antibiotics
Levy 1998
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If able to, buy antibiotic free food
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Enjoy the beach!
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Acknowledgments • Gast lab
– Rebecca Gast
– Roxanne Beinart
• Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve – Joan Mueller
– Chris Weidman
• Field sampling associates – Rebecca Gast
– Gabriella Farfan
– Nat Wilson
– Jenny Wehof
– Net Charoenpong
– Alec Bogdanoff
– Hanny Rivera
– Erin Black
– Lauren Kipp
• MIT-WHOI Joint Program
Funding sources MIT WHOI Ocean Ventures Fund WHOI Academic Programs Office
WHOI Coastal Ocean Institute National Science Foundational Graduate Research Fellowship