Anth1 Ch15 Sht Vs
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Transcript of Anth1 Ch15 Sht Vs
Global Issues & Biocultural Diversity
Global Issues & Biocultural Diversity
Topics for DiscussionTopics for Discussion
Acculturation Cultural Imperialism Postmodernity Indigeneity & Identity Biocultural Diversity in the Modern World
Acculturation Cultural Imperialism Postmodernity Indigeneity & Identity Biocultural Diversity in the Modern World
AcculturationAcculturation
Westernization – the influence of Western expansion on indigenous peoples and their cultures
Sinicization Hinduization
Westernization – the influence of Western expansion on indigenous peoples and their cultures
Sinicization Hinduization
• Acculturation – changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact with another group that changes the cultural patterns of either or both groups
WesternizationWesternization
• A process whereby non-western societies come under the influence of Western (Occidental, European, American) cultures
• Areas of influence: alphabet, diet, economics, industry, language, law, lifestyle, politics, religion, sartorial choices, technology, values
• A process whereby non-western societies come under the influence of Western (Occidental, European, American) cultures
• Areas of influence: alphabet, diet, economics, industry, language, law, lifestyle, politics, religion, sartorial choices, technology, values
SinicizationSinicization1) Assimilation of non-Han Chinese; 2) acculturation by neighboring countries of Chinese culture
1950 begins physical invasion of Tibet by ChinaCreation of a Chinese political state called Tibet Autonomous RegionDestroyed Buddhist & Bon temples
1) Assimilation of non-Han Chinese; 2) acculturation by neighboring countries of Chinese culture
1950 begins physical invasion of Tibet by ChinaCreation of a Chinese political state called Tibet Autonomous RegionDestroyed Buddhist & Bon temples
Potala Palace; former residenceOf the Dalai Lama who is now in Exile in India
Anniversaries of Tibetan Uprising against ChinaAnniversaries of Tibetan Uprising against China
March 2008: Cars were overturned cars and shops burning in Barkhor Square in front of the Jokhand Temple in central Lhasa, Tibet.
March 2009: 50th anniversary of the Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule
March 2008: Cars were overturned cars and shops burning in Barkhor Square in front of the Jokhand Temple in central Lhasa, Tibet.
March 2009: 50th anniversary of the Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule
2008 The New York Times
Hinduization (& Sanskritization)Hinduization (& Sanskritization)
Austroasiatic peoples in India fought political encapsulation
~8% of South Asians are forced to adopt Hindu moral & legal codes
Austroasiatic peoples in India fought political encapsulation
~8% of South Asians are forced to adopt Hindu moral & legal codes
Santal Adivasi (Indigenous); Photo: lh3.google.com
Contact and Domination in Europe
Contact and Domination in Europe
Ethnocide - the destruction of a culture of a people, as opposed to the people themselves (genocide)
200 Livonians remain; only 20 speak the language
Surrounded by millions of Latvians
Ethnocide - the destruction of a culture of a people, as opposed to the people themselves (genocide)
200 Livonians remain; only 20 speak the language
Surrounded by millions of Latvians
Livonians in the Repulic of Latvia
Latvia MapLatvia Map
1.4 million Latvians 200 Livonians 9,000 Jews 8,000 Romani
(Gypsies)
1.4 million Latvians 200 Livonians 9,000 Jews 8,000 Romani
(Gypsies)
• Spread or advance of one culture at expense of others
Cultural ImperialismCultural Imperialism
Technologically complex societies dominate technologically simple societies
Some see modern technology as erasing cultural differences
Others see modern technology providing opportunity for social groups (local cultures) to express themselves
Technologically complex societies dominate technologically simple societies
Some see modern technology as erasing cultural differences
Others see modern technology providing opportunity for social groups (local cultures) to express themselves
Globalization: People in MotionGlobalization: People in MotionGlobalization promotes intercultural
communication, including travel and migration, which bring people from different societies into direct contact
Globalization promotes intercultural communication, including travel and migration, which bring people from different societies into direct contact
Tourists atIndira Gandhiairport
People in MotionPeople in Motion
Scale of human movement expanded dramatically
Diaspora: offspring of an area who have spread to many lands
Scale of human movement expanded dramatically
Diaspora: offspring of an area who have spread to many lands
• Linkages in modern world system enlarged and erased old boundaries and distinctions
The Postmodern ConditionThe Postmodern Condition Postmodernity - A social condition reflecting
greater population movements, multiple identities of people, and the rejection of earlier modernist ideas of progress
Postmodern - A Cultural period after Ancient, Medieval, Modern historical eras; period marked by breakdown of established categories & boundaries
Postmodernism - An aesthetic style reflecting interweaving of Western with non-Western ideas; overlapping styles
Postmodernity - A social condition reflecting greater population movements, multiple identities of people, and the rejection of earlier modernist ideas of progress
Postmodern - A Cultural period after Ancient, Medieval, Modern historical eras; period marked by breakdown of established categories & boundaries
Postmodernism - An aesthetic style reflecting interweaving of Western with non-Western ideas; overlapping styles
Postmodernity at Multicultural Conferences
Postmodernity at Multicultural Conferences
Children from Antigua, Argentina, Bonaire, Curacao, Ecuador, Jamaica, Paraguay and Venezuela attending a conference in Dominican Republic; www.jci.cc
Spread Cultures vs. Residual CulturesSpread Cultures vs. Residual Cultures
Spread cultures: Agrarian societies that need more resources
Residual cultures: Societies that require few natural resources remained within given territories
Spread cultures: Agrarian societies that need more resources
Residual cultures: Societies that require few natural resources remained within given territories
Indigenous People: People residing in a region...
Indigenous People: People residing in a region...
Before colonization During the earliest formation of a nation-state Linguistically, culturally, socially isolated from
the dominant nation-state Peoples who identify as indigenous and are
recognised as such by other groups.
Indigenous People called...Indigenous People called...
Indígena (not indio) in S. America
Adivasi in S. Asia Aborigine in Australia First Nations Peoples in
Canada Autochthon in Eurasia Native American in United
State
Raute elder Man BahadurPhoto: J. Fortier, 1997
Identity in Indigenous PoliticsIdentity in Indigenous Politics
Identity is fluid and multiple Identities seen as
Potentially plural Emerging through a specific process Ways of being someone in particular
times and places
Identity is fluid and multiple Identities seen as
Potentially plural Emerging through a specific process Ways of being someone in particular
times and places
• Essentialism: process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen
Identity in Indigenous Politics
Identity in Indigenous Politics Identity is fluid, dynamic
process Multiple ways of being
indigenous Identities seen as
Potentially plural Emerging through a
specific process Ways of being
someone in particular times and places
Identity is fluid, dynamic process Multiple ways of being
indigenous Identities seen as
Potentially plural Emerging through a
specific process Ways of being
someone in particular times and places
Dancer at Chumash Cultural CenterSource: MalibuSurfsideNews
Small-Scale Societies:Small-Scale Societies:
Do small-scale societies live within their natural resource “carrying capacities”?
Do small-scale societies live within their natural resource “carrying capacities”?
Pastoralists in Pakistan
Carrying Capacity:Carrying Capacity:
The maximum number of individuals of a given species that a site can support during the most unfavorable time of year, without causing deterioration of the site. For example, the maximum number of deer that can be supported on a site without depleting browse.
The maximum number of individuals of a given species that a site can support during the most unfavorable time of year, without causing deterioration of the site. For example, the maximum number of deer that can be supported on a site without depleting browse.
Agrarian Societies:Agrarian Societies:
Have any agrarian societies lived within their environmental carrying capacities?
Have any agrarian societies lived within their environmental carrying capacities?
What’s my Ecological Footprint?What’s my Ecological Footprint?
• a measure of human
demand on the Earth's
ecosystems
• It takes ~4 Earths to
support me
• It takes ~20 global acres
to support me
• footprintcalculator.org
• a measure of human
demand on the Earth's
ecosystems
• It takes ~4 Earths to
support me
• It takes ~20 global acres
to support me
• footprintcalculator.org
Conserving BiodiversityConserving Biodiversity View from World Conservation Union: A major challenge to conserving
biodiversity involves understanding socioeconomic and political areas of humanity
A need to make policy-makers understand the realities of conservation
View from World Conservation Union: A major challenge to conserving
biodiversity involves understanding socioeconomic and political areas of humanity
A need to make policy-makers understand the realities of conservation
Jeffery McNeely
Conserving BiodiversityConserving Biodiversity
Investigation: Learn how Natural & Cultural Systems Function
Investigation: Learn how Natural & Cultural Systems Function
Wild pig hunting in Maui
Ranked Prey of Rajis of IndiaRanked Prey of Rajis of India
1. Porcupine2. Bats3. Sambar (Cervis Unicolor)
1. Porcupine2. Bats3. Sambar (Cervis Unicolor)
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Succeed or FailCollapse: How Societies
Choose to Succeed or FailJared Diamond
Rapa Nui Polynesian Farmers ColonizedEaster island ~1000 years ago
Information sharing b/n Governments & Indigenous Groups
Information sharing b/n Governments & Indigenous Groups
Kumeyaay water management: “Rock drop” dam formations create backflow & ponds
Kumeyaay water management: “Rock drop” dam formations create backflow & ponds
Campo Reservation, San Diego County
The Continuance of DiversityThe Continuance of Diversity
Anthropology has crucial role to play in promoting more humanistic vision of social change
Anthropology has crucial role to play in promoting more humanistic vision of social change
– One that respects value of cultural diversity– Existence of anthropology contributes to
continuing need to understand social and cultural similarities and differences
Incentives: Helping Conserve Biodiversity
Incentives: Helping Conserve Biodiversity
Linkages must be made between business & conservation interest groups
WATHEROO MINERALS company creates Eucalyptus reserve in exchange for mining rights
Linkages must be made between business & conservation interest groups
WATHEROO MINERALS company creates Eucalyptus reserve in exchange for mining rights
Integration: Promote Conservation Biodiversity across sectors
Integration: Promote Conservation Biodiversity across sectors
Conservation across sectors promotes more interest
Tourism, native people’s political groups, water resource management, marine fisheries, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Conservation across sectors promotes more interest
Tourism, native people’s political groups, water resource management, marine fisheries, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
International Cooperation: Building Collaborations
International Cooperation: Building Collaborations
Convention on Biological Diversity Nations have sovereign rights over their resources and
are responsible for sustainable use of them. Local communities are an intrinsic part of the landscape
of natural resources
Convention on Biological Diversity Nations have sovereign rights over their resources and
are responsible for sustainable use of them. Local communities are an intrinsic part of the landscape
of natural resources
Biocultural Diversity: Biological and Cultural Diversity
Biocultural Diversity: Biological and Cultural Diversity
Indigenous peoples need to be included and active in conservation activities
Indigenous peoples need to be included and active in conservation activities