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AntebellumRevivalism
&Reform
AntebellumRevivalism
&Reform
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1. The Second GreatAwakening
1. The Second GreatAwakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within”
[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Asylum &Penal
Reform
Education
Women’s Rights
Abolitionism
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In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States.
-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832
The Rise of Popular ReligionThe Rise of Popular Religion
R1-1
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The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York
The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York
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Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting
Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting
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Charles G. Finney
(1792 – 1895)
Charles G. Finney
(1792 – 1895)
“soul-shaking”
conversionR1-2
1. Emotional style2. Conversion through faith, Repentance and “Good Works”3. Baptists and MethodistsBecome the largest Christian Sects in the United States
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The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
1823 Golden Tablets
1830 Book of Mormon
1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL
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Violence Against MormonsViolence Against Mormons
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The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek”
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The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
Salt Lake City, Utah
Brigham Young(1801-1877)
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Brigham Young and a few of his wives
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Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)
“If you improve in one talent, God will give you more.”
Focus on simplicity and purity “Shaking Quakers” - style of dance and
song. Vows of celibacy - had to rely on
conversion.
The Shakers
R1-4
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Shaker MeetingShaker Meeting
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Shaker HymnShaker Hymn
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.
When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.
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Shaker Simplicity & Utility
Shaker Simplicity & Utility
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2. Transcendentalists2. Transcendentalists Man must acknowledge a body of
moral truths that were intuitive and must TRANSCEND more sensational proof:
1. The infinite benevolence of God.
2. The infinite benevolence of nature.
3. The divinity of man.
They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions, conformity,and materialism
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The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda Give freedom to the slave.
Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
Give learning to the ignorant.
Give health to the sick.
Give peace and justice to society.
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Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers
Concord, MA
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers
Concord, MA
Ralph WaldoEmerson
Ralph WaldoEmerson
Henry DavidThoreau
Henry DavidThoreau
Nature(1832) Walden
(1854)
On Civil Disobedience
(1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
“The American Scholar”
(1837) R3-1/3/4/5
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3. Utopian Communities3. Utopian
Communities
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The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)
Millenarianism --> the 2nd
coming of Christ had already occurred. Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.• all residents
married to each other.• carefully regulated “free love.”
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Secular Utopian Communities
Secular Utopian Communities
IndividualFreedom
Demands ofCommunity Life
spontaneity
self-fulfillment
discipline
organizationalhierarchy
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Brook FarmWest Roxbury, MA
George Ripley (1802-1880)
George Ripley (1802-1880)
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Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation”
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Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
New Harmony in 1832
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New Harmony, IN
New Harmony, IN
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4. Penitentiary Reform4. Penitentiary Reform
Dorothea Dix(1802-1887)
1821 first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY
R1-5/7
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Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
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5. Temperance Movement5. Temperance Movement
Frances WillardThe Beecher Family
1826 - American Temperance Society
“Demon Rum”!
R1-6
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Annual Consumption of Alcohol
Annual Consumption of Alcohol
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“The Drunkard’s Progress”
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
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6. Social Reform Prostitution
The “Fallen Woman”
6. Social Reform Prostitution
The “Fallen Woman”Sarah Ingraham
(1802-1887)
1835 Advocate of Moral Reform
Female Moral Reform Society focusedon the “Johns” & pimps, not the girls.
R2-1
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7. Educational Reform7. Educational Reform
Religious Training Secular Education
MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.
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“Father of American Education”
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
Horace Mann (1796-1859)
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs
R3-6
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The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values.” Teach middle class morality and respect for order. Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)
R3-8
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Women EducatorsWomen Educators Troy, NY Female Seminary curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. train female teachers
Emma Willard(1787-1870)
Mary Lyons(1797-1849)
1837 she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women.
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“Separate Spheres” “Separate Spheres”
“Cult of Domesticity” A woman’s “sphere” was in the home
(it was arefuge from the cruel world outside).
Her role was to “civilize” her husband andfamily.
An 1830s MA minister:The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!
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Early 19c WomenEarly 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own
property.4. Married no control over
herproperty or her children.
5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a
contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.
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What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
R2-8
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Cult of Domesticity = SlaveryCult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.
Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké
Southern Abolitionists
Lucy Stone
American Women’sSuffrage Assoc.
edited Woman’s Journal
R2-9
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8. Women’s Rights8. Women’s Rights1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.
London World Anti-Slavery Convention
Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
R2-6/7
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Seneca Falls DeclarationSeneca Falls Declaration
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9. Abolitionist Movement
9. Abolitionist Movement 1816 American Colonization
Society created gradual, voluntary emancipation.
British Colonization Society symbol
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Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement
Create a free slave state in Liberia, WestAfrica.
No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.
Gradualists Immediatists
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Anti-Slavery AlphabetAnti-Slavery Alphabet
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William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
Slavery & Masonryundermined republicanvalues.
Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.
Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. R2-4
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The LiberatorThe Liberator
Premiere issue January 1, 1831
R2-5
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The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All
Villainies!
The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All
Villainies!
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Other White AbolitionistsOther White Abolitionists
Lewis Tappan
Arthur Tappan
James Birney
Liberty Party. Ran for President
in 1840 & 1844.
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Black AbolitionistsBlack Abolitionists
David Walker(1785-1830)
1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.
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Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass1847 “The North Star”
R2-12
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Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)
or Isabella Baumfree
Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)
or Isabella Baumfree
1850 The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10
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Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)
Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
$40,000 bounty on her head.
Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.
“Moses”
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Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground
Railroad
Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground
Railroad
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The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad
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The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad “Conductor” ==== leader of the
escape
“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
“Tracks” ==== routes
“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves
“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep