Antarctica photosWhere is it?How big is it?What is it covered with?Talk about ice and glaciers and icebergsAnimals (can you name any?)Penguins

Photo Quiz1 AdelieBreeding Range: Antarctica, South Shetlands, South Orkneys, Bouvet, Balleny and Peter IslandLength: 70cm.World Population: 2,500,000 breeding pairsAmong the 17 species of penguins, Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae are the best studied of all penguins. They were named from Adélie Land, where they were first scientifically described in 1840 by the French explorer Jules Dumont d’Urville, who named this portion of the Antarctic continent in honor of his wife, Adèle.

2 AfricanBreeding Range: Namibia and South AfricaLength: 68cm.World Population: 70,000 breeding pairsAfrican Penguins are about 68cm in length, and weigh between 2.1 and 3.7kg. Spheniscus is a diminutive of the Greek word spen, meaning a wedge, which refers to their streamlined swimming shape, while demersus is a Latin word meaning plunging.

3 ChinstrapBreeding Range: South Sandwich Islands, Antarctic Peninsula, South Orkneys, South Shetlands, South Georgia, Bouvet, Balleny and Peter IslandLength: 74cm.World Population: 7,500,000 breeding pairs

4 EmperorBreeding Range: AntarcticaLength: 120cm.World Population: 220,000 breeding pairs

5 Erect CrestedBreeding Range: Antipodes, Bounty, Auckland and Campbell IslandsLength: 67cm.Weight: 4kg.World Population: 170,000 breeding pairsOne of six species of crested penguin, the Erect-crested is only found in the New Zealand subantarctic region. The majority of the population is on the Antipodes and Bounty Islands, with smaller numbers

on the Auckland and Campbell groups. Juveniles straggle to the New Zealand mainland, often to moult.

6 FiordlandBreeding Range: New ZealandLength: 55cm.Weight: 4 kgWorld Population: 3,000 breeding pairsThe most timid of the crested penguins, the Fiordland crested penguin stands about 40cm tall and weighs around 4 kilograms. The head, throat and upperparts are black, and underparts are white. The sulphur-yellow crest starts at the base of the bill, extends over the eye, and droops down the back of the head. Adults often have white stripes on the cheeks. Juveniles have a shorter crest and pale cheeks.

7 GalapagosBreeding Range: Galapagos IslandsLength: 49cm.World Population: less than 1,000 breeding pairs Galapagos Penguins have the smallest breeding range and population size of any penguin, with less than a thousand breeding pairs. They only occur in the Galapagos Islands, with 90% of the population being restricted to the western islands of Fernandina and Isabela. Galapagos Penguins are the smallest of the South American penguins, with an average length of less than 50cm, and an average weight of less than 2.5kg.

8 GentooBreeding Range: Subantarctic islands and Antarctic PeninsulaLength: 80cm.World Population: 320,000 breeding pairs World-wide there are about 320,000 breeding pairs of Gentoo penguins, with breeding colonies on the Antarctic Peninsula, and the islands of Falklands, South Georgia, Kerguelen, Heard, South Orkney, Macquarie, Crozet, Prince Edward and South Sandwich.

9 Humbolt

Breeding Range: Northern Chile & PeruLength: 70cm.World Population: 12,000 breeding pairs Humboldt penguins are only found along the Pacific coast of South America, from Isla Foca (5°S) off the coast of Peru, down to Algarrobo (33°s) in Chile, with additional isolated colonies further to the south on the Punihuil Islands (42°S). The total world population of Humboldt penguins currently stands at around 12,000 breeding pairs, with about 8,000 pairs in Chile and the remaining 4,000 pairs in Peru. The population is currently undergoing a serious decline, and the major causes are thought to be over-fishing of prey species, entanglement in fishing nets and commercial guano removal.

10 KingBreeding Range: Marion, Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, Macquarie, South Georgia and Falkland IslandsLength: 90cm.World Population: 2,000,000 breeding pairsDespite the specific name of patagonicus, King penguins no longer breed in Patagonia, or indeed any other part of South America. They used to breed on Islas de los Estados (Staten Island) until the colony was wiped out by sealers during the 19th Century. There is a breeding population of about 400 pairs on the Falkland Islands, but the main breeding colonies are found on the islands of South Georgia, Crozet, Prince Edward, Kerguelen, Macquarie and Heard, which all lie close to the Antarctic Convergence.

11 Little BlueBreeding Range: Australia and New ZealandLength: 43cm.World Population: c. 500,000 breeding pairsLittle Penguins breed across southern Australia and the islands of New Zealand, and it is estimated that their world breeding population is approximately 350-600,000 birds. The species is not endangered but some populations are threatened. Introduced mammalian predators appear to be the most significant threat with foxes, dogs and possibly ferrets and stoats (in New Zealand), being implicated in a number of colony extinctions and declines.

12 MacaroniBreeding Range: South Georgia, South Sandwich, South Orkneys, South Shetlands, Bouvet, Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, Falklands, Chile, Argentina and Antarctic Peninsula.Length: 70cm.World Population: 9,000,000 breeding pairs The Macaroni penguin is the most numerous of all the world's penguins, with an estimated world population of over 9 million breeding pairs. The main breeding sites are found on the islands of South Georgia, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, McDonald, Prince Edward and Bouvetoya, with other notable colonies in the

South Shetlands, South Orkneys and islands off the coast of Southern Chile. The Falkland Islands has a population of only 50 breeding pairs.

13 MagellanicBreeding Range: Chile, Argentina and Falkland IslandsLength: 70cm.World Population: 1,800,000 breeding pairs Magellanic penguins are only found around the Falkland Islands and South America, but they are extremely numerous within these regions. The Falklands has a population well in excess of 100,000 breeding pairs, but this is small compared to populations in South America, which number around 900,000 breeding pairs in Argentina (Centro Nacional Patagónico) and 800,000 pairs in Chile (Environmental Research Unit). Breeding colonies range from the Golfo San Matías in Argentina, southwards around the islands of Tierra del Fuego, and northwards up the Pacific coast of Chile as far as Puerto Montt.

14 RockhopperSouthern: Falkland Islands, Argentina and ChileEastern: Marion, Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, MacDonald, Macquarie, Campbell, Antipodes and Auckland IslandsNorthern: Tristan de Cunha, Gough, St Paul and Amsterdam IslandsLength: 52cm.World Population:Southern: 650,000 breeding pairsEastern: 800,000 breeding pairsNorthern: 350,000 breeding pairsWorld-wide there are 3 subspecies of Rockhopper penguin; Southern, Eastern and Northern. Rockhopper penguins are amongst the smallest of the world's penguins, having an average length of around 52cm, and an average weight of about 3kg. A yellow stripe above each eye projects into a yellow crest, and these are joined behind the head by a black occipital crest. The eyes are red, the short bulbous bill is reddish brown, and the feet and legs are pink. The females are slightly smaller than the males, but have similar plumage.

15 RoyalRoyal penguins differ from the other crested penguins by having white or pale grey faces and chins (3). They have black crowns, backs and flippers flecked with white; short, stubby orange bills and sulphur-yellow crests above the eyes that join at the top of the head (4). Female birds are slightly smaller than the males, but otherwise, the sexes are similar (5). Royal penguins are sometimes confused with the Macaroni penguin (black chin and face), and some authorities consider the Royal a subspecies of the Macaroni (3).Range

Royal penguins are migratory birds and outside of the breeding season are believed to spend their time in the southern seas between Australia and Antarctica. Their main breeding site is on Macquarie Island, situated roughly half-way between Tasmania and Antarctica, and managed by the Australian state of Tasmania (6). However, they were also recorded in the past as breeding in smaller numbers on New Zealand’s South Island and Campbell Island (4).

16 SnaresBreeding Range: Snares Islands, New ZealandLength: 50cm.Weight: 3kgWorld Population: 30,000 breeding pairsThe Snares crested penguin stands about 40cm and weighs around 3 kilograms. It is very similar to to the Fiordland crested penguin, with which it can be easily confused, particularly at sea.The head, throat and upperparts are black, and underparts are white. The sulphur-yellow crest starts at the base of the bill, extends over the eye, and

droops down the back of the head. The bill is very robust, particularly in the male, and the prominent area of bare skin at its base helps distinguish the Snares from the Fiordland penguin. The Snares may also have some white cheek feathers, however this occurs only in a few individuals, and they do not form lines as in the Fiordland penguin. The eye is red, but not as bright as seen in the Rockhopper. Sexes alike, but male is slightly larger and with a heavier bill. Fledglings have pale chins and short crests.

17 Yellow EyedBreeding Range: New ZealandLength: 55cm.World Population: 1,500 breeding pairsOf all the species of penguins, the yellow-eyed is one of the world's rarest. Recent estimates consider that only 1200 -1600 breeding pairs remain, of which only 500 are on mainland New Zealand. Its Maori name is "Hoiho" meaning, "the noise shouter". It breeds on the south east coast of the South Island of New Zealand, and as far south as sub Antarctic Campbell Island.

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