ANT2511ReducedOutline

8/18/2019 ANT2511ReducedOutline

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Reduced Outline

Use this for Exam 3 study guide. Bring to class week before test.

Chapter The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus ContemporariesI. First Dispersal of the Hominins

• Around 2 million years ao! hominins e"panded out of Africa into other areas of the #ld $orld

• All early hominins restricted to Africa• Hominins found outside of Africa are mem%ers of enus Homo.

First Dispersal of the Hominins• The later! more &idely dispersed hominins

• '( larer • 2( more committed to a terrestrial ha%itat• )( used ela%orate stone tools.• *ariation amon the different eoraphical roups of these hominins• Anthropoloists still de%ate ho& to classify them +split or lump(

II. A ,e& -ind of Hominid! "erminology and #plitting• ,o& most are placed in species Homo erectus• +at least into same enus Homo(

• In Africa a possi%le separate species +ne"t(Homo eraster • /ome researchers see differences• And name a separate species 0Homo eraster1• For this class use term 0Homo erectus1 collectiely

III. 3orpholoy of Homo erectus • There was regional population variation• Homo erectus populations shared seeral common physical traits

included in the follo&in list: A. 4ody /i5e

• 6arer than earlier hominins• /ome adults &eihted oer '77 l%s.• Aerae adult a%out 891• Heay +ro%ust( %ody %uild

4. 4rain /i5e


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• Cranial si5e most o%ious difference from early Homo• A mean of ;77 cm).

C. Cranial /hape• Hihly distinctie shape• Thic< cranial %one• 6are %ro& rides in front• =ro>ectin nuchal torus in rear +muscles attach to it(

• *ault is lon and lo& +not much forehead(• Cranium &ider at %ase• /aittal


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• Thouht to %e startin place for H. erectus• et similar hominins appear around the same time in Indonesia +%a&a(

and the Caucus reion +'manisi(• Dmanisi fossils hae dated een earlier at '.

The Dmanisi Hominins• Bepu%lic of Georia• East Europe• Four &ellpresered crania• 4estpresered hominins of this ae found any&here outside of Africa.• #ldest &elldated hominin outside of Africa

The Dmanisi Hominins• All three Dmanisi crania hae small cranial capacities.• /tone tools! similar to #ldu&an industry from Africa.

=ossi%ilities Baised %y the Dmanisi DiscoeriesT&o &aes of miration

• First hominins to leae Africa &ere small%odied early form of H.erectus, &ith smaller %rains than later forms and carryin a typical

African #ldo&an stone tool culture• =erhaps t&o mirations out of Africa• '( small%rained! shortstatured Dmanisi hominins• 2( lare! ro%ust %ody %uild of H. erectus populations of aa and China

VI. Homo erectus from (ndonesia• =resently! H. erectus fossils hae %een found at si" sites at aa in

Indonesia• +side note on eoraphy(• Indonesia includes:• 4orneo! /umatra! aa! ,e& Guinea +part(

Euene Du%ois• Dutch anatomist• First &ith research proram to find fossils of the 0the missin lin


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• Early to 3iddle =leistocene• And some unusually recent dates +late suials(! )od*okerto• Early site datin to '.@ m.y.a! #angiran• Early site datin to '. m.y.a.

,andon• Indiiduals date from 87!777 to 28!777 years ao• *ery late surial +if correct(• E"tremely youn• Homo erectus contemporary &ith Homo sapiens.• ,o artifacts found yet &ith H. erectus in Java .

VII. Homo erectus from China• In China 0draon %ones1 used as medicine and aphrodisiacs

• +ancient mammal %ones sold in apothecary shop(• Geoloical /urey of China inestiated sites &here %ones collected• 6ed to fossils at houin

A. Homo erectus from hou


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4. #ther Homo erectus Chinese /ties• 3ost &or< done at hou


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• Controersial classificationCeprano

• Central Italy• #nly one indiidual %ut may %e amon %est eidence of Homo

erectus in Europe(-. "echnological "rends during Homo erectus "imes

• E"pansion of 4rain and /tone Tools• $ith e"pansion of the %rain• H. erectus deelops sophisticated tools• T&o tool traditions• '( Homo erectus used Oldowon tools at first

• Beplaced %y core &or


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@7 percent of their daily calories came from atherin &ild plants!tu%ers! and fruit

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,ot coered

C0$1"ER 2 1RE)O'ER4 0U)$4#

• Hominins after H . erectus &ere not uite fully modern people

• Beferred to as 0premodern humans.1

((. 5hen6 5here6 and 5hat• A. 3ost 0=remodern humans1 lied durin the )iddle 1leistocene

period• 4. /ome later premodern humans lied &ell into the 6ate =leistocene

=liestocene• ,umerous glaciations and interglacials.

? The hominins in Europe! Africa and northern Asia &ere affected ? Ice sheets e"pandedLnorthern areas of Europe and Asia

%ecame uninha%ita%le. ? Climate &armed.. miration routes &ould hae reopened.

D. 'ispersal of )iddle 1leistocene 0ominins•

? 3iddle =leistocene hominins &ere dispersed throuhout the #ld$orld

? Europe %ecame more permanently and densely populated.E. )iddle 1leistocene 0ominins7 "erminology

3orpholoical Chanes ? The ma>or morpholoical chanes relatie to Homo erectus ? '( increase in %rain si5e ? 2( more lo%ular cranial ault +ma"imum %readth is hiher up on

the sides ? )( others


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Ta"onomy ? There has %een disareement on the ta"onomy of these

hominins.• Homo heidelbergensis is used for premodern 3iddle

=leistocene fossils from Africa and Europe +and some Asian(! @87!777 to 277!777 ya.

• $rchaic Homo sapiens ? an alternatie classification(((. 1remodern 0umans of the )iddle 1leistocene

• $frica! 8abwe 9:ambia/• #ne of %est


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+. )iddle 1leistocene Culture$/ #tone "ools

• =remodern humans in Africa and Europe inented the 6ealloistechniue to ma


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? face pro>ects distinctly for&ard=ostcranial /a cae! near -rapina• #ne of the most recent ,eandertals• /ome early modern features

,eandertals and Anatomically 3odern Humans• 4oth liin in at same time close to one another in $estern and Central

Europe around )8!777 ya


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• ,eandertal %orro&ed tool technoloy• Created the ne& Chatelperronain industry

$estern AsiaTa%un and -e%era in Israel +$. Asia(

• 2/ "abun 92


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• ,o londistance &eaponry such as %o&sandarro&s• /


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• They are transitional %et&een earlier H. erectus and modern H.sapiens

• 6umpin approach reconi5es one species for all premodern humans:archaic Homo sapiens included in same species as moderns

• /plitters identified at least t&o species distinct from H. sapiens: H.heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis

C0$1"ER 227 "0E OR(>(4 $4' '(#1ER#$, O? )O'ER4 0U)$4#! (ntroduction

• 3odern Homo sapiens eoled in Africa around 277


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• ,eandertal nuclear enome indicates that some inter%reedin too<place! aruin aainst complete replacement and supportin someform of partial replacement.

%( 1artial Replacement )odels• =artial replacement models postulate that modern humans e"panded

out of Africa! %ut the inter%reedin amon the modern humans andreional premodern populations &as modest! 'MO

• Contemporary Africans hae no trace of ,eandertal enes! suestininter%reedin occurred after modern humans left Africa! ca. @7!77787!777 ya.

(((. "he Earliest 'isco&eries of )odern 0umans2/$frica

A. #mo

• Earliest fossil comes from #mo -i%ish! southernmost Ethiopia &ithradiometric dates of ';8


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M( Asia• /een localities in China that hae modern human remains• The most important come from pper Cae at hou


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• pper =aleolithic• Date to 2@


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• Graettian!• /olutrean!• 3adalenian +last(

6are Game• Tundra and steppe throuhout much of Eurasia proided a 0hunter9s

paradise1 of plentiful lare ame.• +rassland pasturae for herd animals(• The pper =aleolithic people %ecame ery successful

Cultural Innoations• Cultural innoations in Eurasia included ela%orate %urials &ith rae

oods/unir

• Bussia• Bichest find of any pper =aleolithic rae

• Bed ochre! %eads! mammoth tus< spearspper =aleolithic ,e& Tool types

• The pper =aleolithic is distinuished %y the appearance of ne& tooltypes as &ell as the increased use of materials such as %one! antler!and iory.

• /olutrean lance points are so delicate they can %e considered art

3adelenian =eriod• 6ast stae of pper =aleolithic• 3ore adances• The spear thro&er! or atlatl! as &ell as %ar%ed harpoons appear durin

the )agdalenian• 4urins +point stone tool( &ere used to enrae %one! antler! or antler

Food processin• $ith more effectie tools and the use of fire allo&in for food

processin! anatomically modern H. sapiens &ound not hae reuiredthe lare teeth and facial s


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tool handles(.• Female fiurines


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affected humans.• Traditional prey animals decline• Grindin hard seeds and roots %ecame increasinly important leadin

to eentual domestication of plants and animals• pper =aleolithic ends

Domestication and Cultural Eolution• Human dependence on domestication %ecame critical and resulted in

ma>or chanes:• =ermanent settlements• ,e& technoloy

• 3ore comple" social orani5ation

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