Answer the following questions in your notebook.
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Answer the following questions in your notebook.
1. What assassination sparked an armed conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that resulted in the First World War?
2. Name at least two factors that may have played a role in starting the First World War.
3. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan called for a two-front war with which two nations?
4. The neutrality of which European state was violated when Germany invaded France in 1914?
5. What was the name of the mutual defensive alliance formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy? What was the mutual defense alliance between Britain, France and Russia called?
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Define Chapter 26 key vocabulary terms (25): alliance, entente, militarism, ultimatum, mobilize, neutrality, stalemate, zeppelin, U-boat, convoy, total war, conscription, contraband, propaganda, atrocity, self-determination, armistice, pandemic, reparations, radicals, collective security, mandate, proletariat, soviet, and commissar
Identify the following people, places, and events: Alsace and Lorraine, Dardanelles, Lusitania, Fourteen Points, Treaty of Versailles, Nichols II, Rasputin, Vladimir Lenin, Bolsheviks, and Treaty of Brest Litovsk,
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WORLD WAR I
1914-1924
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Prelude to World War
Population Explosion Industrial Revolution Nationalism Militarism Technology Defensive Alliances
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Military Alliances Triple Alliance (1882)- Germany, Austria-
Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente (1907)- Great Britain,
France, and Russia
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Tension Leading to War
Moroccan Crises 1905 1911
Balkan Crisis
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WORLD WAR I
1914-1918
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Crisis in the Balkans Austria-Hungary (multinational state) Nationalism in the Balkans
Pan-Slavism Desire to develop a united Slavic nation (Yugoslavia)
A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 1st Balkan War, 1912 2nd Balkan War, 1913 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife
Sophia The Black Hand/Serbian Nationalists
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Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, June 28, 1914
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Gavrilo Princip
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Declarations of War A-H wished to take action against Serbia Germany supported A-H A-H declared war on Serbia, July 28, 1914 Russia mobilized against Germany and A-H Germany declared war on Russia and France Germany mobilized against France and violated
Belgian neutrality (Schlieffen Plan) Britain declared war on Germany for breaking
Belgian neutrality
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Germany’s Schlieffen Plan
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World War I Alliances
Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, and later Japan and Montenegro
Central Powers- Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire.
Italy?
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World War I and its Destruction
1914-1918
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Total War- a war that involves complete mobilization of troops and materials over large areas. The war affects the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.
Mobilization- the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war.
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Germany’s Schlieffen Plan
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The Battle of the Marne The Germans were advancing NE of Paris The French army organized a force to resist
the Germans The Germans retreated (only about 50 miles
from Paris) and dug trenches The Western Front was created Trench Warfare war of attrition- a war in which each side tries
to wear the other down by constant attack
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The Western Front
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The Western Front
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Trench Warfare
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Cross-Section of a Trench
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Life in the Trenches
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Trench Foot
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Rats in the Trenches
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Body Lice
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The End to War
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Russia’s withdrawal from the war in 1918 U.S. entry into the war in 1917 Spring 1917- France was weakening, British and
German reserves were diminishing March 1918- the Germans launched a final offensive
against the Allies, gaining considerable ground July 1918- Second Battle of the Marne With the aid of U.S. troops, the Allies launched an
effective counterattack that continued until September, 1918
The resistance of the Central Powers in other areas of the war crumbled
November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice
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The Paris Peace Conference January 1919 delegates from 27 nations attended Representatives from the Central Powers
and Russia were not included The “Big Four”
Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France Prime Minister David Lloyd-George of Britain Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy President Woodrow Wilson of the United States
Wilson’s idealism and Europe’s nationalism
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The Big Four
President Woodrow WilsonUnited States
Prime Minister David Lloyd-George Great Britain
Prime Minister Vittorio OrlandoItaly
Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau France
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Woodrow Wilson and the Restoration of Peace Wilson’s Fourteen Points
freedom of the seas and of trade reduction of military weapons an end to all secret alliances self-rule for all nations “general assembly of all nations” “no annexations, no contributions, and no
punitive damages” France and Britain demanded reparations
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WWI Casualties 9 million soldiers killed 21 million soldiers wounded
Around 30 million soldiers killed or wounded 13 million civilians died from disease and
starvation Armenians?
The war destroyed Europe Governments went bankrupt Revolution was rife in Eastern Europe A new Europe had to be formed
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The Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919 War Guilt Clause Reduced the size of the German army Prohibited Germany from manufacturing
major war weapons Reduced Germany’s territorial size Germany was required to pay extensive
reparations Restructuring of Austria-Hungary
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Restructuring of Europe
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Germany developed deep resentment in response their loss of the war and Allied treatment after the armistice.
The Treaty of Versailles left Germany weak and humiliated.
This resentment, which lingered for over two decades, later resulted in even greater violence in the form of German Nazism.
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The Russian Revolution
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The First World War and Russia The Russians were not prepared for total war
No competent military leaders Russian industry
Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra Gregorian Rasputin
*Continued military and economic disasters created tremendous discontent among the people of Russia.
The March Revolution Working-class women in St. Petersburg demanded
“peace and bread”
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Provisional Government- March 12, 1917 Nicholas II was encouraged to abdicate Alexander Kerensky
Continuation of the war Kerensky made a poor call in continuing the war
Problems:
1. Workers and peasants wanted peace
2. soviets (council of workers and soldiers) emerged all over Russia Bolsheviks
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The Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin Opposed capitalism Advocated violent revolution as a means to
effect positive change Lenin’s Promises:
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918)• Assassination of the royal family• Civil War (1918-1922)• Red Terror
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Test Preparation Study all of Chapter 26 Be well familiar with Chapter 26 vocabulary
words Review and study all notes Review questions from All Quiet on the
Western Front The test will be comprised of 50 objective
questions (multiple choice, true and false) and four (4) subjective short answer questions.